DE19707956A1 - TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige - Google Patents

TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige

Info

Publication number
DE19707956A1
DE19707956A1 DE19707956A DE19707956A DE19707956A1 DE 19707956 A1 DE19707956 A1 DE 19707956A1 DE 19707956 A DE19707956 A DE 19707956A DE 19707956 A DE19707956 A DE 19707956A DE 19707956 A1 DE19707956 A1 DE 19707956A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
compounds
component
liquid crystal
formulas
group
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
DE19707956A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Harald Dr Hirschmann
Volker Reiffenrath
Clarissa Weller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merck Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Merck Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merck Patent GmbH filed Critical Merck Patent GmbH
Priority to DE19707956A priority Critical patent/DE19707956A1/de
Priority to TW087102655A priority patent/TW505687B/zh
Priority to GB9804136A priority patent/GB2322631B/en
Priority to US09/030,921 priority patent/US6056894A/en
Priority to KR1019980006109A priority patent/KR100553789B1/ko
Priority to CNB981053394A priority patent/CN1205500C/zh
Priority to JP06203098A priority patent/JP4332235B2/ja
Publication of DE19707956A1 publication Critical patent/DE19707956A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/42Mixtures of liquid crystal compounds covered by two or more of the preceding groups C09K19/06 - C09K19/40
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001Cyclohexane rings
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/02Liquid crystal materials characterised by optical, electrical or physical properties of the components, in general
    • C09K19/0208Twisted Nematic (T.N.); Super Twisted Nematic (S.T.N.); Optical Mode Interference (O.M.I.)
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/10Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
    • C09K19/14Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain
    • C09K19/18Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain the chain containing carbon-to-carbon triple bonds, e.g. tolans
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3059Cyclohexane rings in which at least two rings are linked by a carbon chain containing carbon to carbon triple bonds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/42Mixtures of liquid crystal compounds covered by two or more of the preceding groups C09K19/06 - C09K19/40
    • C09K19/46Mixtures of liquid crystal compounds covered by two or more of the preceding groups C09K19/06 - C09K19/40 containing esters
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/139Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
    • G02F1/1396Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent the liquid crystal being selectively controlled between a twisted state and a non-twisted state, e.g. TN-LC cell
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/10Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
    • C09K19/14Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain
    • C09K19/18Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a carbon chain the chain containing carbon-to-carbon triple bonds, e.g. tolans
    • C09K2019/181Ph-C≡C-Ph
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3059Cyclohexane rings in which at least two rings are linked by a carbon chain containing carbon to carbon triple bonds
    • C09K2019/3063Cy-Ph-C≡C-Ph
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3066Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers
    • C09K19/3068Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
    • C09K2019/3075Cy-COO-Ph

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
DE19707956A 1997-02-27 1997-02-27 TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige Ceased DE19707956A1 (de)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19707956A DE19707956A1 (de) 1997-02-27 1997-02-27 TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige
TW087102655A TW505687B (en) 1997-02-27 1998-02-24 TN and STN liquid-crystal display and liquid-crystal mixture
GB9804136A GB2322631B (en) 1997-02-27 1998-02-26 Liquid crystal mixtures and their use in TN, STN and SLCD displays
US09/030,921 US6056894A (en) 1997-02-27 1998-02-26 TN and STN liquid-crystal display
KR1019980006109A KR100553789B1 (ko) 1997-02-27 1998-02-26 비틀림네마틱액정표시장치및초비틀림네마틱액정표시장치
CNB981053394A CN1205500C (zh) 1997-02-27 1998-02-26 Tn和stn液晶显示器
JP06203098A JP4332235B2 (ja) 1997-02-27 1998-02-27 Tnおよびstn液晶ディスプレイ

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19707956A DE19707956A1 (de) 1997-02-27 1997-02-27 TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE19707956A1 true DE19707956A1 (de) 1998-09-03

Family

ID=7821716

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE19707956A Ceased DE19707956A1 (de) 1997-02-27 1997-02-27 TN- und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US6056894A (enExample)
JP (1) JP4332235B2 (enExample)
KR (1) KR100553789B1 (enExample)
CN (1) CN1205500C (enExample)
DE (1) DE19707956A1 (enExample)
GB (1) GB2322631B (enExample)
TW (1) TW505687B (enExample)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19943649B4 (de) * 1998-09-12 2009-11-05 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium und seine Verwendung in Flüssigkristallanzeigen
CN113234454A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-08-10 重庆汉朗精工科技有限公司 一种液晶组合物及其应用

Families Citing this family (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100440837B1 (ko) * 1995-08-01 2004-09-18 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 액정매질
DE19707941B4 (de) * 1997-02-27 2007-04-26 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium
DE19707807A1 (de) * 1997-02-27 1998-09-03 Merck Patent Gmbh Elektrooptische Flüssigkristallanzeige
DE19733199A1 (de) 1997-08-01 1999-02-04 Merck Patent Gmbh Nematische Flüssigkristallzusammensetzung
DE19848098A1 (de) * 1997-11-28 1999-06-17 Merck Patent Gmbh STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige
EP1310541B1 (en) * 1998-11-19 2008-05-14 MERCK PATENT GmbH Supertwisted nematic liquid crystal displays
DE69925798D1 (de) * 1998-11-19 2005-07-21 Merck Patent Gmbh Supertwist-nematische Flüssigkristallanzeigen
DE19955940A1 (de) * 1998-11-28 2000-05-31 Merck Patent Gmbh TN- und HTN-Flüssigkristallanzeige
KR100679790B1 (ko) * 1999-02-17 2007-02-07 메르크 파텐트 게젤샤프트 미트 베쉬랭크터 하프퉁 활성 매트릭스 적용을 위한 네마틱 액정 조성물 및 반사성 액정 디스플레이
US6929832B2 (en) * 1999-03-03 2005-08-16 Merck Patent Gmbh Liquid-crystal medium, and electro-optical display containing the liquid-crystal medium
DE10018598A1 (de) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-02 Merck Patent Gmbh Elektrooptische Flüssigkristallanzeige
DE10020059A1 (de) * 1999-05-04 2001-01-11 Merck Patent Gmbh STN-Flüssigkristallanzeige
US6599589B1 (en) 1999-09-30 2003-07-29 Minolta Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal light display element using the same
CN1248033C (zh) * 2000-02-28 2006-03-29 默克专利股份有限公司 超扭转向列液晶显示器、液晶组合物和化合物
JP4744668B2 (ja) * 2000-03-31 2011-08-10 Agcセイミケミカル株式会社 光学活性化合物、それを含有する液晶組成物および液晶光学素子
DE10046754A1 (de) * 2000-09-21 2002-04-11 Merck Patent Gmbh TN-und STN-Flüssigkristallanzeigen
US6784955B2 (en) * 2001-10-01 2004-08-31 The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology Optically optimized permanently bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal displays
GB0225662D0 (en) * 2001-11-16 2002-12-11 Merck Patent Gmbh Liquid crystalline medium and liquid crystal display
TWI273130B (en) * 2002-10-09 2007-02-11 Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal display element
JP4514508B2 (ja) * 2003-10-29 2010-07-28 株式会社Adeka 液晶組成物及びstn型液晶素子
DE102004062962B4 (de) * 2004-01-19 2014-06-18 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium und ihre Verwendung in einerFlüssigkristallanzeige mit hoher Verdrillung
TWI461513B (zh) 2009-11-17 2014-11-21 Jnc Corp 液晶組成物及液晶顯示元件
WO2011158820A1 (ja) * 2010-06-16 2011-12-22 Jnc株式会社 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子
JP2013177561A (ja) 2012-02-03 2013-09-09 Jnc Corp 光配向性基を有する高分子組成物、該高分子組成物から形成される液晶配向膜及び該液晶配向膜から形成される位相差板を備えた液晶表示素子
US20160264866A1 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-09-15 Merck Patent Gmbh Liquid-crystalline medium
CN113801662B (zh) * 2020-06-16 2024-11-05 石家庄诚志永华显示材料有限公司 一种向列相液晶组合物、液晶显示元件及液晶显示器

Family Cites Families (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3835804B4 (de) * 1988-10-20 2006-12-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Nematische Flüssigkristallmischung
JPH02232622A (ja) * 1988-12-23 1990-09-14 Merck Patent Gmbh スーパーツイスト液晶表示体および液晶混合物
EP0393442A3 (de) * 1989-04-19 1991-08-14 MERCK PATENT GmbH Supertwist-Flüssigkristallanzeige
EP0460436B1 (en) * 1990-06-08 1997-03-12 MERCK PATENT GmbH Supertwist liquid-.crystal display
DE4032579A1 (de) * 1990-10-13 1992-04-16 Merck Patent Gmbh Supertwist-fluessigkristallanzeige
EP0494368B1 (de) * 1990-12-07 1999-01-20 MERCK PATENT GmbH Supertwist-Flüssigkristallanzeige
DE4119999A1 (de) * 1991-04-12 1992-10-15 Merck Patent Gmbh Supertwist-fluessigkristallanzeige
US5373374A (en) * 1992-09-21 1994-12-13 Xerox Corporation System for positioning multiple filters in a color raster input scanner
DE4411806B4 (de) * 1993-04-09 2013-11-28 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium
DE4414874A1 (de) * 1993-05-10 1994-11-17 Merck Patent Gmbh Benzolderivate und flüssigkristallines Medium
DE4441469B4 (de) * 1993-11-25 2007-10-18 Merck Patent Gmbh Neue nematische Flüssigkristallmischungen sowie deren Verwendung in STN-Flüssigkristallanzeigen
JP3579698B2 (ja) * 1994-09-06 2004-10-20 チッソ株式会社 液晶組成物およびこれを用いた液晶表示素子
WO1996023851A1 (de) * 1995-02-03 1996-08-08 Merck Patent Gmbh Elektrooptische flüssigkristallanzeige
CN1152331A (zh) * 1995-04-25 1997-06-18 智索股份有限公司 液晶组合物和液晶显示元件
JP3601190B2 (ja) * 1995-06-05 2004-12-15 チッソ株式会社 アルケニルシクロヘキサン誘導体および液晶組成物
JP3537265B2 (ja) * 1996-05-08 2004-06-14 チッソ株式会社 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子
JP3568320B2 (ja) * 1996-05-08 2004-09-22 チッソ株式会社 液晶組成物および液晶表示素子
JP3904094B2 (ja) * 1996-08-06 2007-04-11 大日本インキ化学工業株式会社 ネマチック液晶組成物及びこれを用いた液晶表示装置
JP4003091B2 (ja) * 1996-09-03 2007-11-07 大日本インキ化学工業株式会社 ネマチック液晶組成物及びこれを用いた液晶表示装置
WO1998013321A1 (en) * 1996-09-27 1998-04-02 Chisso Corporation Compound having alkadienyl group as side chain, and liquid crystal composition using same
DE19750957A1 (de) * 1996-11-30 1998-06-04 Merck Patent Gmbh Supertwist-Flüssigkristallanzeige
DE19651885B4 (de) * 1996-12-13 2010-09-23 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium und seine Verwendung in einer elektrooptischen Flüssigkristallanzeige
DE19709890A1 (de) * 1997-03-11 1998-09-17 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19943649B4 (de) * 1998-09-12 2009-11-05 Merck Patent Gmbh Flüssigkristallines Medium und seine Verwendung in Flüssigkristallanzeigen
CN113234454A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-08-10 重庆汉朗精工科技有限公司 一种液晶组合物及其应用

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2322631A (en) 1998-09-02
JPH10245560A (ja) 1998-09-14
KR19980071749A (ko) 1998-10-26
TW505687B (en) 2002-10-11
US6056894A (en) 2000-05-02
KR100553789B1 (ko) 2006-04-28
GB2322631B (en) 2001-02-21
CN1205500C (zh) 2005-06-08
JP4332235B2 (ja) 2009-09-16
GB9804136D0 (en) 1998-04-22
CN1192464A (zh) 1998-09-09

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