EP1463847B1 - Elektroden für die elektrolyse in sauren medien - Google Patents
Elektroden für die elektrolyse in sauren medien Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1463847B1 EP1463847B1 EP02805772A EP02805772A EP1463847B1 EP 1463847 B1 EP1463847 B1 EP 1463847B1 EP 02805772 A EP02805772 A EP 02805772A EP 02805772 A EP02805772 A EP 02805772A EP 1463847 B1 EP1463847 B1 EP 1463847B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- intermediate layer
- electrode
- electrochemically active
- support
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title description 26
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001362 Ta alloys Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 alkali metal dichromate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical compound O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 33
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 7
- JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-3-pyrimidin-4-ylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=NC=N1 JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxolead Chemical compound O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005029 sieve analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009681 x-ray fluorescence measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/052—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate
- C25B11/053—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate characterised by multilayer electrocatalytic coatings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D17/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D17/10—Electrodes, e.g. composition, counter electrode
Definitions
- the invention relates to stable electrodes for electrolytic processes, in particular for the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid or aqueous solutions of alkali metal dichromate Process for their preparation and their use.
- hydrochloric acid Aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, hereafter called hydrochloric acid, fall as By-product in many processes, especially those where organic Hydrocarbon compounds are oxidized with chlorine oxidizing. Economically interesting is the recovery of chlorine from these hydrochloric acids, which can then be used for example for further chlorinations.
- Electrolytic processes in particular for the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid or aqueous solutions of sodium dichromate, a plurality of electrodes are described.
- DE 29 08 269 A1 describes bipolar electrodes based on carbon, however have a limited life under electrolysis conditions. Also from DE 44 17 744 C1 electrodes are known based on carbon, wherein a Activation of the cathode side by applying noble metal compounds takes place. To produce these electrodes, a graphite body with a solution of Precious metal compound soaked and then with open gas flame to 200 bis 450 ° C heated.
- US-A-5,411,641 discloses a process for producing dry halogen by electrolysis of anhydrous hydrogen chloride in an electrolytic cell, in Anode and cathode have direct contact with a cation exchange membrane.
- Anode and cathode are based on carbon and are catalytic active material, for example ruthenium oxide coated.
- US Pat. No. 5,770,035 discloses a process for the electrolysis of an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution known, wherein an anode of a corrosion-resistant substrate and a electrochemically active coating is used.
- an anode of a corrosion-resistant substrate is graphite or titanium, titanium alloys, Niobium or tantalum.
- electrochemically active coating becomes a standard activation used from mixtures of oxides of ruthenium, iridium and titanium.
- the cathode is a carbon-based gas diffusion cathode with a coating from a platinum group metal or a corresponding oxide.
- the long-term stability of the gas diffusion cathode is low, presumably because there is a loss of contact between the carbon-based gas diffusion electrode and the necessary current distribution electrode resting on the gas diffusion cathode comes.
- Another reason for a loss of contact is the Formation of electrically poorly conductive oxides on the electrodes during shutdowns the electrolysis.
- the formation of such oxides can be achieved by a coating the power distribution electrode with a metal mixed oxide, which also for the anode coating can be used.
- the mixed metal oxide adheres poorly to the electrode, so that the long-term stability of the electrode remains unsatisfactory.
- the electrodes described are obtained by direct application of the catalytically active Layer produced on a support and have the disadvantage that the service life the electrodes under the conditions of electrolysis unsatisfactory are.
- US Pat. No. 4,392,927 proposes the use of sodium chloride electrolysis Composite electrodes, consisting of an electrically conductive substrate and a electrochemically active cover layer.
- the electrochemically active surface layer is applied by thermal spraying of a powder on the carrier, wherein the Powder contains in addition to matrix particles and electrocatalytically active particles.
- Matrix particles include, for example, titanium oxide, titanium boride and titanium carbide Question, as electrocatalytically active particles of platinum group metals or Iron group or oxides of these metals.
- titanium carbide or boride interlayers are already known from DE-A-23 44 645 and CH-A-665429. in this connection Although titanium substrates, but electrochemically active layers Lead dioxide used.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide electrodes with an improved lifetime under the conditions of electrolysis, especially under the strong acidic conditions in the hydrochloric acid electrolysis or performing the alkali metal dichromate electrolysis develop in acidic medium.
- the invention therefore relates to an electrode, at least containing one electrically conductive support made of a titanium-palladium alloy, titanium, tantalum or Compounds or alloys of titanium or tantalum, an electrochemically active Coating and an intermediate layer between support and electrochemical active coating, wherein the intermediate layer of titanium carbide and / or Titanium boride persists and is applied to the carrier by flame or plasma spraying is applied.
- the electrochemically active layer consists of ruthenium dioxide or iridum dioxide, or a mixed metal oxide which is one contains these oxides.
- the electrodes of the invention are characterized by increased stability, since by using an intermediate layer both the adhesion to the carrier, as well the adhesion of the catalytically active layer is improved.
- the electrodes according to the invention can be used as an anode, as a cathode and also as a cathodic power distributor. They show a very high resistance when used in hydrochloric acid electrolysis or alkali metal dichromate electrolysis in acidic medium. For example, these electrodes are also extremely stable in the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of ⁇ 20% by weight of HCl at temperatures up to 70 ° C. and high specific current densities of up to 8 kA / m 2 . Compared to intermediate layers of titanium oxide or titanium suboxide, the intermediate layers of titanium carbide and titanium boride are characterized by being extremely dense. As a result, an attack by aggressive media, such as hydrochloric acid on the carrier is prevented. In addition, the adhesion of the electrochemically active layer is significantly improved.
- the loading of the carrier with the intermediate layer is preferably from 10 to 5000 g / m 2 .
- the intermediate layer consists of more than one Layer, i. the intermediate layer is multilayered by flame or Plasmaspritzen applied.
- the intermediate layer is a layer of titanium carbide.
- the electrodes of the invention can be, for example, by applying a Intermediate layer by means of flame or plasma spraying on a support and subsequent application of an electrochemically active coating to the Produce intermediate layer, wherein during application of the intermediate layer by Flame or plasma spraying, titanium carbide and / or titanium boride powder of different Grain sizes, i. with a particle size distribution.
- the carrier used here is a net, woven fabric, braid, knitted fabric, fleece or foam a titanium-palladium alloy, titanium, tantalum or compounds or alloys of the titan or tantalum.
- the used titanium carbide and / or titanium boride powder for applying the Interlayers by flame or plasma spraying preferably have grain sizes from 10 to 200 ⁇ m.
- particle size is understood to mean the particle diameter, as determined by sieve analysis, for example.
- the flame or plasma spraying is done in the usual way.
- Details of the plasma spraying technique can, for example, the brochure "plasma spraying technology, basics and Applications, 1975 "of the company Plasma-Technik AG
- Plasma gas for example, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen, wherein the volume ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen, for example between 70/30 and 95/5, in an amount of, for example, 5 to 20 1 / min and as Carrier nitrogen can be used.
- the injection process can, for example, at a current of 200 to 400 amperes and a voltage of 50 to 90 volts be performed.
- the distance between plasma torch and carrier can for example, be 130 to 200 mm.
- the application of the electrochemically active coating can be known per se Done way. For example, it is possible to proceed in such a way that a solution or Dispersion of a compound of an element of the platinum metal group (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) and optionally a compound of titanium on the intermediate layer applied and by subsequent thermal treatment to the corresponding Oxides is implemented. Advantageously, this procedure is repeated several times.
- a compound of an element of the platinum metal group Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt
- this procedure is repeated several times.
- the electrodes according to the invention can be used, for example, as gas-evolving Electrodes are used.
- the used electrochemical cell can, for example, an anode compartment with anode and a cathode compartment with gas diffusion electrode and current collector containing anode compartment and cathode compartment through a cation exchange membrane are separated from each other and as the anode, cathode and / or current collector an electrode according to the invention is used.
- an oxygen-containing gas for example, pure oxygen, a mixture of oxygen and inert gases, especially nitrogen, or Air are introduced, preferably oxygen or an oxygen-rich gas.
- the oxygen-containing gas is advantageously supplied in an amount such that oxygen is superstoichiometrically based on the amount theoretically required according to equation 1.
- the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride When using the electrodes in an electrochemical cell for production of chlorine from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions becomes the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride usually introduced into the anode chamber.
- the temperature of the supplied aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is preferably 30 to 90 ° C, particularly preferably 50 to 70 ° C.
- aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride with a hydrogen chloride concentration be used by ⁇ 20 wt .-%.
- the hydrochloric acid electrolysis is preferably at a pressure in the anode compartment greater than 1 bar absolute, more preferably 1.05 to 1.4 bar.
- the electrodes according to the invention can also be advantageously used in an electrochemical Cell for the production of chromic acid from an aqueous Alkali dichromate solution, in particular from an aqueous sodium dichromate solution deploy.
- the use is particularly advantageous if the electrolysis of the aqueous sodium dichromate solution is carried out under acidic conditions, because in this Case conventional electrodes rapidly lose activity.
- the plasma gas was helium at a flow rate of 1.3 l / min. and nitrogen at a flow rate of 2.5 l / min. used.
- the carrier gas used to transport the plasma powder to the burner was nitrogen at 6.5 l / min. used.
- the burner output was 560 A at 62 V.
- the plasma torch was moved in the soundproof system by an oscillating mast.
- the lifting speed was 12 m / min.
- the horizontal step length was 10 mm per double stroke.
- the burner distance was about 150 mm at an angle of 90 °.
- the titanium carbide layer had a basis weight of 50 to 80 g / m 2 .
- an electrochemically active layer of RuO 2 and TiO 2 was applied to the expanded metal provided with the intermediate layer.
- a mixture of TiCl 3 and RuCl 3 (molar ratio 1: 1) was dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid (about 2N HCl) and applied to the expanded metal by means of a brush.
- the coated expanded metal was then heated in air to 500 ° C. This process was repeated several times, preferably 4 to 12 times.
- the coated expanded metal was used as the anode and / or cathode mesh, which is known as Power supply of an oxygen-consuming cathode served, i. used as a power distributor.
- the coated expanded metal was used as the anode and / or cathode mesh, which is known as Power supply of a Sauerstoffverzehrkathode served, used.
- an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (15-30 wt .-%) by means of a pump in an anolyte and from there by means of another Pump via a heat exchanger in the anode compartment of an electrochemical cell pumped.
- Part of the depleted hydrochloric acid solution was used together with the
- the anode developed chlorine gas via a line in a columnar vessel, in which was a gas / liquid separation, discharged.
- About a line in the Liquid of the columnar vessel was immersed, became a certain Pressure in the electrochemical cell and set in the anolyte. This was pressed the cation exchange membrane on the oxygen-consuming cathode, the in turn on the power distribution.
- Oxygen was introduced via a pipe into a vessel which was filled with water and used for moistening the oxygen, passed.
- the moistened oxygen was fed to the cathode compartment, was reduced at the oxygen-consuming cathode and reacted with the protons migrated across the cation exchange membrane to water. Residual oxygen was combined with the condensate formed in a condensate removed. The excess oxygen and the condensate were removed from the electrochemical cell.
- aqueous approximately 30% strength by weight hydrochloric acid solution was metered into a hydrochloric acid circuit such that the acid concentration in the anolyte circulation and in the cell was about 12-15% by weight HCl.
- the temperature of the anolyte solution was adjusted to 60-70 ° C.
- the electrolysis was operated at a current density of 5 kA / m 2 .
- the cation exchange membrane used was a membrane based on a perfluorosulfonate polymer from DuPont (type Nafion® 324).
- An oxygen-consuming cathode from E-TEK based on carbon with platinum catalyst was used.
- the complete cell housing was made of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).
- the anode and the current distributor were examined at regular intervals and the degree of destruction was determined. The determination was made qualitatively by examining the anode and the current distributor under the light microscope. Quantitatively, the degree of destruction was determined by layer thickness measurements by means of X-ray fluorescence measurement. The results of the investigations are summarized in Table I (anode) and Table II (current distributor). The degree of destruction is given in%, which is to be understood as meaning the proportion of active coating which has been removed in comparison to the layer thickness of active coating originally present.
- Example 1 Anode an extremely high stability under the above conditions showed.
- the anode potential was still unchanged after a period of 408 days.
- the comparison test with an anode manufactured according to Example 2 had because of Destruction of the anode coating terminated after a period of 280 days become.
- the degree of destruction of the power distribution used was in use an electrode according to the invention according to Example 1 significantly lower than when using an electrode according to Example 2.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Description
Zustand der Anodenbeschichtungen: | ||
Laufzeit [Tage] | Grad der Zerstörung [%] Anode gemäß Beispiel 1 | Grad der Zerstörung [%] Anode gemäß Beispiel 2 |
50 | 0 | - |
100 | < 1 | - |
200 | ~ 2 | ~ 30 |
280 | ~5 | ~ 50 (neue Aktivierung) |
408 | < 10 | Versuch abgebrochen |
- : keine Bestimmung erfolgt |
Zustand der Beschichtung der Kathoden-Stromverteiler: | ||
Laufzeit [Tage] | Grad der Zerstörung [%] Stromverteiler gemäß Beispiel 1 | Grad der Zerstörung [%] Stromverteiler gemäß Beispiel 2 |
50 | 0 | ~ 2 |
100 | 0 | ~ 3 |
200 | 0 | ~ 10 |
280 | < 1 | ~ 20 |
408 | < 1 | Versuch abgebrochen |
Claims (8)
- Elektrode wenigstens enthaltend einen elektrisch leitfähigen Träger aus einer Titan-Palladium-Legierung, Titan, Tantal oder Verbindungen oder Legierungen des Titans oder Tantals, eine elektrochemisch aktive Beschichtung und eine Zwischenschicht zwischen Träger und elektrochemisch aktiver Beschichtung, wobei die Zwischenschicht aus Titancarbid und/oder Titanborid besteht und durch Flamm- oder Plasmaspritzen auf den Träger aufgebracht ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrochemisch aktive Schicht aus Rutheniumdioxid oder einem Metallmischoxid, welches Rutheniumdioxid enthält, oder aus Iridiumoxid oder einem Metallmischoxid, welches Iridiumoxid enthält, besteht..
- Elektrode nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Träger eine Beladung mit Zwischenschicht von 10-5000 g/m2 aufweist.
- Elektrode nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zwischenschicht mehrschichtig aufgetragen ist.
- Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Elektrode gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 durch Aufbringen einer Zwischenschicht auf einen Träger und anschließendes Aufbringen einer elektrochemisch aktiven Beschichtung auf die Zwischenschicht, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass beim Aufbringen der Zwischenschicht durch Flamm- oder Plasmaspritzen, Titancarbid- und/oder Titanborid-Pulver unterschiedlicher Korngrößen verwendet werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die eingesetzten Pulver Korngrößen von 10 bis 200 µm aufweisen.
- Verwendung einer Elektrode gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 als gasentwickelnde Elektrode.
- Verwendung einer Elektrode gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 in einer elektrochemischen Zelle zur Herstellung von Chlor aus wässrigen Salzsäurelösungen oder zur Herstellung von Chromsäure aus wässrigen Alkalidichromatlösungen.
- Verwendung einer Elektrode gemäß eines der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 in einer elektrochemischen Zelle zur Herstellung von Chlor aus wässrigen Salzsäurelösungen als elektrischer Stromverteiler einer Gasdiffusionselektrode zur Reduktion von Sauerstoff.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10200072A DE10200072A1 (de) | 2002-01-03 | 2002-01-03 | Elektroden für die Elektrolyse in sauren Medien |
DE10200072 | 2002-01-03 | ||
PCT/EP2002/014713 WO2003056065A2 (de) | 2002-01-03 | 2002-12-23 | Elektroden für die elektrolyse in sauren medien |
Publications (2)
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EP1463847A2 EP1463847A2 (de) | 2004-10-06 |
EP1463847B1 true EP1463847B1 (de) | 2005-12-28 |
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EP02805772A Expired - Lifetime EP1463847B1 (de) | 2002-01-03 | 2002-12-23 | Elektroden für die elektrolyse in sauren medien |
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US (1) | US7211177B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1463847B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4354821B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR101081243B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN100415937C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE314506T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002367189A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10200072A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2255639T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003056065A2 (de) |
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JP4670530B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-01 | 2011-04-13 | アイテック株式会社 | 電解用の貴金属電極とその製造方法 |
DE102006023261A1 (de) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-11-22 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor aus Chlorwasserstoff und Sauerstoff |
ITMI20061974A1 (it) * | 2006-10-16 | 2008-04-17 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Anodo per elettrolisi |
JP2008156684A (ja) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-07-10 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | 塩酸電解用の陽極電極 |
CN101280453B (zh) * | 2008-01-31 | 2010-06-09 | 顿力集团有限公司 | 一种用三价铬进行镀铬的涂层阳极的制备方法 |
SG174715A1 (en) | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-28 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Process for preparing diaryl carbonates and polycarbonates |
ES2643234T3 (es) | 2010-03-30 | 2017-11-21 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Procedimiento para la preparación de carbonatos de diarilo y policarbonatos |
CN101967654B (zh) * | 2010-10-11 | 2012-06-27 | 福州大学 | 采用钛基材渗碳改性的含钌氧化物电极材料及其制备方法 |
DE102010043085A1 (de) | 2010-10-28 | 2012-05-03 | Bayer Materialscience Aktiengesellschaft | Elektrode für die elektrolytische Chlorherstellung |
ITMI20120158A1 (it) * | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-08 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Elettrodo per l¿abbattimento elettrochimico della domanda chimica di ossigeno in reflui industriali |
US9815714B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 | 2017-11-14 | Slate Group, Llc | Process for generating oxygenated water |
CN104021947B (zh) * | 2014-06-20 | 2017-04-12 | 贵州中航聚电科技有限公司 | 一种混合型超级电容器氧化钌电极的制备方法 |
CN106381507B (zh) * | 2016-09-09 | 2018-10-09 | 武汉大学 | 一种用于熔融三元碳酸盐电解体系的惰性阳极 |
USD826300S1 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-08-21 | Oerlikon Metco Ag, Wohlen | Rotably mounted thermal plasma burner for thermalspraying |
CN109589974B (zh) * | 2018-11-05 | 2021-08-06 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | 一种用于水电解器的低贵金属载量的析氧催化剂 |
DE102018132399A1 (de) * | 2018-12-17 | 2020-06-18 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Gasdiffusionskörper |
CN114395779A (zh) * | 2022-01-06 | 2022-04-26 | 清华大学 | 一种pem水电解用催化剂、制备方法及其用途 |
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DE2300422C3 (de) * | 1973-01-05 | 1981-10-15 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Elektrode |
SE392622B (sv) * | 1973-09-05 | 1977-04-04 | Basf Ag | Forfarande for framstellning av en blydioxid-titanelektrod genom anodisk avskiljning av blydioxid pa en titanyta |
CH665429A5 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1988-05-13 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Electrochemical cell anode - with titanium carbide layer between titanium support and lead di:oxide layer |
IT1282367B1 (it) * | 1996-01-19 | 1998-03-20 | De Nora Spa | Migliorato metodo per l'elettrolisi di soluzioni acquose di acido cloridrico |
KR100504412B1 (ko) * | 1996-04-02 | 2005-11-08 | 페르메렉덴꾜꾸가부시끼가이샤 | 전해용전극및당해전극을사용하는전해조 |
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WO2003056065A2 (de) | 2003-07-10 |
DE50205482D1 (de) | 2006-02-02 |
ATE314506T1 (de) | 2006-01-15 |
US20030136669A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
JP2005513276A (ja) | 2005-05-12 |
JP4354821B2 (ja) | 2009-10-28 |
KR20050005405A (ko) | 2005-01-13 |
AU2002367189A8 (en) | 2003-07-15 |
WO2003056065A3 (de) | 2004-03-11 |
EP1463847A2 (de) | 2004-10-06 |
CN100415937C (zh) | 2008-09-03 |
US7211177B2 (en) | 2007-05-01 |
ES2255639T3 (es) | 2006-07-01 |
CN1612949A (zh) | 2005-05-04 |
DE10200072A1 (de) | 2003-07-31 |
AU2002367189A1 (en) | 2003-07-15 |
KR101081243B1 (ko) | 2011-11-08 |
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