EP1060296B1 - Cathode specifique, utilisable pour la preparation d'un chlorate de metal alcalin, et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents
Cathode specifique, utilisable pour la preparation d'un chlorate de metal alcalin, et son procede de fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1060296B1 EP1060296B1 EP99903733A EP99903733A EP1060296B1 EP 1060296 B1 EP1060296 B1 EP 1060296B1 EP 99903733 A EP99903733 A EP 99903733A EP 99903733 A EP99903733 A EP 99903733A EP 1060296 B1 EP1060296 B1 EP 1060296B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- ruthenium
- substrate
- zirconium
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
- C25B15/021—Process control or regulation of heating or cooling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cathode, usable for the preparation of an alkali metal chlorate by electrolysis of chloride corresponding, and its manufacturing process.
- Industrially sodium chlorate is manufactured in electrolytic cells, each of them comprising several cathodes in mild steel and several titanium anodes coated with ruthenium oxide. They are generally supplied with an electrolytic solution consisting about 100 g / l sodium chloride, about 600 g / l sodium chlorate sodium and sodium dichromate in an amount between 2 and 5 g / l. The latter being used to reduce or even eliminate the reaction of reduction of the hypochlorite ion.
- chromium (VI) is today threatened because the alkali metal chlorate thus prepared requires a purification stage, but above all because it pollutes the environment. Through Therefore, it appears capital for the sake of ecology to find a alternative.
- a cathode whose substrate is a titanium plate, made of zirconium, niobium or an alloy essentially constituted by a association of these metals and on which an oxide layer is applied metallic, essentially consisting of an oxide of one or more 5 metals chosen from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum and optionally an oxide of one or more metals chosen from calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, zinc, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, selenium and tellurium, has been disclosed in French patent FR 2,311,108.
- the applicant company has now found a cathode allowing inhibit the hypochlorite ion reduction reaction while retaining good properties with respect to the water reduction reaction.
- This specific cathode comprises a substrate in one element selected from the group consisting of titanium, nickel, tantalum, zirconium, nobium and of their alloys, coated with an intermediate layer of mixed oxide based titanium and ruthenium and an outer layer of metal oxides comprising titanium, zirconium and ruthenium.
- the intermediate layer contains a mixed oxide titanium and ruthenium.
- the outer layer of metal oxides contains titanium, zirconium and ruthenium.
- the outer layer consists essentially of ZrTiO 4 accompanied by RuO 2 and possibly ZrO 2 and / or TiO 2 .
- titanium or nickel or titanium or nickel alloys it is preferred to use, as substrate, titanium or nickel or titanium or nickel alloys. Better still, we prefer use titanium.
- the ruthenium / titanium molar ratio in the intermediate layer is preferably between 0.4 and 2.4.
- the zirconium / titanium molar ratio in the outer layer is generally between 0.25 and 9, preferably between 0.5 and 2.
- Ruthenium in the outer layer represents between 0.1 and 10% molar, preferably between 0.1 and 5 mol% relative to metals entering into the composition of this layer.
- the pretreatment generally consists in subjecting the substrate, i.e. sandblasting followed by acid washing, or pickling using a aqueous solution of oxalic acid, hydrofluoric acid, a mixture hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, a mixture of acid hydrofluoric acid and glycerol, of a mixture of hydrofluoric acid, acid nitric and glycerol or a mixture of hydrofluoric acid, acid nitric and hydrogen peroxide, followed by one or more washing (s) degassed demineralized water.
- the substrate can be in the form of a solid plate, plate perforated, expanded metal or cathode basket made from metal deployed or perforated.
- Solution A is generally prepared by reacting room temperature and with stirring, essentially a mineral salt or organic titanium and ruthenium with water or in a solvent organic, possibly in the presence of a chelating agent.
- the temperature can be raised slightly above ambient for facilitate the dissolution of salts.
- a mineral or organic salt of titanium and ruthenium with water or in an organic solvent, possibly in the presence of a chelating agent.
- Titanium and ruthenium are preferably present in the solution A in a concentration equivalent to each of 0.5 to 10 mol / l.
- Solution B is generally prepared by reacting, room temperature and with stirring, a mineral or organic salt of titanium, zirconium, ruthenium and possibly other metals with water or in an organic solvent, optionally in the presence of a chelating agent. When the reaction is exothermic, a bath is used ice to cool the reaction medium.
- a mineral or organic salt of titanium, zirconium and ruthenium with water or in a solvent organic, possibly in the presence of a chelating agent is advantageousously, a mineral or organic salt of titanium, zirconium and ruthenium with water or in a solvent organic, possibly in the presence of a chelating agent.
- the preferred titanium and ruthenium salts are chlorides, oxychlorides, nitratres, oxynitrates, sulfates and alkoxides.
- Advantageously ruthenium chlorides, titanium chlorides and titanium oxychlorides are used.
- zirconium salts chlorides, sulfates, zirconyl chlorides, zirconyl nitrates, alkoxides such as butyl zirconate.
- Zirconium and zirconyl chlorides are particularly favorite.
- organic solvent there may be mentioned light alcohols of preferably isopropanol and ethanol, and better still isopropanol and absolute ethanol.
- Titanium and zirconium are generally present in solution B in a concentration equivalent to each of 0.5 to 5 mol / l.
- concentration of rutheniurn in solution B is generally between 10 -3 and 10 -1 mole / l, preferably between 10 -3 and 5.10 -2 mole / l.
- Solution A can be deposited on the pretreated substrate using different techniques such as sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, galvanic plating, spraying or coating.
- the pretreated substrate is coated with solution A, by example using a brush.
- the substrate thus coated is then dried at air and / or in an oven at a temperature below 150 ° C. After the drying, the substrate is calcined in air at a temperature between 300 and 600 ° C and preferably between 450 and 550 ° C during a duration ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours.
- step (c) of the method according to the present invention it is possible to use the same deposit techniques and the same conditions drying and calcination procedures as step (b) except that the deposit is performed with solution B.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- plasma projection also suitable for coating the pretreated substrate with middle layer and an outer layer.
- step (b) of the process can repeat several times.
- step (c) of the process can repeat several times.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer generally represents between 2 and 60 g / m 2 of substrate and preferably between 20 and 35 g / m 2 .
- the concentration of solution A is judiciously chosen to so that this preferred thickness can be obtained by repeating step (b) in a reasonable number of times and preferably between 1 and 4 time.
- the thickness of the outer layer represents between 5 and 70 g / m 2 of the substrate and preferably between 25 and 50 g / m 2 .
- solution B is prepared so that its concentration makes it possible to obtain an outer layer thickness in the preferred range by repeating step (c) in less than 10 times and preferably between 2 and 5 times.
- the specific cathode can be used in the preparation of an alkali metal chlorate by electrolysis corresponding chloride.
- the specific cathode according to the invention is suitable especially in the preparation of sodium chlorate.
- the ruthenium / titanium molar ratio in this layer is advantageously between 0.4 and 2.4.
- a solution A is prepared, containing ruthenium and titanium in an equimolar amount, by mixing at room temperature with stirring 2.45 g of RuCl 3 , of purity greater than 98%, 3.64 cm 3 of TiOCl 2 , 2HCl at 127 g / l in Ti and 2.5 cm 3 of absolute isopropanol.
- the end of one of the faces of the plate is then coated pretreated, representing an area of dimension 2 cm x 5 cm, with the solution A using a brush, then it is left for 30 minutes at ambient temperature.
- the coated plate is then dried for 30 minutes in an oven at 120 ° C, then calcined in an oven under air at 500 ° C for 30 minutes.
- Solution B A zirconium precursor, ruthenium and titanium with absolute ethanol or water.
- Solution B is cooled using an ice bath and is kept under stirring until use.
- the coated plate in (a) is then coated with solution B to using a paintbrush.
- the coated plate is then dried for 30 minutes in an oven at 120 ° C, then calcined in an oven under air at 500 ° C for 30 minutes.
- the electrolytic solution (i) allows us to characterize the electrode by the value of the cathodic potential, E cath , for a given current density.
- the current-voltage curve obtained with the electrolytic solution (ii) has a current plateau between - 0.8 and -1.2 V / DHW.
- the value corresponding to this level is the limiting current for reduction of hypochlorite ions, i red .
- the current-voltage curve recorded during the evaluation of cathodes with the electrolytic solution (iii) gives us the limit current reduction of hypochlorite ions in the presence of sodium dichromate, ired (Cr), by measuring the residual current between -0.8 and -1.2 V / DHW.
- Solution B is prepared by mixing, with stirring, in a container, cooled using an ice bath, 5.83 g of ZrCl 4 , 0.01 g of RuCl 3 , 2.74 cm 3 of TiCl 4 and 10 cm 3 of absolute ethanol.
- the plate coated with the intermediate layer is then coated with the solution B thus prepared, then it is dried and calcined in air as indicated in the general procedure. These operations are repeated 4 times and at the end of the last calcination, the mass of the outer layer is 30 g / m 2 of the plate.
- the cathode thus prepared was evaluated using the solutions previously described.
- This table also gives the value of the cathodic potential for a current density of 2KA / m 2 and the value of the limiting current for the different cathodes prepared according to the general procedure but with an external layer composition, different from that used in the example 1.
- a mild steel cathode (example 8) and a titanium plate coated with the intermediate layer according to (I - a) (example 9) were evaluated under the same conditions as the cathodes prepared according to the invention.
- the cathodic potential was determined by presence of the dichromate.
- the plateau of the current-voltage curve observed with the electrolytic solution (ii), using the cathodes prepared according to the invention, is greatly attenuated or even nonexistent.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Description
Claims (18)
- Cathode comprenant un substrat en titane, nickel, tantale, zirconium ou nobium ou leurs alliages, une couche intermédiaire d'oxyde mixte à base de titane et de ruthénium et une couche externe d'oxydes métalliques comprenant du titane, zirconium et ruthénium.
- Cathode selon la revendication 1 caractérisée en ce que le substrat est en nickel ou titane ou en alliages de nickel ou titane.
- Cathode selon la revendication 2 caractérisée en ce que le substrat est en titane.
- Cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 caractérisée en ce que la couche intermédiaire est un oxyde mixte de titane et de ruthénium.
- Cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4 caractérisée en ce que la couche externe d'oxydes métalliques contient du titane, du zirconium et du ruthénium.
- Cathode selon la revendication 5 caractérisée en ce que la couche est externe est constituée essentiellement de ZrTiO4 accompagné de RuO2 et éventuellement de ZrO2 et /ou TiO2.
- Cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6 caractérisée en ce que le rapport molaire ruthénium/titane dans la couche intermédiaire est compris entre 0,4 et 2,4.
- Cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7 caractérisée en ce que le rapport molaire zirconium/titane dans la couche externe est compris entre 0,25 et 9.
- Cathode selon la revendication 8 caractérisée en ce que le rapport molaire zirconium/titane est compris entre 0,5 et 2.
- Cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9 caractérisée en ce que le ruthénium dans la couche externe représente entre 0,1 et 10 % molaire par rapport aux métaux entrant dans la composition de cette couche.
- Cathode selon la revendication 10 caractérisée en ce que les ruthénium dans la couche externe représente entre 0,1 et 5 % molaire.
- Procédé d'obtention d'une cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11 comprenant les étapes suivantes :a) prétraitement du substrat,b) revêtement du substrat prétraité, à l'aide d'une solution A contenant essentiellement du titane et du ruthénium, suivi de séchage, puis calcination,c) revêtement du substrat obtenu en (b), à l'aide d'une solution B comprenant du titane, du zirconium et ruthénium, suivi de séchage et de calcination.
- Procédé selon la revendication 12 caractérisé en ce que le séchage de l'étape (b) et/ou (c) est (sont) effectué(s) à l'air et/ou dans une étuve à une température inférieure à 150°C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 12 ou 13 caractérisé en ce que la calcination de l'étape (b) et/ou (c) est (sont) effectuée(s) sous air à une température comprise entre 300 et 600°C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 14 caractérisé en ce que la température de calcination est comprise entre 450 et 550°C.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 12 à 15 caractérisé en ce que le substrat est soumis plusieurs fois à l'étape (b) avant d'être soumis à l'étape (c).
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 12 à 16 caractérisé en ce que le substrat est soumis plusieurs fois à l'étape (c).
- Procédé de fabrication d'un chlorate de métal alcalin par électrolyse du chlorure correspondant à l'aide d'une cathode selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9802485A FR2775486B1 (fr) | 1998-03-02 | 1998-03-02 | Cathode specifique, utilisable pour la preparation d'un chlorate de metal alcalin et son procede de fabrication |
FR9802485 | 1998-03-02 | ||
PCT/FR1999/000304 WO1999045175A1 (fr) | 1998-03-02 | 1999-02-11 | Cathode specifique, utilisable pour la preparation d'un chlorate de metal alcalin, et son procede de fabrication |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1060296A1 EP1060296A1 (fr) | 2000-12-20 |
EP1060296B1 true EP1060296B1 (fr) | 2001-09-05 |
Family
ID=9523521
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99903733A Expired - Lifetime EP1060296B1 (fr) | 1998-03-02 | 1999-02-11 | Cathode specifique, utilisable pour la preparation d'un chlorate de metal alcalin, et son procede de fabrication |
Country Status (24)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6352625B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1060296B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4279457B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100577034B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1147623C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE205264T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU741267B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9908390B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2322690C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69900266D1 (fr) |
EA (1) | EA002200B1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2163931T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2775486B1 (fr) |
ID (1) | ID27559A (fr) |
IL (1) | IL137167A (fr) |
MX (1) | MXPA00008615A (fr) |
NO (1) | NO322407B1 (fr) |
NZ (1) | NZ506471A (fr) |
PL (1) | PL193623B1 (fr) |
PT (1) | PT1060296E (fr) |
TR (1) | TR200002508T2 (fr) |
TW (1) | TW580524B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999045175A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA991628B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2797646B1 (fr) * | 1999-08-20 | 2002-07-05 | Atofina | Cathode utilisable pour l'electrolyse de solutions aqueuses |
US20070007146A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-11 | Severn Trent Water Purification, Inc. | Process for producing hypochlorite |
TW201012973A (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-01 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Cathode member and bipolar plate for hypochlorite cells |
JP5651584B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-15 | 2015-01-14 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 水素生成デバイス |
WO2010130546A1 (fr) * | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-18 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Activation de cathode |
ITMI20091621A1 (it) * | 2009-09-23 | 2011-03-24 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Elettrodo per processi elettrolitici con struttura cristallina controllata |
CN102029152B (zh) * | 2010-11-30 | 2012-12-26 | 福州大学 | 一种Ru-Zr-Ti三元氧化物活性材料及其制备方法 |
CN102719859A (zh) * | 2012-07-07 | 2012-10-10 | 西安泰金工业电化学技术有限公司 | 一种电沉积镍用钛网阳极及其制备方法 |
KR102260891B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-29 | 2021-06-07 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 전기 분해용 전극 및 전기 분해용 전극의 제조방법 |
CN107488865A (zh) * | 2017-08-22 | 2017-12-19 | 安徽唯达水处理技术装备有限公司 | 一种次氯酸钠发生器的阴极电极涂层 |
IT201800003533A1 (it) * | 2018-03-14 | 2019-09-14 | Industrie De Nora Spa | Elettrodo per processi di elettroclorazione |
US11668017B2 (en) | 2018-07-30 | 2023-06-06 | Water Star, Inc. | Current reversal tolerant multilayer material, method of making the same, use as an electrode, and use in electrochemical processes |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5137877A (en) * | 1974-09-27 | 1976-03-30 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Denkaiyodenkyoku oyobi sonoseizoho |
US4075070A (en) * | 1976-06-09 | 1978-02-21 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrode material |
US4100049A (en) * | 1977-07-11 | 1978-07-11 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Coated cathode for electrolysis cells |
US4530742A (en) * | 1983-01-26 | 1985-07-23 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrode and method of preparing same |
IL73536A (en) * | 1984-09-13 | 1987-12-20 | Eltech Systems Corp | Composite catalytic material particularly for electrolysis electrodes,its manufacture and its use in electrolysis |
US4589969A (en) * | 1984-10-12 | 1986-05-20 | Yurkov Leonid I | Electrode for electrolysis of solutions of electrolytes and process for producing same |
MX169643B (es) * | 1985-04-12 | 1993-07-16 | Oronzio De Nora Impianti | Electrodo para procesos electroquimicos, procedimiento para su produccion y cuba de electrolisis conteniendo dicho electrodo |
FR2583781A1 (fr) * | 1985-06-24 | 1986-12-26 | Atochem | Cathode pour electrolyse et un procede de fabrication de ladite cathode |
FR2596776B1 (fr) * | 1986-04-03 | 1988-06-03 | Atochem | Cathode pour electrolyse et un procede de fabrication de ladite cathode |
US5314601A (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1994-05-24 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Electrodes of improved service life |
US5017276A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-05-21 | Chemetics International Company Ltd. | Metal electrodes for electrochemical processes |
GB9316926D0 (en) * | 1993-08-13 | 1993-09-29 | Ici Plc | Electrode |
US5503663A (en) * | 1994-11-30 | 1996-04-02 | The Dow Chemical Company | Sable coating solutions for coating valve metal anodes |
GB9502665D0 (en) * | 1995-02-11 | 1995-03-29 | Ici Plc | Cathode for use in electrolytic cell |
US5855751A (en) * | 1995-05-30 | 1999-01-05 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | Cathode useful for the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal halide solution |
US6217729B1 (en) * | 1999-04-08 | 2001-04-17 | United States Filter Corporation | Anode formulation and methods of manufacture |
-
1998
- 1998-03-02 FR FR9802485A patent/FR2775486B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-02-11 MX MXPA00008615A patent/MXPA00008615A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-11 PL PL99342190A patent/PL193623B1/pl unknown
- 1999-02-11 PT PT81902676T patent/PT1060296E/pt unknown
- 1999-02-11 BR BRPI9908390-6A patent/BR9908390B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-11 EA EA200000889A patent/EA002200B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-11 JP JP2000534702A patent/JP4279457B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-11 KR KR1020007009667A patent/KR100577034B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-11 NZ NZ506471A patent/NZ506471A/xx unknown
- 1999-02-11 ID IDW20001681A patent/ID27559A/id unknown
- 1999-02-11 WO PCT/FR1999/000304 patent/WO1999045175A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-11 TR TR2000/02508T patent/TR200002508T2/xx unknown
- 1999-02-11 DE DE69900266T patent/DE69900266D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-11 ES ES99903733T patent/ES2163931T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-11 US US09/623,620 patent/US6352625B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-11 AT AT99903733T patent/ATE205264T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-11 CN CNB998030562A patent/CN1147623C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-11 EP EP99903733A patent/EP1060296B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-11 AU AU24288/99A patent/AU741267B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-02-11 IL IL13716799A patent/IL137167A/xx active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-11 CA CA002322690A patent/CA2322690C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-01 ZA ZA9901628A patent/ZA991628B/xx unknown
- 1999-03-29 TW TW088103163A patent/TW580524B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-08-31 NO NO20004332A patent/NO322407B1/no unknown
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