EP1804834B1 - Immunogenic bacterial vesicles with outer membrane proteins - Google Patents

Immunogenic bacterial vesicles with outer membrane proteins Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1804834B1
EP1804834B1 EP05801788A EP05801788A EP1804834B1 EP 1804834 B1 EP1804834 B1 EP 1804834B1 EP 05801788 A EP05801788 A EP 05801788A EP 05801788 A EP05801788 A EP 05801788A EP 1804834 B1 EP1804834 B1 EP 1804834B1
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vesicles
bacterium
protein
proteins
mlta
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French (fr)
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EP1804834A2 (en
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Jeannette Chiron SRL ADU-BOBIE
Mariagrazia Chiron SRL Pizza
Nathalie Chiron SRL NORAIS
Germano Chiron SRL FERRARI
Guido Chiron Srl GRANDI
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GSK Vaccines SRL
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Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics SRL
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Priority to EP10183544.5A priority Critical patent/EP2279747B1/en
Priority to PL10183544T priority patent/PL2279747T3/pl
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/24—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae (F), e.g. Citrobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Providencia, Morganella, Yersinia
    • C07K14/245—Escherichia (G)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/095—Neisseria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/22—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Neisseriaceae (F)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/025—Enterobacteriales, e.g. Enterobacter
    • A61K39/0258—Escherichia
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of vesicle preparation for immunisation purposes.
  • OMVs outer membrane vesicles
  • the 'RIVM' vaccine is based on OMVs containing six different PorA subtypes. It has been shown to be immunogenic in children in phase II clinical trials [2].
  • Reference 3 discloses a vaccine against different pathogenic serotypes of serogroup B meningococcus based on OMVs which retain a protein complex of 65-kDa.
  • Reference 4 discloses a vaccine comprising OMVs from genetically-engineered meningococcal strains, with the OMVs comprising: at least one Class 1 outer-membrane protein (OMP) but not comprising a Class 2/3 OMP.
  • Reference 5 discloses OMVs comprising OMPs which have mutations in their surface loops and OMVs comprising derivatives of meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • OMP outer-membrane protein
  • vesicles As well as serogroup B N.meningitidis, vesicles have been prepared for other bacteria.
  • Reference 6 discloses a process for preparing OMV-based vaccines for serogroup A meningococcus.
  • References 7 and 8 disclose vesicles from N.gonorrhoeae.
  • Reference 9 discloses vesicle preparations from N.lactamica.
  • Vesicles have also been prepared from Moraxella catarrhalis [10,11], Shigella flexneri [12,13], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [12,13], Porphyromonas gingivalis [14], Treponema pallidum [15], Haemophilus influenzae [16 & 21] and Helicobacter pylori [17].
  • OMVs The failure of OMVs to elicit cross-protection against non-homologous strains is not well understood, particularly as most N.meningitidis isolates share a small number of conserved protective surface antigens that, if present in OMVs, would be expected to provide broad protective coverage.
  • One possible explanation for the failure is the existence of variable immune-dominant surface antigens that prevent the conserved antigens from exerting their protective action, and the presence of immune-dominant hyper-variable proteins such as PorA has been extensively documented and demonstrated.
  • Other possible explanations are that the methods for OMV preparation result in contamination with cytoplasmic and/or inner membrane proteins that dilute the protective outer membrane proteins, or that antigens are lost by the detergent extraction.
  • Reference 18 discloses compositions comprising OMVs supplemented with transferrin binding proteins (e.g . TbpA and TbpB) and/or Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase.
  • Reference 19 discloses compositions comprising OMVs supplemented by various proteins.
  • Reference 20 discloses preparations of membrane vesicles obtained from N.meningitidis with a modified fur gene.
  • Reference 21 teaches that nspA expression should be up-regulated with concomitant porA and cps knockout. Further knockout mutants of N.meningitidis for OMV production are disclosed in references 21 to 23.
  • reference 24 focuses on changing the methods for OMV preparation, and teaches that antigens such as NspA can be retained during vesicle extraction by avoiding the use of detergents such as deoxycholate.
  • the invention is based on the surprising discovery that disruption of the pathways involved in degradation of peptidoglycan (the murein layer) gives bacteria that release vesicles into their culture medium, and that these vesicles are rich in immunogenic outer membrane proteins and can elicit broad-ranging bactericidal immune responses.
  • the vesicles are different from the OMVs that can be prepared by disrupting whole bacteria ( e.g . by sonication and sarkosyl extraction [25]), and can be prepared without even disrupting bacterial cells e.g . simply by separating the vesicles from the bacteria by a process such as centrifugation.
  • the inventors have found that knockout of the meningococcal mltA homolog (also referred to as 'GNA33' or 'NMB0033' [26]) leads to the spontaneous release of vesicles that are rich in immunogenic outer membrane proteins and that can elicit broadly cross-protective antibody responses with higher bactericidal titres than OMVs prepared by normal production processes.
  • This enhanced efficacy is surprising for two reasons: first, the NMB0033 protein has previously been reported to be highly effective in raising bactericidal antibodies (e.g . see table 1 of ref. 196) and to be a strong vaccine candidate (e.g . see table 2 of ref.
  • the invention provides a bacterium having a knockout mutation of its mltA gene.
  • the bacterium also has a knockout mutation of at least one further gene e.g. the porA and/or porB and or lpxA genes.
  • the invention also provides a bacterium, wherein: (i) the bacterium has a cell wall that includes peptidoglycan; and (ii) the bacterium does not express a protein having the lytic transglycosylase activity of MltA protein.
  • the bacterium is a mutant bacterium i.e . the bacterium is a mutant strain of a wild-type species that expresses MltA protein.
  • the bacterium also does not express at least one further protein e.g . the PorA and/or PorB and/or LpxA proteins.
  • a preferred meningococcus is gna33 - lpxa - PorA - .
  • the invention also provides a composition comprising vesicles that, during culture of bacteria of the invention, are released into the culture medium.
  • This composition does not comprise any living and/or whole bacteria.
  • This composition can be used for vaccine preparation.
  • the invention also provides a composition comprising vesicles, wherein the vesicles are present in the filtrate obtainable after filtration through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter of a culture medium in which a bacterium of the invention has been grown.
  • This composition can be used for vaccine preparation.
  • the meningococcal vesicles of the invention may be substantially free from ribosomes.
  • the meningococcal vesicle of the invention may be substantially free from any aminoacid-tRNA-synthetases.
  • the meningococcal vesicles of the invention may be substantially free from any enzyme from the Krebs cycle. These vesicles will also not include MltA (because of the knockout mutation), but will include outer membrane proteins.
  • the vesicles may include trimeric outer membrane proteins ( Figure 13 ).
  • a meningococcal vesicle of the invention may include the following 47 proteins: NMB0035, NMB0044, NMB0086, NMB0088, NMB0109, NMB0124, NMB0138, NMB0182, NMB0204, NMB0278, NMB0294, NMB0313, NMB0345, NMB0346, NMB0382, NMB0460, NMB0461, NMB0550, NMB0554, NMB0623, NMB0634, NMB0663, NMB0703, NMB0787, NMB0873, NMB0928, NMB1030, NMB1053, NMB1057, NMB1126, NMB1285, NMB1301, NMB1332, NMB1429, NUB1483, NMB1533, NMB1567, NMB1612, NMB1710, NMB1870, NMB1898, NMB1949, NMB1961, NMB1972, NMB1988, NMB2039 and NMB2091.
  • the invention also provides a composition comprising a first set of vesicles of the invention and a second set of vesicles of the invention, wherein said first and second sets are prepared from different strains of meningococcus.
  • the invention also provides a process for preparing bacterial vesicles, comprising the steps of: (i) culturing a MltA - bacterium in a culture medium such that the bacterium releases vesicles into said medium; and (ii) collecting the vesicles from said medium.
  • the MltA - bacterium is a ? MltA knockout mutant.
  • the vesicles can be collected by size separation (e.g . filtration, using a filter which allows the vesicles to pass through but which does not allow intact bacteria to pass through), which can conveniently be performed after centrifugation to preferentially pellet cells relative to the smaller vesicles ( e.g . low speed centrifugation).
  • Peptidoglycan (also known as murein, mucopeptide or glycosaminopeptide) is a heteropolymer found in the cell wall of most bacteria. Peptidoglycan is the component that is primarily responsible for the mechanical strength of the bacterial cell wall and for maintaining cellular shape. In Gram-positive bacteria it is the major component of the cell wall. In Gram-negative bacteria it occurs as a layer between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes, and is covalently linked to the outer membrane via the Braun lipoprotein.
  • Peptidoglycan consists mainly of linear heteropolysaccharide backbone chains that are cross-linked by 'stem' peptides to form a lattice structure. It is a polymer so large that it can be thought of as a single immense covalently linked molecule.
  • the saccharide backbone is formed from alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues.
  • GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
  • MurNAc N-acetylmuramic acid
  • a MurNAc residue may be linked to a stem tetrapeptide.
  • Cross-links between backbone chains are usually formed directly between D-alanine in one stem peptide and a meso- DAP of another.
  • the E.coli structure is typical for Gram-negative bacteria, but there is more variation within Gram-positive bacteria e.g . in S.aureus 30-50% of the muramic acid residues are not acetylated, the stem peptide often has L-lysine in place of meso- DAP and isoglutamine in place of D-glutamate, and cross-links can occur between stem peptides.
  • the initial step in E.coli peptidoglycan biosynthesis is the formation of the UDP derivative of GlcNAc, which occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • Some UDP-GlcNAc is converted to UDP-MurNAc in a reaction of UDP-GlcNAc and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), catalysed by PEP:UDP-GlcNAc enolpyruvyl transferase.
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
  • amino acids are added sequentially to UDP-MurNAc to form a UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide known as the 'Park nucleotide' that includes a terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine.
  • the Park nucleotide is then transferred to bactoprenol monophosphate in the cytoplasmic membrane, where UDP-GlcNAC is also added to make a bactoprenol-disaccharide-pentapeptide subunit.
  • the disaccharide-pentapeptide subunit is then transferred into the periplasmic region, with bactoprenol-pyrophosphate remaining in the membrane. Within the periplasm the transferred subunit is inserted into a growing peptidoglycan.
  • murein hydrolases [29] which as a family includes lytic transglycosylases ( mltA, mltB, mltC, mltD, slt70, emtA ) , endopeptidases ( pbp4, pbp7, mepA ) and amidases ( amiC ) .
  • Muramidases such as lysozyme cleave the same ß-(1-4)-glycosidic linkages between MurNAc and GlcNAc residues; unlike muramidases, however, the transglycosylases cleave the glycosidic bond with concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydromuramoyl residues (AnhMurNAc).
  • the standard peptidoglycan anabolic and catabolic pathways are thus well-characterised, as are the minor variations and modifications that occur between bacteria.
  • the enzymes are well-characterised, and proteins have been readily annotated as being involved in the pathways when new bacterial genomic sequences have been published. The skilled person can thus easily determine the enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan metabolic pathways for any given bacterium, can easily identify the enzymes involved, and can easily identify the genes encoding those enzymes.
  • the invention is based on the knockout of the mltA gene, which encodes a membrane-bound lytic transglycosylase.
  • the MltA family is recognised in INTERPRO (entry 'ipr005300') and PFAM (entry 'MltA' or 'PF03562'), and the PFAM record lists MltA proteins in bacteria as diverse as Rhizobium loti, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Zymomonas mobilis, Caulobacter crescentus, Yersinia pestis, Salmonella typhimurium, Buchnera aphidicola, Photorhabdus luminescens, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomon
  • the MltA gene in serogroup B N.meningitidis has been referred to in the literature as 'GNA33' [25,26,196], and an example sequence has GenBank accession number 'AF226391.1'.
  • the MltA gene in serogroup A ('NMA0279') has GenBank accession number NP_283118.1. Aligned polymorphic forms of meningococcal MltA can be seen in figures 7 and 18 of reference 30. Two full genome sequences of N.meningitidis are available [31,32]. For any given strain of N.meningitidis, therefore, the skilled person will be able to identify the mltA gene.
  • the knocked-out mltA gene is preferably the gene which, in the wild-type strain, has the highest sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 herein.
  • MltA is a lipoprotein in meningococcus. [26].
  • Knockout of mltA can result in reduced virulence, abnormal cell separation, abnormal cell morphology, undivided septa, double septa, cell clustering and sharing of outer membranes [25].
  • the knockout mutation has surprisingly been found to give bacteria that can spontaneously produce vesicles that are immunogenic and enriched in outer membrane proteins.
  • the bacterium from which vesicles are prepared may be Gram-positive, but it is preferably Gram-negative.
  • the bacterium may be from genus Moraxella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Treponema, Porphyromonas or Helicobacter (see above for-preferred species) but is preferably from the Neisseria genus.
  • Preferred Neisseria-species are N.meningitidis and N.gonorrhoeae.
  • any of serogroups A, C, W135 and Y may be used, but it is preferred to prepare vesicles from serogroup B.
  • the meningococcus can be of any serotype (e.g . 1, 2a, 2b, 4, 14, 15, 16, etc. ) , of any serosubtype (P1.2; P1.4; P1.5; P1.5,2; P1.7,16; P1.7,16b; P1.9; P1.9,15; P1.12,13; P1.13; P1.14; P1.15; P1.21,16; P1.22,14; etc. ) and of any immunotype (e.g .
  • the meningococcus may be from any suitable lineage, including hyperinvasive and hypervirulent lineages e.g . any of the following seven hypervirulent lineages: subgroup I; subgroup III; subgroup IV-1; ET-5 complex; ET-37 complex; A4 cluster; lineage 3.
  • hyperinvasive and hypervirulent lineages e.g . any of the following seven hypervirulent lineages: subgroup I; subgroup III; subgroup IV-1; ET-5 complex; ET-37 complex; A4 cluster; lineage 3.
  • MLEE multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
  • MLST multilocus sequence typing
  • the ET-37 complex is the ST-11 complex by MLST
  • the ET-5 complex is ST-32 (ET-5)
  • lineage 3 is ST-41/44, etc.
  • Preferred strains within serogroup B are MC58, 2996, H4476 and 394/98. In some embodiments of the invention, however, the meningococcus is not strain MC58 and is not strain BZ232.
  • the bacterium may have one or more knockout mutations of other gene(s).
  • the bacterium should have low endotoxin (LOS/LPS) levels, and this can be achieved by knockout of enzymes involved in LPS biosynthesis.
  • LOS/LPS low endotoxin
  • Suitable mutant bacteria are already known e.g . mutant Neisseria [34,35] and mutant Helicobacter [36].
  • the lpxA mutant of meningococcus is preferred. Processes for preparing LPS-depleted outer membranes from Gram-negative bacteria are disclosed in reference 37.
  • a preferred further knockout is the PorA class I outer membrane protein.
  • such knockouts will not display the immunodominant hypervariable strain-specific PorA protein, thereby focusing a recipient's immune response on other antigens.
  • the invention provides a N.meningitidis bacterium, comprising both a knockout mutation of MltA and a knockout mutation of PorA.
  • the bacterium can also carry further knockout mutations e.g . in LOS/LPS synthetic pathways ( e.g. lpxA ), immunodominant variable proteins, PorB, OpA, OpC, etc.
  • the bacterium may also include one or more of the knockout mutations disclosed in reference 16, 21-24 and/or 42-43.
  • Preferred genes for down-regulation and/or knockout include: (a) Cps, CtrA, CtrB, CtrC, CtrD, FrpB, GalE, HtrB/MsbB, LbpA, LbpB, LpxK, Opa, Opc, PilC, PorA, PorB, SiaA, SiaB, SiaC, SiaD, TbpA, and/or TbpB [16]; (b) CtrA, CtrB, CtrC, CtrD, FrpB, GalE, HtrB/MsbB, LbpA, LbpB, LpxK, Opa, Opc, PhoP, PilC, PmrE, PmrF, PorA, SiaA, SiaB, SiaC, SiaD, TbpA, and
  • the selection criteria of reference 44 may be used.
  • Preferred vesicles are prepared from meningococci having one of the following subtypes: P1.2; P1.2,5; P1.4; P1.5; P1.5,2; P1.5,c; P1.5c,10; P1.7,16; P1.7.16b; P1.7h,4; P1.9; P1.15; P1.9,15; P1.12,13; P1.13; P1.14; P1.21,16; P1.22,14.
  • the meningococcus is preferably in serogroup B.
  • the invention provides the vesicles that are spontaneously released into culture medium by bacteria of the invention.
  • These vesicles are distinct from the vesicles that can be prepared artificially from the same bacteria, such as the sarkosyl-extracted OMVs prepared in reference 25 from '? GNA33' meningococci. They are also distinct from microvesicles (MVs [47]) and 'native OMVs' ('NOMVs' [64]), although vesicles of the invention seem to be more similar to MVs and NOMVs than to sarkosyl-extracted OMVs.
  • the vesicles are also distinct from blebs, which are outer-membrane protrusions that remain attached to bacteria prior to release as MVs [48,49].
  • the vesicles of the invention have a diameter of 50-100nm by electron microscopy, which is smaller than that of artificial meningococcal OMVs (diameter ⁇ 270nm [50]).
  • the diameter is roughly the same as that of artificial OMVs that have been heat-denatured ( ⁇ 105nm [50]), but the vesicles of the invention retain antigenicity whereas heat-denatured artificial OMVs lose their antigenicity.
  • vesicles of the invention (unlike MVs, OMVs and NOMVs) are substantially free from cytoplasmic contamination.
  • Vesicles of the invention preferably contain no more than 20% by weight of LOS/LPS, measured relative to the total protein (i.e . there should be at least 4x more protein than LOS/LPS, by weight).
  • the maximum LOS/LPS level is preferably even lower than 20% e.g . 15%, 10%, 5% or lower.
  • the vesicle-containing compositions of the invention will generally be substantially free from whole bacteria, whether living or dead.
  • the size of the vesicles of the invention means that they can readily be separated from whole bacteria by filtration through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter e.g . as typically used for filter sterilisation.
  • the invention provides a process for preparing vesicles of the invention, comprising filtering the culture medium from bacteria of the invention through a filter that retards whole bacteria but that lets the vesicles pass through e.g . a 0.22 ⁇ m filter.
  • vesicles will pass through a standard 0.22 ⁇ m filters, these can rapidly become clogged by other material, and so it is preferred to perform sequential steps of filter sterilisation through a series of filters of decreasing pore size, finishing with a standard sterilisation filter (e.g . a 0.22 ⁇ m filter). Examples of preceding filters would be those with pore size of 0.8 ⁇ m, 0.45 ⁇ m, etc.
  • the filtrate can be further treated e.g . by ultracentrifugation.
  • Vesicles of the invention contain lipids and proteins.
  • the protein content of meningococcal vesicles has been analysed, and substantially all of the proteins in the vesicles are classified as outer membrane proteins by bioinformatic analysis.
  • Outer membrane proteins seen in the vesicles include: PilE; IgA-specific serine endopeptidase; PorA; FrpB; P1B; etc.
  • the vesicles of the invention were found to lack proteins such as MinD, FtsA and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase.
  • the vesicles also lack MltA.
  • the vesicles of the invention are advantageous when compared to vesicles prepared by disruption of cultured bacteria because no artificial disruption is required. Simple size-based separation can be used to separate bacteria and vesicles, without any need for chemical treatments, etc. As well as being a simpler process, this avoids the risk of denaturation caused by the detergents etc. that are used during prior art OMV preparative processes.
  • vesicles of the invention may be similar to microvesicles (MVs) and 'native OMVs' ('NOMVs'), which are naturally-occurring membrane vesicles that form spontaneously during bacterial growth and are released into culture medium.
  • MVs can be obtained by culturing Neisseria in broth culture medium, separating whole cells from the broth culture medium ( e.g. by filtration or by low-speed centrifugation to pellet only the cells and not the smaller vesicles) and then collecting the MVs that are present in the cell-depleted medium (e.g . by filtration, by differential precipitation or aggregation of MVs, by high-speed centrifugation to pellet the MVs).
  • Strains for use in production of MVs can generally be selected on the basis of the amount of MVs produced in culture. References 52 and 53 describe Neisseria with high MV production.
  • the invention allows the production of immunogenic vesicles.
  • the bacterium will typically have been generated by mutation of a chosen starting strain.
  • the invention provides methods for preparing vesicles from each of the strains, and the different vesicles can be combined. This combination strategy is particularly useful for bacteria where strain-to-strain variation means that a single strain usually does not offer clinically-useful protection e.g . serogroup B meningococcus.
  • the invention provides a composition comprising a mixture of n sets of vesicles of the invention, prepared from n different strains of a bacterium.
  • the value of n can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.
  • the different strains can be in the same or different serogroups.
  • Preferred mixtures of serogroups include: A+B; A+C; A+W135; A+Y; B+C; B+W135; B+Y; C+W135; C+Y; W135+Y; A+B+C; A+B+W135; A+B+Y; A+C+W135; A+C+Y; A+W135+Y; B+C+W135; B+C+Y; C+W135+Y; A+B+C+W135; A+B+C+Y; B+C+W135+Y; and A+B+C+W135+Y.
  • the invention also provides a kit comprising vesicles of the invention prepared from n different strains.
  • the vesicles can be kept and stored separately in the kit until they are required to be used together e.g . as an admixture, or for simultaneous separate or sequential use.
  • a N.meningitidis is preferably from serogroup B.
  • the different strains may be selected according to various criteria.
  • Example criteria include: subtype and/or serosubtype [ e.g . ref. 47]; immunotype; geographical origin of the strains; local prevalence of clinical strains; hypervirulent lineage e.g . one or more of subgroups I, III and IV-1, ET-5 complex, ET-37 complex, A4 cluster and lineage 3; multilocus sequence type (MLST) [54].
  • Preferred criteria for selecting strains are: selection of more than one PorB serotype (class 2 or 3 OMP); selection of more than one PorA serosubtype (class 1 OMP); selection of more than one different immunotype (lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide); selection of more than one of the three different NMB1870 variants [55].
  • NMB1870 is seen in the vesicles of the invention, shows distinct variants, and is a good candidate antigen for vaccination [55-57].
  • a combination of vesicles covering two or three different NMB1870 variants is particular advantageous.
  • MltA - strains can be constructed by conventional knockout techniques. Techniques for gene knockout are well known, and meningococcus knockout mutants of have been reported previously [ e.g . refs. 25 & 58-60].
  • the knockout is preferably achieved by deletion of at least a portion of the coding region (preferably isogenic deletion), but any other suitable technique may be used e.g . deletion or mutation of the promoter, deletion or mutation of the start codon, etc .
  • the bacterium may contain a marker gene in place of the knocked out gene e.g . an antibiotic resistance marker.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) vesicles of the invention and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also provides a process for preparing such a composition, comprising the step of admixing vesicles of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Typical 'pharmaceutically acceptable carriers' include any carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition.
  • Suitable carriers are typically large, slowly metabolised macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes). Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the vaccines may also contain diluents, such as water, saline, glycerol, etc . Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, sucrose, and the like, may be present. Sterile pyrogen-free, phosphate-buffered physiologic saline ( e.g . pH 7.4) is a typical carrier.
  • a thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in reference 62.
  • compositions of the invention will typically be in aqueous form (i.e . solutions or suspensions) rather than in a dried form ( e.g . lyophilised).
  • Aqueous compositions are also suitable for reconstituting other vaccines from a lyophilised form (e.g . a lyophilised Hib conjugate vaccine, a lyophilised meningococcal conjugate vaccine, etc .).
  • the invention provides a kit, which may comprise two vials, or may comprise one ready-filled syringe and one vial, with the aqueous contents of the syringe being used to reactivate the dried contents of the vial prior to injection.
  • compositions of the invention may be presented in vials, or they may be presented in ready-filled syringes.
  • the syringes may be supplied with or without needles.
  • Compositions may be packaged in unit dose form or in multiple dose form.
  • a syringe will generally include a single dose of the composition, whereas a vial may include a single dose or multiple doses. For multiple dose forms, therefore, vials are preferred to pre-filled syringes.
  • Effective dosage volumes can be routinely established, but a typical human dose of the composition has a volume of about 0.5ml e.g . for intramuscular injection.
  • the RIVM OMV-based vaccine was administered in a 0.5ml volume [63] by intramuscular injection to the thigh or upper arm. Similar doses may be used for other delivery routes e.g . an intranasal OMV-based vaccine for atomisation may have a volume of about 100 ⁇ l or about 130 ⁇ l per spray [64], with four sprays administered to give a total dose of about 0.5ml.
  • the pH of the composition is preferably between 6 and 8, and more preferably between 6.5 and 7.5 ( e.g . about 7 or about 7.4).
  • the pH of the RIVM OMV-based vaccine is 7.4 [65], and a pH ⁇ 8 (preferably ⁇ 7.5) is preferred for compositions of the invention.
  • Stable pH may be maintained by the use of a buffer e.g . a Tris buffer, a phosphate buffer, or a histidine buffer.
  • Compositions of the invention will generally include a buffer. If a composition comprises an aluminium hydroxide salt, it is preferred to use a histidine buffer [66] e.g. at between 1-10mM, preferably about 5mM.
  • the RIVM OMV-based vaccine maintains pH by using a 10mM Tris/HCl buffer.
  • the composition may be sterile and/or pyrogen-free.
  • Compositions of the invention may be isotonic with respect to humans.
  • compositions of the invention are immunogenic, and are more preferably vaccine compositions.
  • Vaccines according to the invention may either be prophylactic ( i.e . to prevent infection) or therapeutic ( i.e . to treat infection), but will typically be prophylactic.
  • Immunogenic compositions used as vaccines comprise an immunologically effective amount of antigen(s), as well as any other components, as needed.
  • 'immunologically effective amount' it is meant that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment or prevention. This amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, age, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated ( e.g .
  • compositions of the invention will generally be expressed in terms of the amount of protein per dose.
  • a dose of about 0.9 mg protein per ml is typical for OMV-based intranasal vaccines [64].
  • the MeNZBTM OMV-based vaccine contains between 25 and 200 ⁇ g of protein per millilitre e.g . between 45 and 90 ⁇ g/ml, or 50 ⁇ 10 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Compositions of the invention preferably include less than 100 ⁇ g/ml of OMV per strain of bacterium.
  • compositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms.
  • the compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions.
  • the composition may be prepared for pulmonary administration e.g . as an inhaler, using a fine powder or a spray.
  • the composition may be prepared as a suppository or pessary.
  • the composition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administration e.g . as spray, drops, gel or powder [ e.g . refs 67 & 68].
  • compositions of the invention may include an antimicrobial, particularly when packaged in multiple dose format.
  • Antimicrobials such as thiomersal and 2-phenoxyethanol are commonly found in vaccines, but it is preferred to use either a mercury-free preservative or no preservative at all.
  • compositions of the invention may comprise detergent e.g . a Tween (polysorbate), such as Tween 80.
  • Detergents are generally present at low levels e.g . ⁇ 0.01%.
  • compositions of the invention may include sodium salts (e.g . sodium chloride) to give tonicity.
  • sodium salts e.g . sodium chloride
  • a concentration of 10 ⁇ 2 mg/ml NaCl is typical.
  • the concentration of sodium chloride is preferably greater than 7.5 mg/ml.
  • compositions of the invention will generally be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents.
  • compositions will usually include one or more adjuvants, and the invention provides a process for preparing a composition of the invention, comprising the step of admixing vesicles of the invention with an adjuvant e.g . in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • adjuvants include, but are not limited to:
  • Mineral containing compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include mineral salts, such as aluminium salts and calcium salts.
  • the invention includes mineral salts such as hydroxides (e.g . oxyhydroxides), phosphates ( e.g. hydroxyphosphates, orthophosphates), sulphates, etc. [ e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of ref. 69], or mixtures of different mineral compounds, with the compounds taking any suitable form ( e.g . gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.), and with adsorption being preferred.
  • the mineral containing compositions may also be formulated as a particle of metal salt [70].
  • a typical aluminium phosphate adjuvant is amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate with PO 4 /Al molar ratio between 0.84 and 0.92, included at 0.6mg Al 3+ /ml.
  • Adsorption with a low dose of aluminium phosphate may be used e.g . between 50 and 100 ⁇ g Al 3+ per conjugate per dose.
  • an aluminium phosphate it used and it is desired not to adsorb an antigen to the adjuvant, this is favoured by including free phosphate ions in solution ( e.g . by the use of a phosphate buffer).
  • the RIVM vaccine was tested with adsorption to either an aluminium phosphate or an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, and the aluminium phosphate adjuvant was found to give superior results [65].
  • the MeNZBTM, MenBvacTM abd VA-MENINGOC-BCTM products all include an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant.
  • a typical dose of aluminium adjuvant is about 3.3 mg/ml (expressed as Al 3+ concentration).
  • Oil emulsion compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 [Chapter 10 of ref. 69; see also ref. 71] (5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85, formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer). Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) may also be used.
  • CFA Complete Freund's adjuvant
  • IFA incomplete Freund's adjuvant
  • Saponin formulations may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.
  • Saponins are a heterologous group of sterol glycosides and triterpenoid glycosides that are found in the bark, leaves, stems, roots and even flowers of a wide range of plant species. Saponin from the bark of the Quillaia saponaria Molina tree have been widely studied as adjuvants. Saponin can also be commercially obtained from Smilax ornata (sarsaprilla), Gypsophilla paniculata (brides veil), and Saponaria officianalis (soap root).
  • Saponin adjuvant formulations include purified formulations, such as QS21, as well as lipid formulations, such as ISCOMs. QS21 is marketed as StimulonTM.
  • Saponin compositions have been purified using HPLC and RP-HPLC. Specific purified fractions using these techniques have been identified, including QS7, QS17, QS18, QS21, QH-A, QH-B and QH-C.
  • the saponin is QS21.
  • a method of production of QS21 is disclosed in ref. 72.
  • Saponin formulations may also comprise a sterol, such as cholesterol [73].
  • ISCOMs immunostimulating complexs
  • the ISCOM typically also include a phospholipid such as phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. Any known saponin can be used in ISCOMs.
  • the ISCOM includes one or more of QuilA, QHA and QHC. ISCOMs are further described in refs. 73-75.
  • the ISCOMS may be devoid of extra detergent [76].
  • Virosomes and virus-like particles can also be used as adjuvants in the invention.
  • These structures generally contain one or more proteins from a virus optionally combined or formulated with a phospholipid. They are generally non-pathogenic, non-replicating and generally do not contain any of the native viral genome.
  • the viral proteins may be recombinantly produced or isolated from whole viruses.
  • viral proteins suitable for use in virosomes or VLPs include proteins derived from influenza virus (such as HA or NA), Hepatitis B virus (such as core or capsid proteins), Hepatitis E virus, measles virus, Sindbis virus, Rotavirus, Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, Retrovirus, Norwalk virus, human Papilloma virus, HIV, RNA-phages, Qß-phage (such as coat proteins), GA-phage, fr-phage, AP205 phage, and Ty (such as retrotransposon Ty protein p1).
  • VLPs are discussed further in refs. 79-84.
  • Virosomes are discussed further in, for example, ref. 85
  • Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include bacterial or microbial derivatives such as non-toxic derivatives of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide' (LPS), Lipid A derivatives, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof
  • Non-toxic derivatives of LPS include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL).
  • 3dMPL is a mixture of 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains.
  • a preferred "small particle" form of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is disclosed is ref 86.
  • 3dMPL small particles
  • Other non-toxic LPS derivatives include monophosphoryl lipid A mimics, such as aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate derivatives e.g . RC-529 [87,88].
  • Lipid A derivatives include derivatives of lipid A from Escherichia coli such as OM-174.
  • OM-174 is described for example in refs. 89 & 90.
  • Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include nucleotide sequences containing a CpG motif (a dinucleotide sequence containing an unmethylated cytosine linked by a phosphate bond to a guanosine). Double-stranded RNAs and oligonucleotides containing palindromic or poly(dG) sequences have also been shown to be immunostimulatory.
  • the CpG's can include nucleotide modifications/analogs such as phosphorothioate modifications and can be double-stranded or single-stranded.
  • References 91, 92 and 93 disclose possible analog substitutions e.g . replacement of guanosine with 2'-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine.
  • the adjuvant effect of CpG oligonucleotides is further discussed in refs. 94-99.
  • the CpG sequence may be directed to TLR9, such as the motif GTCGTT or TTCGTT [100].
  • the CpG sequence may be specific for inducing a Th1 immune response, such as a CpG-A ODN, or it may be more specific for inducing a B cell response, such a CpG-B ODN.
  • CpG-A and CpG-B ODNs are discussed in refs. 101-103.
  • the CpG is a CpG-A ODN.
  • the CpG oligonucleotide is constructed so that the 5' end is accessible for receptor recognition.
  • two CpG oligonucleotide sequences may be attached at their 3' ends to form "immunomers". See, for example, refs. 100 & 104-106.
  • Bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof may be used as adjuvants in the invention.
  • the protein is derived from E.coli ( E.coli heat labile enterotoxin "LT"), cholera ("CT"), or pertussis ("PT").
  • LT E.coli heat labile enterotoxin
  • CT cholera
  • PT pertussis
  • the use of detoxified ADP-ribosylating toxins as mucosal adjuvants is described in ref. 107 and as parenteral adjuvants in ref. 108.
  • the toxin or toxoid is preferably in the form of a holotoxin, comprising both A and B subunits.
  • the A subunit contains a detoxifying mutation; preferably the B subunit is not mutated.
  • the adjuvant is a detoxified LT mutant such as LT-K63, LT-R72, and LT-G192.
  • LT-K63 LT-K63
  • LT-R72 LT-G192.
  • ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivaties thereof, particularly LT-K63 and LT-R72, as adjuvants can be found in refs. 109-116.
  • Numerical reference for amino acid substitutions is preferably based on the alignments of the A and B subunits of ADP-ribosylating toxins set forth in ref. 117, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Human immunomodulators suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 [118], etc.) [119], interferons (e.g. interferon-?), macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor.
  • cytokines such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 [118], etc.) [119]
  • interferons e.g. interferon-?
  • macrophage colony stimulating factor e.g. interferon-?
  • tumor necrosis factor e.g. tumor necrosis factor
  • Bioadhesives and mucoadhesives may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.
  • Suitable bioadhesives include esterified hyaluronic acid microspheres [120] or mucoadhesives such as cross-linked derivatives of poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrollidone, polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose. Chitosan and derivatives thereof may also be used as adjuvants in the invention [121].
  • Microparticles may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.
  • Microparticles i.e. a particle of ⁇ 100nm to ⁇ 150 ⁇ m in diameter, more preferably ⁇ 200nm to ⁇ 30 ⁇ m in diameter, and most preferably ⁇ 500nm to ⁇ 10 ⁇ m in diameter
  • materials that are biodegradable and non-toxic e.g . a poly(a-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone, etc.
  • a negatively-charged surface e.g. with SDS
  • a positively-charged surface e.g. with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB
  • liposome formulations suitable for use as adjuvants are described in refs. 122-124.
  • Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include polyoxyethylene ethers and polyoxyethylene esters [125]. Such formulations further include polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactants in combination with an octoxynol [126] as well as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or ester surfactants in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol [127].
  • Preferred polyoxyethylene ethers are selected from the following group: polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (laureth 9), polyoxyethylene-9-steoryl ether, polyoxytheylene-8-steoryl ether, polyoxyethylene-4-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-35-lauryl ether, and polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether.
  • PCPP formulations are described, for example, in refs. 128 and 129.
  • muramyl peptides suitable for use as adjuvants in the invention include N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP), and N-acetylmurmyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1'-2'-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine MTP-PE).
  • thr-MDP N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine
  • nor-MDP N-acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1'-2'-dipalmitoyl-s
  • imidazoquinolone compounds suitable for use adjuvants in the invention include Imiquamod and its homologues (e,g. "Resiquimod 3M"), described further in refs. 130 and 131.
  • the invention may also comprise combinations of aspects of one or more of the adjuvants identified above.
  • the following adjuvant compositions may be used in the invention: (1) a saponin and an oil-in-water emulsion [132]; (2) a saponin (e.g. QS21) + a non-toxic LPS derivative (e.g. 3dMPL) [133]; (3) a saponin ( e.g. QS21) + a non-toxic LPS derivative (e.g . 3dMPL) + a cholesterol; (4) a saponin ( e.g .
  • Ribi TM adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem) containing 2% squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL + CWS (DetoxTM); and (8) one or more mineral salts (such as an aluminum salt) + a non-toxic derivative of LPS (such as 3dMPL).
  • MPL monophosphorylipid A
  • TDM trehalose dimycolate
  • CWS cell wall skeleton
  • LPS such as 3dMPL
  • aluminium salt adjuvants is particularly preferred, and antigens are generally adsorbed to such salts. It is possible in compositions of the invention to adsorb some antigens to an aluminium hydroxide but to have other antigens in association with an aluminium phosphate. In general, however, it is preferred to use only a single salt e.g. a hydroxide or a phosphate, but not both. Not all vesicles need to be adsorbed i.e . some or all can be free in solution.
  • compositions of the invention may includes further non-vesicular antigens.
  • the composition may comprise one or more of the following further antigens:
  • a saccharide or carbohydrate antigen is used, it is preferably conjugated to a carrier in order to enhance immunogenicity. Conjugation of H.influenzae B, meningococcal and pneumococcal saccharide antigens is well known.
  • Toxic protein antigens may be detoxified where necessary (e.g . detoxification of pertussis toxin by chemical and/or genetic means [152]).
  • diphtheria antigen is included in the composition it is preferred also to include tetanus antigen and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a tetanus antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria and pertussis antigens. Similarly, where a pertussis antigen is included it is preferred also to include diphtheria and tetanus antigens. DTP combinations are thus preferred.
  • Saccharide antigens are preferably in the form of conjugates.
  • Preferred carrier proteins for conjugates are bacterial toxins or toxoids, such as diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid.
  • the CRM197 mutant of diphtheria toxin [173-175] is a particularly preferred carrier for, as is a diphtheria toxoid.
  • suitable carrier proteins include the N.meningitidis outer membrane protein [176], synthetic peptides [177,178], heat shock proteins [179,180], pertussis proteins [181,182], cytokines [183], lymphokines [183], hormones [183], growth factors [183], artificial proteins comprising multiple human CD4 + T cell epitopes from various pathogen-derived antigens [184] such as N19, protein D from H.influenzae [185,186], pneumococcal surface protein PspA [187], pneumolysin [188], iron-uptake proteins [189], toxin A or B from C.difficile [190], etc.
  • compositions include meningococcal Vesicles as described above, plus a conjugated capsular saccharide from one or more ( i.e . 1, 2, 3 or 4) of meningococcal serogroups A, C, W135 and Y.
  • a conjugated capsular saccharide from one or more ( i.e . 1, 2, 3 or 4) of meningococcal serogroups A, C, W135 and Y.
  • this approach allows the following serogroups to be covered: B+A; B+C; B+W135; B+Y; B+C+W135; B+C+Y; B+W135+Y; B+A+C+W135; B+A+C+Y; B+A+W135+Y; B+C+W135+Y; and B+A+C+W135+Y.
  • serogroup B Vesicles plus conjugate antigens from either serogroups A+W135+Y or serogroups A+C+W135+Y.
  • Specific meningococcal protein antigens may also be added to supplement the vesicle compositions.
  • a protein antigen such as disclosed in refs. 41 & 191 to 199 may be added.
  • a small number of defined antigens may be added (a mixture of 10 or fewer ( e.g . 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2) purified antigens).
  • Preferred additional immunogenic polypeptides for use with the invention are those disclosed in reference 199: (1) a 'NadA' protein; (2) a '741' protein; (3) a '936' protein; (4) a ⁇ 953' protein; and (5) a ⁇ 287' protein.
  • meningococcal antigens include transferrin binding proteins (e.g . TbpA and TbpB) and/or Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase [18].
  • transferrin binding proteins e.g . TbpA and TbpB
  • Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase [18] Other possible supplementing meningococcal antigens include ORF40 (also known as 'Hsf' or 'NhhA' [200,201]), LctP [202] and ExbB [202].
  • Other possible supplementing meningococcal antigens include proteins comprising one of the following amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NO:650 from ref. 191; SEQ ID NO:878 from ref. 191; SEQ ID NO:884 from ref. 191; SEQ ID NO:4 from ref.
  • polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which: (a) has 50% or more identity (e.g . 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more) to said sequences; and/or (b) comprises a fragment of at least consecutive amino acids from said sequences, wherein n is 7 or more (eg.
  • Preferred fragments for (b) comprise an epitope from the relevant sequence. More than one ( e.g . 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) of these polypeptides may be included.
  • the meningococcal antigens transferrin binding protein and/or Hsf protein may also be added [203].
  • Supplementation of the OMVs by defined meningococcal antigens in this way is particularly useful where the OMVs are from a serosubtype P1.7b,4 meningococcus or a serosubtype P1.7,16 meningococcus. Supplementation of a mixture of OMVs from both these serosubtypes is preferred.
  • vesicles that are not vesicles of the invention e.g . OMVs, MVs, NOMVs, etc. that are prepared by methods other than those of the invention (e.g . prepared by methods involving disruption of bacterial membranes, as disclosed in the prior art).
  • Antigens in the composition will typically be present at a concentration of at least 1 ⁇ g/ml each. In general, the concentration of any given antigen will be sufficient to elicit an immune response against that antigen.
  • nucleic acid encoding the antigen may be used.
  • Protein components of the compositions of the invention may thus be replaced by nucleic acid (preferably DNA e.g . in the form of a plasmid) that encodes the protein.
  • composition comprising X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional e.g . X + Y.
  • references to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acid sequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids are the same in comparing the two sequences.
  • This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those describe in section 7.7.18 of reference 204.
  • a preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62.
  • the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm is well known and is disclosed in reference 205.
  • references to 'NMB' proteins with a four digit number refers to the standard nomenclature of reference 32, assigned on the basis of a genome sequence of a prototypic strain of serogroup B meningococcus.
  • the public sequence databases include these NMB sequences.
  • the skilled person can readily and unambiguously find the gene corresponding to a NMBnnnn sequence by using the existing sequence from the database and/or the genetic environment of the NMBnnnn ORF in the prototype strain e.g . to design primers, probes, etc.
  • 'GNA33', 'NMB0033' and ⁇ mltA' can be used interchangeably when referring to meningococcus.
  • a meningococcal strain was prepared in which the mltA gene is replaced by allelic exchange with an antibiotic cassette.
  • N.meningitidis strain MC58 was transformed with plasmid pBSUDGNA33ERM.
  • This plasmid contains upstream and downstream flanking regions for allelic exchange, a truncated mltA gene, and the ermC gene (encoding erythromycin resistance).
  • the upstream flanking region (including the start codon) from position -867 to +75 and the downstream flanking region (including the stop codon) from position +1268 to +1744 were amplified from MC58 by using the primers U33FOR, U33REV, D33FOR and D33REV [25]. Fragments were cloned into pBluescriptTM and transformed into E.coli DH5 by using standard techniques.
  • Neisseria strain MC58 was transformed by selecting a few colonies grown overnight on GC agar plates and mixing them with 20 ⁇ l 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.5) containing 1 ⁇ g plasmid DNA. The mixture was spotted onto a chocolate agar plate, incubated for 6 h at 37°C with 5% CO 2 and then diluted in phosphate buffered-saline (PBS) and spread on GC agar plates containing 7 ⁇ g/ml erythromycin. Allelic exchange with the chromosomal mltA gene was verified by PCR, and lack of MltA expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  • PBS phosphate buffered-saline
  • the ? mltA knockout strain does not have the correct topological organisation of the cellular membrane, has abnormal cell separation, abnormal cell morphology, undivided septa, double septa, cell clustering, sharing of outer membranes and reduced virulence.
  • Reference 25 also reports that the knockout strain releases various membrane proteins into the culture supernatant, including the PorA, PIB, class 4 and class 5 outer membrane proteins.
  • a ?mltA knockout was also made from New Zealand stram 394/98 (lin3; B:4:P1.4), which is the strain from which the MeNZBTM product is produced.
  • the ?mltA strain was grown in GC culture medium in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 until OD 600nm 0.5. Bacteria were collected by 10 minutes of centrifugation at 3500 x g. The supernatant (i.e . culture medium) was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m pore size filter (Millipore), and the cell-free filtrate was subjected to high-speed centrifugation (200,000 x g, 90 min). This centrifugation resulted in formation of a pellet, with about 8-12 mg protein per litre of culture medium. No such pellet was seen if wild-type MC58 bacteria were treated in the same way, and so the pellet formation is a result of the ?mltA knockout. The pellet was washed twice with PBS (centrifugation 200,000 x g, 30 min) for further analysis.
  • PBS centrifugation 200,000 x g, 30 min
  • Figure 12 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of culture media after growth of wild-type or ? GNA33 bacteria, and shows the different protein release characteristics.
  • the ? mltA -derived vesicles were compared to meningococcal vesicles prepared by the 'normal' detergent extraction method.
  • Vesicles of the invention were prepared from knockout strains by filtration through a 0.22 ⁇ m pore size filter, followed by high-speed centrifugation (200,000g, 90 min) of the filtrates, washing of the vesicle-containing pellets (centrifugation 200,000g, 30 min) twice with phosphate buffer saline, (PBS), and then re-suspension with PBS.
  • PBS phosphate buffer saline
  • Both the mOMVs and the DOMVs were analysed by denaturing mono-dimensional electrophoresis. Briefly, 20 ⁇ g of vesicle proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and visualised by Coomassie Blue staining of 12.5% gels. Denaturing (2% SDS) and semi-denaturing (0.2% SDS, no dithiothreitol, no heating) conditions were used mono-dimensional electrophoresis. The amount of protein (20 ⁇ g) was determined by DC protein assay (Bio-Rad), using bovine serum albumin as a standard protein.
  • the vesicles were denatured for 3 minutes at 95°C in SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 2% SDS. 20 ⁇ g of protein were then loaded onto 12,5% acrylamide gels, which were stained with Coomassie Blue R-250. 2-dimensional electrophoresis was also performed on 200 ⁇ g of protein brought to a final volume of 125U1 with re-swelling buffer containing 7M urea, 2M thiourea, 2% (w/v) (3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propane-sulfonate), 65 mM dithiothreitol, 2% (w/v) amidosulfobetain-14, 2 mM tributylphosphine, 20mM Tris, and 2% (v/v) carrier ampholyte.
  • Proteins were adsorbed overnight onto Immobiline DryStrips (7 cm; pH-gradient 3-10 non linear). Proteins were then 2D-separated.
  • the first dimension was run using a IPGphor Isoelectric Focusing Unit, applying sequentially 150 V for 35 min., 500 V for 35 min., 1,000 V for 30 min, 2,600 V for 10 mien., 3,500 V for 15 min., 4,200 V for 15 min., and finally 5,000 V to reach 12kVh.
  • the strips were equilibrated and proteins were separated on linear 9-16.5% polyacrylamide gels (1.5-mm thick, 4 x 7 cm ). Gels were again stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. 266 protein spots could be seen after Colloidal Coomassie Blue staining ( Figure 2 ).
  • the 1D and 2D gels were then subjected to in-gel protein digestion and sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis.
  • Protein spots were excised from the gels, washed with 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile 50/50 (V/V), and dried using a SpeedVac centrifuge. Dried spots were digested 2 hours at 37°C in 12 ⁇ l of 0.012 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l sequencing grade trypsin (Promega) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate, 5 mM. After digestion, 5 ⁇ l of 0.1% trifluoacetic acid was added, and the peptides were desalted and concentrated with ZIP-TIPs (C18, Millipore).
  • Spectra were externally calibrated using a combination of four standard peptides, angiotensin II (1,046.54 Da), substance P (1,347.74 Da), Bombensin (1,619.82 Da) and ACTH18-39 Clip human (2,465.20 Da), spotted onto adjacent position to the samples. Protein identification was carried out by both automatic and manual comparison of experimentally-generated monoisotopic values of peptides in the mass range of 700-3 000 Da with computer-generated fingerprints using the Mascot software.
  • Results from the MC58 ? mltA mutant are shown in Figure 18 .
  • 25 unique proteins were identified; 24 (96%) of which were predicted to be outer-membrane proteins by the PSORT algorithm (Table 1 below).
  • 170 protein spots on the 2D gel, corresponding to 51 unique proteins, were unambiguously identified by MALDI-TOF (Table 1). 44/51 identified proteins have been assigned to the outer membrane compartment by the genome annotation [32]. The 7 remaining proteins were analysed for possible errors in the original annotation.
  • Four proteins (the hypothetical proteins NMB1870, NMB0928 and NMB0109, and the glutamyltranspeptidase NMB1057) could be classified as outer membrane proteins using different start codons from those in ref. 32 e.g. for NMB1870, using the start codon assigned in reference 55.
  • the combined 1D and 2D electrophoresis experiments identified a total of 65 proteins in the MC58 ? mltA mutant-derived vesicles. Of these, 6 proteins were identified in both 1D and 2D gels, whereas 14 and 45 were specific for the 1D and 2D gels, respectively (Table 1). Moreover, 61 out of the 65 identified proteins were predicted as membrane-associated proteins by current algorithms, indicating that the ? mltA vesicles (mOMVs) are mostly, and possible exclusively, constituted by membrane proteins.
  • mOMVs ? mltA vesicles
  • Table 2 shows 66 proteins that were identified in one or both of the gels, together with the predicted location of the proteins. Again, most of the proteins were predicted as membrane-associated. The 47 proteins common to Tables 1 and 2 are shown in Table 3.
  • Figure 20 shows the results from NZ98/254 DOMVs.
  • Proteomic analysis revealed 138 proteins, only 44 of which were assigned to the outer membrane compartment. The remaining 94 proteins belonged to the cytoplasmic and inner membrane compartments. Of these 44 membrane proteins, 32 were also found in the 57 outer membrane proteins found in the mOMVs from the isogenic strain.
  • DOMVs are largely constituted by outer membrane proteins, therefore, about 70% of DOMV proteins are either cytoplasmic or inner membrane proteins. DOMVs differ from mOMVs not only for the proportion of cytoplasmic proteins but also for the different profile of their outer membrane proteins. Of the 44 outer membrane proteins seen in DOMVs, only 32 were also seen in mOMVs.
  • a total cell extract of bacteria was prepared as follows: Bacterial cells were washed with PBS, and the bacterial pellet was resuspended in 8 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.3 containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostic) 2 mM EDTA and 2000 units of benzonase (Merck) were added, cells were disrupted at 4°C with Basic Z 0.75V Model Cell Disrupter equipped with an "one shot head" (Constant System Ltd) by 2 cycles, and the unbroken cells were removed by centrifugation 10 min at 8 000 x g at 4°C. This extract was analysed by SDS-PAGE, for comparison with a protein extract of the vesicles produced by ? GNA33 bacteria.
  • porins PorA and PorB are seen in the wild-type bacterial outer membrane (lanes 2 & 4) and also in the ? GNA33 knockout mutant's vesicles (lanes 3 & 5). Moreover, these proteins are retained as stable trimers in the vesicles that do not dissociate into monomers in SDS-PAGE sample buffer with a low concentration of SDS (0.2%) under seminative conditions (no heating before electrophoresis; lanes 2 & 3), but that do denature at 95°C (lanes 4 & 5).
  • LPS levels in detergent-extracted OMVs are typically 5-8% by weight, relative to protein [207].
  • endotoxin content of the vesicles was about twice as high as found in detergent-extracted OMVs.
  • mltA -derived vesicles are highly enriched in outer membrane proteins, their ability to elicit bactericidal antibodies capable of killing a broad panel of MenB clinical isolates was investigated:
  • the strain chosen for the testing was 394/98. This strain was chosen because it is the strain from which the MeNZBTM OMV-based vaccine is prepared, thereby aiding a direct comparison of ? mltA . vesicles of the invention with OMVs prepared from the wild-type strain by typical prior art methods.
  • mice 10 ⁇ g of each type of vesicle was adsorbed to an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (3mg/ml) and injected into mice 5-week old CD1 female mice (5-10 mice per group). The vesicles were given intraperitoneally on days 0 and 21. Blood samples for analysis were taken on day 34, and were tested for SBA against 15 different serogroup B strains corresponding to 11 different sub-types, including the four major hypervirulent lineages, using pooled baby rabbit serum as the complement source. Serum bactericidal titers were defined as the serum dilution resulting in 50% decrease in colony forming units (CFU) per ml after 60 minutes incubation of bacteria with reaction mixture, compared to control CFU per ml at time 0.
  • CFU colony forming units
  • bacteria incubated with the negative control antibody in the presence of complement showed a 150 to 200% increase in CFU/ml during the 60 min incubation.
  • mOMVs are better than DOMVs for eliciting complement-dependent antibody killing when tested over a panel of 15 different serogroup B strains.
  • the anti-mOMV mouse sera showed high bactericidal activities against the homologous strain and against 14 additional strains, including 10 different PorA subtypes.
  • mouse sera raised against DOMVs show high bactericidal titers only against six MenB strains, belonging to two PorA subtypes.
  • the vesicles were separated onto 10% acrylamide SDS-PAGE gels employing a Mini-Protean II electrophoresis apparatus (Bio-Rad). After protein separation, gels were equilibrated with 48 mM Tris-HCl, 39 mM glycine, pH 9.0, 20% (v/v) methanol and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad) using a Trans-BlotTM semi-dry electrophoretic transfer cell. The nitrocellulose membranes were blocked with 10% (w/v) skimmed milk in PBS containing 0.2% (w/v) sodium azide.
  • ? mltA -derived vesicles are predominantly constituted by outer membrane proteins, whereas DOMVs are heavily contaminated by cytoplasmic proteins.
  • sera raised against ? mltA -derived vesicles showed a higher and wider strain coverage than DOMVs.
  • a knockout strain of ExPEC CFT073 was prepared by isogenic deletion of the tolR gene, replacing it with a kanamycin resistance marker.
  • the knockout strain was grown to OD 600nm 0.4, and the culture was then centrifuge. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and the filtrate was prepciptated using TCA. The pellet was then resuspended in Tris buffer.
  • ExPEC strains were prepared from strains DH5a, 536 and IHE3034. Vesicles were prepared as before, and SDS-PAGE analysis of TCA precipitates is shown in Figure 17 .
  • the knockout mutant produces high amounts of vesicles, and these vesicles were subjected to proteomic analyses, including 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE and tryptic digestion of surface-exposed proteins in the vesicles followed by sequence analysis of released peptides.
  • NMB1429 outer membrane protein PotA/40129/8.73 x x OM-PS 43 NMB1457. transketolase/71659/5.45/-0.183 x cyto 44 NMB1483 lipoprotein NIpU putative i 40 947/9.55/-0.266 x x OM-PS 45 NMB1533 H.8 outer membrane protein /16 886/4.61/17 x OM-IN 46 NMB1557 conserved hypothetical protein /15 419/7.34/-0.429 x OM-PS 47 NMB1567 macrophage infectivity potentiator/26875/5.50/-0.540 x OM-IN 48 NMB1578 conserved hypothetical protein /21135/4.86/-0.381 x OM-IN 49 NMB1612.
  • NMB1636 opacity protein NMB1636 opacity protein,t frameshift /27180/9.52 x x OM/PS 51 NMB1710 glutamate dihydrogenase, NADP-specific /48 490/5.98/-0.190 x cyto 52 NMB1714 multidrug efflux pump channel protein 148 482/8.38/-0.261 x OM 53 NMB1870 hypothetical protein/26 964/7.23/-0.485 x OM-IN(b) 54 NMB1898 lipoprotein/17155/7.01/-0.709 x OM-IN 55 NMB1946 outer membrane lipoprotein /29 258/5.01/-0354 x OM 56 NMB1949 soluble lytic murein transglycosylase, putative /65617/9.31/-0.525 x OM-IN 57 NMB1961 VacJ-retated protein / 27 299/4.65/-0.344 x OM
  • NMB0294 thiol:disulfide interchange protein DsbA OM-IM X 12 NMB0313 lipoprotein, putative OM x 13 NMB0345 cell-binding factor, putative OM-PS X X 14 NMB0346 hypothetical protein OM-PS X X 15 NMB0382 outer membrane protein class 4 -OM-PS X X 16 NMB0460 transferiin-binding protein 2 OM-IM x 17 NMB0461 transferrin-binding protein 1 OM-PS x 18 NMB0462 spermidine/putrescine ABC transporter, periplasmic spermidine/putrescine-binding protein OM-PS(b) X 19 NMB0550 thiol:disulfide interchange protein DsbC OM-IM X X 20 NMB0554 dnak protein LITT.
  • OM-IM X X 28 NMB0787 amino acid ABC transporter, periplasmic amino acid-binding protein OM x 29 NMB0872 conserved hypothetical protein OM-PS x 30 NMB0873 outer membrane lipoprotein LOIB, putative OM-IM X X 31 NMB0928 hypothetical protein OM-IM(b) X X 32 NMB0944 5-methyltetrahydroteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase -IM- X 33 NMB0983 phosphoribosylaminolNidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/INP cyclohydrolase IM X 34 NMB1030 conserved hypothetical protein OM-PS x X 35 NMB1040 hypothetical protein OM-PS x 36 MMB1053 class 5 outer membrane protein opc -OM-PS- X X 37 NMB1057 gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase OM-IM(

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US20160108094A1 (en) 2016-04-21
CA2584778A1 (en) 2006-05-04
US20100015212A1 (en) 2010-01-21
CA2584778C (en) 2014-04-08
US9206399B2 (en) 2015-12-08
JP5362221B2 (ja) 2013-12-11
ATE510559T1 (de) 2011-06-15
WO2006046143A2 (en) 2006-05-04
EP2279747B1 (en) 2014-06-25
EP2279747A1 (en) 2011-02-02
US10336794B2 (en) 2019-07-02
US9771399B2 (en) 2017-09-26
AU2005298332A1 (en) 2006-05-04
BRPI0517514A8 (pt) 2017-10-03
BRPI0517514A (pt) 2008-10-14
WO2006046143A3 (en) 2007-03-15
NZ553989A (en) 2010-03-26
JP2011188870A (ja) 2011-09-29
JP6077983B2 (ja) 2017-02-08
CN101048175B (zh) 2013-03-13
AU2005298332B2 (en) 2012-05-03
CN101048175A (zh) 2007-10-03
GB0424092D0 (en) 2004-12-01
US20180009852A1 (en) 2018-01-11
PL2279747T3 (pl) 2015-01-30
JP2014039566A (ja) 2014-03-06
PT2279747E (pt) 2014-10-02
CY1112105T1 (el) 2015-11-04
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EP1804834A2 (en) 2007-07-11
JP2016135139A (ja) 2016-07-28

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