CN1451778A - 高温强度和耐蚀性优异的奥氏体不锈钢及其的耐热耐压部件与制法 - Google Patents
高温强度和耐蚀性优异的奥氏体不锈钢及其的耐热耐压部件与制法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1451778A CN1451778A CN03110437A CN03110437A CN1451778A CN 1451778 A CN1451778 A CN 1451778A CN 03110437 A CN03110437 A CN 03110437A CN 03110437 A CN03110437 A CN 03110437A CN 1451778 A CN1451778 A CN 1451778A
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- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 22
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 22
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 9
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000002929 anti-fatigue Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 12
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010960 cold rolled steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/005—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing rare earths, i.e. Sc, Y, Lanthanides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0205—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/10—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies
- C21D8/105—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of tubular bodies of ferrous alloys
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Abstract
Description
类别 | No. | 化学组成(单位:质量%、其余为Fe和杂质) | |||||||||||||||
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Ni | Cr | Mo | W | Ti | Nb | B | sol.Al | N | O | 其它 | ||
本发明例 | 1 | 0.035 | 0.13 | 1.98 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 35.03 | 20.53 | 0.01 | 6.98 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.0010 | 0.036 | 0.002 | 0.0045 | Ca:0.011 |
2 | 0.080 | 0.23 | 1.07 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 40.57 | 22.47 | 0.19 | 9.96 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.0096 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.0023 | - | |
3 | 0.115 | 0.47 | 1.21 | 0.023 | 0.001 | 49.97 | 27.98 | 0.44 | 4.07 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.0033 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.0030 | Mg:0.001,Zr:0.03 | |
4 | 0.062 | 0.57 | 1.36 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 41.35 | 25.05 | 0.32 | 7.85 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.0027 | 0.019 | 0.007 | 0.0025 | - | |
5 | 0.081 | 0.22 | 1.57 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 42.08 | 24.02 | 0.22 | 8.98 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.0042 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.0016 | Zr:0.12,Y:0.12 | |
6 | 0.076 | 0.11 | 0.52 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 44.21 | 23.49 | 0.09 | 6.75 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.0033 | 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.0017 | - | |
7 | 0.055 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 39.00 | 22.72 | 0.12 | 6.78 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.0056 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.0021 | Hf:0.08 | |
8 | 0.098 | 0.98 | 1.76 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 36.13 | 21.40 | 0.41 | 5.43 | 0.28 | 0.98 | 0.0008 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.0027 | Mg:0.002,Ca:0.023 | |
9 | 0.101 | 0.75 | 1.42 | 0.018 | 0.003 | 43.24 | 24.70 | 0.17 | 8.80 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.0044 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.0034 | - | |
10 | 0.127 | 0.44 | 1.37 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 38.75 | 23.75 | 0.25 | 8.01 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.0040 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.0047 | Ca:0.035 | |
11 | 0.078 | 0.32 | 1.03 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 39.09 | 24.85 | 0.31 | 7.90 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.0038 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.0036 | Nd:0.07,Ce:0.07 | |
12 | 0.070 | 0.25 | 0.95 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 49.08 | 26.42 | 0.10 | 6.61 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.0029 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.0011 | Zr:0.07 | |
13 | 0.089 | 0.20 | 0.85 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 42.12 | 25.01 | 0.16 | 7.22 | 0.09 | 0.37 | 0.0063 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.0022 | Y:0.05 | |
14 | 0.065 | 0.19 | 0.72 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 45.77 | 25.87 | 0.29 | 8.05 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.0022 | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.0028 | Mg:0.004 | |
15 | 0.052 | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 43.91 | 23.03 | 0.28 | 6.02 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.0036 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.0025 | Ca:0.004,Zr:0.11 | |
16 | 0.067 | 0.22 | 1.08 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 37.50 | 22.45 | 0.25 | 6.76 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.0023 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.0006 | - | |
17 | 0.076 | 0.35 | 1.36 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 42.00 | 21.70 | 0.21 | 7.03 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.0011 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.0032 | La:0.01,Ce:0.03,Mg:0.002 | |
18 | 0.053 | 0.21 | 1.20 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 41.72 | 24.52 | 0.24 | 7.24 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.0051 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.0021 | Ce:0.05 | |
19 | 0.073 | 0.40 | 1.06 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 40.31 | 23.71 | 0.31 | 7.35 | 0.17 | 0.60 | 0.0028 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.0024 | - | |
20 | 0.069 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.016 | 0.008 | 39.42 | 25.03 | 0.17 | 6.98 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.0010 | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.0015 | Pd:0.005 | |
比较例 | 21 | 0.075 | 0.56 | 1.42 | 0.038 | 0.003 | *19.85 | 24.47 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.023 | *0.075 | 0.0049 | |
22 | 0.067 | 0.37 | 1.20 | 0.025 | 0.002 | *12.75 | *17.85 | *2.38 | - | - | - | - | 0.022 | *0.058 | 0.0042 | ||
23 | 0.089 | 0.50 | 1.08 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 35.46 | 22.40 | 0.49 | 9.03 | *0.45 | 0.89 | 0.0025 | 0.018 | *0.055 | 0.0041 | ||
24 | 0.124 | 0.2 | 1.43 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 47.89 | 23.55 | *0.75 | 9.67 | 0.29 | 0.95 | 0.0018 | 0.003 | *0.041 | 0.0032 | ||
25 | 0.115 | 0.36 | 0.95 | 0.030 | 0.003 | 42.07 | 24.21 | 0.26 | 8.02 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.0045 | 0.018 | 0.018 | *0.0055 | ||
26 | 0.120 | 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.036 | 0.002 | 36.00 | 26.71 | 0.01 | 9.24 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.0037 | 0.002 | *0.079 | 0.0047 | ||
27 | 0.078 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 38.95 | 26.03 | 0.47 | *10.42 | 0.26 | 0.92 | 0.0021 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.0044 | ||
28 | 0.089 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 41.08 | 22.08 | 0.32 | 4.02 | 0.09 | 0.87 | *0.0116 | 0.004 | 0.019 | *0.0067 | ||
29 | 0.075 | 0.61 | 1.32 | 0.018 | 0.004 | 37.62 | 23.65 | 0.31 | 5.74 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.0046 | 0.003 | *0.029 | *0.0072 |
类别 | No. | 制造法 | 奥氏体晶粒 | 蠕变特性(750℃×1万小时) | ||
平均晶粒度序号 | 混合晶粒率(%) | |||||
断裂强度(MPa) | 断裂拉深率(%) | |||||
本发明例 | 1 | A | 4.2 | 0 | 87 | 67 |
2 | 3.6 | 0 | 95 | 72 | ||
3 | 4.5 | 0 | 114 | 57 | ||
4 | 4.7 | 0 | 88 | 66 | ||
5 | B | 4.9 | 5 | 98 | 78 | |
6 | 3.7 | 10 | 92 | 60 | ||
7 | 3.3 | 0 | 105 | 77 | ||
8 | C | 4.1 | 5 | 121 | 65 | |
9 | 3.1 | 0 | 90 | 71 | ||
10 | 4.2 | 0 | 96 | 70 | ||
11 | A | 5.1 | 10 | 101 | 75 | |
12 | 4.8 | 5 | 112 | 77 | ||
13 | 5.9 | 5 | 99 | 73 | ||
14 | 4.7 | 10 | 107 | 79 | ||
15 | B | 5.1 | 10 | 117 | 72 | |
16 | 4.3 | 5 | 94 | 68 | ||
17 | 5.3 | 0 | 114 | 75 | ||
18 | C | 4.3 | 5 | 101 | 68 | |
19 | 5.7 | 0 | 91 | 61 | ||
20 | 5.0 | 0 | 109 | 79 | ||
比较例 | 21 | C | 4.5 | 5 | 41* | 75 |
22 | C | 3.8 | 10 | 55* | 62 | |
23 | B | 8.2* | 30* | 68* | 4* | |
24 | C | 7.2* | 30* | 78* | 13* | |
25 | A | 5.7 | 25* | 77* | 19* | |
26 | B | 7.4* | 35* | 72* | 9* | |
27 | C | 7.8* | 10 | 74* | 11* | |
28 | A | 5.2 | 30* | 78* | 23* | |
29 | A | 6.8 | 35* | 45* | 7* |
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002114138 | 2002-04-17 | ||
JP2002114138 | 2002-04-17 |
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CN1451778A true CN1451778A (zh) | 2003-10-29 |
CN1274865C CN1274865C (zh) | 2006-09-13 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CNB031104371A Expired - Lifetime CN1274865C (zh) | 2002-04-17 | 2003-04-15 | 高温强度和耐蚀性优异的奥氏体不锈钢及其的耐热耐压部件与制法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6926778B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1357198B1 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100532877B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1274865C (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2425398C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60304077T2 (zh) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100445020C (zh) * | 2003-06-10 | 2008-12-24 | 住友金属工业株式会社 | 奥氏体系钢焊接接头 |
CN1950531B (zh) * | 2004-04-28 | 2010-05-05 | 杰富意钢铁株式会社 | 机械构造用部件及其制造方法 |
CN101429630B (zh) * | 2007-06-12 | 2010-09-15 | 江阴康瑞不锈钢制品有限公司 | 新型奥氏体冷镦不锈钢及其钢丝的制造方法 |
CN101285406B (zh) * | 2007-04-13 | 2010-11-03 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 高温蒸汽涡轮机设备 |
CN102245345A (zh) * | 2008-12-18 | 2011-11-16 | 株式会社钢臂功科研 | 奥氏体系焊接材料以及使用了该材料的应力腐蚀开裂预防维护方法和晶界腐蚀预防维护方法 |
CN101743336B (zh) * | 2007-03-29 | 2011-12-14 | 阿尔斯托姆科技有限公司 | 抗蠕变钢 |
CN101949474B (zh) * | 2010-02-05 | 2012-05-09 | 西峡县西泵特种铸造有限公司 | 一种耐热不锈钢排气管及其制备方法 |
CN102549183A (zh) * | 2009-09-16 | 2012-07-04 | 住友金属工业株式会社 | Ni基合金制品及其制造方法 |
CN102686757A (zh) * | 2009-12-10 | 2012-09-19 | 住友金属工业株式会社 | 奥氏体系耐热合金 |
CN102899582A (zh) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-30 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种高强度镍基耐蚀合金及其制造方法 |
CN101519757B (zh) * | 2008-02-25 | 2013-07-17 | 阿尔斯托姆科技有限公司 | 抗蠕变钢 |
CN103556073A (zh) * | 2013-10-30 | 2014-02-05 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | 一种700℃级超超临界火电机组再热器用高温合金铸管材料及其制备方法 |
US8801877B2 (en) | 2008-06-16 | 2014-08-12 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Austenitic heat resistant alloy, heat resistant pressure member comprising the alloy, and method for manufacturing the same member |
CN105986195A (zh) * | 2015-02-09 | 2016-10-05 | 宝钢特钢有限公司 | 一种新型抗点蚀耐热镍基合金 |
CN106795610A (zh) * | 2015-06-05 | 2017-05-31 | 新日铁住金株式会社 | 奥氏体不锈钢 |
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- 2003-04-15 CN CNB031104371A patent/CN1274865C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-16 US US10/414,306 patent/US6926778B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-04-16 EP EP03008925A patent/EP1357198B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20030198567A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
US6926778B2 (en) | 2005-08-09 |
EP1357198A1 (en) | 2003-10-29 |
KR100532877B1 (ko) | 2005-12-01 |
CN1274865C (zh) | 2006-09-13 |
DE60304077T2 (de) | 2006-10-26 |
EP1357198B1 (en) | 2006-03-22 |
CA2425398A1 (en) | 2003-10-17 |
CA2425398C (en) | 2008-06-17 |
DE60304077D1 (de) | 2006-05-11 |
KR20030082387A (ko) | 2003-10-22 |
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