CN1501483A - 一种热界面材料及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是关于一种热界面材料,该热界面材料包括一聚合物材料和分布于该聚合物材料中的碳纳米管阵列,该碳纳米管阵列在垂直热界面材料方向形成导热通道,得到导热系数极高的热界面材料。另外,本发明还提供了该热界面材料的制造方法。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明关于一种热界面材料及其制造方法,尤指一种利用碳纳米管导热的热界面材料及其制造方法。
【背景技术】
近年来,随着半导体器件集成工艺的快速发展,半导体器件的集成化程度越来越高,而器件体积却变得越来越小,其散热成为一个越来越重要的问题,其对散热的要求也越来越高。为了满足这些需要,各种散热方式被大量的运用,如利用风扇散热、水冷辅助散热和热管散热等方式,并取得一定的散热效果,但由于散热器与半导体集成器件的接触界面并不平整,没有一个理想的接触界面,一般相互接触的只有不到2%面积,这从根本上极大的影响了半导体器件向散热器进行热传递的效果,从而在散热器与半导体器件的接触界面间增加一导热系数较高的热界面材料来增加界面的接触程度就显得十分必要。
传统的热界面材料是将一些导热系数较高的颗粒分散到聚合物材料中形成复合材料,如石墨、氮化硼、氧化硅、氧化铝、银或其它金属等。此种材料的导热性能在很大程度上取决于聚合物载体的性质。其中以油脂、相变材料为载体的复合材料因其使用时为液态而能与热源表面浸润故接触热阻较小,而以硅胶和橡胶为载体的复合材料的接触热阻就比较大。这些材料的一个普遍缺陷是整个材料的导热系数比较小,典型值在1W/mK,这已经越来越不能适应半导体集成化程度的提高对散热的需求,而增加聚合物载体中导热颗粒的含量使颗粒与颗粒尽量相互接触可以增加整个复合材料的导热系数,如某些特殊的界面材料因此可达到4-8W/mK,但当聚合物载体中导热颗粒的含量增加到一定程度时,会使聚合物失去所需的性能,如油脂会变硬,从而浸润效果会变差,橡胶也会变得硬,从而失去柔韧性,这都会使热界面材料性能大大降低。
近来有一种新的热界面材料,是将定向排列的导热系数约为1100W/mK的碳纤维一端或整个用聚合物固定在一起,从而在聚合物薄膜的垂直方向上形成定向排列的碳纤维阵列,这样每根碳纤维就可以形成一个导热通道,极大提高了这种聚合物薄膜的导热系数,可达到50-90W/mK。但这类材料的一个缺点是不能做得很薄,厚度必须在40微米以上,而整个材料的热阻与薄膜的厚度成正比,故它的热阻降低到一定的程度就难以再进一步降低。
为改善热界面材料的性能,提高其热传导系数,各种材料被广范的试验。Savas Berber等人2000年在美国物理学会上发表的一篇名为“Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes”的文章指出,“Z”形(10,10)碳纳米管在室温下导热系数可达6600W/mK,具体内容可参阅文献Phys.Rev.Lett,84,4613。
一种现有的利用碳纳米管导热特性的热界面材料由美国专利第6,407,922号揭示,其是将碳纳米管掺到基体材料中结成一体,然后通过模压方式制成热界面材料,该热界面材料的两导热表面的面积不相等,其中与散热器接触的一面面积大于与热源接触的一面的面积,这样可有利于散热器散热,但该方法制成的热界面材料有部分不足,其一,模压方式制成热界面材料较难做薄,一方面导致该热界面材料导热系数的降低,另一方面,增加该热界面材料的体积,不利于器件向小型化方向发展的需要,且使得热界面材料缺乏柔韧性;其二,该方法制成的热界面材料,碳纳米管没有有序的排列在基体材料中,其在基体材料中分布的均匀性较难得到保证,因而热传导的均匀性也受到影响,且也没有充分利用碳纳米管纵向导热的优势,影响了热界面材料的热传导系数。
因此,提供一种厚度薄、导热效果与柔韧性好且导热均匀的热界面材料十分必要。
【发明内容】
本发明的目的在于提供一种厚度薄、导热效果与柔韧性好,导热均匀的热界面材料。
本发明的另一目的是提供此种热界面材料的制造方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供一种热界面材料,其包括一聚合物材料和分布于该聚合物材料中的碳纳米管,其特征在于:该碳纳米管为一阵列结构,在该聚合物材料中沿同一方向平行排列。
其中,在该热界面材料中,碳纳米管阵列垂直于热界面材料的表面。
本发明的热界面材料的制造方法包括以下步骤:
(1)提供一碳纳米管阵列;
(2)将预聚物浸润于碳纳米管阵列;
(3)固化预聚物,生成分布有碳纳米管阵列的聚合物材料,形成热界面材料。
与现有技术相比较,本发明基于碳纳米管阵列导热的热界面材料具以下优点:其一,利用碳纳米管阵列制得的热界面材料,因碳纳米管阵列具有均匀、超顺、定向排列的优点,该热界面材料的每一根碳纳米管均在垂直热界面材料方向形成导热通道,使得碳纳米管的纵向导热特性得到最大限度的利用,因而可得到导热系数高且导热一致均匀的热界面材料;其二,利用本方法制得的热界面材料,因碳纳米管阵列的生长高度可任意控制,因而可以制得厚度极薄的热界面材料,一方面增加了热界面材料的导热效果,另一方面,增加了热界面材料的柔韧性,降低了热界面材料的体积及重量,利于整个器件安装向小型化方向发展的需要。
【附图说明】
图1是本发明中含有催化剂薄膜的基底的示意图。
图2是图1所示基底上生长定向排列的碳纳米管阵列的示意图。
图3是本发明碳纳米管阵列在预聚物中浸泡的示意图。
图4是本发明中浸有预聚物的碳纳米管阵列的固化的示意图。
图5是本发明中固化的碳纳米管阵列被揭起的过程示意图。
图6是本发明中含碳米管阵列的热界面材料的示意图。
图7是本发明的热界面材料应用示意图。
【具体实施方式】
本发明是将定向排列的碳纳米管阵列原位复合到聚合物中形成薄膜,使得碳纳米管定向均匀排列在聚合物中形成热界面材料。
请一并参阅图1和图2,首先是在一基底11上均匀形成一层催化剂薄膜12,其方法可利用热沉积、电子束沉积或溅射法来完成。基底11的材料可用玻璃、石英、硅或氧化铝。本实施例采用多孔硅,其表面有一层多孔层,孔的直径极小,一般小于3纳米。催化剂薄膜12的材料是铁,也可为其它材料,如氮化镓、钴、镍及其合金材料12的材料是铁,也可为其它材料,如氮化镓、钴、镍及其合金材料等。
然后,氧化催化剂薄膜12,形成催化剂颗粒(图未示),再将分布有催化剂的基底11放入反应炉中(图未示),在700~1000摄氏度下,通入碳源气,生长出碳纳米管阵列,其中碳源气可为乙炔、乙烯等气体,碳纳米管阵列的高度可通过控制生长时间来控制,一般的生长高度为1~100微米。有关碳纳米管阵列22生长的方法已较为成熟,具体可参阅文献Science,1999,283,512-414和文献J.Am.Chem.Soc,2001,123,11502-11503,此外美国专利第6,350,488号也公开了一种生长大面积碳纳米管阵列的方法。
请参阅图3,将预聚物32装进一容器30中,将已生长好的定向排列的碳纳米管阵列22连同基底11一起浸到预聚物32中,直至预聚物32完全浸润碳纳米管阵列22,预聚物32的完全浸润的时间同碳纳米管阵列22的高度、密度以及整个碳纳米管阵列22的面积相关。
请参阅图4、图5和图6,将被预聚物32浸润完全的碳纳米管阵列22连同基底11从容器30中取出,浸润在碳纳米管阵列22中的预聚物32在相对湿度≥40%条件下进行固化反应,24小时后,预聚物32固化形成聚合物34,再将该聚合物从基底11上进行脱膜,再经72小时后达到完全固化,形成热界面材料40,其厚度为100微米。
再请参阅图6,本方法形成热界面材料40,碳纳米管阵列22通过聚合物34固结在一体,使得碳纳米管阵列22在聚合物34中具有分布均匀、垂直排列的特点,在垂直薄膜方向形成导热通道,所形成的热界面材料40具有导热系数高、导热均匀的特点。
通过扫描电子显微镜图像已经证实,利用本方法制得的热界面材料40中原碳纳米管阵列22的形态基本未变,即碳纳米管阵列22的中碳纳米管的间距未变,且碳纳米管阵列没有聚集成束,保持了原有的定向排列的状态,并且此热界面材料40具有一般聚合物的良好柔韧性。
经检测,所合成的热界面材料40的抗拉强度为0.5~2MPa,断裂拉伸率为50~600%,同时具有耐油、耐热和抗老化的优良性能。
本发明中采用的预聚物32可为多元醇聚醚和异氰酸酯类化合物反应而成,其中多元醇聚醚的分子量范围在300~3000,官能度为2~4,异氰酸酯的分子量在100~300,官能度为2~3,其分子链节结构可以是脂肪族,也可为芳香族,通过调节多元醇聚醚和异氰酸酯的分子量和官能度比例,可以改变预聚物32的强度和韧性。
上述多元醇聚醚可以从以下所列方法中选取,但不限于这几种方法:(1)乙二醇为起始剂、经环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷扩链而成的聚醚二元醇;(2)甘油为起始剂、经环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷扩链而成的聚醚二元醇;(3)季戊四醇为起始剂,经环氧乙烷或环氧丙烷扩链而成的聚醚四元醇等。
上述异氰酸酯化合物可以从以下所列中选取:(1)芳香族的甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI);(2)脂肪族的已二异氰酸酯(HDI),异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI);(3)由上述的二异氰酸酯与三羟甲基丙烷形成的具有三官能度的异氰酸酯。
预聚物32合成的具体步骤如下:
首先,将所用的多元醇聚醚在100℃以上、最好在110℃~140℃进行真空脱水2小时左右;
然后,将一定质量的二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯加到装有搅拌器、温度计和带有干燥剂封端的冷凝器的反应瓶中搅拌,缓慢加热,待其融化后按理论计算比例加入混合多元醇聚醚以及部分经简单蒸馏脱水的乙酸乙酯,充分混合均匀。将温度缓慢升温至80-85℃左右反应。反应过程中每间隔一定时间取样,用AT-410型自动电位滴定仪进行电位滴定,测定反应体系的NCO(异氰酸根基团)含量。待该指标达到预定值后停止反应。
为了便于预聚物32充分浸润碳纳米管阵列22,其粘度的要求在100mps以下。调节预聚物32的粘度,可以在聚合体系中加入适量的惰性溶剂,在本实施例中加入惰性溶剂为乙酸乙酯,惰性溶剂也可为其它材料,包括低分子量的酯类,如乙酸丙酯、乙酸异戊酯等;酮类如丙酮、丁酮、环己酮等;卤代烃如二氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、四氯化碳等。惰性溶剂的用量可占预聚物32质量的0~20%,惰性溶剂的作用仅在于降低预聚物32的粘度,以利于对碳纳米管阵列22空隙的浸润。
请一并参阅图7,本发明制得的碳纳米管阵列热界面材料40具有极佳的导热系数,可广泛的应用在包括中央处理器(CPU)、功率晶体管、视频图形阵列芯片(VGA)、射频芯片在内的电子器件80中,热界面材料40置于电子器件80与散热器60之间,能提供电子器件80与散热器60之间一优良热接触,热界面材料40的第一表面42与电子器件80的表面(未标示)接触,与第一表面42相对应的热界面材料40的第二表面44与散热器60的底面(未标示)接触。由于本发明制得的碳纳米管阵列热界面材料40极薄,其厚度仅在微米级,具有较好的柔韧性,因而,即使在电子器件的表面参差不齐的情况下,本发明的热界面材料也能提供电子器件80与散热器60之间一良好的热接触。
为了装配配合的需要,本发明的包含碳纳米管阵列22的热界面材料40还可多层叠在一起使用,也能提供一较好的热传导效果。
Claims (12)
1.一种热界面材料,其包括一聚合物材料和分布于该聚合物材料中的碳纳米管,其特征在于:该碳纳米管为一阵列结构,在该聚合物材料中沿同一方向平行排列。
2.如权利要求1所述的热界面材料,其特征在于该碳纳米管阵列垂直于热界面材料的表面。
3.如权利要求1所述的热界面材料,其特征在于该热界面材料厚度在1~100微米。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的热界面材料的制造方法,其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)提供一碳纳米管阵列;
(2)将预聚物浸润于碳纳米管阵列;
(3)固化预聚物,生成分布有碳纳米管阵列的聚合物材料,形成热界面材料。
5.如权利要求4所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该预聚物粘度在100mps以下。
6.如权利要求4所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该预聚物为多元醇聚醚和异氰酸酯类化合物反应而成。
7.如权利要求6所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该多元醇聚醚的分子量为300-3000,官能度为2~4。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该多元醇聚醚可为聚醚二元醇、聚醚三元醇、聚醚四元醇之一。
9.如权利要求6所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该异氰酸酯的分子量在100-300,官能度为2~3。
10.如权利要求6或9所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该异氰酸酯化合物可为芳香族的甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI),二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),脂肪族的已二异氰酸酯(HDI),异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),或由上述二异氰酸酯与三羟甲基丙烷的形成的具有三官能度的异氰酸酯之一。
11.如权利要求4所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于该碳纳米管阵列生长在一基底上。
12.如权利要求4所述的热界面材料制造方法,其特征在于步聚(3)之后有一脱膜过程。
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JP4897188B2 (ja) | 2012-03-14 |
US6924335B2 (en) | 2005-08-02 |
US20040097635A1 (en) | 2004-05-20 |
CN1296994C (zh) | 2007-01-24 |
JP2004161996A (ja) | 2004-06-10 |
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