EP3911647A1 - Fxr(nr1h4)-modulierende verbindungen - Google Patents

Fxr(nr1h4)-modulierende verbindungen

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Publication number
EP3911647A1
EP3911647A1 EP20708721.4A EP20708721A EP3911647A1 EP 3911647 A1 EP3911647 A1 EP 3911647A1 EP 20708721 A EP20708721 A EP 20708721A EP 3911647 A1 EP3911647 A1 EP 3911647A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fxr
compound
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
formula
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP20708721.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3911647B1 (de
Inventor
Peter A. Blomgren
Kevin S. Currie
Morin Mae Frick
Elizabeth M. HORSTMAN
Joshua A. Kaplan
Jeffrey E. Kropf
William J. Watkins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gilead Sciences Inc
Original Assignee
Gilead Sciences Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Gilead Sciences Inc filed Critical Gilead Sciences Inc
Priority to SI202030376T priority Critical patent/SI3911647T1/sl
Priority to EP23215648.9A priority patent/EP4360632A3/de
Priority to HRP20240265TT priority patent/HRP20240265T1/hr
Publication of EP3911647A1 publication Critical patent/EP3911647A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3911647B1 publication Critical patent/EP3911647B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/53—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with three nitrogens as the only ring hetero atoms, e.g. chlorazanil, melamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to compounds that bind to and act as agonists or modulators of the Famesoid X Receptor (FXR) and act as agonists or modulators of FXR.
  • the disclosure further relates to the use of the compounds for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions by said compounds.
  • the Farnesoid X Receptor also often referred to as NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4) when referring to the human receptor, is a nuclear hormone receptor.
  • FXR has been associated with multiple biological functions. FXR is primarily expressed in the liver and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, but is also found in the kidney, adrenal glands, and ovary. FXR is associated with controlling intracellular gene expression, and may be involved in paracrine and endocrine signaling. In the intestine and liver, FXR functions as a regulator of bile acid homeostasis and hepatic lipogenesis.
  • FXR has also been associated with Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver, wherein it is believed to have functions related to inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension.
  • a number of FXR agonsists are known and are being investigated in connection with a number of physiological conditions, including liver diseases.
  • FXR agonists can have benefits in steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning, and fibrosis.
  • FXR agonism can lead to different effects in different regions in the body.
  • activation of FXR directly causes the expression and secretion of the hormone FGF19.
  • FGF19 modulates bile acid by down regulating bile acid synthesis, which can be beneficial for example in conditions such as liver disease.
  • FXR agonists have also been associated with detrimental effects, such as pruritis. Such detrimental effects, and the degree to which they are experienced, could depend upon the site of FXR agonism. Pruritis, for instance, has been suggested to be associated with non-intestinal FXR agonism.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds that bind to the NR1H4 receptor (FXR) and act as agonists or modulators of FXR.
  • the disclosure further relates to the use of the compounds for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions through binding of said nuclear receptor by said compounds.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Some embodiments provide solid forms of a compound of Formula (I) or a
  • Also provided herein are methods of treating a patient having an FXR mediated condition comprising administering a compound of Formula (I) to a patient in need thereof.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Comparative Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Comparative Example 2.
  • FIG. 4 is an X-ray powder diffractogram of Formula (I) mesylate Form I.
  • FIG. 5 is a DSC curve of Formula (I) mesylate Form I.
  • FIG. 6 is a TGA curve of Formula (I) mesylate Form I.
  • the present disclosure relates to FXR agonists.
  • the disclosure also relates to compositions and methods relating to FXR agonists and the use of such compounds for treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and conditions through binding of FXR by said compounds.
  • the disclosure also relates to compositions and methods of treating and/or preventing liver disease including an FXR agonist in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • FXR agonists are expressed in the liver and throughout the gastrointestinal tract, where their action or inaction can play a part in one or more diseases of the liver, such as NASH, PSC, and/or liver fibrosis.
  • FXR agonists have also been identified in other regions of the body, in which case their function can vary.
  • FGF19 is the primary target gene of FXR in the epithelial cells of the ileum.
  • Physiological activation of ileal FXR by bile acids results in secretion of FGF19.
  • FXR agonism and FGF19 signaling have overlapping and distinct functions. For example, both pathways suppress bile acid synthesis.
  • FXR agonism in hepatocytes indirectly downregulates many of the same enzymes that are reduced by FGF19.
  • FXR agonists can be useful in treating and preventing a variety of conditions, including liver disease.
  • Liver diseases can include acute or chronic damages to the liver, for example, by infection, injury, abnormal build-up of normal substances in the blood, or other causes.
  • FXR agonists and related analogues are known, such FXR agonists can suffer from drawbacks including poor efficacy, metabolism issues, and/or adverse events.
  • FXR agonists and related compositions and methods Disclosed herein are FXR agonists and related compositions and methods. FXR agonists disclosed herein can surprisingly maintain good therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects and adverse metabolism issues.
  • FXR agonists described herein can have desirable cellular potency.
  • high cellular potency could provide higher FXR agonism with lower doses of administered drug relative to compounds having lower cellular potency.
  • the present disclosure provides FXR agonists that can demonstrate high levels of FXR agonism in the gastrointestinal tract with reduced systemic FXR agonism.
  • FXR agonists disclosed herein can cause increased FGF19 secretion upon oral dosing while resulting in minimal FGF19 increases upon intravenous dosing.
  • Reduced systemic FXR agonism can be advantageous, for example by reducing and/or limiting the possibility of certain adverse reactions, such as pruritis, or by reducing risks of potential drug-drug interactions with systemic drugs.
  • FXR agonists described herein have good target selectivity.
  • FXR agonists described herein agonize FXR and do not significantly alter activity of TGR5 and/or other nuclear hormone receptors related to FXR.
  • FXR agonsists described herein preferentially agonize intestinal FXR over hepatic FXR.
  • orally dosed FXR agonists disclosed herein can produce dose- dependent increases in plasma FGF19 levels and decreases in serum C4 levels, indicating reduced bile acid synthesis.
  • Reference to“about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se.
  • the term“about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 10%.
  • the term“about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 5%.
  • the term“about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 1%.
  • to the term“about X” includes description of“X”.
  • the singular forms “a” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • reference to“the compound” includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to“the assay” includes reference to one or more assays and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be in the form of a “prodrug.”
  • the term“prodrug” is defined in the pharmaceutical field as a biologically inactive derivative of a drug that upon administration to the human body is converted to the biologically active parent drug according to some chemical or enzymatic pathway.
  • Examples of prodrugs include esterified carboxylic acids.
  • UDP-glucuronosyltransferases act on certain compounds having amino, carbamyl, thio (sulfhydryl) or hydroxyl groups to conjugate uridine diphosphate-a-D- glucuronic acid through glycoside bonds, or to esterify compounds with carboxy or hydroxyl groups in the process of phase II metabolism.
  • Compounds of the present disclosure may be glucuronidated, that is to say, conjugated to glucuronic acid, to form glucuronides, particularly (b -Djglucuroni des .
  • One step in the formation of bile is the conjugation of the individual bile acids with an amino acid, particularly glycine or taurine.
  • an amino acid particularly glycine or taurine.
  • Compounds of the present disclosure may be conjugated with glycine or taurine at a substitutable position.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids, including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids, including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
  • the disclosure also comprises their corresponding
  • the compounds of the present disclosure which contain acidic groups can be present on these groups and can be used according to the disclosure, for example, as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or ammonium salts. More precise examples of such salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts or salts with ammonia or organic amines such as, for example, ethylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine, amino acids, or other bases known to persons skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure which contain one or more basic groups, i.e., groups which can be protonated, can be present and can be used according to the disclosure in the form of their addition salts with inorganic or organic acids.
  • suitable acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,
  • naphthalenedisulfonic acids oxalic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, sulfaminic acid, phenylpropionic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, isonicotinic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, and other acids known to persons skilled in the art.
  • the disclosure also includes, in addition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines (zwitterions).
  • inner salts or betaines zwitterions
  • the respective salts can be obtained by customary methods which are known to the person skilled in the art like, for example, by contacting these with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cation exchange with other salts.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula (I) includes a zwitterion.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can form a zwitterion as follows:
  • the present disclosure also includes all salts of the compounds of the present disclosure which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in
  • Acids and bases useful for reaction with an underlying compound to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts are known to one of skill in the art.
  • methods of preparing pharmaceutically acceptable salts from an underlying compound are known to one of skill in the art and are disclosed in for example, Berge, et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, Jan. 1977 vol. 66, No. l, and other sources.
  • tautomerism e.g., keto-enol tautomerism
  • prodrugs e.g., benzyl tautomerism
  • the individual forms like e.g., the keto and enol form, are each within the scope of the disclosure as well as their mixtures in any ratio.
  • stereoisomers like e.g., enantiomers, cis/trans isomers, diastereomers, conformers and the like.
  • protecting group refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole.
  • Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See, e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Theodora W. Greene, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g., making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion.
  • the term“deprotecting” refers to removing the protecting group.
  • A“leaving group” includes a molecular fragment that can depart with a pair of electrons from a covalent bond to the reacting carbon atom during a chemical reaction.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be present in the form of solvates, such as those which include as solvate water, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as alcohols, in particular ethanol.
  • solvates such as those which include as solvate water, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as alcohols, in particular ethanol.
  • A“solvate” is formed by the interaction of a solvent and a compound.
  • optical isomers in certain embodiments, provided are optical isomers, racemates, or other mixtures thereof of the compounds described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a mixture thereof.
  • isomers can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g., by liquid chromatography. In those situations, the single enantiomer or diastereomer, i.e., optically active form, can be obtained by asymmetric synthesis or by resolution. Resolution can be
  • A“stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable.
  • the present disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers,” which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.
  • “Diastereomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
  • Compounds disclosed herein and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may, in some embodiments, include an asymmetric center and may thus give rise to enantiomers,
  • Optically active (+) and (-), ( R )- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)- isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization.
  • Conventional techniques for the preparation/isolation of individual enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate of a salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid
  • compositions provided herein that include a compound described herein or
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomer, or a mixture thereof may include racemic mixtures, or mixtures containing an enantiomeric excess of one enantiomer or single diastereomers or diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included herein the same as if each and every isomeric form were specifically and individually listed.
  • any formula or structure given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphoros, fluorine and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2 H (deuterium, D), 3 ⁇ 4 (tritium), U C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 C1, and 125 I.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H, 13 C, and 14 C are incorporated.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this disclosure and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • the disclosure also includes“deuterated analogs” of compounds disclosed herein, in which from 1 to n hydrogens attached to a carbon atom is/are replaced by deuterium, in which n is the number of hydrogens in the molecule.
  • Such compounds may exhibit increased resistance to metabolism and thus be useful for increasing the half-life of any compound of Formula (I) when administered to a mammal, e.g., a human. See, for example, Foster,“Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism,” Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5(12):524-527 (1984).
  • Such compounds are synthesized by means well known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium.
  • Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the disclosure may have beneficial DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life, reduced dosage requirements and/or an improvement in therapeutic index.
  • An 18 F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies.
  • the concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor.
  • any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom.
  • a position is designated specifically as“H” or“hydrogen”, the position is understood to have hydrogen at its natural abundance isotopic composition.
  • any atom specifically designated as a deuterium (D) is meant to represent deuterium.
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present disclosure, or a prodrug compound thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • “Pharmaceutical composition” means one or more active ingredients, and one or more inert ingredients that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can encompass any composition made by admixing at least one compound of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes excipients or agents such as solvents, diluents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like that are not deleterious to the disclosed compound or use thereof.
  • excipients or agents such as solvents, diluents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like that are not deleterious to the disclosed compound or use thereof.
  • the use of such carriers and agents to prepare compositions of pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art (see, e.g. , Remington’s
  • the terms“therapeutically effective amount” and“effective amount” are used interchangibly and refer to an amount of a compound that is sufficient to effect treatment as defined below, when administered to a patient (e.g., a human) in need of such treatment in one or more doses.
  • the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the patient, the disease being treated, the weight and/or age of the patient, the severity of the disease, or the manner of administration as determined by a qualified prescriber or care giver.
  • treatment means administering a compound
  • a“FXR agonist” refers to any agent that is capable of binding and activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) which may be referred to as bile acid receptor (BAR) or NR1IT4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4) receptor.
  • FXR agonist may act as agonists or partial agonists of FXR.
  • the agent may be a chemical compound or biological molecule (e.g., a protein or antibody).
  • the activity of a FXR agonist may be measured by several different methods, e.g., in an in vitro assay using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) cell free assay as described in Pellicciari, et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2002 vol. 15, No. 45:3569-72.
  • FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
  • an“ASK1 inhibitor” may be any agent that is capable of inactivating an apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) protein.
  • the agent may be a chemical compound or biological molecule (e.g., a protein or antibody).
  • the ASK1 protein activity may be measured by several different methods. For example, the activity of an ASK1 protein may be determined based on the ability of the ASK1 protein to phosphorylate a substrate protein. Methods for identifying an ASK1 inhibitor are known (see, e.g., U.S. 2007/0276050 and U.S. 2011/0009410, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).
  • Exemplary ASK1 substrate proteins include MAPKK3, MAPKK4, MAPKK6, MAPKK7, or fragments thereof.
  • the ASK1 protein activity may also be measured by the phosphorylation level of the ASK1 protein, for example, the phosphorylation level of a threonine residue in the ASK1 protein corresponding to threonine 838 (T838) of a human full-length ASK1 protein or threonine 845 (T845) of a mouse full-length ASK1 protein.
  • T83838 a human full-length ASK1 protein or threonine 845 (T845) of a mouse full-length ASK1 protein.
  • an ASK1 inhibitor may attenuate phosphorylation of T838 in the full-length human ASK1 protein sequence.
  • a site specific antibody against human ASK1 T838 or mouse ASK1 T845 may be used to detect the phosphohorylation level.
  • an“ACC inhibitor” refers to any agent that is capable of binding and inhibiting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).
  • ACC inhibitors may act as inhibitors or partial inhibitors of ACC.
  • the agent may be a chemical compound or biological molecule (e.g., a protein or antibody).
  • the activity of an ACC inhibitor may be measured by methods known in the art, such as those described and cited in U.S. Patent No. 8,969,557, and/or in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160108061.
  • a“Thyroid Hormone Receptor b agonist” or a“THR b agonist” refers to any agent that is capable of binding and activating thyroid hormone receptor beta, which may be referred to as NRl A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group A, member 2) receptor.
  • THR b agonist may act as agonists or partial agonists of THR b.
  • the agent may be a chemical compound or biological molecule (e.g., a protein or antibody). The activity of a THR b agonist may be measured by known methods.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a mesylate salt.
  • a compound of the following formula is provided:
  • the present disclosure provides solid forms of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Solid forms such as crystalline forms, can provide the advantage of bioavailability and stability that could be suitable for use as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Variations in the crystal structure of a pharmaceutical drug substance or active ingredient may affect the dissolution rate (which may affect bioavailability, etc.),
  • manufacturability e.g., ease of handling, ability to consistently prepare doses of known strength
  • stability e.g., thermal stability, shelf life, etc.
  • Such variations may affect the preparation or formulation of pharmaceutical compositions in different dosage or delivery forms, such as solutions or solid oral dosage form including tablets and capsules.
  • crystalline forms may provide desired or suitable hygroscopicity, particle size controls, dissolution rate, solubility, purity, physical and chemical stability, manufacturability, yield, and/or process control.
  • a stable solid form of a compound of Formula (I) is provided.
  • a mesylate salt of Formula (I) can be produced as a stable crystalline form that does not convert to other polymorphic forms and/or that is formed as the same polymorphic form under a variety of manufacturing conditions.
  • crystalline forms of the compound of Formula (I) may provide advantages such as improving: the manufacturing process of the compound, the stability or storability of a drug product form of the compound, the stability or storability of a drug substance of the compound and/or the bioavailability and/or stability of the compound as an active agent.
  • the solid form is Formula (I) mesylate Form I.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I can be characterized by an X-ray powder diffractogram having wherein the solid form exhibits an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I may exhibit a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 5.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I may exhibit a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 6.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has at least one, at least two, or at least three of the following properties:
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has an XRPD pattern displaying at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, or at least nine of the degree 20-reflections with the greatest intensity as the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 4.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has an XRPD pattern comprising degree 20-reflections ( ⁇ 0.2 degrees 20) at 9.6, 19.3, and 22.6 degrees. In some embodiments, Formula (I) mesylate Form I has an XRPD pattern comprising degree 20-reflections ( ⁇ 0.2 degrees 20) at 9.6, 19.3, and 22.6 degrees and one, two or three of the degree 20-reflections ( ⁇
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has an XRPD pattern comprising degree 20-reflections ( ⁇ 0.2 degrees 2Q) at 9.6, 19.3, and 22.6 degrees and one, two or three of the degree 20-reflections ( ⁇ 0.2 degrees 20) at 22.1, 25.8, and 29.1 degrees.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has an XRPD pattern comprising degree 20-reflections ( ⁇ 0.2 degrees 20) at 9.6, 19.3, 22.6, 3.2, 6.4, 12.8, 22.1, 25.8, and 29.1 degrees.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I has a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermic peak with onset at about 221 °C.
  • compositions comprising at least one compound of the present disclosure, or a prodrug compound thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof as active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition of the present disclosure may additionally comprise one or more other compounds as active ingredients like a prodrug compound or other nuclear receptor modulators.
  • compositions are suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including
  • ocular ophthalmic
  • pulmonary nasal or buccal inhalation
  • nasal administration although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral
  • compositions for oral dosage form any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid
  • preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations.
  • tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or non-aqueous techniques. Such
  • compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1 percent of active compound.
  • the percentage of active compound in these compositions may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 percent to about 60 percent of the weight of the unit.
  • the amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage will be obtained.
  • the active compounds can also be administered intranasally as, for example, liquid drops or spray.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a binder such as gum tragacanth
  • a dosage unit form When a dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
  • tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
  • a syrup or elixir may contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may also be used as salts with various countercations to yield an orally available formulation.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may also be administered parenterally.
  • Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxy-propylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human, with an effective dose of a compound of the present disclosure.
  • oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed.
  • Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
  • compounds of the present disclosure are administered orally.
  • kits that include a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, prodrug, or deuterated analog thereof, and suitable packaging.
  • a kit further includes instructions for use.
  • a kit includes a compound of the disclosure, or a
  • articles of manufacture that include a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, prodrug, or deuterated analog thereof in a suitable container.
  • the container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, and intravenous bag.
  • Treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including clinical results.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results may include one or more of the following: (a) inhibiting the disease or condition (e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, and/or diminishing the extent of the disease or condition); (b) slowing or arresting the development of one or more clinical symptoms associated with the disease or condition (e.g., stabilizing the disease or condition, preventing or delaying the worsening or progression of the disease or condition, and/or preventing or delaying the spread (e.g., metastasis) of the disease or condition); and/or (c) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms (e.g., ameliorating the disease state, providing partial or total remission of the disease or condition, enhancing effect of another medication, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival.
  • a) inhibiting the disease or condition e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition
  • Prevention or“preventing” means any treatment of a disease or condition that causes the clinical symptoms of the disease or condition not to develop.
  • Compounds may, in some embodiments, be administered to a subject (including a human) who is at risk or has a family history of the disease or condition.
  • Subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal (including a human), that has been or will be the object of treatment, observation or experiment. The methods described herein may be useful in human therapy and/or veterinary applications.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a human.
  • a therapeutically effective amount or“effective amount” of a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, prodrug, or deuterated analog thereof means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a subject, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as amelioration of symptoms or slowing of disease progression.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may be an amount sufficient to decrease a symptom of a disease or condition responsive to FXR agonism.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending on the subject, and disease or condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease or condition, and the manner of administering, which can readily be determined by one or ordinary skill in the art.
  • the disclosure further relates to the use of compounds disclosed herein for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions through binding of said nuclear receptor by said compounds. Further the present disclosure relates to the use of said compounds for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions through binding of said nuclear receptor by said compounds.
  • the present disclosure relates to the use of compounds according to Formula (I) in the preparation of a medicament for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of chronic intrahepatic or some forms of extrahepatic cholestatic conditions, of liver fibrosis, of acute intraheptic cholestatic conditions, of obstructive or chronic inflammatory disorders that arise out of improper bile composition, of gastrointestinal conditions with a reduced uptake of dietary fat and fat-soluble dietary vitamins, of inflammatory bowel diseases, of lipid and lipoprotein disorders, of Type II Diabetes and clinical complications of Type I and Type II Diabetes, of conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and specifically triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways, of obesity and metabolic syndrome (combined conditions of dyslipidemia, diabetes and abnormally high body-mass index), of acute myocardial infarction, of acute stroke, of thrombosis which occurs as an endpoint of chronic o
  • Medicaments as referred to herein may be prepared by conventional processes, including the combination of a compound according to the present disclosure and a
  • FXR can modulate both the synthetic output of bile acids in the liver and their recycling in the intestine (by regulating bile acid binding proteins).
  • FXR can be involved in the regulation of many diverse physiological processes that are relevant in the etiology and for the treatment of diseases as diverse as cholesterol gallstones, metabolic disorders such as Type II Diabetes, dyslipidemias or obesity, chronic inflammatory diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, or chronic intrahepatic forms of cholestasis.
  • FXR regulates a complex pattern of response genes in the liver and in the gastrointestinal tract. The gene products have impact on diverse physiological processes.
  • FXR represses the induction of Cyp7Al via the upregulation of mRNA encoding SHP, a further nuclear receptor that is dominant repressive over LRH-1. Since FXR binds primary bile acids, the end products of this pathway, this can be regarded as an example of feedback inhibition on the gene expression level.
  • FXR ligands induce bile flow and change bile acid composition towards more hydrophilic composition.
  • FXR ligands induce bile flow and change bile acid composition towards more hydrophilic composition.
  • GW4064 as a tool compound
  • semi-synthetic artificial bile acid ligand 6-alpha-ethyl-CDCA the effects of superstimulation of FXR by potent agonists could be analyzed. It was shown that both ligands induce bile flow in bile duct ligated animals. Moreover, in addition to choleretic effects, hepatoprotective effects could also be demonstrated.
  • hepatoprotective effects included anti-fibrotic effects resulting from the repression of Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix- Metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and 2, the induction of collagen-deposit resolving Matrix- Metalloproteinase 2 in hepatic stellate cells, and the subsequent reduction of alpha-collagen mRNA and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA, both of which are pro-fibrotic factors.
  • TGF-beta Transforming growth factor beta
  • FXR binding compounds can demonstrate substantial clinical utility in the therapeutic regimen of chronic cholestatic conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) or Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC).
  • PBC Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
  • PSC Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
  • FXR agonists can be useful to prevent cholesterol gallstone formation or to prevent re formation of gallstones after surgical removal or shockwave lithotripsy.
  • FXR tool compound GW4064 it could be demonstrated that activation of FXR leads to an improvement of the Cholesterol Saturation Index (CSI) and directly to an abolishment of gallstone formation in C57L gallstone susceptible mice whereas drug treatment in FXR knockout mice shows no effect on gallstone formation.
  • CSI Cholesterol Saturation Index
  • the compound according to Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compound is used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of obstructive or chronic
  • cholelithiasis also known as cholesterol gallstones.
  • FXR agonists can be useful in protecting the intestine from neoplastic transformation and from the development of polyps and their transition into adenocarcinoma in the gut.
  • FXR Hepatocellular Cacrcinoma
  • the combined hepatoprotective, anti -neoplastic and liver regenerative effects associated with FXR activation can be therapeutically exploited for the use of FXR agonists in the treatment of severe liver diseases.
  • the compounds according to the disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds are used in the treatment of liver diseases such as HCC, stimulation of liver regrowth and amelioration of side effects associated with major liver resection, liver cirrhosis independent of the etiology and prevention or treatment of liver ischemia in the course of liver transplantation or major liver surgery.
  • FXR can be a key regulator of serum triglycerides. Activation of FXR by synthetic agonists can leads to significant reduction of serum triglycerides, mainly in the form of reduced VLDL, but also to reduced total serum cholesterol. Lowering of serum triglycerides is not a stand alone effect. Treatment of db/db or ob/ob mice with synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 resulted in marked and combined reduction of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, ketone bodies such as 3 -OH Butyrate.
  • FXR activation engages with the intracellular insulin signaling pathway in hepatocytes, resulting in reduced output of glucose from liver gluconeogenesis but concomitant increase in liver glycogen. Insulin sensitivity as well as glucose tolerance were positively impacted by FXR treatment.
  • An effect on reduction of body weight was also recently observed in mice overfed with a high lipid diet. This weight loss effect might result from FXR's induction of FGF-19, a fibroblast growth factor that is known to lead to weight loss and athletic phenotype. The effect of FXR agonist on reduction of body weight has been demonstrated.
  • FXR agonists can be exploited in different therapeutic ways: FXR binding compounds are thought to be good candidates for the treatment of Type II Diabetes because of their insulin sensitization, glycogenogenic, and lipid lowering effects.
  • the compounds according to the disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds are used in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of Type II Diabetes which can be overcome by FXR-mediated upregulation of systemic insulin sensitivity and intracellular insulin signalling in liver, increased peripheral glucose uptake and metabolisation, increased glycogen storage in liver, decreased output of glucose into serum from liver-borne gluconeogenesis.
  • said compounds and pharmaceutical compositions are used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of chronic intrahepatic, such as PBC, PSC, progressive familiar cholestasis (PFIC), alcohol-induced cirrhosis and associated cholestasis, and some forms of extrahepatic cholestatic conditions, or liver fibrosis.
  • chronic intrahepatic such as PBC, PSC, progressive familiar cholestasis (PFIC), alcohol-induced cirrhosis and associated cholestasis, and some forms of extrahepatic cholestatic conditions, or liver fibrosis.
  • the disclosure also relates to a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of gastrointestinal conditions with a reduced uptake of dietary fat and fat-soluble dietary vitamins which can be overcome by increased intestinal levels of bile acids and phospholipids.
  • said compound or pharmaceutical composition is used for preventing and/or treating a disease selected from the group consisting of lipid and lipoprotein disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis as a clinically manifest condition which can be ameliorated by FXR's beneficial effect on lowering total plasma cholesterol, lowering serum triglycerides, increasing conversion of liver cholesterol into bile acids and increased clearance and metabolic conversion of VLDL and other lipoproteins in the liver.
  • lipid and lipoprotein disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis
  • said compound and pharmaceutical composition are used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases where the combined lipid lowering, anti- cholestatic and anti-fibrotic effects of FXR-targeted medicaments can be exploited for the treatment of liver steatosis and associated syndromes such as Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), or for the treatment of cholestatic and fibrotic effects that are associated with alcohol- induced cirrhosis, or with viral -borne forms of hepatitis.
  • NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
  • FXR agonists can have clinical utility as anti-atherosclerotic and cardioprotective drugs.
  • Endothelin-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells can also contribute to such beneficial therapeutic effects.
  • the disclosure also relates to a compound according to Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound for preventive and posttraumatic treatment of a cardiovascular disorder, such as acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, or thrombosis which occur as an endpoint of chronic obstructive atherosclerosis.
  • a cardiovascular disorder such as acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, or thrombosis which occur as an endpoint of chronic obstructive atherosclerosis.
  • FXR farnesoid X receptor
  • said compounds and pharmaceutical compositions are used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of malignant hyperproliferative disorders such as different forms of cancer, specifically certain forms of breast, liver or colon cancer where interference with an FXR ligand will have a beneficial impact.
  • FXR may be involved in the control of antibacterial defense in the intestine.
  • FXR agonists can have a beneficial impact in the therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disorders (IBD).
  • IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disorders
  • FXR agonists could have beneficial effects through FXR mediated control of bacterial growth.
  • the desensitization of the adaptive immune response is somehow impaired in the intestinal immune system. Bacterial overgrowth might then be the causative trigger towards establishment of a chronic inflammatory response.
  • dampening of bacterial growth by FXR-bome mechanisms might be a key mechanism to prevent acute inflammatory episodes.
  • the disclosure also relates to a compound according to Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said compound for preventing and/or treating a disease related to an Inflammatory Bowel Disease, such as Crohn's disease or Colitis ulcerosa.
  • FXR- mediated restoration of intestinal barrier function and reduction in non-commensal bacterial load is believed to be helpful in reducing the exposure of bacterial antigens to the intestinal immune system and can therefore reduce inflammatory responses.
  • the disclosure further relates to a compound or pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of obesity and associated disorders such as metabolic syndrome (combined conditions of dyslipidemias, diabetes and abnormally high body-mass index) which can be overcome by FXR-mediated lowering of serum triglycerides, blood glucose and increased insulin sensitivity and FXR-mediated weight loss.
  • metabolic syndrome combined conditions of dyslipidemias, diabetes and abnormally high body-mass index
  • the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure are useful in preventing and/or treating clinical complications of Type I and Type II Diabetes.
  • Such complications include Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Neuropathies, or Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD).
  • PAOD Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
  • Other clinical complications of Diabetes are also encompassed by the present disclosure.
  • conditions and diseases which result from chronic fatty and fibrotic degeneration of organs due to enforced lipid and specifically triglyceride accumulation and subsequent activation of profibrotic pathways may also be prevented and/or treated by administering the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • Such conditions and diseases encompass NASH and chronic cholestatic conditions in the liver, Glomerulosclerosis and Diabetic Nephropathy in the kidney, Macula Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy in the eye and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease in the brain, or Diabetic Neuropathies in the peripheral nervous system.
  • the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure are useful in preventing and/or treating congenital hepatic fibrosis.
  • the effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. Such dosage may be ascertained readily by a person skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 milligram to about 300 milligram per kilogram of animal body weight.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure are given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form.
  • the total daily dosage is from about 1 milligram to about 1000 milligrams, or from about 1 milligram to about 50 milligrams. In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily dose will generally be from about 7 milligrams to about 350 milligrams. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response.
  • the total daily dosage is from about 1 milligram to about 900 milligrams, about 10 milligrams to about 800 milligrams, about 20 milligrams to about 700 milligrams, about 30 milligrams to about 600 milligrams, about 40 milligrams to about 550 milligrams, about 50 milligrams to about 400 milligrams, about 50 milligrams to about 300 milligrams, or about 50 milligrams to about 200 milligrams.
  • the compounds of the present application or the compositions thereof may be administered once, twice, three, or four times daily, using any suitable mode described above. Also, administration or treatment with the compounds may be continued for a number of days; for example, commonly treatment would continue for at least 7 days, 14 days, or 28 days, for one cycle of treatment. Treatment cycles are well known in cancer chemotherapy, and are frequently alternated with resting periods of about 1 to 28 days, commonly about 7 days or about 14 days, between cycles. The treatment cycles, in other embodiments, may also be continuous.
  • the methods provided herein comprise administering to the subject an initial daily dose of about 1 to 800 mg of a compound described herein and increasing the dose by increments until clinical efficacy is achieved. Increments of about 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 mg can be used to increase the dose. The dosage can be increased daily, every other day, twice per week, or once per week. Combinations
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents to treat or prevent a disease or condition disclosed herein.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agents are a(n) ACE inhibitor, Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor, Adenosine A3 receptor agonist, Adiponectin receptor agonist, ART protein kinase inhibitor, AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), Amylin receptor agonist, Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonist, Autotaxin inhibitors, Bioactive lipid, Calcitonin agonist, Caspase inhibitor, Caspase-3 stimulator, Cathepsin inhibitor, Caveolin 1 inhibitor, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CCR3 chemokine antagonist, CCR5 chemokine antagonist, Chloride channel stimulator, CNR1 inhibitor, Cyclin D1 inhibitor, Cytochrome P450 7A1 inhibitor, DGAT1/2 inhibitor, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, Endo
  • Hepatocyte growth factor modulator HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, IL-10 agonist, IL-17 antagonist, Ileal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitor, Insulin sensitizer, integrin modulator, intereukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor, Jak2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ketohexokinase inhibitors, Klotho beta stimulator, 5 -Lipoxygenase inhibitor, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, Liver X receptor, LPL gene stimulator, Lysophosphatidate-1 receptor antagonist,
  • IRAK4 intereukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4
  • Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitor Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor, MEKK-5 protein kinase inhibitor, Membrane copper amine oxidase (VAP-1) inhibitor, Methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitor, Methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulator, MicroRNA-21(miR-21) inhibitor, Mitochondrial uncoupler, Myelin basic protein stimulator, NACHT LRR PYD domain protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin stimulator, NADPH oxidase inhibitor (NOX), Nicotinic acid receptor 1 agonist, P2Y13 purinoceptor stimulator, PDE 3 inhibitor, PDE 4 inhibitor, PDE 5 inhibitor, PDGF receptor beta modulator, Phospholipase C inhibitor, PPAR alpha agonist, PPAR delta agonist, PPAR gamma agonist, PPAR gamma modulator, Protease-activ
  • Non-limiting examples of the one or more additional therapeutic agents include:
  • ACE inhibitors such as enalapril
  • Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors such as DRM-01, gemcabene, PF-05175157, and QLT-091382;
  • Adenosine receptor agonists such as CF-102, CF-101, CF-502, and CGS21680;
  • Adiponectin receptor agonists such as ADP-355
  • Amylin/calcitonin receptor agonists such as KBP-042;
  • AMP activated protein kinase stimulators such as 0-304;
  • Angiotensin II AT-1 receptor antagonists such as irbesartan
  • Autotaxin inhibitors such as PAT-505, PAT-048, GLPG-1690, X-165, PF-8380, and AM-063;
  • Bioactive lipids such as DS-102;
  • Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CNR1) inhibitors such as namacizumab and GWP -42004;
  • Caspase inhibitors such as emricasan;
  • Pan cathepsin B inhibitors such as VBY-376;
  • Pan cathepsin inhibitors such as VBY-825;
  • CCR2/CCR5 chemokine antagonists such as cenicriviroc
  • CCR2 chemokine antagonists such as propagermanium
  • CCR3 chemokine antagonists such as bertilimumab
  • Chloride channel stimulators such as cobiprostone
  • DGAT2 Diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitors, such as IONIS-DGAT2Rx;
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors such as linagliptin
  • Eotaxin ligand inhibitors such as bertilimumab
  • Extracellular matrix protein modulators such as CNX-024;
  • Fatty acid synthase inhibitors such as TVB-2640;
  • Fibroblast growth factor 19 rh F GF 19
  • cytoch rom e P450 (CYP)7A1 inhibitors such as NGM-282;
  • Fibroblast growth factor 21 ligand, such as BMS-986171,
  • Fibroblast growth factor 21 FGF-21
  • GLP-1 glucagon like peptide 1
  • Galectin-3 inhibitors such as GR-MD-02;
  • GLP1R Glucagon-like peptide 1
  • G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) agonists such as RDX-009, INT-777;
  • Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) inhibitors such as ND-L02-s0201;
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin;
  • IL-10 agonists such as peg-ilodecakin
  • Heal sodium bile acid cotransporter inhibitors such as A-4250, volixibat potassium ethanolate hydrate (SHP-262), and GSK2330672; Insulin sensitizers, such as, KBP-042, MSDC-0602K, Px-102, RG-125 (AZD4076), and VVP-100X;
  • Ketohexokinase inhibitors such as PF-06835919; beta Klotho (KLB)-FGFlc agonist, such as NGM-313;
  • 5 -Lipoxygenase inhibitors such as tipelukast (MN-001);
  • Lipoprotein lipase inhibitors such as CAT -2003;
  • LPL gene stimulators such as alipogene tiparvovec
  • Liver X receptor (LXR) modulators such as PX-L603, PX-L493, BMS-852927, T- 0901317, GW-3965, and SR-9238;
  • Lysophosphatidate-1 receptor antagonists such as BMT-053011, UD-009, AR-479, ITMN- 10534, BMS-986020, and KI-16198;
  • Lysyl oxidase homolog 2 inhibitors such as serotonin
  • SSAO/VAP-1 Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase/Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) Inhibitors, such as PXS-4728A;
  • Methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibitors such as ZGN-839;
  • Methyl CpG binding protein 2 modulators such as mercaptamine
  • Mitochondrial uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol
  • Myelin basic protein stimulators such as olesoxime
  • NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitors such as GKT-831
  • Nicotinic acid receptor 1 agonists such as ARI-3037MO
  • NACHT LRR PYD domain protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitors such as KDDF-201406-03, and NBC-6;
  • Nuclear receptor modulators such as DUR-928;
  • P2Y13 purinoceptor stimulators such as CER-209;
  • PDE 3/4 inhibitors such as tipelukast (MN-001);
  • PDE 5 inhibitors such as sildenafil
  • PDGF receptor beta modulators such as BOT-191, BOT-509;
  • PPAR agonists such as elafibranor (GFT-505), MBX-8025, deuterated pioglitazone R- enantiomer, pioglitazone, DRX-065, saroglitazar, and IVA-337;
  • Protease-activated receptor-2 antagonists such as PZ-235;
  • Protein kinase modulators such as CNX-014;
  • Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors such as KD-025;
  • Sodium glucose transporter-2(SGLT2) inhibitors such as ipragliflozin, remogliflozin etabonate, ertugliflozin, dapagliflozin, and sotagliflozin;
  • SREBP transcription factor inhibitors such as CAT -2003 and MDV-4463;
  • Stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors such as aramchol
  • Thyroid hormone receptor (THR) beta agonists such as MGL-3196, MGL-3745, VK-
  • TLR-4 antagonists such as JKB-121;
  • Tyrosine kinase receptor modulators such as CNX-025;
  • GPCR modulators such as CNX-023;
  • Nuclear hormone receptor modulators such as Px-102.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agents are selected from A-4250, AC-3174, acetylsalicylic acid, AK-20, AKN-083, alipogene tiparvovec, aramchol, ARI-3037MO, ASP-8232, atorvastatin, bertilimumab, Betaine anhydrous, BAR-704, BI-1467335, BMS-986036, BMS-986171, BMT-053011, BOT-191, BTT-1023, BWD-100, BWL-200, CAT-2003, cenicriviroc, CER-209, CF-102, CGS21680, CNX-014, CNX-023, CNX- 024, CNX-025, cobiprostone, colesevelam, dapagliflozin, 16-dehydro-pregnenolone, deuterated pioglitazone R-enantiomer, 2,4-dinitrophenol, DR
  • norursodeoxycholic acid 0-304, obeticholic acid, 25HC3S, olesoxime, PAT-505, PAT-048, peg-ilodecakin, pioglitazone, pirfenidone, PRI-724, PX20606, Px-102, PX-L603, PX-L493, PXS-4728A, PZ-235, RDX-009, RDX-023, remogliflozin etabonate, repurposed tricaprilin, RG- 125 (AZD4076), saroglitazar, semaglutide, sizumab, SIPI-7623, solithromycin, sotagliflozin, statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin), TCM-606F, TERN-101, TEV-45478, tipelukast (M
  • methods and compositions include a therapeutically effective amount of an Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor and a therapeutically effective amount of a Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist, wherein the FXR agonist is a compound of Formula (I):
  • ASK1 Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1
  • FXR Farnesoid X Receptor
  • the ASK1 inhibitor is a compound of Formula (II):
  • ASK1 inhibitors such as the compound of Formula (II) can be synthesized and characterized using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as those described in U.S. 2007/0276050 U.S. 2011/0009410, and U.S. 2013/0197037.
  • methods and compositions include a therapeutically effective amount of an Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor and a therapeutically effective amount of a Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist, wherein the FXR agonist is a compound of Formula
  • the ACC inhibitor is a compound of Formula (III):
  • ACC inhibitors such as the compound of Formula (III) can be synthesized and characterized using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as those described in PCT International Application Publication No. WO 2013/071169.
  • methods and compositions include a therapeutically effective amount of a Thyroid Hormone Receptor (THR) b agonist in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist, wherein the FXR agonist is a compound of Formula (I):
  • Thyroid Hormone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor
  • FXR Farnesoid X Receptor
  • the THR b agonist is a compound of Formula (IV):
  • THR b agonists such as the compound of Formula (IV) can be synthesized and characterized using methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • the identity of the final product can render apparent the identity of the necessary starting materials by a process of inspection, given the examples herein.
  • Compounds can be isolated in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as those described above. Compounds described herein are typically stable and isolatable at room temperature and pressure.
  • DSC thermograms were collected on a TA Instruments Q2000 system equipped with a 50 position auto-sampler. The calibration for energy and temperature was carried out using certified indium. Typically 1 - 5 mg of each sample, in a pin-holed aluminium pan, was heated at 10 °C/min from about 25 °C to about 300 °C. A purge of dry nitrogen at 50 mL/min was maintained over the sample throughout the measurement. The onset of the melting endotherm was reported as the melting point. Thermogravimetric Analysis ( TGA )
  • TGA thermograms were collected on a TA Instruments Q5000 system, equipped with a 25 position auto-sampler. About 1 - 5 mg of each sample was loaded onto a pre-tared aluminium pan and heated at 10 °C/min from about 25 °C to about 350 °C. A nitrogen purge at 25 mL/min was maintained over the sample throughout the measurement.
  • A is pyridylene or phenylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, Ci- 4 -alkoxy, halo-Ci- 4 -alkoxy, Ci- 4 -alkyl, and halo-Ci- 4 -alkyl;
  • Q is phenylene or pyridylene, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from halogen, methyl, Ci- 4 -alkoxy, halo-Ci- 4 -alkoxy, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , and -CF 3 ;
  • X is a leaving group, Y is a group such as a halogen that can be used for the formation of an organometallic species such as a Grignard reagent, Z is isoxazole substituted with R 1 or pyrazole substituted with Ci- 4 -alkyl or C 3-6 -
  • a compound of Formula (C) can be prepared by reacting a compound of Formula (A) with a compound of Formula (B) in the presence of a base.
  • a compound of Formula (D) is formed from a compound of Formula (C) through the formation of an organometallic species such as a Grignard reagent followed by condensation with an appropriately-protected 3-ketoazetidine.
  • a compound of Formula (E) is formed from a compound of Formula (D) under appropriate deprotection conditions.
  • a compound of Formula (E) can be combined with a compound of Formula (F) in the presence of a base to give a compound of Formula (la).
  • a compound of Formula (D) can be formed by reacting a compound of Formula (A) with a compound of Formula (G) in the presence of a base.
  • a base e.g., a halogen (e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, and/or iodo)
  • PG can be /er/-butyl carbonyl protecting group (BOC).
  • Step 3 Preparation of ethyl 5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-4 carboxylate
  • Step 5 Preparation of 4-(chloromethyl)-5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazole
  • Step 6 Preparation of 4-((4-bromo-3-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6- dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazole
  • Step 7 Preparation of tert-butyl 3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidine-l-carboxylate
  • Step 8 Preparation of 3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)azetidin-3-ol tosylate salt
  • Step 9 Preparation of methyl 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin-l-yl)nicotinate
  • Step 10 Preparation of 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin-l-yl)nicotinic acid
  • Step 11 Preparation of 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4- fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin-l-yl)nicotinic acid, tris salt
  • Step 1 tert- butyl 3-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidine-l-carboxylate
  • Step 2 4-(chloromethyl)-5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazole
  • Step 3 tert- butyl 3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4- yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidine-l-carboxylate
  • Step 4 3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4- yl)methoxy)phenyl)azetidin-3-ol
  • Step 5 methyl 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4- yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin-l-yl)-5-fluoronicotinate
  • Step 6 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4- yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin-l-yl)-5-fluoronicotinic acid (Comparative
  • the eluates were pooled and dialysed overnight in 20 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.5) containing 60 mM KC1, 5 mM MgCh as well as 1 mM dithiothreitol and 10% (v/v) glycerol.
  • the protein was analysed by SDS-Page.
  • the method measures the ability of putative ligands to modulate the interaction between the purified bacterially expressed FXR ligand binding domain (LBD) and a synthetic biotinylated peptide based on residues 676-700 of SRC-1 (LCD2, 676-700).
  • the sequence of the peptide used was B-CPSSHSSLTERHKILHRLLQEGSPS-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 1) where the N-terminus was biotinylated (B).
  • the ligand binding domain (LBD) of FXR was expressed as fusion protein with GST in BL-21 cells using the vector pDEST15.
  • DMSO content of the samples was kept at 1%.
  • the assay was equilibrated for 1 hour in the dark at room temperature in FIA-plates black 384 well (Greiner).
  • the LANCE signal was detected by a Perkin Elmer VICTOR2VTM Multilabel Counter. The results were visualized by plotting the ratio between the emitted light at 665 and 615 nm. A basal level of FXR-peptide formation is observed in the absence of added ligand. Ligands that promote the complex formation induce a concentration- dependent increase in time-resolved fluorescent signal.
  • EC o values were determined for example compounds and are listed below in Table 1 (FRET ECso). As indicated in Table 1, the compound of Example 1 was assessed along with Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 (Example 3 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0355685), the chemical structures of which are depicted in the table below.
  • the cDNA part encoding the FXR ligand binding domain was cloned into vector pCMV-BD (Stratagene) as a fusion to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain under the control of the CMV promoter.
  • the amino acid boundaries of the ligand binding domain were amino acids 187-472 of Database entry NM_005123 (RefSeq).
  • the plasmid pFR-Luc (Stratagene) was used as the reporter plasmid, containing a synthetic promoter with five tandem repeats of the yeast GAL4 binding sites, driving the expression of the Photinus pyralis (American firefly) luciferase gene as the reporter gene.
  • pRL-CMV contains the constitutive CMV promoter, controlling the expression of the Renilla reniformis luciferase.
  • All Gal4 reporter gene assays were done in HEK293 cells (obtained from DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) grown in MEM with L-Glutamine and Earle's BSS supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 100 units Penicilin/Streptavidin per mL at about 37 °C in 5% CO2. Medium and supplements were obtained from Invitrogen.
  • 5 x 10 5 cells were plated per well in 96 well plates in 100 pL per well MEM without Phenol Red and L-Glutamine and with Earle's BSS supplemented with 10% charcoal/dextran treated FBS (HyClone, South Logan, Utah), 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 100 units Penicilin/Streptavidin per mL, incubated at about 37 °C in 5% CO2. The following day the cells were >90% confluence.
  • OptiMEM polyethylene-imine-based transfection-reagent
  • MEM with the same composition as used for plating cells was added 2-4 hours after addition of transfection mixture. Then compound stocks, prediluted in MEM were added (final vehicle concentration not exceeding 0.1%). Cells were incubated for additional 16 hours before firefly and renilla luciferase activities were measured sequentially in the same cell extract using a Dual -Li ght-Luciferase- Assay system (Dyer et al., Anal. Biochem. 2000, 282, 158-161). All experiments were done in triplicate.
  • Oral solution doses of Formula (I) (Example 1) were formulated at concentrations of 1 mg/mL in aqueous suspensions of 1% sodium laurel sulfate (SLS), 1% ethanol, and 98% water at pH 2.
  • Oral suspension doses of Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 were formulated at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL in 1% hydyroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), 0.5% Tween 80, and 98.5% water.
  • Intravenous doses of compounds of Formula (I) (Example 1), Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 were formulated at concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL in a vehicle including 5% DMSO, 15% NMP, 60% PEG 300 and water with 1.1 equivalents of NaOH.
  • Each dosing group consisted of three to six male Cynomolgus monkeys. At dosing, the animals weighed between 2.4 and 4.4 kg.
  • the oral test articles were administered to the monkeys via oral gavage at 2 mL/kg or nasogastric untubation at 5 mL/kg for a dose of 5 mg/kg.
  • the intravenous test articles were administered as an approximately 30-minute infusion via an indwelling catheter in a saphenous or cephalic vein at approximately 2 mL/kg for a dose of 1 mg/kg.
  • Venous blood samples were taken at specified time points after dosing from each animal. The blood samples were collected and transferred into tubes containing potassium (K2) EDTA anticoagulant.
  • the FGF19 ELISA assay kit from BioVendor (product number RD191107200R) was used to determine FGF19 concentrations in the collected blood samples.
  • Example 1 Waters BEH C18 column (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 pm) (Example 1) was used.
  • mobile phase A contained an aqueous solution of 1% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium formate adjusted to pH 3.0 with formic acid and mobile phase B contained and 10% 10 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile adjusted to pH 4.6 with formic acid.
  • mobile phase A contained 95% water, 5% acetonitrile, and 0.1% formic acid and mobile phase B contained 50% methanol, 50% acetonitrile, and 0.1% formic acid.
  • a Thermo Aria multiplexer with two identical Agilent 1200 series binary pumps (P/N G1312A Bin Pump) was used for elution and separation.
  • the elution programs used are set forth in the following Table 2 for the Zorbax Extend C18 HPLC and Table 3 for the Waters BEH C18 column.
  • Plasma FGF19 levels were evaluated as a pharmacodynamics marker of FXR activation in male cynomolgus monkeys following aministration of oral and intravenous administration of doses of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, or Comparative Example 2.
  • the difference between levels of FGF19 following oral administration (PO) versus intravenous administration (IV) were used to compare the degree of intestinal FXR agonism (via analysis of PO data) and systemic FXR agonism (via analysis of IV data) for each compound administered.
  • Plasma levels of drug and FGF19 were measured at various time points over a 24 hour period to generate
  • FIG. 1 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Comparative Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a chart of FGF19 plasma concentration over time in cynomolgus monkey after dosing with the compound of Comparative Example 2.
  • Pharamacokinetic data are summarized in Table 5 below.
  • Example 1 As is reflected in the results, the oral administration of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 all caused increases in plasma FGF19 over the dosing interval compared to baseline levels of FGF19 before dosing. This indicates agonism of the intestinal FXR receptor. The IV administration of Example 1 did not cause in increase in FGF19, indicating a lack of systemic FXR agonism. In contrast, IV administration of
  • Comparative Examples 1 and 2 increased FGF19 levels compared to baseline levels of FGF19 before dosing, indicating systemic FXR agonism occurred.
  • Example 1 ileal exposures of Example land Comparative Example 2 cause FXR activation in the intestinal epithelium.
  • the data further suggest that systemic exposures of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, through IV administration, causes greater systemic, non-intestinal FXR activation relative to Example 1.
  • Example 1 The compound of Formula (I) (Example 1) was tested for inhibition of UGT1 A1 and was compared against Comparative Example 1. To perform the assay, sample compound was incubated with human UGT1A1 expressed SupersomesTM (0.25 mg/mL), alamethicin (25 pg/mg) and UDPGA (5 mM) in the presence of probe substrate estradiol (10 mM) for 30 mins at
  • Example 1 had an IC50 of 0.44 mM.
  • Example 7 CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 Inhibition
  • Example 1 The compound of Formula (I) (Example 1) was assessed for CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 inhibition and was compared against Comparative Example 1.
  • test compound concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 10, 25 mM in DMSO; final DMSO concentration 0.3%) are incubated with human liver microsomes (0.1 mg/mL) and NADPH (1 mM) in the presence of the probe substrate bupropion (110 mM) for 5 min at 37 °C.
  • the selective CYP2B6 inhibitor, ticlopidine is screened alongside the test compounds as a positive control.
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I was prepared by combining 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5- cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin- l-yl)nicotinic acid (0.050 g, 0.0827 mmol) with methanesulfonic acid (8uL, 0.123 mmol) in a vial with isopropyl alcohol (1 mL) resulting in a slurry. The slurry was heated to about 50 °C for about 30 minutes, then allowed to slowly cool to room temperature and slurry for about 16 hours. The slurry was then filtered and the isolated solids were characterized by XRPD presented in FIG. 4. The solids were then dried in a vacuum oven at about 50 °C and
  • Formula (I) mesylate Form I was also formed by taking up 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5- cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin- l-yl)nicotinic acid (3.00 g, 4.96 mmol) as a suspension in MeCN/water (1.5: 1 v/v, 15 mL) and treating with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (30 wt%, 0.56 mL, 5.95 mmol).
  • Formula (I) mesylate form I was also formed by taking up 6-(3-(2-chloro-4-((5- cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-3-hydroxyazetidin- l-yl)nicotinic acid (0.5 g, 0.83 mmol) as a suspension in acetone/water (97:3 v/v, 10 mL) and heating to about 55 °C. Methane sulfonic acid (60 pL, 0.91 mmol) was charged to the slurry and the mixture was aged at about 55 °C for several hours. The slurry was cooled to about 20 °C and filtered under vacuum. The resulting solids were washed with acetone and dried under vacuum at elevated temperature up to about 60 °C to provide Formula (I) mesylate Form T

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