CN1351521A - 具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜和用该膜回收氧化锗的方法 - Google Patents

具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜和用该膜回收氧化锗的方法 Download PDF

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CN1351521A
CN1351521A CN00807885A CN00807885A CN1351521A CN 1351521 A CN1351521 A CN 1351521A CN 00807885 A CN00807885 A CN 00807885A CN 00807885 A CN00807885 A CN 00807885A CN 1351521 A CN1351521 A CN 1351521A
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斋藤恭一
佐藤克行
秋叶光雄
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Abstract

一种能形成螯合物的多孔中空纤维膜,其特征在于通过使辐射接枝到聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜上的环氧化合物的残基与能和所述残基反应的化合物进行反应,得到具有式(1)和(2)结构的残基,以及一种回收氧化锗的方法,其特征在于使用上述中空纤维膜收集水溶液中所含的氧化锗,然后洗脱该氧化物。

Description

具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜和 用该膜回收氧化锗的方法
                    发明领域
本发明涉及一种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜以及用该多孔中空纤维膜回收氧化锗的方法。
                    背景技术
锗是在各种领域中不可缺少的一种元素,它是用于开发高科技工业例如光纤、太阳能电池等的材料,或作为在制备聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯树脂中的聚合反应助催化剂,或作为制备生物活性物质的原料。
最近,锗的供应已不能满足需求,供求出现不平衡,这种情况是一个严重的问题。在日本,锗的供应基本上依赖于进口。所以,如果可以通过任何方法能将已完全废弃作为废料的锗回收,将改善锗的供求平衡,而从能源再利用的角度而言也是优选的。
但是迄今为止,还没有提出任何有效的回收锗的方法,特别是回收其本身已用作催化剂或作为各种用途中锗原料的氧化锗的方法;这种有效方法的开发是所希望的。
本发明的目的是解决上述现有技术的问题,并提供一种能经济有效地回收已用锗、特别是完全作为废料被废弃的氧化锗的多孔中空纤维膜,以及一种用这种多孔中空纤维膜经济有效地回收锗、特别是氧化锗的方法。
                     发明公开
本发明用于实现上述目的的多孔中空纤维膜的特征在于通过使含环氧基的化合物的残基在聚乙烯制成的多孔中空纤维膜上与能和所述残基反应的化合物进行辐射诱导接枝聚合反应,得到具有下式结构的残基:(其中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基)或得到具有下式结构的残基:
Figure A0080788500052
本发明使用该多孔中空纤维膜回收氧化锗的方法的特征在于使氧化锗的水溶液与上述具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜接触,使得具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜捕捉水溶液中所含的氧化锗,然后将捕捉的氧化锗溶解入酸性溶液中。
                    附图简述
图1是用于检测多孔中空纤维膜对氧化锗吸附性的渗透装置的示意图。
图2是吸附曲线,每条曲线表示当使氧化锗水溶液渗透过多孔中空纤维膜时的锗吸附量。
图3显示pH与IDE膜的锗吸附性的关系曲线。
图4显示高容量IDE膜的氧化锗吸附性曲线。
图5显示流量与IDE膜吸附性的关系曲线。
图6显示在重复使用时IDE膜的吸附性曲线。
图7显示从IDE膜的溶解性曲线。
              实施本发明的最佳方式
下面将详细描述本发明。
用于本发明的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜是聚乙烯制成的、具有大量连接内壁和外壁的孔的中空纤维膜(也称作冲空纱”或“中空纤维”),可以通过收缩或拉伸的方法来生产。可以方便地使用市售产品作为这种膜。
为了生产本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,使含环氧基的化合物在上述聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜上进行聚合。该聚合反应通过辐射诱导接枝聚合来进行。
在辐射诱导接枝聚合中,通过采用辐射例如电子束、γ-射线等产生聚乙烯自由基,该自由基与单体(在本发明中是含环氧基的化合物)反应。
作为含环氧基的化合物,可以提及的例如是甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。当该化合物在上述聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜上进行辐射诱导接枝聚合时,可以获得具有环氧基化合物残基的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜,其具有以下结构。
Figure A0080788500061
当含环氧基的化合物是例如甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯时,其用量是约4.0摩尔环氧基/千克所得的多孔中空纤维膜。通过控制含环氧基的化合物的用量,可以控制在所得多孔中空纤维膜中的环氧基的量。
然后,在第一种情况下,在具有环氧基化合物残基的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜中,环氧基化合物的残基与能和该残基反应的化合物反应,得到具有下式结构的残基:
Figure A0080788500062
从而得到本发明的第一种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜。
在上式中,R1和R2可以相同或不同,各自是氢原子或低级烷基。
用于获得上述第一种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物不是重要的,只要能得到具有上式结构的残基即可。该化合物包括例如2,2-亚氨基二乙醇和二-2-丙醇胺。
当使用2,2-亚氨基二乙醇时,本发明的第一种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜具有以下结构:
Figure A0080788500071
当使用二-2-丙醇胺时,本发明的第一种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜具有以下结构:
Figure A0080788500072
第一种多孔中空纤维膜可以例如如下制备:将具有环氧基化合物残基的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜浸入用于获得第一种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物的溶液中,将后一种化合物加合到聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜的环氧基上。在所得的第一种多孔中空纤维膜中螯合物形成的量可以通过控制用于获得第一种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物的量来控制。
当本发明的具有螯合物形成性的第一种多孔中空纤维膜用于氧化锗时,该膜捕捉氧化锗,形成如下所示的锗烷结构(germatrane)。
Figure A0080788500081
同时,在第二种情况下,在具有环氧基化合物残基的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜中,环氧基化合物的残基与能和该残基反应的化合物反应,得到具有下式结构(顺-1,2-二醇结构)的残基:
Figure A0080788500082
从而得到本发明的第二种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜。
用于获得上述第二种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物不是重要的,只要能得到具有上式结构的残基即可。该化合物包括例如N-甲基葡糖胺和3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇。
当使用N-甲基葡糖胺时,本发明的第二种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜具有以下结构:
Figure A0080788500083
当使用3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇时,本发明的第二种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜具有以下结构:
Figure A0080788500091
第二种多孔中空纤维膜可以例如如下制备:将具有环氧基化合物残基的聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜浸入用于获得第二种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物的溶液中,将后一种化合物加合到聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜的环氧基上。在所得的第二种多孔中空纤维膜中螯合物形成的量可以通过控制用于获得第二种多孔中空纤维膜的化合物的量来控制。
当本发明的具有螯合物形成性的第二种多孔中空纤维膜用于氧化锗时,该膜捕捉氧化锗,形成如下所示的顺-1,2-二醇结构。
Figure A0080788500093
在用本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜回收锗的过程中,首先,使含有例如氧化锗的水溶液与具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜接触以使该膜捕捉氧化锗。具体地说,使含有例如氧化锗的水溶液从内壁到外壁渗透过本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜。
含有氧化锗的水溶液由内壁到外壁从多孔中空纤维膜的渗透可以例如如下进行:用氢氧化钠或盐酸将0.01重量%氧化锗水溶液的pH调节至3-12,以在特定的压力和特定温度下渗透,然后必要的是用水洗涤所得的膜。
通过氧化锗水溶液由内壁到外壁从多孔中空纤维膜的渗透,氧化锗形成上述锗烷结构或上述具有顺-1,2-二醇结构的配合物,并被本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜所捕捉。
最后,被捕捉的氧化锗溶解入酸性溶液中,以从氧化锗水溶液中完全回收氧化锗。作为酸性溶液,可以提及的是例如约1M的盐酸。
被捕捉的氧化锗洗脱入酸性溶液,可以例如通过使酸性溶液由内壁到外壁渗透过多孔中空纤维膜来进行,就如在捕捉氧化锗的情况下那样。
本发明将通过以下实施例进一步描述。
1.具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜的制备
将聚乙烯制成的多孔中空纤维膜(内径=1.8毫米,外径=3.1毫米,孔径=0.3微米,孔隙率=70%)用200KGy辐射在室温下在氮气氛中辐射。经辐射的膜置于装有甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的甲醇溶液的玻璃壶中,在40℃下进行甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的接枝聚合,得到含有4.0摩尔环氧基/千克GMA膜的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯膜(下文中称作GMA膜)。
1-1)亚氨基二乙醇膜的制备
将上述通过辐射诱导接枝聚合得到的GMA膜在338K(65℃)下浸入50体积%亚氨基二乙醇的水溶液中,以将亚氨基二乙醇基团加合到GMA膜的环氧基上(所得的膜下文中称作IDE膜)。
1-2)二异丙醇胺膜的制备
将GMA膜在338K(65℃)下浸入1M的二异丙醇胺水溶液中,以将二异丙醇胺基团加合到GMA膜的环氧基上(所得的膜下文中称作DPA膜)。
1-3)N-甲基葡糖胺膜的制备
将GMA膜在353K(80℃)下浸入含有0.5M的N-甲基葡糖胺和50v/v%二噁烷-水的溶液中,以将N-甲基葡糖胺基团加合到GMA膜的环氧基上(所得的膜下文中称作NMG膜)。
1-4)3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇膜的制备
将GMA膜在353K(80℃)下浸入含有1M的3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇和50v/v%二噁烷-水的溶液中,以将3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇基团加合到GMA膜的环氧基上(所得的膜下文中称作APD膜)。
2.具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜的结构的确定
用红外光谱(IR)确定上述得到的膜的结构。即,通过将GMA膜转化成IDE膜、DPA膜、NMG膜和APD膜,环氧基在847cm-1和909cm-1处的吸收峰消失,并在3000-3500cm-1出现新的吸收峰。每种膜的IR光谱数据如下给出。GMA膜(基本材料的接枝度=155.5%)
2920cm-1,2851cm-1(CH的伸缩振动)
1734cm-1(CO基团)
1490cm-1,1262cm-1,约1150cm-1,995cm-1
762cm-1
909cm-1(环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动)
847cm-1(环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动)IDE膜(转化率=98%)
3000-3500cm-1(OH基团)
2917cm-1,2851cm-1(CH的伸缩振动)
1725cm-1(CO基团)
1474cm-1,1250cm-1,约1163cm-1,1068cm-1
环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动吸收峰消失。DPA膜(转化率=90%)
3000-3500cm-1(OH基团)
2919cm-1,2851cm-1(CH的伸缩振动)
1728cm-1(CO基团)
1474cm-1,1271cm-1,1150cm-1,995cm-1
环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动吸收峰消失。NMG膜(转化率=82%)
3000-3500cm-1(OH基团)
2919cm-1,2851cm-1(CH的伸缩振动)
1717cm-1(CO基团)
1474cm-1,1260cm-1,1170cm-1,1084cm-1
环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动吸收峰消失。APD膜(转化率=68%)
3000-3500cm-1(OH基团)
2919cm-1,2851cm-1(CH的伸缩振动)
1725cm-1(CO基团)
1474cm-1,1269cm-1,1168cm-1
环氧基的不对称环伸缩振动吸收峰消失。
3.具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜对氧化锗的吸附性
将上述四种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,即IDE膜、DPA膜、NMG膜和APD膜置于图1所示的渗透装置中。然后,在以下三种操作中,在恒压(0.1MPa)和恒温(24℃)下,使以下三种溶液按照以下顺序渗透过这些膜。
1)吸附操作:0.01重量%氧化锗水溶液(用氢氧化钠和盐酸将pH调节至3-12)
2)洗涤操作:水
3)洗脱操作:1M盐酸
对于每个操作,将渗透后的溶液连续地收集到试管中;通过苯基荧光酮法检测渗透后的最终溶液的锗浓度;由进料溶液的锗浓度与渗透后溶液的锗浓度之差计算出被多孔中空纤维膜吸附的锗量。
4.结果
4-1)锗吸附量的比较
当使氧化锗水溶液渗透过每种多孔中空纤维膜(IDE膜、DPA膜、NMG膜或APD膜)时,锗的吸附量如图2的吸附量曲线所示;当氧化锗水溶液的初始pH值是4.6时,每种多孔中空纤维膜的吸附性如表1所示。表1
中空纤维膜(官能团)    初始pH    吸附量(mmol/g)    洗脱量(mmol/g)   洗脱率(%)     结合的摩尔比(Ge量/官能团的量)
  DPA膜     4.6     1.0     1.0     99          0.74
  NMG膜     4.6     0.6     0.6     100          0.55
  APD膜     4.6     0.6     0.5     73          0.42
  IDE膜     4.6     1.2     1.2     99          0.85
    3.2     1.1     1.1     100          0.70
    7.8     1.2     1.2     100          0.88
    11.7     0.1     0.1     99          0.26
由图2和表1可见,IDE膜得到最高的吸附量(1.2摩尔/千克膜),IDE膜和DPA膜的吸附性高于NMG膜和APD膜的吸附性。
以上“DEV(无尺寸的洗脱体积)”指(渗透后溶液的量)/(除中空部分以外的膜体积)。
洗脱率在所有多孔中空纤维膜中接近100%,这表示它们可以重复吸收和解吸。
4-2)pH与IDE膜的锗吸附性的关系
图3显示当氧化锗水溶液(加入IDE膜中)的初始pH是3.2-11.7时,pH与IDE膜的锗吸附量的关系。由图3和表1可见,在3-12的初始pH范围内,氧化锗的吸附量有变化。在pH为7.8时,结合的锗与IDE基团的摩尔比是0.88,这是在pH为11.7时该比率的约3.4倍。这表明氧化锗的吸附量随着氧化锗水溶液的初始pH而变化,并在pH为7.8时最好。
5.高容量IDE膜的氧化锗吸附量
5-1)氧化锗吸附量的比较
具有较高GMA接枝度和向IDE基团的较高转化率(官能团密度=2.9摩尔/千克)的、用于较高度吸附的高容量IDE膜在初始pH为7.1下进行与上述相同的吸附实验。所得的氧化锗的穿透曲线如图4所示。图4还显示,为了比较,在最佳条件(官能团密度=1.3摩尔/千克)下,在上述吸附实验中得到的穿透曲线。
如图4所示,高容量IDE膜能以高容量吸附氧化锗。
5-2)与具有甘露糖侧链的脱乙酰壳多糖树脂或与N-2,3-二羟丙基脱乙酰壳多糖树脂的比较
比较高容量IDE膜和具有甘露糖侧链的脱乙酰壳多糖树脂或N-2,3-二羟丙基脱乙酰壳多糖树脂(已知这些树脂能吸附金属,Chitin-Chitosan Study,第4卷,第2期,1998)的氧化锗吸附量。结果如表2所示。由表2可见,高容量IDE膜给出的氧化锗吸附量为2.7摩尔/千克(196克/千克),这是普通IDE膜的氧化锗吸附量的约2.3倍,并高于脱乙酰壳多糖类树脂的氧化锗吸附量。表2
    锗吸附剂     基础树脂   初始pH   吸附量(摩尔/千克)   洗脱量(摩尔/千克)   洗脱率(%)   接枝度(%)   转化率(%)
    IDE膜   聚乙烯     7.1     2.7     2.7     100     213     86
   带甘露糖侧链的脱乙酰壳多糖树脂   脱乙酰壳多糖     7.2     2.4
  N-2,3-二羟丙基脱乙酰壳多糖树脂   脱乙酰壳多糖     3.9     1.4
5-3)流量与IDE膜吸附量的关系使氧化锗水溶液(初始pH=6.3)以5、10、25和50毫升/分钟的流速渗透过IDE膜。所得的Ge穿透曲线如图5所示。当流速升高到10倍时,穿透曲线的形状没有变化,所以吸附量没有变化。这表明在与膜厚度方向相垂直的方向上的扩散传递阻力可以忽略。同样,氧化锗的吸附量是0.99摩尔/千克(72.1克/千克)(是平均值的4倍),结合的氧化锗与DetA基团(二乙基氨基部分)的摩尔比是0.72。
5-4)重复使用时IDE膜的吸附性
对于IDE膜,吸收-洗脱-再生循环重复进行6次(6个循环)。每次循环后的洗脱率以及在第3、4、5和6次循环之后的结合摩尔比如图6所示。单个循环之后的洗脱率恒定在约100%,在第3、4、5和6次循环之后的锗吸附量没有变化。所以,显然,IDE膜能重复进行吸收-洗脱-再生循环,即使当吸收-洗脱-再生循环次数增加时,吸附容量和洗脱率也保持不变,所以IDE膜是工业上有用的吸附剂。
5-5)从IDE膜的溶解性
为了检测从IDE膜的溶解性,使氧化锗水溶液(初始pH=6.3)渗透过IDE膜,然后在这样的条件下进行洗脱操作,使得洗脱操作之后溶液的体积占渗透之后溶液体积的1/10。所得的洗脱曲线如图7所示。可以将洗脱之后溶液的峰值浓度浓缩到进料溶液浓度的约45倍;90%的被吸附的氧化锗可以用3倍于膜体积(约0.4毫升)的1M盐酸溶解,100%的被吸附的氧化锗可以用30倍于膜体积(约0.4毫升)的1M盐酸溶解。
所以,本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜能有效地吸附氧化锗。通过使用这种形式的多孔中空纤维膜,可以迅速回收氧化锗,且该膜可以大量重复使用。
工业应用性
本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜带有具有螯合物形成性的基团,例如三乙醇胺结构或二元醇或多元醇结构,所以能高效率地吸附氧化锗。
进一步,被本发明的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜所吸附的氧化锗,当进行酸处理时,能基本上100%溶解;所以,本发明的膜能重复用于吸附和解吸氧化锗。

Claims (5)

1.一种具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,其特征在于通过使含环氧基的化合物的残基在聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜上与能和所述残基反应的化合物进行辐射诱导接枝聚合反应,得到具有下式结构的残基:
Figure A0080788500021
(其中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基)或得到具有下式结构的残基:
2.根据权利要求1的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,其中进行辐射诱导接枝聚合的含环氧基的化合物是甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。
3.根据权利要求1的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,其中能给出具有下式结构的残基的化合物是2,2-亚氨基二乙醇或二-2-丙醇胺。
4.根据权利要求1的具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜,其中能给出具有下式结构的残基的化合物是N-甲基葡糖胺或3-氨基-1,2-丙二醇。
Figure A0080788500031
5.一种使用具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜回收氧化锗的方法,其特征在于使氧化锗的水溶液与具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜接触,其中该多孔中空纤维膜如下制备:使含环氧基的化合物的残基在聚乙烯多孔中空纤维膜上与能和所述残基反应的化合物进行辐射诱导接枝聚合反应,得到具有下式结构的残基:(其中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基)或得到具有下式结构的残基:
Figure A0080788500033
以使具有螯合物形成性的多孔中空纤维膜捕捉水溶液中所含的氧化锗,然后将捕捉的氧化锗溶解入酸性溶液中。
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DE60016913D1 (de) 2005-01-27
IL146343A (en) 2005-06-19
EP1179367B1 (en) 2004-12-22
EP1179367A1 (en) 2002-02-13
DE60016913T2 (de) 2006-01-12
CN1130267C (zh) 2003-12-10
DE60016913T8 (de) 2006-04-27
CA2373083C (en) 2009-01-27
WO2000067905A1 (fr) 2000-11-16
EP1179367A4 (en) 2002-07-31
AU775901B2 (en) 2004-08-19
KR100597290B1 (ko) 2006-07-04
CA2373083A1 (en) 2000-11-16
JP3924392B2 (ja) 2007-06-06
RU2243027C2 (ru) 2004-12-27

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