EP1350904B1 - Planches de plancher - Google Patents
Planches de plancher Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1350904B1 EP1350904B1 EP03008103A EP03008103A EP1350904B1 EP 1350904 B1 EP1350904 B1 EP 1350904B1 EP 03008103 A EP03008103 A EP 03008103A EP 03008103 A EP03008103 A EP 03008103A EP 1350904 B1 EP1350904 B1 EP 1350904B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- groove
- tongue
- profile
- spring
- floorboards
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F15/00—Flooring
- E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
- E04F15/04—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements only of wood or with a top layer of wood, e.g. with wooden or metal connecting members
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
- E04F2201/01—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship
- E04F2201/0138—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels perpendicular to the main plane
- E04F2201/0146—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship by moving the sheets, plates or panels perpendicular to the main plane with snap action of the edge connectors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
- E04F2201/04—Other details of tongues or grooves
- E04F2201/041—Tongues or grooves with slits or cuts for expansion or flexibility
Definitions
- the invention relates to floorboards. As floorboards below any floor covering is considered, in which at least two identically constructed elements are engaged with each other.
- floorboards examples include prefinished parquet with a wear layer that is designed in the manner of a ship's bed parquet or like a plank.
- the floorboards also include three-layer planks, which are made up of three approximately equally strong layers, preferably of solid wood or veneer.
- Floorboards that are claimed in the invention are often constructed of three layers. Examples include prefinished parquet with a thin wear layer of veneer or solid wood, a central layer of glued or glued bars and a Gegenzuglage of inferior veneer or solid wood.
- the layers are offset with the main fiber direction approximately 90 ° to each other in order to achieve maximum dimensional stability.
- Layered boards are usually constructed of three approximately equally strong and qualitatively approximately equivalent layers of solid wood or veneer. For individual products veneers or floor racks can also be replaced by wood-based material layers or boards.
- WO 00/47841 proposed to provide floor panels on all sides with a profile in which a perpendicular to the plate plane to be closed connection is proposed, which provides groove, spring and locking elements.
- the locking elements should have a horizontal contact surface and prevent displacement of the floor panels perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
- the locking elements should be elastic.
- a disadvantage of this solution is that either separate components must be inserted or glued, which represent parts of the locking elements and must be positioned very precisely for exact locking. This is laborious.
- Another disadvantage is that the locking elements can be easily damaged when joining, if they are based on the in the WO 00/47841 proposed manner have horizontal contact surfaces.
- These elements which are usually designed as latching lugs and corresponding recesses, act together in each case and fix the floor elements to be connected against each other in a predetermined position. In general, they prevent perpendicular to be closed profiles shifting vertically to the floor of the floor element or, the surface of the floor element.
- the corresponding locking elements therefore have a common investment line or surface. Unlike in horizontal, so parallel to the top of the floor element extending contact surfaces even a simply inclined contact surfaces enough to ensure a secure locking. At the same time an inclined contact surface allows a simpler and gentler for the locking elements joining the profile and thus the floor elements.
- the elastic deformability of spring or tongue and groove, so the deflection of spring or tongue and groove when joining the profile or second floor elements also contribute to the protection of the locking elements and of tongue and groove.
- the deflection of the spring or tongue and groove protects the corresponding locking elements when they are engaged in the assembly of the floorboards with each other.
- the floor elements or planks to be joined are set particularly effective in their horizontal position to each other when groove and tongue are formed as a cone. This positive connection of the profile fixes the two floorboards in a simple and safe way.
- the taper of tongue and groove can be maintained, even if corresponding locking elements or special embodiments of tongue and groove are provided. It is sufficient if tongue and groove are at least partially designed for conical engagement.
- the spring of the profile is designed so that it is deflected during assembly of the profile, and then return to the starting position after the successful engagement of tongue and groove.
- This elasticity can be produced by the required clearance, which is necessary for the engagement of a lip the groove is required, is worked so deep that the remaining connecting web to the profile or, to the floor element allows a deflection of the spring.
- This embodiment proves to be advantageous because on the one hand there is no deflection on the underside of the profile, so that it is unnecessary to take measures that allow such a deflection in the direction of the base of the floorboards. On the other hand, this embodiment causes the formation of undesirable joints between the end faces of second floor elements is avoided.
- the spring of the profile is formed in two parts.
- a first spring part is elastic, a second spring part is rigid.
- a first part of a corresponding locking means is arranged.
- the elastic first spring part can be designed so that a deformation and deflection during assembly of the profile is made possible.
- a free space is created between the first and second spring parts, which allows a deflection of the first spring part onto the second spring part.
- This embodiment is to be produced by means of conventional tools and methods, for. B. to milling.
- the space runs obliquely according to the invention-based on the top of a floor element.
- the exact design of the free space can be chosen in coordination with the material used for the profile and the profile itself.
- An embodiment of the inventive profile with which a joint-free joining of the end faces of floor elements can be ensured in a simple manner, is designed so that the spring has a first part of a corresponding locking element that can be engaged with a second part of the corresponding locking element. This second part of the corresponding locking element is attached to a short, free lip of the groove and faces the spring.
- the profile according to the invention requires a certain elasticity of the material. Brittle material such. As high density fiberboard or materials with low bending strength such. As chipboard, are not well suited for the production of the above-described profile. It is therefore preferred if plastic, solid wood or plywood are used for the production of the profile. These materials, with good machinability with known tools on a sufficient elasticity to ensure the reliable functioning of the profile.
- the profile according to the invention can, depending on requirements, either be prefabricated as a separate component, in order then to be attached to end faces of floor elements, for example by gluing in a groove in the front page. Is the material of the floor element, z. B. in the case of a solid wood floorboard, then the profile according to the invention can be machined out of the material of the floor element integrally.
- FIGS. 1 . 2 . 3 . 5 and 6 illustrate exemplary, facilitating the understanding of the invention embodiments, which are not covered by the invention.
- Fig. 1a shows a groove-shaped end face 2 of a floorboard 1 and a spring-shaped end face 4 of a floorboard.
- a floorboard 1 each have a first groove-shaped end face 2 and a second spring-shaped end face 4.
- the floorboard is constructed in three layers.
- the dashed lines in the figures indicate the three layers of the floorboard. It has a wear layer on the upper side 6.
- the underside 8 of the floorboard can be made of any material.
- the groove-shaped end face 2 has a groove 10 with a long lip 12 and a short lip 14.
- the lips 12, 14 of the groove 10 are interconnected by the base 16.
- the groove 10 is worked out from the top 6 of the floorboard 1 forth, usually milled.
- the federformige end face has a spring 18 which is delimited by a free space 20 of the end face 22 of the floorboard 1.
- the spring 18 is worked out from the bottom 8 of the floorboard 1 forth, usually milled.
- Fig. 1c shows the groove-shaped end face 2 and the spring-shaped end face 4 of the floorboards 1 with each other in engagement.
- the free space 20 facing surface 28 of the spring 18 abuts against the long lip 12 facing surface 30 of the short lip 14.
- the free end 26 of the spring 18 is the base 16 of the groove 10 facing, but is not necessarily on the base 16 at.
- the free end 32 of the short lip 14 faces the base surface 34 of the free space 20, but is not necessarily adjacent to the base surface 34.
- a pressure surface 36 is formed.
- a pressure force is exerted on the contact surface 38, which is formed by the fact that the groove-shaped and the spring-shaped end face 2, 4 of the floorboard 1 abut against each other at the top 6.
- Both the pressure surface 36 and the contact surface 38 may be formed point or line.
- the surfaces 36, 38 but also actually formed flat.
- the free end 26 of the spring 18 is narrower than the base 16 of the groove 10. Further, for easier assembly of the end faces 2, 4, the free end 26 of the spring 18, the free end 32 of the short lip 14 of the groove 10 and the base 34 of the free space 20 at the transition to adjacent surfaces each formed with rounded or chipped or bevelled edges. Correspondingly, the end face 22 of the free space 20 and the end face 40 of the short lip 14 of the groove 10 are spaced apart from each other after assembly.
- the free surface 24 of the spring 18 is designed in such a way that it protrudes further in a first section 42 in the region of the top 6 of the floorboard 1 as in a second section 44 in the region of the central layer 46th Accordingly, the outer surface of the long lip 12 of the groove-shaped end face 4 in the region of the top 6 of the floorboard.
- a first portion 48 which is further excluded than the base 16 of the groove 10. At this first portion 48 connects to the base 16 of the groove 10, a second portion 50 which extends approximately at right angles to the base 16 of the groove 10.
- Fig. 1c shows that the sections 42, 44 and 48, 50 are worked out corresponding to each other. The joining of the two end faces 2, 4 is thereby greatly facilitated.
- Fig. 1c further clarifies that the contact surface 38 is well defined better. Since the contact surface 38 substantially determines the visual appearance and the qualitative impression of the laid floorboards, the profiles, which are extraordinarily easy to produce, provide the desired high-quality, low-joint impression associated with wooden floors.
- Fig. 1a shows an embodiment of the profiled floorboards, in which by the design of the spring 18, the application of the compressive force on the abutment surface 38 and preventing the displacement of the end faces 2, 4 in the vertical direction by a two-part spring 18a, 18b is effected.
- a first free space 20a is worked out, to which a first spring 18a adjoins.
- the spring 18a has a surface 28 directed towards the free space 20, which, after joining the floorboards 1, engages with the surface 30 of the short lip 14 directed towards the long lip 12.
- the first spring 18a is formed so that it is hardly deflected when joining the groove-shaped end face 2 and the spring-shaped end face 4.
- a free space adjoins the spring 18a 20 b, which is bounded towards the free end 52 by a second spring 18b.
- the free space 20b projects closer to the upper side 6 of the floorboard 1 than the free space 20a.
- the spring 18b is deflectable relative to the spring 18a when joining the end faces 2, 4 (see Fig. 1b ).
- the spring 18b is designed with a straight surface 54.
- the spring 18b is provided with a latching nose 56 at its free end 26b.
- the groove 10 is provided in the region of the long lip 12 with a latch 58, under which the detent 56 of the spring 18b engages after assembly of the floorboards 1.
- a latch 58 under which the detent 56 of the spring 18b engages after assembly of the floorboards 1.
- the free space 20 b is dimensioned so that the spring 18 b can be deflected during assembly by the latch 58.
- the joint-tight assembly of the groove-shaped 2 and spring-shaped 4 end faces is -as in the previously described embodiments of Fig. 1-3 - By the spring 18 a and the short lip 14 through which the pressure surface 36 is formed, guaranteed.
- the in the Fig. 2a to 2c illustrated embodiment is particularly advantageous for floorboards that are to be repeatedly assembled and disassembled, for example, temporarily installed floors in exhibition or exhibition halls. It is an embodiment based on the in Fig. 1a to 1c variant has been developed.
- the groove-shaped end face 2 has a groove 10, the groove base 16 is relatively flat, so that a stronger layer of material on the bottom 8 of the floorboard 1 remains. Accordingly, the short lip 14 of the groove 10 with respect to the groove bottom 16 is less high than in the Fig. 1a to 1c shown embodiment.
- the short lip 14 of the groove 10 protrudes, based on the thickness of the floorboard 1, preferably not into the upper half of the floorboard 1 into it.
- the long lip 12 is provided with a latch 58 which, after the joining of the corresponding ends of the floorboards, is engaged by a latching lug 56 of the spring 18b.
- the springs 18 a and 18 b are formed corresponding to the dimensions of the groove 10.
- the clearance 20a is made less deep with respect to the reduced in height short lip 14. This benefits the stability of the floorboard.
- the space 20 b is still deeply cut to allow a deflection of the spring 18 b when assembling the floorboards (see FIG. Fig. 5b ).
- Fig. 2c shows the floorboards after assembly.
- Pressure surface 36 and contact surface 38 are joined together in the manner of a cone.
- Latch 56 and latch 58 are located on the second bearing surface 60 to each other.
- a free space 62 is provided below the second bearing surface 60.
- the spring 18b is dimensioned correspondingly short. This facilitates on the one hand, the joining and releasing the floorboards 1 from each other. On the other hand, an unnecessary and unwanted clamping or friction by dust or grinding or milling residues in the groove 10 is avoided.
- the spring 18a is likewise supported on the groove base 16 only with a relatively small bearing surface 64.
- the support surface 64 is - and this applies to all profiles described above - only sized so large that an alignment of the floorboards is guaranteed in terms of height. Otherwise, a free space below the spring 18a is provided to the groove bottom.
- the spring 18a is rigid. Unlike the resilient spring 18b, the rigid spring 18a has a widened free end 26a relative to the width of the base near the top 6 of the floor element 4. This favors the effect of the cone, which is formed by the assignment of pressure surface 36 and contact surface 38, and prevents horizontal sliding apart of the floor elements 2.4 relative to the plane of the top 6.
- Fig. 5 ac shows a the understanding of the invention facilitating, but not falling under the invention profile in which the corresponding locking elements are not - as usual - on the free surface 24 of the spring or the long lip 12 of the groove are arranged. Instead, a projection on the surface 20 facing the free space 20 is formed on the spring 18. A corresponding recess is formed on the short, free lip 14 of the groove, above the pressure surface 36. Projection and recess come after joining (see. Fig. 5c ) along the - with respect to the top of the floor element 4 oblique contact surface 60 for engagement.
- This embodiment offers the advantage that a virtually joint-free installation of the end faces of two engaging floor elements is ensured.
- the length of the boards to be produced is known.
- a high-quality material is inserted instead of the material not suitable for producing the profiles, which makes it possible to work out the profile.
- This material may be wood, plastic or metal or other suitable material for producing the profile and for absorbing the forces arising.
- For an inventive profiling of the front sides of the floorboards is possible.
- a recess can be created, which is inserted the above-described, suitable for the production of the profiles material and connected to the floorboard. Also in this way a profilierbare front side of the floorboard is made.
- the compound proposed by the invention has a contact surface between the groove-shaped end face and the spring-shaped end face of the floorboard in the area of the wear layer and a pressure point which is arranged in the region between the base of the groove and the short lip of the groove which is arranged on the end face of the floorboard and the spring is on the other hand.
- the pressure point which is formed between the spring and short lip of the groove, when two corresponding end faces of the floorboards are engaged with each other, it is ensured that the contact surface between the groove-shaped and the spring-shaped end side of the two floorboards is under compressive load, so that a Joint formation or detachment of the two floorboards is excluded.
- the spring engages after assembly as a cone clamped in the groove and thus causes a fixation of the floorboards to each other. This type of cone clamping is simple and effective.
- the end face of the spring which faces the groove-shaped end face, provided with a step.
- the furthest protrudes from the contact surface, which is arranged on the long lip of the groove in the area of the effective area.
- Below the contact surface, towards the free end of the spring the end face of the spring is narrower, so that a recessed step is formed.
- the spring-facing surface of the long lip of the groove is formed correspondingly.
- Below the contact surface a projection is formed whose dimensions correspond approximately to the dimensions of the recessed step of the spring.
- the contact surface is designed to be particularly wide, so that the requirement to ensure a frontally gap-free connection of the floorboards to each other, is certainly met.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Floor Finish (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
Claims (6)
- Profil pour relier verticalement au moins deux éléments de plancher qui sont pourvus chacun respectivement d'un côté supérieur (6), d'un côté inférieur (8), de deux côtés longitudinaux et de deux côtés frontaux (2, 4), le profil présentant :- une rainure (10) qui est mise sur un premier côté frontal (2) d'un élément de plancher ;- une languette (18) qui est mise sur un second côté frontal (4) d'un élément de plancher et- des éléments de verrouillage (56, 58) qui correspondent, placés sur la rainure (10) et la languette (18), qui fixent au moins deux éléments de plancher à relier dans leur correspondance verticale ;
cependant- que les éléments de verrouillage (56, 58) présentent des surfaces d'appui (60) placées en biais et- soit la languette (18) du profil, soit la rainure (10) et la languette (18) sont déformables de manière élastique cependant- que la languette (18) est configurée en deux parties, une première partie d'un élément de verrouillage correspondant (56) étant placée sur une première partie de languette élastique (18b) tandis que la seconde partie de languette (18a) est configurée rigide cependant- qu'un espace libre (20b) dégagé à partir du côté inférieur (8) de l'élément de plancher est réservé entre une première et une seconde partie de languette (18a, 18b),caractérisé en ce que- l'espace libre (20b) va en biais par rapport au côté supérieur (6) de l'élément de plancher. - Profil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la rainure (10) et la languette (18) sont configurées à engagement positif, en particulier comme un cône.
- Profil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la languette (18) est configurée, en particulier est rattachée à un corps de base du profil ou à l'élément de plancher, de telle manière que la languette (18) s'écarte lors de l'assemblage du profil.
- Profil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la languette (18) présente une première partie de l'élément de verrouillage correspondant (56) qui peut être mis en prise avec une seconde partie de l'élément de verrouillage correspondant, la seconde partie de l'élément de verrouillage correspondant étant montée sur une courte lèvre libre de la rainure (10) et étant tournée vers la languette (18).
- Profil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est fabriqué en matière synthétique, en bois massif ou en contreplaqué.
- Profil selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il est fabriqué comme un composant séparé préfabriqué ou qu'il est fabriqué comme un profil intégral dégagé dans l'élément de plancher lui-même.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10215139 | 2002-04-05 | ||
DE10215139 | 2002-04-05 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1350904A2 EP1350904A2 (fr) | 2003-10-08 |
EP1350904A3 EP1350904A3 (fr) | 2003-12-17 |
EP1350904B1 true EP1350904B1 (fr) | 2009-06-17 |
EP1350904B2 EP1350904B2 (fr) | 2012-10-24 |
Family
ID=27816170
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03008103A Expired - Lifetime EP1350904B2 (fr) | 2002-04-05 | 2003-04-07 | Planches de plancher |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1350904B2 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE434095T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE50311595D1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2327502T5 (fr) |
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CN101208488B (zh) * | 2005-06-16 | 2010-05-19 | 阿卡曾塔板材型材有限公司 | 具有木质芯部、装饰层和锁紧轮廓的地板嵌板 |
CN102296779A (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2011-12-28 | 宣建民 | 锁扣 |
CN102383565A (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-03-21 | 宣建民 | 锁扣 |
CN102383566A (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-03-21 | 宣建民 | 地板锁扣结构 |
WO2014187434A1 (fr) | 2013-05-20 | 2014-11-27 | Radovan Vojtasík | Plancher préfabriqué et son procédé de production |
US8997430B1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2015-04-07 | Spanolux N.V.-Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly |
US9206611B2 (en) | 2010-01-14 | 2015-12-08 | Spanolux N.V.—Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly and floor panel for use therein |
US9290948B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2016-03-22 | Flooring Industries Limited, Sarl | Floor panel |
DE102007041024B4 (de) | 2007-03-26 | 2023-03-23 | Välinge Innovation AB | Paneel, insbesondere Bodenpaneel |
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SE514645C2 (sv) | 1998-10-06 | 2001-03-26 | Perstorp Flooring Ab | Golvbeläggningsmaterial innefattande skivformiga golvelement avsedda att sammanfogas av separata sammanfogningsprofiler |
SE518184C2 (sv) | 2000-03-31 | 2002-09-03 | Perstorp Flooring Ab | Golvbeläggningsmaterial innefattande skivformiga golvelement vilka sammanfogas med hjälp av sammankopplingsorgan |
EP2281978B1 (fr) | 2002-04-03 | 2016-10-12 | Välinge Innovation AB | Procédé de fixation d'une bande à un panneau de plancher |
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EP4357553A3 (fr) | 2007-11-07 | 2024-06-12 | Välinge Innovation AB | Verrouillage mécanique de panneaux de plancher à pliage par encliquetage vertical |
US8353140B2 (en) | 2007-11-07 | 2013-01-15 | Valinge Innovation Ab | Mechanical locking of floor panels with vertical snap folding |
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JP5675369B2 (ja) | 2008-01-31 | 2015-02-25 | ベーリンゲ、イノベイション、アクチボラグVaelinge Innovation Ab | フロアパネルの機械的係止、パネルを設置する方法及び取り外す方法、係止システムを製造するための方法及び機器、変位可能なタングをパネルに連結する方法、及びタングブランク |
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101208488B (zh) * | 2005-06-16 | 2010-05-19 | 阿卡曾塔板材型材有限公司 | 具有木质芯部、装饰层和锁紧轮廓的地板嵌板 |
CN101415893B (zh) * | 2006-04-14 | 2010-05-12 | 深圳市燕加隆实业发展有限公司 | 地板块、地板系统及铺设地板系统的方法 |
DE102007041024B4 (de) | 2007-03-26 | 2023-03-23 | Välinge Innovation AB | Paneel, insbesondere Bodenpaneel |
US9290948B2 (en) | 2009-01-16 | 2016-03-22 | Flooring Industries Limited, Sarl | Floor panel |
US9206611B2 (en) | 2010-01-14 | 2015-12-08 | Spanolux N.V.—Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly and floor panel for use therein |
US8997430B1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2015-04-07 | Spanolux N.V.-Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly |
US9003735B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2015-04-14 | Spanolux N.V.—Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly |
US9476208B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2016-10-25 | Spanolux N.V.—Div. Balterio | Floor panel assembly |
CN102296779B (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2015-04-15 | 宣建民 | 锁扣 |
CN102296779A (zh) * | 2011-05-25 | 2011-12-28 | 宣建民 | 锁扣 |
CN102383566A (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-03-21 | 宣建民 | 地板锁扣结构 |
CN102383565A (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-03-21 | 宣建民 | 锁扣 |
WO2014187434A1 (fr) | 2013-05-20 | 2014-11-27 | Radovan Vojtasík | Plancher préfabriqué et son procédé de production |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE50311595D1 (de) | 2009-07-30 |
ATE434095T1 (de) | 2009-07-15 |
EP1350904B2 (fr) | 2012-10-24 |
EP1350904A2 (fr) | 2003-10-08 |
ES2327502T5 (es) | 2013-03-14 |
ES2327502T3 (es) | 2009-10-30 |
EP1350904A3 (fr) | 2003-12-17 |
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