JP2002523475A - 防腐したシクロデキストリン含有組成物 - Google Patents
防腐したシクロデキストリン含有組成物Info
- Publication number
- JP2002523475A JP2002523475A JP2000567247A JP2000567247A JP2002523475A JP 2002523475 A JP2002523475 A JP 2002523475A JP 2000567247 A JP2000567247 A JP 2000567247A JP 2000567247 A JP2000567247 A JP 2000567247A JP 2002523475 A JP2002523475 A JP 2002523475A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- component
- preservative
- cyclodextrin
- active ingredient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 184
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 99
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical group OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 28
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclopentane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCC1 BEFDCLMNVWHSGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000001116 FEMA 4028 Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229960004853 betadex Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N beta-cyclodextrin Chemical group OC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1CO WHGYBXFWUBPSRW-FOUAGVGXSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011175 beta-cyclodextrine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- WSWCOQWTEOXDQX-MQQKCMAXSA-M (E,E)-sorbate Chemical compound C\C=C\C=C\C([O-])=O WSWCOQWTEOXDQX-MQQKCMAXSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940075554 sorbate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 42
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- -1 alkali metal chlorite Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 6
- CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, potassium salt (1:1), (2E,4E)- Chemical compound [K+].CC=CC=CC([O-])=O CHHHXKFHOYLYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004302 potassium sorbate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010241 potassium sorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229940069338 potassium sorbate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MJVAVZPDRWSRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Menadione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C(C)=CC(=O)C2=C1 MJVAVZPDRWSRRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- IWEGDQUCWQFKHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazole Chemical compound O1C(C)(C)C(C)(C)OB1C1=CN(CC2OCCO2)N=C1 IWEGDQUCWQFKHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRJOMUJRLNCICJ-JZYPGELDSA-N Prednisolone acetate Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)C=C[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@@](C(=O)COC(=O)C)(O)[C@@]1(C)C[C@@H]2O LRJOMUJRLNCICJ-JZYPGELDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960001724 brimonidine tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960002800 prednisolone acetate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940097346 sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- YZOUYRAONFXZSI-SBHWVFSVSA-N (1S,3R,5R,6R,8R,10R,11R,13R,15R,16R,18R,20R,21R,23R,25R,26R,28R,30R,31S,33R,35R,36R,37S,38R,39S,40R,41S,42R,43S,44R,45S,46R,47S,48R,49S)-5,10,15,20,25,30,35-heptakis(hydroxymethyl)-37,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49-dodecamethoxy-2,4,7,9,12,14,17,19,22,24,27,29,32,34-tetradecaoxaoctacyclo[31.2.2.23,6.28,11.213,16.218,21.223,26.228,31]nonatetracontane-36,38-diol Chemical compound O([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1OC)OC)O[C@H]2[C@@H](O)[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]3O)OC)O[C@@H]3[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]3OC)OC)O[C@@H]3[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]3OC)OC)O[C@@H]3[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]3OC)OC)O3)O[C@@H]2CO)OC)[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@H]3[C@@H](CO)O1 YZOUYRAONFXZSI-SBHWVFSVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 2
- XYLJNLCSTIOKRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alphagan Chemical compound C1=CC2=NC=CN=C2C(Br)=C1NC1=NCCN1 XYLJNLCSTIOKRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FWKQNCXZGNBPFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guaiazulene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C2=CC=C(C)C2=C1 FWKQNCXZGNBPFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241001496375 Iris albicans Species 0.000 description 2
- CXOFVDLJLONNDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenytoin Chemical compound N1C(=O)NC(=O)C1(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 CXOFVDLJLONNDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RJKFOVLPORLFTN-LEKSSAKUSA-N Progesterone Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H](C(=O)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 RJKFOVLPORLFTN-LEKSSAKUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N Testostosterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-RWMJIURBSA-N alpha-cyclodextrin Chemical compound OC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-RWMJIURBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VIROVYVQCGLCII-UHFFFAOYSA-N amobarbital Chemical compound CC(C)CCC1(CC)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O VIROVYVQCGLCII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
- A61K47/40—Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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| US9885498P | 1998-09-02 | 1998-09-02 | |
| US60/098,854 | 1998-09-02 | ||
| PCT/US1999/020060 WO2000012137A1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-09-01 | Preserved cyclodextrin-containing compositions |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2002523475A true JP2002523475A (ja) | 2002-07-30 |
| JP2002523475A5 JP2002523475A5 (enExample) | 2006-10-19 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000567247A Pending JP2002523475A (ja) | 1998-09-02 | 1999-09-01 | 防腐したシクロデキストリン含有組成物 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US6358935B1 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1109581A1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP2002523475A (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU757896B2 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2342797A1 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2000012137A1 (enExample) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006204445A (ja) * | 2005-01-26 | 2006-08-10 | Soft99 Corporation | 消臭方法 |
| JP2009503097A (ja) * | 2005-08-04 | 2009-01-29 | ターロ ファーマシューティカルズ ノース アメリカ インコーポレイテッド | 酢酸プレドニゾロンの経口懸濁液 |
| JP2010536861A (ja) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-12-02 | ハリソン，ケン | 二酸化塩素（ＣｌＯ２）を伴う組成物、系、及び／又は方法 |
| JP2014074071A (ja) * | 2008-09-03 | 2014-04-24 | Alcon Research Ltd | 比較的低いイオン強度を有する薬学的組成物 |
| JP2016525105A (ja) * | 2013-07-19 | 2016-08-22 | ベーリンガー インゲルハイム フェトメディカ ゲーエムベーハーＢｏｅｈｒｉｎｇｅｒ Ｉｎｇｅｌｈｅｉｍ Ｖｅｔｍｅｄｉｃａ ＧｍｂＨ | 防腐エーテル化シクロデキストリン誘導体含有液体水性医薬組成物 |
| US12257350B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2025-03-25 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Pharmaceutical compositions of pimobendan |
Families Citing this family (64)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000012137A1 (en) * | 1998-09-02 | 2000-03-09 | Allergan Sales, Inc. | Preserved cyclodextrin-containing compositions |
| US20040214829A1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2004-10-28 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions containing alpha-2-adrenergic agonist components |
| US20050026924A1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2005-02-03 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions containing alpha-2-adrenergic agonist components |
| US8858961B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2014-10-14 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions containing alpha-2-adrenergic agonist components |
| CN1441679A (zh) * | 2000-07-14 | 2003-09-10 | 阿勒根公司 | 包含具有提高的溶解度的治疗活性组分的组合物 |
| WO2002005853A2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-01-24 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions containing alpha-2-adrenergic agonist components |
| AU2005220199B2 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2007-03-08 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions containing alpha-2-adrenergic agonist components |
| US7112533B2 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2006-09-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Plasma etching system and method |
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| JP2006204445A (ja) * | 2005-01-26 | 2006-08-10 | Soft99 Corporation | 消臭方法 |
| JP2009503097A (ja) * | 2005-08-04 | 2009-01-29 | ターロ ファーマシューティカルズ ノース アメリカ インコーポレイテッド | 酢酸プレドニゾロンの経口懸濁液 |
| US8461139B2 (en) | 2005-08-04 | 2013-06-11 | Taro Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc. | Oral suspension of prednisolone acetate |
| JP2010536861A (ja) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-12-02 | ハリソン，ケン | 二酸化塩素（ＣｌＯ２）を伴う組成物、系、及び／又は方法 |
| JP2014074071A (ja) * | 2008-09-03 | 2014-04-24 | Alcon Research Ltd | 比較的低いイオン強度を有する薬学的組成物 |
| JP2016525105A (ja) * | 2013-07-19 | 2016-08-22 | ベーリンガー インゲルハイム フェトメディカ ゲーエムベーハーＢｏｅｈｒｉｎｇｅｒ Ｉｎｇｅｌｈｅｉｍ Ｖｅｔｍｅｄｉｃａ ＧｍｂＨ | 防腐エーテル化シクロデキストリン誘導体含有液体水性医薬組成物 |
| US12357696B2 (en) | 2013-07-19 | 2025-07-15 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Preserved etherified cyclodextrin derivatives containing liquid aqueous pharmaceutical composition |
| US12257350B2 (en) | 2013-12-04 | 2025-03-25 | Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Gmbh | Pharmaceutical compositions of pimobendan |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6358935B1 (en) | 2002-03-19 |
| US6723353B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 |
| US20020076449A1 (en) | 2002-06-20 |
| EP1109581A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
| AU757896B2 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
| WO2000012137A1 (en) | 2000-03-09 |
| CA2342797A1 (en) | 2000-03-09 |
| AU5702599A (en) | 2000-03-21 |
| US20040175435A1 (en) | 2004-09-09 |
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