DE3223075A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung einer polyimid-trennmembran - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung einer polyimid-trennmembranInfo
- Publication number
- DE3223075A1 DE3223075A1 DE19823223075 DE3223075A DE3223075A1 DE 3223075 A1 DE3223075 A1 DE 3223075A1 DE 19823223075 DE19823223075 DE 19823223075 DE 3223075 A DE3223075 A DE 3223075A DE 3223075 A1 DE3223075 A1 DE 3223075A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- polyamic acid
- temperature
- membrane
- aromatic
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
- C08L79/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08L79/08—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
- B01D71/62—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain
- B01D71/64—Polyimides; Polyamide-imides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1003—Preparatory processes
- C08G73/1007—Preparatory processes from tetracarboxylic acids or derivatives and diamines
- C08G73/1028—Preparatory processes from tetracarboxylic acids or derivatives and diamines characterised by the process itself, e.g. steps, continuous
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1046—Polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain
- C08G73/105—Polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain with oxygen only in the diamino moiety
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1057—Polyimides containing other atoms than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen in the main chain
- C08G73/1064—Polyimides containing other atoms than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen or oxygen in the main chain containing sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1067—Wholly aromatic polyimides, i.e. having both tetracarboxylic and diamino moieties aromatically bound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1067—Wholly aromatic polyimides, i.e. having both tetracarboxylic and diamino moieties aromatically bound
- C08G73/1071—Wholly aromatic polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1085—Polyimides with diamino moieties or tetracarboxylic segments containing heterocyclic moieties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/62—Processes of molding porous films
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56095388A JPS57209607A (en) | 1981-06-22 | 1981-06-22 | Preparation of polyimide separation film |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE3223075A1 true DE3223075A1 (de) | 1983-01-13 |
| DE3223075C2 DE3223075C2 (OSRAM) | 1989-02-09 |
Family
ID=14136264
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19823223075 Granted DE3223075A1 (de) | 1981-06-22 | 1982-06-21 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer polyimid-trennmembran |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4485056A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS57209607A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE3223075A1 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB2102726B (OSRAM) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4532041A (en) * | 1983-05-13 | 1985-07-30 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Asymmetric polyimide reverse osmosis membrane, method for preparation of same and use thereof for organic liquid separations |
| DE3607584A1 (de) * | 1985-03-10 | 1986-09-11 | Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka | Farbloser, transparenter polyimid-formkoerper und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
| DE3639380A1 (de) * | 1985-11-18 | 1987-05-21 | Mitsubishi Chem Ind | Monomolekularer film oder aus monomolekularen schichten aufgebauter film und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
| EP0233069A3 (en) * | 1985-09-03 | 1988-09-07 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. | Polyimide and high-temperature adhesive of polyimide |
| EP0265899A3 (en) * | 1986-10-27 | 1988-11-23 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Crosslinked polyimide gas separation membranes |
Families Citing this family (38)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5858113A (ja) * | 1981-10-02 | 1983-04-06 | Teijin Ltd | 選択性透過膜の製造方法 |
| JPS6119813A (ja) * | 1984-06-20 | 1986-01-28 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | ポリイミド中空糸の製造法 |
| JPS61133117A (ja) * | 1984-11-30 | 1986-06-20 | Ube Ind Ltd | 炭酸ガスの分離方法 |
| US4705540A (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1987-11-10 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyimide gas separation membranes |
| JPH062828B2 (ja) * | 1986-05-15 | 1994-01-12 | 宇部興産株式会社 | ポリイミドフイルムの製造法 |
| US4717394A (en) * | 1986-10-27 | 1988-01-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyimide gas separation membranes |
| AT387783B (de) * | 1987-06-09 | 1989-03-10 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von hochtemperaturbestaendigen folien |
| US4880442A (en) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-11-14 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyimide gas separation membranes |
| US5074891A (en) * | 1989-07-27 | 1991-12-24 | Hoechst Celanese Corp. | Method of gas separation and membranes therefor |
| US4983191A (en) * | 1989-10-10 | 1991-01-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Production of aromatic polyimide membranes |
| US5096586A (en) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-03-17 | Regents Of The University Of California | Membranes having selective permeability |
| US5085676A (en) * | 1990-12-04 | 1992-02-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Novel multicomponent fluid separation membranes |
| US5248319A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1993-09-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Gas separation membranes made from blends of aromatic polyamide, polymide or polyamide-imide polymers |
| US5266100A (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 1993-11-30 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Alkyl substituted polyimide, polyamide and polyamide-imide gas separation membranes |
| US5322549A (en) * | 1993-06-04 | 1994-06-21 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyimides and gas separation membranes prepared therefrom |
| EP0682977A3 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 2000-01-12 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Improved polymeric membrane |
| US5785741A (en) | 1995-07-17 | 1998-07-28 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges, Claude | Process and system for separation and recovery of perfluorocompound gases |
| JPH0929002A (ja) | 1995-07-17 | 1997-02-04 | Teisan Kk | ガス回収装置 |
| US5858065A (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 1999-01-12 | American Air Liquide | Process and system for separation and recovery of perfluorocompound gases |
| IE80909B1 (en) * | 1996-06-14 | 1999-06-16 | Air Liquide | An improved process and system for separation and recovery of perfluorocompound gases |
| US5759237A (en) * | 1996-06-14 | 1998-06-02 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et, L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process and system for selective abatement of reactive gases and recovery of perfluorocompound gases |
| US5814127A (en) * | 1996-12-23 | 1998-09-29 | American Air Liquide Inc. | Process for recovering CF4 and C2 F6 from a gas |
| US5855647A (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1999-01-05 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Process for recovering SF6 from a gas |
| US6187077B1 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 2001-02-13 | American Air Liquide Inc. | Separation of CF4 and C2F6 from a perfluorocompound mixture |
| US6180008B1 (en) | 1998-07-30 | 2001-01-30 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Polyimide membranes for hyperfiltration recovery of aromatic solvents |
| US6497747B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2002-12-24 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Production and use of improved polyimide separation membranes |
| US7803214B2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2010-09-28 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Asymmetric hollow-fiber gas separation membrane, gas separation method and gas separation membrane module |
| CN101412817B (zh) * | 2007-10-19 | 2011-12-14 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种聚酰亚胺多孔膜的制备方法 |
| US20100028779A1 (en) * | 2008-07-31 | 2010-02-04 | Byd Co., Ltd. | Porous Polyimide Membrane, Battery Separator, Battery, and Method |
| TWI439492B (zh) * | 2011-09-14 | 2014-06-01 | Mortech Corp | 聚醯亞胺膜 |
| JP6176900B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-21 | 2017-08-09 | 東京応化工業株式会社 | ポリイミド樹脂の製造方法、ポリイミド膜の製造方法、ポリアミック酸溶液の製造方法、ポリイミド膜、及びポリアミック酸溶液 |
| KR101660330B1 (ko) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-09-27 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 응고욕을 이용한 다공성 탄소 물질 제조 방법 및 이에 따라 제조된 다공성 탄소 물질 |
| KR102446807B1 (ko) | 2016-11-04 | 2022-09-26 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | 개선된 폴리이미드 분리 막 제조 방법 |
| CN109937084B (zh) | 2016-11-10 | 2022-05-24 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | 改进的制备碳分子筛中空纤维膜的方法 |
| CA3059207A1 (en) | 2017-04-06 | 2018-10-11 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Asymmetric polyvinylidine chloride membranes and carbon molecular sieve membranes made therefrom |
| BR112020002664B1 (pt) | 2017-08-14 | 2024-03-12 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Método para produzir uma membrana de peneira molecular de carbono de fibra oca, processo para separar uma molécula de gás de uma alimentação de gás compreendida da molécula de gás e pelo menos uma outra molécula de gás e módulo de separação de gás |
| CN112533978A (zh) | 2018-08-23 | 2021-03-19 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | 交联聚酰亚胺膜和由其制造的碳分子筛中空纤维膜 |
| CA3127597A1 (en) | 2019-01-25 | 2020-07-30 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | A carbon molecular sieve membrane produced from a carbon forming polymer-polyvinylidene chloride copolymer blend |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1555766A (OSRAM) * | 1967-12-04 | 1969-01-31 | ||
| GB1188936A (en) * | 1966-09-06 | 1970-04-22 | Ici Ltd | Obtaining Filaments from Polyamide Acid Salts |
| DE2231164A1 (de) * | 1971-06-30 | 1973-01-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Verfahren zum herstellen von polyimidund polyamid-imid-folien hoher temperaturbestaendigkeit |
| DE2337121A1 (de) * | 1972-07-20 | 1974-02-07 | Du Pont | Mikroporoese, undurchsichtige, unloesliche, asymmetrische membran und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
| US3925211A (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1975-12-09 | Forsch Bergof Gmbh | Polyimide membrane and process for making same |
| EP0023406A1 (en) * | 1979-07-26 | 1981-02-04 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Process for preparing aromatic polyimide semipermeable membranes |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3247165A (en) * | 1962-11-15 | 1966-04-19 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Polyimides |
| US3541057A (en) * | 1969-01-21 | 1970-11-17 | Du Pont | Conversion of polyamide-acids to polyimides using an aromatic heterocyclic carboxylic anhydride containing a tertiary nitrogen as converting agent |
| US3600361A (en) * | 1969-06-11 | 1971-08-17 | Du Pont | Process for drying polyamide-acid/imide film |
| US3862897A (en) * | 1969-09-05 | 1975-01-28 | Rhone Poulenc Sa | Method of forming high elongation polymide-imide films |
| US3710945A (en) * | 1969-11-26 | 1973-01-16 | Du Pont | Preservation of polyamidic membranes |
| US3867500A (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1975-02-18 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Polyamide-imide film insulation having improved elongation and fold endurance |
| US3917761A (en) * | 1973-05-15 | 1975-11-04 | Du Pont | Process of making a porous polyimide shaped article |
| US4113628A (en) * | 1974-06-05 | 1978-09-12 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Asymmetric polyimide membranes |
| JPS5471785A (en) * | 1977-11-18 | 1979-06-08 | Nitto Electric Ind Co Ltd | Selectively permeable membrane and production thereof |
| JPS5670805A (en) * | 1979-11-15 | 1981-06-13 | Nitto Electric Ind Co Ltd | Preparation of selectively permeable membrane for treating organic liquid |
-
1981
- 1981-06-22 JP JP56095388A patent/JPS57209607A/ja active Granted
-
1982
- 1982-06-03 US US06/384,495 patent/US4485056A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1982-06-09 GB GB08216797A patent/GB2102726B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-06-21 DE DE19823223075 patent/DE3223075A1/de active Granted
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1188936A (en) * | 1966-09-06 | 1970-04-22 | Ici Ltd | Obtaining Filaments from Polyamide Acid Salts |
| FR1555766A (OSRAM) * | 1967-12-04 | 1969-01-31 | ||
| DE2231164A1 (de) * | 1971-06-30 | 1973-01-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Verfahren zum herstellen von polyimidund polyamid-imid-folien hoher temperaturbestaendigkeit |
| DE2337121A1 (de) * | 1972-07-20 | 1974-02-07 | Du Pont | Mikroporoese, undurchsichtige, unloesliche, asymmetrische membran und verfahren zur herstellung derselben |
| US3925211A (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1975-12-09 | Forsch Bergof Gmbh | Polyimide membrane and process for making same |
| EP0023406A1 (en) * | 1979-07-26 | 1981-02-04 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Process for preparing aromatic polyimide semipermeable membranes |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4532041A (en) * | 1983-05-13 | 1985-07-30 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Asymmetric polyimide reverse osmosis membrane, method for preparation of same and use thereof for organic liquid separations |
| DE3607584A1 (de) * | 1985-03-10 | 1986-09-11 | Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka | Farbloser, transparenter polyimid-formkoerper und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
| EP0233069A3 (en) * | 1985-09-03 | 1988-09-07 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. | Polyimide and high-temperature adhesive of polyimide |
| DE3639380A1 (de) * | 1985-11-18 | 1987-05-21 | Mitsubishi Chem Ind | Monomolekularer film oder aus monomolekularen schichten aufgebauter film und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
| DE3639380C2 (de) * | 1985-11-18 | 1999-05-27 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | Monomolekularer Film oder aus monomolekularen Schichten aufgebauter Film und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| EP0265899A3 (en) * | 1986-10-27 | 1988-11-23 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Crosslinked polyimide gas separation membranes |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4485056A (en) | 1984-11-27 |
| GB2102726B (en) | 1984-09-19 |
| DE3223075C2 (OSRAM) | 1989-02-09 |
| JPS57209607A (en) | 1982-12-23 |
| JPS6153086B2 (OSRAM) | 1986-11-15 |
| GB2102726A (en) | 1983-02-09 |
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| CH618452A5 (OSRAM) |
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