DE682933C - Schmiermittel - Google Patents

Schmiermittel

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Publication number
DE682933C
DE682933C DEST52832D DEST052832D DE682933C DE 682933 C DE682933 C DE 682933C DE ST52832 D DEST52832 D DE ST52832D DE ST052832 D DEST052832 D DE ST052832D DE 682933 C DE682933 C DE 682933C
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
sulfur
chlorine
oil
corrosive
oils
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
DEST52832D
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English (en)
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Standard Oil Development Co
Original Assignee
Standard Oil Development Co
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Publication date
Application filed by Standard Oil Development Co filed Critical Standard Oil Development Co
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Publication of DE682933C publication Critical patent/DE682933C/de
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    • C10M135/02Sulfurised compounds
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    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C51/00Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
    • C07C51/10Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
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    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/10Running-in-oil ; Grinding
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C10N2040/16Dielectric; Insulating oil or insulators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C10N2040/17Electric or magnetic purposes for electric contacts
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25Internal-combustion engines
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10NINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2050/00Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
    • C10N2050/10Semi-solids; greasy

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

Description

Seit einer Reihe von Jahren ist starke Nachfrage nach festen oder flüssigen Schmiermitteln, die Belastungen und Beanspruchungen auszuhalten imstande sind, die die Widerstandsfähigkeit der bisherigen aus reinen oder gemischten Ölen bestehenden Schmiermittel übersteigen. Das gilt insbesondere für kraftübertragende Organe an Automobilen, für Hyperboloidgetriebe u. dgl.
Für diese Zwecke hat man unter anderem auch Schmiermittel vorgeschlagen, die Schwefel und Chlor gebunden enthalten. Diese erfüllen ihren Zweck vollkommen, sowohl in der Richtung der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber schwerer Belastung und Beanspruchung wie auch bezüglich ihrer Schmierfähigkeit. Das Haupthindernis für ihre Verwendung ist die Tatsache, daß sie korrosiv wirken, insbesondere wenn geringe Mengen Feuchtigkeit, die bei der praktischen Verwendung nicht ausgeschlossen werden können, vorhanden sind. Das hat dann zur Folge, daß die Getriebe und sonstigen Maschinenteile verfärbt und angefressen werden, rosten und schließlieh im Öl unlösliche, schleifend wirkende Körper entstehen, die die Schmierwirkung derartiger Mittel erheblich herabsetzen.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist nun die Gewinnung von solchen Schwefel und Chlor enthaltenden Stoffen, bei denen diese korrosive Wirkung so stark herabgesetzt ist, daß im Betrieb die Stahlflächen nur sehr wenig angegriffen werden, und auch das nur während einer erträglich kurzen Zeit. Ferner bleibt das Mittel während der ganzen Lebensdauer des Schmieröls wirksam, während viele der bekannten Zusatzmittel ihre den Belastungswiderstand verbessernden Eigenschaften in kurzer Zeit verlieren.
Erfindungsgemäß wird von einem für den jeweiligen Zweck geeigneten Grundöl ausgegangen. Die Viscosität -kann je nach dem Anwendungsgebiet 3 bis 90 E betragen. Das Grundöl kann aus einem naphthenischen oder paraffinischen Rohöl stammen und eine Destillations- oder Rückstandsfraktion darstellen. Der Flammpunkt ist für Getriebe- und Transmissionsschmiermittel nicht von besonderer Wichtigkeit, er liegt gewöhnlich bei 2500 und höher. Die Schmiermitte] nach 5» der Erfindung können Öle oder konsistente Fette sein. In letzterem Falle kann die Konsistenz durch Zusatz von Natron-, Kalk- oder Tonerdeseifen der Stearinsäure u. dgl. herbeigeführt sein, die in Mengen von 10 bis 50% verwendet werden.
Die zuzusetzende Schwefelverbindung soll reaktionsfähigen korrosiven Charakter haben, d. h. sie muß einen eingetauchten blanken Kupferstreifen verfärben. Sie übt aber auf
682983
stählerne Getriebe und metallene Aufbewahrungsgefäße keine merkbare Wirkung aus. Der Gehalt an reaktionsfähigem Schwefel soll über 0,2 °/o betragen, gewöhnlich bewegt. er sich von 0,3 bis 3°/o. , ^
Der Gehalt an korrosivem Schwefel ift Verbindungen, die daneben noch passiven Schwefel enthalten, kann so festgestellt werden, daß zunächst der gesamte Schwefel bestimmt und sodann der korrosive Schwefel allein entzogen wird. Aus der Differenz ergibt sich dann die Menge des korrosiven Schwefels. · Die Entfernung des korrosiven Schwefels kann z. B. durch mehrstündige Behandlung der Probe mit fein verteiltem Metall (z. B. Kupfer) im Dampfbad geschehen (siehe z. B. American Society for Testing Materials, D--129—27 im Bericht des Committee D,—2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and Method of Tests relating to Petroleum Products, page 174, 1928).
Als Schwefelverbindungen für den in Frage kommenden Zweck können Fraktionen aus Rohölen verwendet werden, die korrosiven Schwefel enthalten, wie dieses z. B. für West-Texas-Öle bekannt ist. Auch elementarer Schwefel kann verwendet werden zur Erhöhung vorhandenen Gehalts an korrosivem Schwefel. Es können ferner geeignete .30 Schwefelverbindungen durch Sulfurieren von pflanzlichen oder tierischen ölen, wie Tran, durch Erhitzen mit Schwefel auf höhere Temperatur gewonnen werden. Auch organische Polysulfide sind brauchbar. Diese werden über die Chloride derart gewonnen, daß zunächst Chlorgas mehrere Stunden durch Mineralöl oder -wachs geleitet wird, bis der Chlorgehalt 5 bis 30% beträgt. Durch Be-: handeln mit Alkalipolysulfiden wird dann das Chlor durch Schwefel ersetzt, was quantitativ gelingt.
Für die Erfindung ist es aber wichtig, daß Chlor und Schwefel getrennt, d. h. also in zwei verschiedenen Verbindungen zugesetzt werden. Es wurde nämlich festgestellt, daß Chlor "und Schwefel enthaltende Verbindungen, wie sie z. B. bei der Behandlung von fetten ölen mit Sulfurylchlorid entstehen, beim Gebrauch allmählich das Chlor verlieren und der Schwefel allein dann nicht mehr in vollem Umfange die Widerstandsfähigkeit für hohe und höchste Belastungen zu leisten vermag.
Die Chlorverbindungen für die Zwecke der vorliegenden Erfindung können gechlorte fette öle, Fettsäuren, Mineralöle, Paraffine sein, auch Tetrachlorkohlenstoff u. dgl. Die Fluor- und B rom verbindungen wirken analog, doch sind schon aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen die Chlorverbindungen vorzuziehen. Im allgemeinen werden Chlorverbindungen verwendet, bei denen das Chloratom an einem aromatischen Ring gebunden ist.
Wie sich ergeben hat, sind schon verhältnismäßig geringe Zusätze der Chlorverbin-/ftarng wirksam, wie z.B. 0,2 bis 0,6°/0, doch jWfinn auch etwas mehr verwendet werden. -Bei diesen Zusätzen ist das Schmieröl, selbst wenn der Zusatz frisch erfolgt ist, nicht besonders korrosiv gegenüber der Metallwandung von Behältern und Maschinenteilen. Es ließ sich weder Rost noch die Bildung abrasiv wirkender Stoffe feststellen. Eine genaue Erklärung über die Rolle, die das Chlor spielt, kann nicht angegeben werden, doch scheint es nach Art eines Aktivators für den Schwefel diesen dauernd wirksam zu erhalten, so daß die Friktionskurve bei steigender Belastung flach und ohne scharfe Absätze verläuft. Es ist auffallend, daß diese Wirkung bestehen bleibt, trotzdem der Chlorgehalt allmählich· absinkt. Bei Automobilgetrieben wurde folgendes festgestellt:
Nach 150 bis 200 km, war der Chlorgehalt zum großen Teil, nach 600 bis 750 km vollkommen verschwunden. Das entspricht einer Fahrzeit von 10 bis 15 Stunden. Dagegen war der Gehalt an korrosivem Schwefel unverändert geblieben, und das öl hatte nach wie vor die gleiche Wider-Standsfähigkeit gegen hohe Getriebe- und Zahndrücke.
Es scheint danach, daß das Chlor dazu dient, eine Beeinflussung des Stahls der Getriebezähne durch den Schwefel einzuleiten, und daß diese Rolle überflüssig wird, sobald ein wesentlicher Teil der Oberflächen aktiviert ist.
Beispiel 1 . .
Das für die Herstellung der verbesserten Schmieröl dienende Ausgangsöl hatte folgende Eigenschaften:
Spezifisches Gewicht 26,4 ί0*
Viscosität bei 99° C 3,7° E
Viscosität bei 380 47° E
Fließpunkt ... —150
Flammpunkt 250° C
Farbe 1I2R no
Es wurden folgende Proben untersucht:
Probe 1: Grundöl mit 8 °/„ eines durch Erhitzen von Kienöl mit Schwefel auf 2400 sul- -furierten Öles mit 4% reaktionsfähigem Schwefel. 11S
Probe 2: Grundöl mit 2,8% sulfuriertem Kienöl und 1 bis I1I2 0I0 gechlortem Paraffin mit 400/o Chlor.
Probe 3: Grundöl allein.
Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an der Almen-Maschine, beschrieben in Automotive Industries Vo. 67 bis 21 PP 650. Festgestellt
wurden Gesamtbelastung, Schlußreibung, Belastung, bei der die Reibung plötzlich ansteigt, ferner Temperatur und Zustand des Zapfens:
5 Probe Belastung Schlußreibung Plötzlicher
Reibungsanstieg
Schluß
temperatur
0C
Zapfenzustand
I
2
io 3
H H
Cn Cn cn
H OJ C^.
O O cn
' ' '6 Einheiten
" ' 9
125
6o
32
tief verschrammt
vorzüglich
angefressen
Beispiel 2
Als Grundöl diente eine Pennsylvaniafraktion von 2,920E bei 990. Verschiedene Zusätze wurden gemacht, um bestimmte Gehalte an korrosivem Schwefel und an Chlor zu erhalten.
Angegeben werden in der Tabelle in Gewichtseinheiten die Belastungen, die Schlußfraktion und der Zapfenzustand. Aus der Tabelle ergibt sich als bestes Verhältnis 0,2 bis 0,5% und mehr korrosiver Schwefel und 0,3 bis 0,5 °/o Chlor. Alle Proben mit einer Ausnahme trugen die volle Belastung mit 15 Gewichtseinheiten, eine 14. Das Grundöl selbst versagte schon bei 5 oder 6 Einheiten. Keines der öle führte eine Korrosion des Metalls der Getriebe herbei oder führte zur Bildung von schleifend wirkenden Stoffen in merkbarer Menge.
Mischung
25 N,
% korrosiver
Schwefel
% Chlor Almen-Probe Belastungs
einheiten
Endreibung Zapfenzustand
I
2
30 3
4
5
6
35 7
5 8
9
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,5
0,5
o,5
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,1
o,3
o,5
0,1
o,3
o,5
0,1
0,3
o,5
6
15
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
29
28
57
63
35
55
48
53
festgefressen
gut
festgefressen
geschrammt
geschrammt
gut
etwas geschrammt
geschrammt
geschrammt
Beispiel 3
Um die Wirkung der Verminderung des Chlorgehaltes während des Betriebes aufzuzeigen, wurden Proben gemacht mit Mischungen nach vorliegender Erfindung mit käuflichen Schmiermitteln, die einen sog. Höchstleistungszusatz enthielten, der aus fettem öl durch Einwirkung von Chlorschwefel gewonnen war. Die Proben wurden verschieden
lange mit Stahlwolle bei 160 bis 1700 in Be- >oo rührung gebracht. Diese Behandlung entspricht den Vorgängen im Betriebe. Die öle wurden dann auf der Almen-Maschine geprüft, wobei sich ergab, daß die Chlorschwefelöle sehr schnell ihren Charakter als 10S Hochleistungsschmieren verloren, während dieses bei den erfindungsgemäß hergestellten ölprodukten nicht der Fall war.
50 Auf 1650 erhitzt
mit 5% Stahlwolle
■ Stunden
Analyse des Öles Prüfung
auf der Almen-Maschine
Reibung
55 Käufliches Chlor- I
Schwefelschmieröl 1
O
6
8
Schwefel Chlor Belastung 33
74
46
60 öl nach der Erfindung-^ 0
IO
0,99
1,11
1,15
0,62
0,49
o,34
15
14
6
30
60
0,4
0,4
o,5
Spuren
15
15 '
Ähnliche Prüfungen anderer Muster von öl wurden mit mehrtägiger Dauer im Autogetriebe durchgeführt. Die öle nach der Erfindung arbeiteten in der ganzen Prüfungs-5. zeit durchaus zufriedenstellend. Beim Ausbau der Getriebe zeigten die ölproben im. wesentlichen den ursprünglichen Schwefeln1 gehalt und waren chlorfrei. Die Metallteile**-, waren nicht merkbar angegriffen und zeigten ίο sich rostfrei.

Claims (3)

  1. Patentansprüche:
    i. Schmiermittel, bestehend aus einem Mineralschmieröl, gegebenenfalls in Mischung mit Seifen, einer reaktionsfähigen, korrosiven Schwefel und einer weiteren, Chlor enthaltenden öllöslichen organischen Verbindung.
    .j 1,.
  2. 2. Schmiermittel nach Anspruch 1, dalr :i'§t$h gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an ||ktionsfähigem Schwefel mindestens ψ0 beträgt und nötigenfalls durch zusätzliche Mengen freien Schwefels eingeregelt wird.
  3. 3. Schmiermittel nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Chlorgehalt des Schmiermittels 0,1 bis 0,6% beträgt.
DEST52832D 1933-11-21 1934-11-21 Schmiermittel Expired DE682933C (de)

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DEST52789D Expired DE684967C (de) 1933-11-21 1934-11-08 Mineralschmieroel
DEST52832D Expired DE682933C (de) 1933-11-21 1934-11-21 Schmiermittel

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DE (2) DE684967C (de)
FR (3) FR776910A (de)
GB (3) GB431434A (de)
NL (3) NL71966C (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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NL44557C (de)
DE684967C (de) 1939-12-08
NL71440C (de)
GB434056A (en) 1935-08-26
BE407094A (de) 1935-01-31
NL71966C (de)
GB431434A (en) 1935-07-08
FR776910A (fr) 1935-02-07
FR779896A (fr) 1935-04-13
FR783466A (fr) 1935-07-12
GB454552A (en) 1936-09-29

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