CN1289466C - 药用化合物 - Google Patents
药用化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1289466C CN1289466C CNB008140499A CN00814049A CN1289466C CN 1289466 C CN1289466 C CN 1289466C CN B008140499 A CNB008140499 A CN B008140499A CN 00814049 A CN00814049 A CN 00814049A CN 1289466 C CN1289466 C CN 1289466C
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Abstract
具有通式(I):A-B-N(O)S的化合物或其盐,其中:s为一个等于1或2的整数;A=R-T1-,其中R为药物残基而T1=(CO)t或(X)t′,其中X=O、S、NR1C,R1C为H或直链或支链烷基,或为自由价,t和t′为整数并等于零或1,前提是当t′=0时,t=1;当t′=1时,t=0;B=-TB-X2-O-,其中当t=0时TB=(CO),当t′=0时TB=X,X如上定义;X2为这样的二价基团,它使得A的前体药物和B的前体分别满足本说明书中描述的药理学试验。
Description
本发明涉及全身和非全身使用的新药,并涉及其组合物,该组合物用于中等强度的氧化应激反应(oxidative stress)和内皮机能障碍。
氧化应激反应意味着自由基或自由基化合物的产生,自由基或自由基化合物造成细胞和周围组织的伤害(病理生理学:成人和儿童疾病的生物学基础(Pathophysiology:the biological basis for disease inadults and children),McCance & Huether 1998,48-54页)。
内皮机能障碍意味着与血管内皮有关的那些机能障碍。按照下文描述(病理生理学:成人和儿童疾病的生物学基础,McCance &Huether 1998,1025页),已知血管内皮的损伤是可以引起一系列影响各种器官和身体器官的病理过程的那些重要事件之一。
正如已知的那样,氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍与各种此后报道的各种病理过程有关。许多药物的毒性也可以引起氧化应激反应,这极大地影响了它们的性能。
所述病理事件具有慢性的、使虚弱的特征并且往往是十分典型的老年特征。正如已经描述的,在所述的病理性疾病中使用的药物显示出一种显著的恶化特性。
由氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍引起的病理学状态(或存在于老年人中)的实例如下:
-对于心血管系统:在一般情况下的心肌和血管局部缺血、高血压、中风、动脉硬化等。
-对于结缔组织:类风湿性关节炎和结缔组织的炎性疾病等。
-对于肺部系统:哮喘和结缔组织的炎性疾病等。
-对于胃肠系统:溃疡和非溃疡消化不良,肠道炎性疾病等。
-对于中枢神经系统:阿尔滋海默氏病等。
-对于泌尿生殖系统:阳痿、失禁。
-对于皮肤系统:湿疹、神经性皮炎、痤疮。
-一般性的感染性疾病(参阅:Schwarz-KB,Brady“在病毒感染期间的氧化应激反应:综述(Oxidative stress during viral infection:Areview)”Free radical Biol.Med.21/5,641-649 1996)。
另外,可认为衰老的过程是一种真正的病理性症状(参阅病理生理学:成人和孩子疾病的生物学基础,71-77页)。
当给予患有与氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍有关的病变的患者已知的药物时,显示出较低的活性和/或较高的毒性。
例如对于如抗炎药物、心血管药物、呼吸器官药物、中枢神经系统药物、骨系统药物、抗生素、泌尿生殖药物、内分泌药物等,就会发生这种情况。
药物研究涉及寻找对上述那些病理性症状具有改善的治疗指数(功效/毒性比)或较低的风险/利益比的新分子,其中很多药物的治疗指数降低了。实际上,在上述氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍的症状中许多药物显示较低的活性和/或较高的毒性。
例如抗炎药,如NSAIDs和anticolitic药物,如5-氨基水杨酸及其衍生物,显示出以下缺点。NSAIDs引起中毒,特别是当有机体虚弱或受到与氧化应激反应有关的疾病状态的影响时。所述疾病举例如下:年老、已存在的溃疡、已存在的胃出血、虚弱的慢性疾病,详细地说如那些影响心血管的疾病、肾脏器官的疾病、出血体质(haematic crasis)的疾病等。(“米索前列醇降低接受非甾体抗炎药的类风湿性关节炎患者的严重胃肠道并发症。一个随机的、双盲的、安慰剂-对照试验”F.E.Silverstein等,Ann.Intern.Med.123/4,241-9,1995;Martindale 31a ed.1996,73页,当代医学诊断和治疗(CurrentMedical Diagnosis and Treatment)1998,431和794页)。
为了避免显著的毒性现象,在给予上述病理性疾病的患者抗炎药时只能使用比治疗所用剂量低的药物。因此,抗炎活性很差。
用于心绞痛、高血压和心率不齐治疗的β-受体阻滞剂显示对呼吸器官的副作用(呼吸困难、支气管缩小),因而它们可能在受到病变影响的患者中引起所述器官的问题(哮喘、支气管炎)。因此,β-受体阻滞剂进一步使呼吸道疾病如哮喘恶化。因此,为了不进一步危害呼吸道的功能,在哮喘病人中使用的所述药物剂量必须降低。因而,使β-受体阻滞剂的效果大大降低。
用于预防血栓现象的抗血栓形成药物,如双嘧达莫、阿司匹林等,具有同样的缺点。在受到与氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍有关的病变影响的患者中,这些药物的治疗作用或耐受性正如在阿司匹林中的情形一样被大大降低了。
将支气管扩张药如沙丁胺醇等用于哮喘和支气管炎的治疗并且将激活胆碱能系统的药物用于如胆碱能的尿失禁的病变。它们的给予可产生类似的影响心血管器官的副作用,引起心脏病患者和高血压患者的问题。如上所述心脏病和高血压是与氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍有关的病变。如上所述这些药物也显示了同样的缺点。
用于治疗呼吸器官炎症的祛痰剂和粘液溶解药物在受到上述疾病影响的患者中显示出不足。它们的给予可引起胃灼热和胃刺激,特别是在老年人中。
骨吸收抑制剂如二膦酸盐(如阿仑膦酸盐等)是显示高胃肠毒性的药物。因此这些药物也可显示如上所述的相同缺点。
用于心血管和呼吸系统疾病的膦酸二酯酶抑制剂,如sildenafil、扎普司特的特征在于,在所述的氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍的病理性疾病中具有类似的耐受性和/或功效性问题。
抗过敏的药物,如西替利嗪、montelukast等,在所述病理性疾病中显示了类似的问题,特别是对涉及它们的效果的药物而言。
抗血管紧张素药物如ACE-抑制剂,如依那普利、卡托普利等和受体抑制剂如氯沙坦等用于心血管疾病的治疗。它们的缺点就是在上述病理性疾病中给呼吸器官带来副作用(如咳嗽等)。
抗糖尿病药物,胰岛素敏感的和降低血糖的两种类型药物,如磺酰脲类、甲苯磺丁脲、格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列本脲、烟酰胺等在预防糖尿病并发症中是无效的。它们的给予会带来副作用如胃的损害。这些现象在上述病理性疾病中变得更加严重。
抗生素如氨苄西林、克拉霉素等和抗病毒的药物阿昔洛韦等显示出涉及它们的耐受性的问题,例如,它们引起胃肠道过敏。
抗肿瘤的药物如多柔比星、柔红霉素、顺铂等对于不同的器官具有高毒性,在这些器官之中有胃和肠。所述毒性使上述氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍的病变进一步恶化。
抗痴呆的药物如烟碱和colinomimetics的特征在于具有差的耐受性,特别是在上述病变中。
用于治疗急性疾病(哮喘等)或慢性疾病(肠道疾病、肝病、呼吸系统疾病、女性生殖性器官疾病、激素紊乱、皮肤疾病等)的具有甾体结构的药物的特征在于其影响各种器官,尤其是上述氧化应激反应病变的器官的明显毒性作用。
此类甾族药物对各种器官具有明显的药理(farmaco)-毒理学作用,因此临床应用及其停药都引起一系列副作用,其中有些副作用是严重的,在此类药物中有氢化可的松、可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、氟氢可的松、去氧皮质酮、甲泼尼龙、曲安西龙、帕拉米松、倍他米松、地塞米松、曲安奈德、氟轻松、倍氯米松、乙酰氧基孕烯诺酮(acetoxy-pregnelone)等。参见例如,Goodman和Gilman,“治疗学的药物基础(The pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics)”第九版,1459-1465页,1996。
在这些毒性作用中,可以提及的有:影响骨组织导致细胞代谢改变和骨质疏松高发生率的毒性作用;影响心血管系统产生高血压反应的毒性作用;影响胃肠道器官造成胃损伤的毒性作用。
参见例如,Martindale“The extrapharmacopoeia”第30版,712-723页,1993。
用于肝病治疗和胆绞痛的胆汁酸也属于甾族药物。熊去氧胆酸也被用于某些肝病(胆汁性肝硬化等)的治疗。它们的耐受性在出现胃肠道并发症(慢性肝损伤、消化性溃疡、肠道炎症等)时变得很差。另外,在胆汁酸的情况下,氧化应激反应明显影响产品的性能:鹅去氧胆酸和熊去氧胆酸的效果和耐受性均显著降低。特别是,影响肝的不需要的作用得到加强。在甾体结构中,还可以提及用于dislipidaemia、激素疾病、女性器官肿瘤治疗的雌激素。这些甾体药物也显示出如上所述的副作用,尤其是在肝的水平上。
根据上述的先有技术,把治疗作用与副作用分开似乎是不可能的,见Goodman等,上文已提及,1474页。
意识到需要获得显示改善的治疗性能的药物,即具有较低的毒性和/或较高的功效的药物,以便可以将它们给予患有中等强度的氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍的病变的患者而不显示先有技术药物的缺点。
令人惊奇地和出乎预料地发现,对当受到氧化应激反应和/或内皮机能障碍影响的病人或通常对老年人给药后出现的上述问题,可通过下文所述的一类新的药物来解决。
本发明的一个目的就是具有以下通式(I)的化合物或它们的盐:
A-B-N(O)s (I)
其中:
s为一个等于1或2的整数,优选s=2;
A=R-T1-,其中
R为药物残基而
T1=(CO)t或(X)t′,其中X=O、S、NR1C,R1C为H或直链的或支链的烷基,所述烷基具有1到6个碳原子,或为自由价,t和t′为整数并等于零或1,前提是当t′=0时,t=1;
当t′=1时,t=0;
B=TB-X2-O-,其中
当t=0时TB=(CO),当t′=0时TB=X,X如上定义;
X2为这样的二价基团,它使得B的相应的前体不满足试验5,但满足试验4A;所述前体具有式-TB-X2-OH,其中TB=(CO)和t=0,TB的自由价由:
其中ZI和ZII彼此相同或不同,具有Z的定义,当TB=X和t’=0时,TB的自由价由氢饱和;
前提是:
所述药物A=R-T1-应满足试验1-3中的至少一个,其中自由价如下文所述被饱和:
-当t’=0,由:
-O-Z饱和,其中Z=H或R1a如上定义,或由饱和,
ZI和ZII如上定义,
-当t=0,由X-Z饱和,其中X和Z如上定义;
-其中试验1(NEM)是一个体内试验,在4组大鼠(每组由10只大鼠组成)中进行,对照组(两个组)和处理组(两个组)中,一组对照组和一组治疗组分别给予25mg/kgs.c.一个剂量的N-乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM),对照组用载体处理而治疗组用载体+式A=R-T1-的药物处理,其中所述自由价如上所示是饱和的,以相当于未接受NEM的大鼠所能耐受的最大剂量的量给予药物,即给予动物的最高剂量应是在此剂量下不显示出毒性,即不显示例如可观察到的症状的量;当用NEM+载体+药物处理的大鼠组显示出胃肠道损害,或在用NEM+载体+药物处理的大鼠组中观察到胃肠道损害大于用载体处理的那些组,或大于用载体+药物处理的组,或大于用载体+NEM处理的组时,所述药物符合试验1,即所述药物可以用于制备通式(I)的化合物;
-中试验2(CIP)是一个体外试验,其中来自于脐静脉的人内皮细胞是在标准条件下收获的,然后将其分为两组(每组重复5次),其中的一组用在培养基中浓度为10-4M的药物的混合物处理,另外一组用载体处理;然后将在培养基中浓度为5mM的氢过氧化枯烯(CIP)加入到所述两组中的每一组中;相对于用载体和CIP处理的组而言,如果不能获得对CIP引起的编程性细胞死亡(细胞损害)的统计学上p<0.01的显著抑制作用,所述药物满足试验2,即该药物可以用于制备通式(I)的化合物;
-其中试验3(L-NAME)为一个在4组大鼠(每组由10只大鼠组成)中进行4周的体内试验并且接受饮用水,对照组(2个组)和治疗组(2个组)中,一组对照组和一组治疗组分别接受以400mg/升的浓度加有N-ω-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)的饮用水4周,在该4周中对照组给予载体而治疗组在这4周中用载体+所述药物处理,一天给予一次载体或药物+载体,以未用L-NAME预处理的大鼠组所能耐受的最大剂量给予药物,即可以给予动物的最高剂量,在此剂量没有出现明显的毒性,即例如可观察到的症状;在所述的4周后,停止供应水24小时,然后处死大鼠,在处死前1小时测量血压并在处死后测量处死大鼠血浆谷丙转氨酶(GPT),并检查胃组织;当在用L-NAME+载体+药物处理的大鼠组中,分别与仅用载体处理的组、或用载体+药物处理的组、或用载体+L-NAME处理的组比较,发现更大的肝损害(GPT的测量值更高)和/或胃和/或心血管损害(血压的测量值更高)时,所述药物满足试验3,即所述药物可用于制备通式(I)的化合物;
-其中必须被B的化合物前体满足的试验4A是一个体外试验,其中一部分红细胞悬浮液(所述红细胞通过标准方法自Wistar雄性大鼠中分离并悬浮于用磷酸缓冲液缓冲的pH7.4的生理溶液中)在此之前已于4℃贮存4天,将该悬浮液于1000rpm离心5分钟,用磷酸钠缓冲液将0.1ml离心的红细胞稀释至50ml(pH7.4);从所述稀释的悬浮液中取出每份3.5ml的等分试液(5个样品),在270μM氢过氧化枯烯的存在下,于37℃温育,于710nm以30分钟的间隔测定悬浮液的浊度,以确立出现最大浊度的时间(Tmax),这与由氢过氧化枯烯溶解的最大量的细胞相应(溶血假定为100%);然后将B的化合物前体的醇溶液加入到3.5ml离心的红细胞的稀释悬浮液的等分试液中(对每个待分析的B前体按5个样品进行试验),以使B的前体具有2mM的终浓度,然后将得到的悬浮液预温育30分钟,加入一定量的氢过氧化枯烯,以便具有与如上指定的相同的终浓度,由分别含有红细胞、B的前体和氢过氧化枯烯的样品的吸光度与含有红细胞和氢过氧化枯烯的样品的吸光度之间的比率乘以100来测定于Tmax时样品中溶血作用的抑制百分率;如果B的前体抑制由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用的百分率大于15%,则认为所述前体满足该试验;-其中必须不被B的前体化合物满足的试验5是一个分析测定,其按照如下步骤进行:将10-4M浓度的B的前体的甲醇溶液的等分试液加入到由2mM脱氧核糖水溶液与100mM磷酸盐缓冲液和1mMFeII(NH4)2(SO4)2盐混合形成的溶液中;将该溶液在37℃恒温一小时后,按照顺序等份加入2.8%三氯乙酸水溶液和0.5M硫代巴比土酸水溶液,在100℃加热15分钟,并且在532nm读出该测试溶液的吸收度;通过下式计算在对抗由FeII引起的自由基产生中由B的前体引起的抑制百分率:
(1-AS/AC)×100
其中AS和AC分别为含有试验化合物和铁盐的溶液和仅含有铁盐的溶液的吸收度的值,当B的前体的如上定义的抑制百分率是高于或等于50%时,所述化合物满足试验5;前提是在式(I)化合物中,当B的X2为任选取代的直链或支链C1-C20亚烷基或具有5-7个碳原子亚环烷基时,用于式(I)化合物的具有如上所述的被饱和的自由价的式A=R-T1-药物不属于以下类型:用于失禁的药物、抗血栓形成的药物(ACE-抑制剂)、前列腺素、抗炎药(NSADS和皮质类固醇),但不排除抗炎的NSAIDS的对乙酰氨基酚和舒林酸。
在满足试验4A但不满足试验5的B的式-TB-X2-O-的前体化合物中,可以使用其中X2等于R1B-X-R2B基团(其中R1B和R2B,彼此相同或不同,为直链或支链C1-C6亚烷基)的化合物,或者X2为其中两个亚烷基链C1-C4(优选C1-C2)连接于具有4或6个原子(优选5或6个原子)的中心环的非相邻位置的基团,所述环为不饱和的脂族环,或为含有1个或2个杂原子的饱和或芳族杂环(eterocyclic),所述杂原子可相同或不同,选自O、S、N。不饱和脂族环意指不具有根据Hückel氏规则的芳族性质的环。B的前体化合物的其他实例有:1,4-丁二醇:HO-(CH2)4-OH,6-羟基己酸:HO-(CH2)5-COOH,4-羟基丁酸:HO-(CH2)3-COOH,N-甲基二乙醇胺:HO-(CH2)2-N(CH3)-(CH2)2-OH,二甘醇:HO-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-OH,硫二甘醇:HO-(CH2)2-S-(CH2)2-OH,1,4-二氧六环-2,6-二甲醇,四氢吡喃-2,6-二甲醇,4H-吡喃-2,6-二甲醇,四氢噻喃-2,6-二甲醇,1,4-二噻烷-2,6-二甲醇,环己烯-1,5-二甲醇,噻唑-2,5-二甲醇,噻吩-2,5-二甲醇,唑-2,5-二甲醇,优选N-甲基二乙醇胺、二甘醇、硫二甘醇。
按照先有技术已知的并且例如描述于通过引用结合到本文中的“The Merck Index,12aEd.(1996)”中的方法制备药物和B的前体化合物。
鉴定与式(I)的R基团相对应的药物的试验详述如下:
试验1(NEM):评估自由基引起的氧化应激反应所造成的胃肠道损害,这类自由基是通过给予N-乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)形成的(H.G.Utley,F.Bernheim,P.Hochstein“Effects of sulphydril reagents onperoxidation in microsomes”Archiv.Biochem.Biophys.118,29-32,1967)。
将动物(大鼠)分配成以下几组(每组10只动物):
A)对照组:
1°组:处理:只用载体(当通过口服给予所述药物时,用羧甲基纤维素的1%w/v水悬浮液,剂量:5ml/kg,或当胃肠外给药即通过
皮下、腹膜内、静脉内或肌内等途径给药时用一种生理性的溶液),
2°组:处理:如上定义的载体+NEM,
B)药物治疗组:
组I:处理:载体+药物;
组II:处理:载体+药物+NEM。
所述药物的给药途径为那些已知的途径,并且给药途径可以为口服或皮下、腹膜内、静脉内或肌内途径。
NEM的剂量在生理溶液中为25mg/kg(皮下途径)并在1个小时后以在载体中的悬浮液形式给予所述药物,以相当于最大剂量的单剂量给药,或以未用NEM预处理的大鼠组动物所能耐受的最大剂量给药,即以在动物中没有明显的毒性的最高剂量给予所述组,对于它的症状可明显地识别时定义为毒性。24小时后处死动物,然后对胃肠道粘液的损害进行评估。
当用NEM+载体+药物处理的大鼠组显示出胃肠道损害,或在所述组中观察到胃肠道损害大于仅用载体处理的那些组显示的损害,或用载体+药物处理的组的损害,或用载体+NEM处理的组的损害时,所述药物满足试验1,即所述药物可以用于制备通式(I)化合物;尽管采用特异试验评估时所述药物的药物治疗功效并没有显著降低。
试验2(CIP):内皮细胞抑制由氢过氧化枯烯(CIP)引起的氧化应激反应的保护参数。
按照通常的标准程序制备脐静脉的人内皮细胞。用0.1%(重量)的胶原酶溶液填充新鲜的脐静脉并在37℃孵育5分钟。
然后按照实施例所述用加有其它物质的培养基M199(GIBCO,Grand Island,NY)pH 7.4灌注静脉。通过离心从灌注液中收集细胞并在培养烧瓶T-75中收获所述细胞,用人纤连蛋白预处理。然后在同样的培养基中收获所述细胞,该培养基另外加有10ng/ml的牛下丘脑生长因子。当第一代细胞培养物(即直接来自体内)的细胞形成一个单层融合细胞(大约8,000,000细胞/烧瓶),停止培养并且洗涤该层并将其胰蛋白酶消化。将该细胞悬浮液转移到具有24孔的细胞培养板的孔中,然后其中的一半中加入含有10-4M浓度药物的同样的培养基并且在37℃、恒定的湿度下,在一个恒温器中收获。只将来自于所述的第一次传代培养物的细胞用于氢过氧化枯烯(CIP)的试验。通过形态学的检查以及通过它们对因子VIII的特异性免疫反应确认所述细胞为内皮细胞;所述培养物未显示任何来自于肌细胞或成纤维细胞的污染。
在开始试验前,移走该细胞培养基并且用在37℃的生理溶液仔细地洗涤该细胞层。然后在该培养基中用浓度为5mM的CIP温育该培养板的孔一小时。关于对照组(仅用CIP处理),通过测定DNA断裂变化的百分率进行细胞损害(编程性细胞死亡)的评估,在405-450nm波长评估荧光变化。每份样品重复进行5次。
关于仅用CIP处理的组,当统计学上不能获得对由CIP引起的编程性细胞死亡(细胞损害)的显著抑制p<0.01时,所述药物满足该试验,即它可以用于制备通式(I)化合物。
试验3(L-NAME):对给予L-NAME(Nw-硝基-L-精氨酸-甲酯)引起的内皮机能障碍的评估J.Clin.Investigation 90,278-281,1992。
通过测定对给予L-NAME引起的胃肠道粘液损害,肝损害和高血压评估内皮机能障碍。
按照以下所示,将动物(大鼠)分组。接受L-NAME的组用所述化合物处理4周,该化合物以400mg/升的浓度溶解在饮用水中。建立以下组(每组10只动物):
A)对照组:
1°组:只用载体(当通过口服给予所述药物时,用羧甲基纤维素的1%w/v水悬浮液,剂量:5ml/kg,当胃肠外给药时用一种生理溶液),
2°组:载体+L-NAME,
B)药物治疗组:
3°组:载体+药物;
4°组:载体+药物+L-NAME。
所述药物的给药途径为那些已知的途径,并且给药途径可以为口服或皮下、腹膜内、静脉内或肌内途径。按照未用L-NAME预处理的大鼠组所能耐受的最大剂量给予药物,即可以给予动物的最高剂量而在此剂量没有出现明显的毒性,即可观察到的症状的毒性。每天给药一次,持续4周。
在四周处理结束时,禁止饮水并在24小时后处死该动物。
在处死前1小时测定血压,并且血压的增加用于评估血管内皮的损害。按照试验1(见实施例F1)所述评估对胃粘液的损害。在处死后通过评估谷丙转氨酶(GPT增加)测定肝损害。
当在用L-NAME+药物+载体处理的大鼠组中,分别与仅用载体处理的组、或用载体+药物处理的组、或用载体+L-NAME处理的组比较,发现更大的肝损害(GPT)和/或更高的胃损害和/或更高的心血管损害(血压)时,即使所述药物的药物治疗功效(采用特异试验评估所述功效)并没有显著降低,所述药物满足试验3,即所述药物可以用于制备通式(I)化合物。
在上述体内试验1和3中指出的条件下,因为通常可能有效的药物剂量不能够再忍受,所述药物的治疗指数被降低。
根据R.Maffei Facino、M Carini G.Aldini、M.T.Calloni,DrugsExptl.Clin.Res.XXIII(5/8)157-165 1997所述的方法进行试验4A。试验4A是一个体外试验,其中通过标准方法自Wister雄性大鼠(Charles River)中分离的红细胞于4℃在用磷酸盐缓冲液缓冲的pH 7.4的生理溶液的悬浮液中贮存4天。在所述贮存期限结束时,取出该悬浮液的等分试液,以1000rpm离心5分钟。用磷酸钠缓冲液将0.1ml离心的红细胞稀释至50ml(pH7.4),获得0.2%体积的红细胞的悬浮液。从所述稀释的悬浮液中取出5份等分液,每份3.5ml,加入到0.1-0.3ml氢过氧化枯烯的醇溶液中,以使浓度为270μM,然后于37℃温育。该化合物引起细胞溶解,所述溶解引起该悬浮液的浊度增加。细胞溶解的过程通过比浊法于710nm测定。以30分钟的间隔读出光密度(或透光度),确定悬浮液出现最大浊度时的时间(Tmax),其与该悬浮液中细胞溶解的最大量相应。假定Tmax为相应于100%红细胞溶解的时间。为测定B的前体对由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用的抑制效果,将0.1-0.2ml的B的待评估化合物前体的醇溶液加入到3.5ml离心的红细胞悬浮液的等分液中(每个化合物5个样品),以便具有2mM的终浓度,然后预温育30分钟。然后加入一定量的氢过氧化枯烯,以便具有与如前指定的相同的最终摩尔浓度,由测定分别含有红细胞、B的前体和氢过氧化枯烯的待评估样品悬浮液给出的吸光度与含有红细胞和氢过氧化枯烯的悬浮液的吸光度之间的比率乘以100来测定化合物在Tmax时抑制溶血作用的百分率;如果B的化合物前体抑制由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用的百分率大于15%,则认为它满足试验4A;
试验5为一个比色分析试验,其中将0.1ml等份的10-4M浓度的试验产物的甲醇溶液加入到含有一种溶液的试管中,所述溶液由0.2ml 2mM脱氧核糖、0.4ml pH7.4的100mM磷酸盐缓冲液和0.1ml1mM FeII(NH4)2(SO4)2在2mM HCl中形成。然后,在37℃保存该试管1小时。然后,在每支试管中顺序加入0.5ml 2.8%三氯乙酸水溶液和0.5ml 0.1M的硫代巴比土酸水溶液。向一支仅含有上述反应剂水溶液的试管中加入0.1ml甲醇形成参比空白。封闭所述试管并在100℃的油浴中加热15分钟。出现粉红色,粉红色的强度与脱氧核糖经历自由基氧化降解的量是成比例的。在室温下冷却该溶液并且相对于空白在532nm读取它们的吸收度。通过下式确定在对抗由FeII引起的自由基产生中,由B或B1的前体或C=-TC-Y-H引起的抑制:
(1-AS/AC)×100
其中AS和AC分别为含有试验化合物+铁盐的溶液与仅含有铁盐的溶液的吸收度值,当由B的前体引起的如上定义的自由基产生的抑制百分率大于或等于50%时,所述化合物满足试验5。根据本发明的B的化合物前体不满足试验5。
出乎意料地,与所述前体药物相比,在氧化应激状态中,式(I)的本发明产物具有改良的治疗指数。其中B的化合物前体满足试验4A但不满足试验5的本发明的式(I)化合物可以如上所述用作治疗中等强度的氧化应激状态的药物。从这个意义上说,根据本发明,意欲包括中等强度的氧化应激状态。
为了阐述的目的,上述试验涉及到以下化合物(见表)。
试验1:前体药物:吲哚美辛
-可以给予大鼠的最大剂量:7.5mg/kg p.o.(口服)。由于给予更高的剂量出现毒性,所述毒性表现出肠病、震颤、镇静直至死亡(在24小时内)的特征。
-用上述剂量的NEM+吲哚美辛处理的大鼠组显示出胃肠道损害。
因为,在用NEM处理的组中,吲哚美辛引起胃肠道损害,因此它满足试验1。因而,吲哚美辛可以用作制备本发明式(I)化合物的药物。
试验2:前体药物:吲哚美辛、对乙酰氨基酚和氨水杨酸
吲哚美辛和对乙酰氨基酚满足试验2,因为由CIP引起的细胞损害(编程性细胞死亡)抑制与对照组相比没有显著性差异。
因此,上述药物可以用作制备本发明化合物(I)的药物。
与此相反,氨水杨酸不满足试验2,因为它抑制由CIP引起的编程性细胞死亡。因此按照试验2,氨水杨酸不能用作制备本发明化合物(I)的前体。可是,发现服从试验1的氨水杨酸引起胃肠道损害。
因此,氨水杨酸也可以用作制备本发明化合物(I)的前体。试验3(L-NAME)前体药物:对乙酰氨基酚、辛伐他汀、奥美拉唑
对乙酰氨基酚和辛伐他汀满足试验3,因为它们引起胃和肝的损害大于由L-NAME+载体引起的损害和该药物+载体引起的损害。
因此,它们可以用作制备本发明化合物(I)的前体。
与此相反,发现奥美拉唑既不引起胃损害又不引起肝损害,也不影响血压。按照试验3,奥美拉唑不能用作制备本发明化合物(I)的前体。
试验4A(用于B前体的试验):
N-甲基二乙醇胺显示对由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用的抑制达54.4%(表V)。因此,它满足试验4A,并且如果它不满足试验5,则可用作B的前体。
二乙醇胺不抑制由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用,且它不满足试验4A。因此,该化合物不能用作B的前体。
试验5(用于B前体的试验):
涉及所述试验的表III显示N-甲基二乙醇胺不满足试验5,因为它不抑制由FeII引起的自由基的产生。因此它可以用作B的前体。
按照本发明的式(I)化合物可以转化成为相应的盐。例如形成盐的一个方法如下:当在式(I)化合物的分子中的一个氮原子具有足够的碱性以成盐时,通过与等摩尔量的相应的有机或无机酸在有机溶剂如乙腈、四氢呋喃中反应可获得所述化合物的相应的盐。
有机酸的实例有:草酸、洒石酸、马来酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸。
无机酸的实例为:硝酸、盐酸、硫酸、磷酸。
按照本发明的衍生物可以用于治疗所述前体药物的适应症,以获得对于下文例举的一些药物组的其他益处:
-抗炎药物NSAIDs:本发明化合物产生非常好的耐受性和有效性,甚至当有机体衰弱和在氧化应激状态下的时候。所述药物也可以用在那些其中炎症起一个重要的致病作用的病变中,例如但不限于癌症、哮喘、心肌梗塞。
-肾上腺素能阻滞剂,α-或β-型受体阻滞剂:式(I)化合物的作用谱比起始的药物更广:伴随直接作用于平滑肌肉系统抑制支配血管收缩的神经β-肾上腺素能信号。影响呼吸器官的副作用(呼吸困难、支气管缩小)较低。
-抗血栓形成的药物:加强了抗血小板的活性并且在阿司匹林衍生物的情况中胃的耐受性得到改善。
-支气管扩张药和激活胆碱能系统的药物:影响心血管器官的副作用(心动过速、高血压)较低。
-祛痰药和粘液溶解药:胃肠道耐受性得到改善。
-二膦酸盐:涉及胃肠道的毒性大大地降低。
-磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制剂(支气管扩张药):所用剂量相等,治疗功效得到改善;因此,使用本发明的化合物可以给予较低剂量的药物并且降低所述副作用。
-抗白三烯类药物:更好的功效。
-ACE抑制剂:更好的治疗功效且影响呼吸器官的副作用(呼吸困难、咳嗽)更低。
-抗糖尿病的药物(胰岛素敏感药和降血糖药物)、抗生素、抗病毒药、抗肿瘤药、anticolitic药物、治疗痴呆症的药物:更好的功效和/或耐受性。
可以用作本发明化合物通式中的前体的药物均为满足上述试验1、2、3中至少一个的药物。可以使用的前体药物的实例如下:
例如,对于抗炎药/止痛药可以提及到以下药物:
抗炎药:醋氯芬酸、阿西美辛、阿司匹林、5-氨基乙酰水杨酸、阿氯芬酸、阿明洛芬、氨芬酸、苄达酸、柏莫洛芬、α-没药醇、溴芬酸、溴水杨醇、布氯酸、异丁苯丁酸、卡洛芬、桂美辛、环氯茚酸、氯吡酸、双氯芬酸钠、二氟尼柳、地他唑、苯乙氨茴酸、依托度酸、依托芬那酯、联苯乙酸、芬布芬、芬克洛酸、芬度柳、非诺洛芬、芬替酸、非普地醇、氟芬那酸、氟尼辛、氟诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、葡美辛、水杨酸乙二醇酯、布洛芬、异丁普生、吲哚美辛、吲哚洛芬、三苯唑酸、伊索克酸、伊索昔康、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、氯诺昔康、洛索洛芬、甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、氨水杨酸、甲嗪酸、莫苯唑酸、萘普生、尼氟酸、奥沙西罗、奥沙普秦、羟布宗、帕沙米特、哌立索唑、乙酰水杨酸苯酯、奥沙拉秦、pyrazolac、吡罗昔康、吡洛芬、普拉洛芬、丙替嗪酸、醋水杨胺、水杨酰胺O-乙酸、水杨基硫酸(salicylsulphuric acid)、双水杨酯、舒林酸、舒洛芬、琥布宗、替诺昔康、噻洛芬酸、噻拉米特、替诺立定、托芬那酸、托美丁、tropesin、联苯丁酸、希莫洛芬、扎托洛芬、佐美酸、托莫普罗;舒林酸不同于其他的抗炎化合物FANS,故不是COX-抑制剂;
镇痛药:对乙酰氨基酚、醋氨沙洛、氨基氯西诺嗪、乙酰水杨酸2-氨基-4-吡啶甲酸、乙酰水杨酰水杨酸、阿尼利定、苯洛芬苄基吗啡、5-溴水杨酸乙酸酯、布西丁、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、辣椒碱、辛可芬、西拉马朵、氯美辛、氯尼辛、可待因、地索吗啡、地佐辛、双氢可待因、双氢吗啡、地美庚醇、地匹乙酯、依他佐辛、依托沙秦、乙基吗啡、丁香酚、夫洛非宁、磷柳酸、格拉非宁、氢可酮、氢吗啡酮、羟哌替啶、异丁芬酸、p-lactophenetide、左啡诺、美普他酚、美他佐辛、美托酮、吗啡、纳布啡、尼可吗啡、去甲左啡诺、去甲吗啡、羟考酮、羟吗啡酮、喷他佐辛、非那佐辛、phenocoll、苯哌利定、保泰松、水杨酸苯酯、非尼拉朵、水杨苷、水杨酰胺、醋托啡烷、曲马朵、双醋瑞因、阿克他利;
对乙酰氨基酚不是COX-抑制剂;
对于呼吸器官和泌尿生殖器官的药物(支气管扩张药和激活胆碱能系统的药物、祛痰药/粘液溶解药、镇喘药/抗过敏抗组胺药),可以提及以下药物:
支气管扩张药和激活胆碱能系统的药物:醋茶碱(acefylline)、沙丁胺醇、班布特罗、巴米茶碱、甲硫贝弗宁、比托特罗、卡布特罗、克仑特罗、氯喘通、二羟西君、白屈菜碱、麻黄碱、肾上腺素、依普罗醇、乙非君(etafredine)、乙基去甲肾上腺素、乙羟茶碱、非诺特罗、氟托溴铵(flutoprium bromide)、海索那林、异丙托溴铵、异他林(isoetharine)、异丙肾上腺素、马布特罗、奥西那林、奥昔布宁、氧托溴铵、吡布特罗、丙卡特罗、普罗托醇、丙羟茶碱、瑞普特罗、利米特罗、沙美特罗、索特瑞醇、特布他林、1-teobromineacetic acid、噻托溴铵、曲托喹酚、妥洛特罗、扎普司特、环戊君、NS-21、2-羟基-2,2-二苯基-N-(1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶-4-基甲基)乙酰胺;
祛痰药/粘液溶解药:乙酰半胱氨酸(acetil cysteine)、氨溴索、溴己新、羧甲司坦(carbocysteine)、多米奥醇、厄多司坦、阿魏酸、愈创木酚、愈创甘油醚、碘化甘油、来托司坦、美司坦盐酸盐、美司钠、索布瑞醇、司替罗宁、萜品醇、硫普罗宁;
镇喘药/抗过敏抗组胺药:阿伐斯汀、阿洛拉胺、氨来呫诺、西替利嗪、氯苯西泮、chromoglycate、chromolyn、依匹斯汀、fexofenadine、福莫特罗、组胺、羟嗪、左卡巴斯汀、洛度沙胺、马布特罗、异丙辛胺、montelukast、奈多罗米、瑞吡司特、塞曲司特、甲磺司特、特非那定、噻拉米特、漆酚、溴己新;
对于心血管药物(ACE抑制剂、β-受体阻滞剂、抗血栓形成剂和血管舒张药、抗糖尿病药和降血糖药)可以提及以下药物:
ACE抑制剂:阿拉普利、贝那普利、卡托普利、西罗普利、西拉普利、地拉普利、依那普利、依那普利拉、福辛普利、咪达普利、赖诺普利、氯沙坦、莫维普利、naphthopidil、培哚普利、喹那普利、雷米普利、螺普利、替莫普利、群多普利、乌拉地尔;
β-受体阻滞剂:醋丁洛尔、阿普洛尔、氨磺洛尔、阿罗洛尔、阿替洛尔、倍他洛尔、贝凡洛尔、布库洛尔、布非洛尔、丁呋洛尔、布尼洛尔、布拉洛尔、丁非洛尔、卡拉洛尔、卡替洛尔、卡维地洛、塞利洛尔、塞他洛尔、地来洛尔、依泮洛尔、艾司洛尔、茚诺洛尔、拉贝洛尔、甲吲洛尔、美替洛尔、美托洛尔、莫普洛尔、纳多洛尔、萘肟洛尔、奈必洛尔、硝苯洛尔、尼普地洛(nipridalol)、氧烯洛尔、喷布洛尔、吲哚洛尔、普拉洛尔、丙萘洛尔、普萘洛尔、索他洛尔、硫氧洛尔、他林洛尔、特他洛尔、替利洛尔、噻吗洛尔、托利洛尔、希苯洛尔;
抗血栓形成药和作用于血管药物:醋托啡烷、阿司匹林、阿加曲班、巴美生、琥珀苯呋地尔、苯碘达隆、倍他司汀、溴长春胺、丁苯碘胺、胞磷胆碱、氯苯呋醇、氯吡格雷、环扁桃酯、达肝素、双嘧达莫、氢普拉明、依诺肝素、芬地林、艾芬地尔、依洛前列素、吲哚布芬、伊波格雷、异克舒令、肝素、lamifiban、米多君(midrodine)、那屈肝素、烟醇、布酚宁、奥扎格雷、哌克昔林、苯丙醇胺、普尼拉明、paraveroline、瑞肝素盐、利多格雷、舒洛地尔、替诺非君、亭扎肝素、三氟柳(trifusal)、烟酸占噻吨酯;
抗糖尿病药:阿卡波糖、氨磺丁脲、格列波脲、格列噻唑、米格列醇、瑞格列奈、曲格列酮、间氨磺丁脲、托瑞司他、烟酰胺;
对于抗肿瘤的药物,涉及到以下药物:安西他滨、安曲霉素、阿扎胞苷、偶氮丝氨酸、6-氮杂尿苷、比尔鲁胺、卡柔比星、嗜癌霉素、苯丁酸氮芥、氯脲菌素、阿糖胞苷、柔红霉素、地磷酰胺、秋水仙胺、二甲叶酸、6-二偶氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、docetaxel、去氧氟尿苷、多柔比星、屈洛昔芬、依达曲沙、依氟鸟氨酸、依诺他滨、表柔比星、环硫雄醇、依他硝唑、依托泊苷、芬维A胺、氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨、己烷雌酚、伊达比星、氯尼达明、甘露莫司汀、美法仑、美诺立尔、6-巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、二溴甘露醇、二溴卫矛醇、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、莫哌达醇、麦考酚酸、9-甲叶酸、诺拉霉素、紫杉醇、喷司他丁、吡柔比星、吡曲克辛、普卡霉素、鬼臼酸、卟吩姆钠、泊非霉素、丙帕锗、嘌罗霉素、雷莫司汀、维生素A酸、罗喹美克、链黑霉素、链佐星、替尼泊苷、细格孢氮杂酸、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、tomudex、托泊替堪、三甲曲沙、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞宾、佐柔比星;
对于抗溃疡药,可以提及以下药物:6-乙酰氨基己酸、阿巴前列素、西曲酸酯、西咪替丁、依卡倍特、恩前列素、艾沙拉唑、伊索拉定、米索前列醇、奥美拉唑、奥诺前列素、泮托拉唑、普劳诺托、利奥前列素、罗沙前列醇、罗曲酸、索法酮、曲莫前列素;
在抗高血脂的药物中,可以提及以下药物(他丁类):atorvastatin、西司他丁、制皮菌素、氟伐他汀、洛伐他汀、美伐他汀、制霉菌素、喷司他丁、胃酶抑素、普伐他汀钠盐(privastatin sodium)、辛伐他汀;
在抗生素/抗病毒的药物中,可以提及到以下药物:
抗生素:美西林、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、阿帕西林、阿哌环素、阿扑西林、叠氮氯霉酸、阿度西林、阿洛西林、氨曲南、苯沙酸、苄基青霉烷酸、比阿培南、二环霉素、卷曲霉素、羧苄西林、卡茚西林、卡芦莫南、头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢孟多、头孢曲秦、头孢西酮、头孢唑林、头孢拉宗、头孢克定、头孢地尼、头孢托仑、头孢吡肟、头孢他美、头孢克肟、头孢甲肟、头孢美唑、头孢米诺、头孢地秦、头孢尼西、头孢哌酮、头孢雷特、头孢噻肟、头孢替坦、头孢替安、头孢西丁、头孢唑兰、头孢咪唑、头孢匹胺、头孢匹罗、头孢丙烯、头孢沙定、头孢磺啶、头孢他啶、头孢特仑、头孢替唑、头孢布烯、头孢噻呋、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑南、头孢乙氰钠、头孢氨苄、头孢来星、头孢噻啶、头孢菌素C、头孢噻吩、头孢匹林钠、头孢拉定、氯霉素、金霉素、西诺沙星、克拉维酸、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、环青霉素、环丝氨酸、地美环素、双氯西林、依匹西林、芬贝西林(fenbecillin)、氟氧头孢、氟氯西林、海他西林、亚胺培南、仑氨西林、氯碳头孢、赖甲环素、磺胺米隆、甲氯环素、美罗培南、美坦西林、美他环素、甲氧西林钠、美洛西林、米诺环素、拉氧头孢、莫匹罗星、堆囊粘菌素、负霉素、新生霉素、苯唑西林、帕尼培南、青霉素G钾盐、阿地西林、阿美西林、青霉素V、非奈西林钾盐、匹哌环素、哌拉西林、吡利霉素、泊非霉素、丙匹西林、喹那西林、利替培南、罗利环素、山环素、西地霉素、大观霉素、舒巴坦、磺苄西林、替莫西林、四环素、替卡西林、替吉莫南、杀结核菌素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素、地红霉素、恩维霉素、红霉素、交沙霉素、麦迪霉素、麦白霉素、竹桃霉素、利福布汀、利福米特、利福霉素、利福昔明、罗他霉素、螺旋霉素、醋竹桃霉素、紫霉素、维吉霉素;
阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、地贝卡星、双氢链霉素、阿司米星、庆大霉素、小诺米星、新霉素、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、妥布霉素、丙大观霉素;
巴氨西林、头孢卡品、头孢特仑新戊酯、头孢泊肟、proxetil、帕尼培南、匹氨丁林、匹夫头孢氨苄、舒他西林、酞氨西林;
卡波霉素、克林霉素、林可霉素、米卡霉素、罗沙米星、环丙沙星、克林沙星、二氟沙星、依诺沙星、恩氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氟甲喹、格帕沙星、洛美沙星、那氟沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、pazufloxacin、培氟沙星、吡哌酸、吡咯米酸、芦氟沙星、司氟沙星、托氟沙星、trovafloxacin、氯莫环素、胍甲环素、土霉素、硝呋吡醇、硝呋拉嗪、对氨基水杨酸、对氨基水杨酸酰肼、氯法齐明、脱氧双氢链霉素、乙胺丁醇、葡烟腙、异烟肼、奥匹烟肼、氨基水杨酸苯酯、利福平、利福喷汀、水杨烟肼、4,4′-sulfynyldianiline、醋地砜、氨苯砜、琥珀氨苯砜、对磺胺酰基苄胺、噻唑砜、醋磺胺林、磺胺米隆、4′-(甲基氨磺酰基)磺胺酰苯胺、柳氮磺嘧啶、磺胺苯酰、磺胺醋酰、磺胺氯达嗪、磺胺柯定、磺胺西汀、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯、磺胺地索辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺脒、磺胺胍诺、磺胺林、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶(sulfamethomidine)、磺胺甲唑、磺胺甲氧嗪、磺胺甲噻唑、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺唑、磺胺、2-对-磺胺酰基苯胺基乙醇、N4-磺胺酰基磺胺、磺胺酰基脲、N-磺胺酰基-3,4-二甲苯胺、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺均三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺索嘧啶、磺胺异唑、4-磺胺基水杨酸;负霉素、卡芦莫南、氯羟喹、硝羟喹啉、精氨酸、甲硝唑;
抗病毒的药物:阿昔洛韦、金刚烷胺、cidofovir、阿糖胞苷、去羟肌苷、双去氧腺苷、依度尿苷、泛昔洛韦、氟尿苷、更昔洛韦、碘苷、indanavir、乙氧丁酮醛、拉米夫定、MADU、喷昔洛韦、鬼臼毒素、利巴韦林、金刚乙烷、沙奎那韦、索立夫定、stavudine、曲氟尿苷、伐昔洛韦、阿糖腺苷、珍那佐酸、扎西他宾、齐多夫定;
在骨吸收抑制剂(二膦酸盐)中,可以提及以下药物:阿仑膦酸、布替膦酸、依替膦酸、奥昔膦酸、帕米膦酸、利塞膦酸;
在抗痴呆的药物中,可以提及以下药物:amiridine、拉扎贝胺、莫非吉兰、salbeluzol、奥拉西坦、ipidacrine、奈拉西坦、他克林、维吖啶;
优选的物质如下:
在抗炎药中:阿司匹林、5-氨基乙酰水杨酸、卡洛芬、双氯芬酸钠、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、氟芬那酸、氟尼辛、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、吲哚布洛芬、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、氯诺昔康、洛索洛芬、甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、氨水杨酸、萘普生、尼氟酸、奥沙拉秦、吡罗昔康、双水杨酯、舒林酸、舒洛芬、替诺昔康、噻洛芬酸、托芬那酸、托美丁、佐美酸、托莫普罗;
在止痛药中:对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰水杨酰水杨酸、苯洛芬、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、辣椒碱、双醋瑞因、双氢可待因、乙基吗啡、丁香酚、保泰松、美普他酚、吗啡、纳布非、喷他佐辛、thiorphan、曲马朵、阿克他宁;
在呼吸器官和泌尿生殖器官药物(支气管扩张药和激活胆碱能系统的药物、祛痰药/粘液溶解药、镇喘药/抗过敏抗组胺药)中:
支气管扩张药和激活胆碱能系统的药物:沙丁胺醇、卡布特罗、克仑特罗、白屈菜碱、羟乙茶碱、非诺特罗、异丙托溴铵、奥西那林、奥昔布宁、吡布特罗、沙美特罗、特布他林、噻托溴铵、扎普司特、环戊君、NS-21、2-羟基-2,2-二苯基-N-(1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶-4-基甲基)乙酰胺;
祛痰药/粘液溶解药:乙酰基半胱氨酸、氨溴索、溴己新、羧甲司坦、愈创木酚、阿魏酸、美司坦盐酸盐、索布瑞醇;
镇喘药/抗过敏抗组胺药:西替利嗪、chromoglycate、组胺、左卡巴斯汀、洛度沙胺、montelukast、特非那定、溴己新;
在心血管药物中:
ACE抑制剂:卡托普利、依那普利、赖诺普利、氯沙坦、雷米普利;
β-受体阻滞剂:阿普洛尔、阿替洛尔、布拉洛尔、拉贝洛尔、美替洛尔、美托洛尔、吲哚洛尔、普萘洛尔、噻吗洛尔;
抗血栓形成药和作用于血管药物:阿司匹林、醋托啡烷、阿加曲班、氯吡格雷、达肝素、双嘧达莫、依诺肝素、肝素、依洛前列素、米多君、奥扎格雷、苯丙醇胺、三氟柳;
抗糖尿病药:托瑞司他、烟酰胺;
抗肿瘤药:安曲霉素、柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星、氟尿嘧啶、甲氨蝶呤、长春碱;
抗溃疡的药:西咪替丁、奥美拉唑、泮托拉唑;
抗高血脂药:洛伐他汀、普伐他汀钠盐、辛伐他汀;
抗生素/抗病毒的药物:
抗生素:阿莫西林、氨苄西林、氨曲南、比阿培南、羧苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢孟多、头孢曲秦、头孢西丁、克拉维酸、双氯西林、亚胺培南、甲氯环素、美他环素、拉氧头孢、帕尼培南、舒巴坦、阿奇霉素、红霉素、交沙霉素、麦白霉素、利福布丁、利福米特、利福霉素、庆大霉素、巴龙霉素、西索米星、巴氨西林、卡波霉素、克林霉素、环丙沙星、克林沙星、二氟沙星、恩氟沙星、洛美沙星、那氟沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、吡哌酸,
阿哌环素、氯莫环素、土霉素、硝呋吡醇、硝呋拉嗪、异烟肼、利福平、利福喷汀、氨苯砜、噻唑砜、磺胺甲唑、磺胺唑、甲硝唑、精氨酸;
抗病毒的药物:阿昔洛韦、泛昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、喷昔洛韦、利巴韦林、阿糖腺苷、齐多夫定;
在骨吸收抑制剂中:阿仑膦酸、依替膦酸、帕米膦酸。
在抗痴呆的药物中:奥拉西坦、他克林、维吖啶。
按照先有技术熟知的方法制备上述物质,R前体。例如,见通过引用结合到本文中的“The Merck Index,12a Ed.(1996)”。当可获得时,可以使用相应的异构物,包括光学异构物。
按照描述于EP 12,866中的方法获得托莫普罗。
当在式(I)化合物中药物前体为甾族化合物时,A=R-具有下面的结构:
其中在通式中提及的CH基团的氢的取代或CH2基团的两个氢的取代中,可以存在以下的取代基:
在1-2位:可以有双键;
在2-3位:可以是下面的取代基;
在2位:可以是Cl、Br;
在3位:可以是CO、-O-CH2-CH2-Cl、OH;
在3-4位:可以有双键;
在4-5位:可以有双键;
在5-6位:可以有双键;
在5-10位:可以有双键;
在6位:可以是Cl、F、CH3、-CHO;
在7位:可以是Cl、OH;
在9位:可以是Cl、F;
在11位:可以是OH、CO、Cl、CH3;
在16位:可以是CH3、HO、=CH2;
在17位:可以是OH、CH3、OCO(O)ua(CH2)vaCH3、C≡CH或
其中ua是等于0或1的整数,va是0-4的整数;
在16-17位:可以有以下基团:
R和R’,彼此相同或不同,可以为氢或1-4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基,优选R=R’=CH3;
R”为-(CO-L)t-(L)t2-(XO I)t1-
其中t、t1和t2为彼此相同或不同的整数,等于0或1,前提是当t=0时t2=1和当t=1时t2=0,并且当A不含-OH基团时,t和t1,或t2和t1不能同时等于0;
二价桥连基L选自:
(CR4R5)na(O)nb(CR4R5)n’a(CO)n’b(O)n”b(CO)n”’b(CR4R5)n”a
其中na、n’a和n”a,彼此相同或不同,为0-6的整数,优选为1-3;nb、n’b、n”b和n”’b,彼此相同或不同,为等于0或1的整数;R4、R5,彼此相同或不同,选自H、1-5个碳原子,优选1-3个碳原子的直链或支链烷基;
XO I为如上定义的X,或等于X2 I,其中X2 I等于OH、CH3、Cl、N(-CH2-CH3)2、SCH2F、SH,或
优选式(S-I)中的R”为-CO-CH2OH或-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-COOH。
在前体甾族化合物中,优选在3位和/或11位具有羟基官能团,和/或在R”的末端位具有羟基或羧基官能团的那些甾族化合物。
可以提及的并且优选的A的前体甾族化合物为下面所列的、可根据现有技术已知的方法可获得的那些甾族化合物。
作为前体及各自的制备方法,可以提及如在Merck Index,1996第12版(通过引用结合到本文中)中所述的那些前体和制备方法。下面列出这些前体(根据Merck命名法),其中H2、H、R、R’、R”具有在此所列化合物中提及的意义:布地奈德、氢化可的松、阿氯米松、阿尔孕酮、倍氯米松、倍他米松、氯泼尼松、氯倍他索、氯倍他松、氯可托龙、氯泼尼醇、可的松、皮质酮、地夫可特、地奈德、去羟米松、地塞米松、二氟拉松、二氟可龙、二氟泼尼酯、氟扎可特、氟氯奈德、二氟美松、氟尼缩松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、丁基氟可丁、氟可龙、氟米龙、醋酸氟培龙、醋酸氟泼尼定、氟泼尼龙、氟氢缩松、氟莫可他、哈西奈德、丙酸卤倍他索、卤米松、醋酸卤泼尼松、氢可他酯、氯替泼诺Etabonate、甲羟松、甲泼尼松、甲泼尼龙、糠酸莫米松、帕拉米松、泼尼卡酯、泼尼松龙、泼尼松龙25-二乙基氨基醋酸酯、泼尼松龙磷酸钠、泼尼松、强的松龙戊酸酯、泼尼立定、利美索龙、曲安西龙、曲安奈德、21-乙酰氧基孕烯醇酮、可的伐唑、安西奈德、丙酸氟替卡松、马泼尼酮、替可的松、己曲安奈德、熊去氧胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸、Mitatrienediol、莫克雌醇、乙炔基雌二醇、雌二醇、美雌醇。
根据本发明的化合物,作为用于中等强度的氧化应激反应的疾病的药物的效果还在药理学试验中得到证明,其中所述化合物能够抑制过氧化氢对人脐静脉内皮细胞诱导的cytolesive作用。内皮细胞为在病理过程首先被击中的细胞中的一种(McCance & Huether,病理生理学:成人和儿童疾病的生物学基础,1998,1025页),而过氧化氢是温和的氧化剂并被认为是与氧化应激反应有关的病理学的主要介导物质(B.Halliwell,J.Gutteridge“生物学和医学中的自由基”,第416页,1993)。对将用于处于氧化应激反应状态下的化合物的药理活性来说,中和它们的cytolesive作用的有效性被认为是重要的(B.Halliwell,J.Gutteridge“生物学和医学中的自由基”,第416页,1993)。
通过下述反应制备式(I)化合物。
如果所述药物的反应官能团(如-COOH,-OH)参与共价键(如酯、酰胺、醚型)时,所述官能团可以在制备所述化合物之前,用先有技术所熟知的方法恢复。
用于获得式(I)化合物的反应为导致形成本领域普通技术人员熟知的如酯、酰胺、硫酯型的键的反应。
当在两个反应化合物中存在其他的官能基团COOH和/或HX时,其中X如上定义,它们必须在反应前根据先有技术已知的方法加以保护;例如,如Th.W.Greene的出版物:“有机合成中的保护基团”,Harward University Press,1980中所述。
如下所述制备其中s=2的式I化合物。
IA)-所述药物具有通式R-COOH并且B的前体化合物的官能团(其自身连接到该药物羧基官能团上)具有式XZ,X如前定义和Z=H,OH官能团或卤原子也同时存在于B的前体化合物中作为硝化反应的反应性基团。
如果在B的前体化合物中还存在OH官能团时,通用合成方案显示首先形成R-COHal酰卤(Hal=Cl,Br),接着与B的前体化合物的HX基团反应:
(IA.1)
其中X2、T1、TB如上定义。
按照先有技术已知的方法制备RCOHal酰卤,例如在所述反应条件下,由亚硫酰氯或草酰氯,或由PIII或PV的卤化物在惰性溶剂如甲苯、氯仿、DMF等中制备。然后通过在所述反应条件下,使用惰性溶剂如甲苯、四氢呋喃、氯仿等,在0-25℃的温度范围内,使酰卤与B的前体的HX基团反应。
作为前述合成的一种选择,在所述反应条件下,在诸如甲苯、四氢呋喃、氯仿等的惰性溶剂中、在-5℃至+50℃的温度范围内,可以用一种激活羧基基团的试剂处理式R-COOH的前体药物,所述试剂选自N,N′-羰基二咪唑(CDI)、N,N’-二环己基碳化二亚胺。在存在于B的前体中的OH官能团被保护后,例如通过形成乙酰基来保护,使获得的化合物与B的前体就地反应,再在合成结束时,通过先有技术熟知的方法恢复最初的官能团。该反应方案如下:
其中X2、T1、TB如前定义而G为OH官能团的保护基团。
然后,在所述反应条件下,在-5℃至+50℃的温度范围内,使式(IA.1)的化合物在诸如甲苯、四氢呋喃、氯仿等惰性溶剂中,经历如PBr3、PCl5、SOCl2、PPh3和I2的卤化反应。在25℃-80℃的温度范围内,在诸如乙腈、四氢呋喃的有机溶剂中,所述卤素衍生物与AgNO3反应。该反应方案如下:
或者,当X2为线性C4烷基时,使R-COOH酸在卤化试剂如CBr4或N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺的存在下、在四氢呋喃中与三苯基膦反应,使生成的其中X2为亚丁基的化合物(IA.2)如上所述硝化。
或者,有可能通过先有技术已知的方法,将R-COOH酸转化为其钠盐,并在所述反应条件下,在-5℃至+25℃的温度范围内,在诸如四氢呋喃、氯仿等惰性溶剂中,使其与式Hal-X2-R3的卤素衍生物反应,其中R3为OH、Hal。如果R3=Hal,则使获得的衍生物如上所述被硝化。该反应方案如下:
IIA)-所述药物具有通式R-XH并且B的前体化合物的官能团(其自身连接到该药物的官能团HX上)为羧基,X如前定义,OH官能团或卤原子也同时存在于B的前体化合物中作为硝化反应的反应性基团。
通用合成方案显示所述酸HOOC-X2-R4(其中R4为Hal、OG,其中G为合适的保护基团)与如在IA)中所述的活化剂反应,随后与所述药物的HX基团反应。
其中X2、T1、TB、R4如上定义。
将获得的化合物(IIA.1)转化为如在IA)中所述的相应的硝基衍生物。如果存在取代基OG,则通过已知的方法首先除去保护基团。
作为上述合成的一种替代方法,根据在IA)中提及的条件,使药物R-OH与式Hal-X2-COHal的酰卤反应,然后如上所述使得到的卤素衍生物硝化:
其中X2、T1、TB如上定义。
如下所述制备其中s=1的式(I)化合物。
IB)-所述药物具有通式R-COOH并且B的前体化合物的官能团(其自身连接到该药物羧基官能团上)具有式XZ,X如前定义和Z=H,B的前体化合物还含有羟基官能团或卤原子作为硝化反应的反应性基团。
根据先有技术已知的方法,在盐酸的存在下,通过与亚硝酸钠在水中反应,将如在IA)中所述获得的式R-T1-TB-X2-OH化合物(IA.1)转化为亚硝基衍生物。
IIB)-所述药物具有通式R-XH并且B的前体化合物的官能团(其自身连接到该药物的官能团HX上)为羧基,X如上定义。合成方案与在IIA)中所述的方案类似。
将如在IIA)中所述获得的式R-T1-TB-X2-R4化合物(IIA.1)转化为如在IB)中所述的亚硝基衍生物。
按照先有技术熟知的方法,将本发明的化合物与常规的赋形剂一起配制成用于胃肠外、口服和局部使用的相应的药用组合物;例如见出版物“Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences 15a Ed”。
在这些制剂中,与使用的相应的前体药物相比,以摩尔计的所述活性成分的量是相同的,或更低。
每日给予的剂量为所述前体药物的剂量,或在较低的剂量下。可以在本领域的出版物中发现所述日剂量,例如在“Physician’s Deskreference”中。
下列实施例的目的是阐述本发明,而不应认为是限制本发明。
实施例1
4-硝酰氧基(nitroxy)丁酸4’-乙酰基氨基苯酯的制备
该药物为下式的对乙酰基氨基酚
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
a)4-溴代丁酸4’-乙酰基氨基苯酯的制备
向4-溴代丁酸(4.6g,27.6mmol)的氯仿(45ml)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(20ml)的溶液中加入对乙酰基氨基酚(4.17g,27.6mmol)、N,N’-二环己基碳化二亚胺(8.42g,40.8mmol)和4-二甲基氨基吡啶(0.15g,1.25mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持72小时,过滤并在真空下蒸发。用乙酸乙酯处理粗品反应物,用盐水和水先后洗涤。用硫酸钠使有机相脱水,然后在真空下蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯4/6(v/v比)洗脱。获得5.33g为白色固体的产物。M.p.=108℃-110℃。
b)4-硝酰氧基丁酸4’-乙酰基氨基苯酯的制备
向4-溴代丁酸4’-乙酰基氨基苯酯(5.33g,17.8mmol)的乙腈(80ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(4.56g,26.9mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物于80℃加热16小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤除去银盐,减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯4/6洗脱。获得4.1g为白色固体的产物。M.P.=80-83℃。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 51.07% 4.99% 9.92%
实测值 51.06% 5.00% 9.90%
实施例2
4-羟基-3-(4-硝酰氧基丁酰氧基甲基)-α-[(四丁基氨基)甲基]苄醇的制备
前体药物为下式的沙丁胺醇
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1描述的方法,合成化合物(E-2)。收率:21%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 55.13% 7.07% 7.56%
实测值 55.10% 7.09% 7.57%
实施例3
4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-[(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己基酯的制备
前体药物为氨溴索
A的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
a)4-[(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己醇的制备
向氨溴索(5g,13.22mmol)的二氧六环(35ml)和水(50ml)溶液中加入三乙胺(3.31ml,23.7mmol)和二碳酸二叔丁酯(3.46g,15.86mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物放置24小时,然后减压浓缩。通过分次加入1%HCl溶液处理残留物,直至pH7,然后用乙酸乙酯提取该溶液。在真空下蒸发用硫酸钠脱水的有机相。得到4-[(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己醇,其可无需进一步纯化而用于随后的步骤。
b)4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-[(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己基酯的制备
根据实施例1描述的方法,合成化合物。收率:57%。
c)4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-[(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己基酯的制备
向冷却至0℃的4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-[(2-叔丁氧基羰基氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己基酯(3.5g,5.74mmol)的乙酸乙酯(100ml)溶液中加入5N HCl的乙酸乙酯(5.95ml)溶液。于0℃、搅拌下,将该溶液维持5小时,然后过滤。使获得的固体悬浮于乙酸乙酯中,用5%的碳酸钠溶液洗涤有机层。用水洗涤有机相,用硫酸钠脱水并减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。获得4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-[(2-氨基-3,5-二溴苯基)甲基氨基]反式环己基酯,收率31%。
元素分析: C H N Br
计算值 40.10% 4.55% 8.25% 31.38%
实测值 40.07% 4.54% 8.26% 31.39%
实施例4
[4-[4-(硝酰氧基)丁酰基]氨基-1-羟基亚丁基]二磷酸的制备
前体药物为下式的阿仑膦酸
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1描述的方法,合成化合物。收率:11%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 25.27% 4.77% 7.37%
实测值 25.26% 4.79% 7.37%
实施例5
[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-硝酰氧基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯的制备
前体药物为西替利嗪
B的前体化合物为式HO-(CH2)2-N(CH3)-(CH2)2-OH的N-甲基二乙醇胺。
a)[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-羟基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯的制备
向冷却至0℃的西替利嗪(5g,12.85mmol)的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5ml)和甲苯(50ml)溶液中缓慢加入草酰氯(1.1ml,25.7mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持12小时后,在真空下蒸发。向溶解于四氢呋喃(40ml)中的得到的粗产物中加入N-甲基二乙醇胺(4.05g,38.55mmol),于室温、搅拌下,将获得的溶液维持6小时。减压蒸发反应混合物。用乙酸乙酯处理残留物并用水洗涤。用硫酸钠使有机相脱水并干燥。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯3/7(体积比)洗脱。得到[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-羟基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯。
b)[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-氯代乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯
向冷却至0℃的[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-羟基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯(3.8g,7.75mmol)的氯仿(70ml)溶液中加入亚硫酰氯(0.58ml,8.06mmol)的氯仿(30ml)溶液。于0℃、搅拌下,将该溶液放置30分钟,然后于40℃加热6小时。然后用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤反应物,随后用水洗涤。减压蒸发用硫酸钠脱水的有机相。粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯7/3(体积比)洗脱。得到[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-氯代乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯。
c)[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-硝酰氧基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯的制备
向[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-氯代乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯(2.3g,4.52mmol)的乙腈(100ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(1.53g,9.04mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物加热至80℃48小时,然后再次冷却至室温,过滤除去银盐,减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯7/3(v/v比)洗脱。获得[2-[4-[(4-氯代苯基)苯基甲基]1-哌嗪基]乙氧基]乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-硝酰氧基乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯。收率23%。
元素分析: C H N Cl
计算值 58.37% 6.59% 10.47% 6.63%
实测值 58.38% 6.58% 10.45% 6.60%
实施例6
6-[D(-)-α-氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯的制备
前体药物为下式的氨苄西林
B的前体化合物为二甘醇。
a)6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸的制备
向氨苄西林(3g,8.58mmol)在二氧六环(18ml)和水(25ml)的混合物中的溶液中加入三乙胺(2.1ml,15.3mmol)和二碳酸二叔丁酯(2.24g,10.29mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物放置24小时,然后减压浓缩。通过随后加入1%HCl溶液处理残留物,直至水相的pH等于7。用乙酸乙酯提取。用硫酸钠使有机相脱水,然后在真空下蒸发。得到6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸,其可无需进一步纯化而用于随后的合成步骤。
b)6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(羟基)乙氧基乙酯的制备
向冷却至0℃的6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸(3.8g,8.58mmol)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(5ml)和甲苯(40ml)混合物中的溶液中缓慢加入草酰氯(0.74ml,17.16mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该溶液放置12小时,然后在真空下蒸发。使得到的粗产物溶解于四氢呋喃(70ml)中,加入乙二醇(2.45ml,25.7mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将获得的溶液维持5小时,然后减压蒸发。用乙酸乙酯处理残留物并用水洗涤。用硫酸钠使有机相脱水并干燥。粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯2/8(体积比)洗脱。得到6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(羟基)乙氧基乙酯。
c)6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(氯)乙氧基乙酯的制备
向冷却至0℃的6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(羟基)乙氧基乙酯(3g,5.58mmol)的氯仿(70ml)溶液中加入亚硫酰氯(0.42ml,5.8mmol)的氯仿(30ml)溶液。于0℃、搅拌下,将该溶液维持30分钟,然后于40℃加热4小时。然后,用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤该混合物,随后用水洗涤。用硫酸钠使有机相脱水,然后减压蒸发。粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。得到6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(氯)乙氧基乙酯。
d)6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯的制备
向6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(氯)乙氧基乙酯(2.1g,3.77mmol)的乙腈(100ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(1.28g,7.54mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物于80℃加热24小时.冷却至室温,过滤除去银盐,减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。获得6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯。
e)6-[D(-)-α-氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯的制备
向冷却至0℃的6-[D(-)-α-叔丁氧基羰基氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯(1.5g,2.57mmol)的乙酸乙酯(100ml)溶液中加入5N HCl的乙酸乙酯溶液(2.67ml)。于0℃、搅拌下,将该溶液维持7小时,然后过滤。使得到的固体悬浮于乙酸乙酯中,用5%w/v碳酸钠溶液洗涤。用水洗涤有机相,用硫酸钠脱水并减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。得到6-[D(-)-α-氨基苯基乙酰氨基]青霉烷酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙氧基乙酯。收率:13%。
元素分析: C H N S
计算值 49.79% 5.43% 11.61% 6.64%
实测值 49.77% 5.45% 11.60% 6.65%
实施例7
2-氨基-1,9-二氢-9-[[2-(4-硝酰氧基丁酰氧基)乙氧基]甲基]-6H-嘌呤-6-酮的制备
前体药物为下式的阿昔洛韦
A的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例3描述的方法,合成化合物(E-6)。收率:14%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 42.36% 4.74% 24.70%
实测值 42.38% 4.77% 24.68%
实施例8
(8S-顺式)-10-[(3-氨基-2,3,6-三脱氧-α-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基)氧基]-7,8,9,10-四氢-6,8,11-三羟基-8-[(4-硝酰氧基丁酰基氧基)乙酰基]-1-甲氧基-5,12-并四苯二酮的制备
前体药物为下式(E-8a)的多柔比星
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1描述的方法,合成化合物。收率:7%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 56.53% 5.20% 4.25%
实测值 56.55% 5.22% 4.23%
实施例9
二[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-硝酰氧基己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯的制备
该前体药物为具有下式的辛伐他汀:
桥联键B的前体为6-羟基己酸。
a)[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-溴代己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯的制备
向辛伐他汀(4g,9.56mmol)的氯仿(50ml)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(20ml)溶液中加入6-溴代己酸(1.86g,9.56mmol)、N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(1.97g,9.56mmol)和4-二甲基氨基吡啶(52mg,0.43mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持24小时,然后用氯仿稀释,用水洗涤。减压蒸发经硫酸钠脱水的有机相。粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。得到[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-溴代己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯。
b)[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-硝酰氧基己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯的制备
向[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-溴代己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯(1g,1.67mmol)的乙腈(60ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(0.57g,3.35mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物于80℃加热6小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤除去银盐,减压蒸发有机相。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯1/1(体积比)洗脱。获得[1S-[1α,3α,7β,8β(2S*,4S*),8αβ]]2-2-二甲基丁酸1,2,3,7,8,8α-六氢-3,7-二甲基-8-[2-[四氢-4-(6-硝酰氧基己酰氧基)-6-氧代-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙基]-1-萘酯。收率:13%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 62.71% 7.97% 2.35%
实测值 62.74% 7.99% 2.33%
实施例10
6-(硝酰氧基)-己酸茶碱酯的制备
前体药物为具有下式的白屈菜碱:
B的前体化合物为6-羟基己酸。
根据实施例9描述的方法,合成式(E-10)的化合物。收率:23%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 44.76% 5.39% 16.31%
实测值 44.77% 5.41% 16.33%
实施例11
9-[(4-硝酰氧基)丁酰基氨基]-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶的制备
该前体药物为下式的他克林
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
a)9-[(4-溴代)丁酰基氨基]-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶的制备
向他克林(4g,20.17mmol)的氯仿(50ml)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(15ml)溶液中加入4-溴代丁酰氯(3.5ml,30.25mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持6小时,然后用氯仿稀释,用水洗涤。减压蒸发经硫酸钠脱水的有机相。粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯8/2(体积比)洗脱。得到9-[(4-溴代)丁酰基氨基]1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶。
b)9-[(4-硝酰氧基)丁酰基氨基]-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶的制备
向9-[(4-溴代)丁酰基氨基]-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶(3.5g,10.56mmol)的乙腈(150ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(2.08g,12.68mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物于80℃加热6小时。将其冷却至室温,过滤除去银盐并减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯8/2(体积比)洗脱。获得9-[(4-硝酰氧基)丁酰基氨基]-1,2,3,4-四氢吖啶。收率:33%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 62.00% 5.81% 12.76%
实测值 62.02% 5.83% 12.77%
实施例12
(S)-α-(2-氯代苯基)-6,7-二氢噻吩并[3,2-c]-吡啶-5(4H)乙酸5-(硝酰氧基)乙基硫代乙酯的制备
前体药物为下式的氯吡格雷(clopidrogel):
A的前体化合物为式HO-(CH2)2-S-(CH2)2-OH的硫代二甘醇。
根据实施例5描述的方法,用硫代二甘醇替代二甘醇,合成式(E-12)的化合物。收率:56%。
元素分析: C H N Cl S
计算值 49.94% 4.63% 6.13% 7.76% 14.03%
实测值 49.93% 4.63% 6.10% 7.75% 14.01%
实施例13
5-甲氧基-2-[[4-(4-硝酰氧基丁酰氧基)-3,5-二甲基-2-吡啶基)甲基]亚硫酰基]-1H-苯并咪唑的制备
前体药物为下式的去甲基奥美拉唑:
B的前体化合物为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1描述的方法,合成式(E-13)化合物。收率:22%。
元素分析: C H N S
计算值 51.94% 4.79% 12.12% 6.93%
实测值 51.93% 4.77% 12.11% 6.94%
实施例14
2-[(2,6-二氯苯基)氨基]苯乙酸[N-甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)]-2-氨基乙酯(E-14)的制备
前体药物为下式的双氯芬酸:
B的前体化合物为式HO-(CH2)2-N(CH3)-(CH2)2-OH的N-甲基二乙醇胺。
根据实施例5描述的方法合成该化合物。收率:52%。
元素分析: C H N Cl
计算值 51.60% 4.78% 9.50% 16.03%
实测值 51.60% 4.77% 9.53% 16.04%
实施例15
3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-(硝酰氧基)丁酯的制备
前体药物为下式(E-15a)的阿魏酸
B的前体化合物为1,4-丁二醇。
a)3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-溴代丁酯的制备
向阿魏酸(10g,51.51mmol)的四氢呋喃(400ml)溶液中加入三苯膦(27g,103mmol)和四溴化碳(34.1g,103mmol)。于室温、搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持4小时,然后过滤并减压蒸发。反应的粗产物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯7/3(体积比)洗脱。得到3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-溴代丁酯。
b)3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-(硝酰氧基)丁酯的制备
向3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-溴代丁酯(2.72g,6.89mmol)的乙腈(25ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(1.48g,8.71mmol)。在搅拌下维持将该反应混合物,在避光的情况下,于80℃加热7小时,然后冷却至室温,过滤以除去银盐并减压蒸发。残留物经硅胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯7/3(体积比)洗脱。获得3-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-2-丙烯酸4-(硝酰氧基)丁酯。收率:56%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值 54.02% 5.50% 4.50%
实测值 54.00% 5.52% 4.49%
药理学试验
实施例
急性毒性
通过给予一组10只体重20g的大鼠单剂量的每种待测试化合物评估急性毒性,以羧甲基纤维素2%w/v的水悬浮液通过套管口服给药。
保持观察所述动物14天。即使在给予100mg/kg的剂量之后,该组动物没有一只出现毒性症状。
实施例F1
试验1-采用N-乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺(NEM)的体内试验模型:研究一些被筛选为本发明化合物前体的药物的胃可耐受性。
将动物(大鼠,体重大约200g)分配到以下几组中(每组10只动物):
A)对照组:
1°组:处理:只用载体(当通过口服给予所述药物时,用羧甲基纤维素的1%w/v水悬浮液,剂量:5ml/kg,当胃肠外途径给药时用生理溶液),
2°组:处理:载体+NEM,
B)给予每种药物的组:
组I:处理:载体+药物;
组II:处理:载体+药物+NEM。
在该试验中所测定的药物如下(表I):吲哚美辛、氨溴索、氨水杨酸、阿仑膦酸钠、他克林、奥美拉唑、米索前列醇。
通过口服给予吲哚美辛、氨溴索和阿仑膦酸盐,通过结肠(直肠)内途径给予氨水杨酸,通过皮下途径给予他克林、奥美拉唑、米索前列醇。
通过上述途径给予未用NEM处理的动物每种物质从而测定最大耐受剂量,结果见表I。用比表上更高的剂量,在动物中出现肠病、腹泻、抑郁、震颤和镇静作用。
在该试验模型中,首先以在生理溶液中25mg/kg的剂量通过皮下注射NEM处理动物。一个小时后以在载体中的悬浮液给予所述药物。24小时后处死动物并且通过计算在每组内根据视觉观察胃受到损害的大鼠的数目对胃肠道粘膜的损害进行评估。然后所述大鼠的总数除以该组大鼠的总数并乘上100。在表I中报告了如此获得的百分率。该表显示在用所述药物处理而未用NEM处理的大鼠组中,未检测到胃损害。
在给予以下药物后组II的所有大鼠(用NEM处理)显示胃损害:吲哚美辛、氨溴索、氨水杨酸、阿仑膦酸钠、他克林。因此所述药物可以用于合成本发明的产物。
根据试验1提供的结果,奥美拉唑和米索前列醇不能用于制备本发明的产物。
实施例F2
试验2(体外):在某些筛选为本发明化合物的前体的药物存在下抑制在内皮细胞中由CIP引起的编程性细胞死亡(DNA断裂)。
以下前体药物已被试验(表II):吲哚美辛、对乙酰氨基酚、氯吡格雷、沙丁胺醇、氨溴索、阿仑膦酸钠、白屈菜碱、西替利嗪、依那普利、烟酰胺、氨苄西林、阿昔洛韦、氨水杨酸、他克林、辛伐他汀、奥美拉唑。
按照标准方法制备人脐静脉的内皮细胞。用0.1%(重量)的胶原酶溶液填充新鲜的脐静脉并在37℃孵育5分钟。
接着用含有0.1%(重量/体积)胶原酶的pH7.4的培养基M199(GIBCO,Grand Island,NY)灌注所述静脉,所述培养基加有10%胎牛血清(10mcg/ml)、肝素钠(50mcg/ml)、thimidine(2.4mcg/ml)、谷氨酰胺(230mcg/ml)、青霉素(100UI/ml)、链霉素(100mcg/ml)和链霉素B(0.125mcg/ml)。通过以800rpm离心从灌注液中收集所述细胞并在培养烧瓶T-75中收获所述细胞,用人纤连蛋白预处理。然后在同样的培养基中收获细胞,该培养基另外加有牛下丘脑生长因子(100ng/ml)。当原代细胞培养的细胞(直接从离体的脐静脉移出的细胞)形成一层融合细胞(大约8,000,000个细胞/烧瓶),停止收获并且洗涤该层并使其胰蛋白酶消化。将该细胞悬浮液转移到具有24孔的细胞培养板的孔中,所述孔的一半中加入含有10-1M浓度药物的同样培养基并且在37℃、恒定的湿度(90%)、CO2=5%中,在一个自动恒温器中收获。当药物不溶于该培养基中时,将其预先溶解于少量的二甲基亚砜中。可以加到培养基中的二甲基亚砜的最大量为0.5%。只将来自于这些第一次传代培养物的细胞用于氢过氧化枯烯(CIP)的试验。通过形态学的检查以及通过它们对因子VIII的特异性免疫反应鉴定所述细胞为内皮细胞;所述培养物未显示来自于肌细胞或成纤维细胞的污染。
在开始试验前,移走该细胞培养基并且在37℃下用含0.1M(pH7.0)的标准磷酸盐缓冲的生理溶液仔细地洗涤该细胞层。然后用在该培养基中浓度为5mM的CIP悬浮液孵育每个孔的内容物一小时。相对于仅用CIP处理的对照组而言,通过测定在含有药物+CIP的培养物中DNA断裂变化的百分率进行细胞损害(编程性细胞死亡)的评估。通过用一个BX60 Olympus显微镜(Olympus Co.,Roma)在设定的405-450nm波长内评估试验样品相对于对照品的光密度的荧光改变来测定所述DNA断裂变化的百分率。每份样品的荧光重复测定5次。用t Student检验(p<0.01)进行统计学评估。
结果见表II并显示吲哚美辛、对乙酰氨基酚、氯吡格雷、沙丁胺醇、阿仑膦酸钠、白屈菜碱、西替利嗪、依那普利、烟酰胺、氨苄西林、阿昔洛韦、他克林、奥美拉唑不能显著抑制编程性细胞死亡;因此,这些药物可以用于制备本发明的产物。
相反,氨溴索、氨水杨酸和辛伐他汀抑制编程性细胞死亡。因此,基于试验2的结果,这些化合物不能用于制备本发明的产物。
实施例F3
试验3-在体内模型中用Nw-硝基-L-精氨酸-甲酯(L-NAME)的实验:某些筛选为本发明化合物前体的药物的胃的耐受性(胃肠道损害的发生率)、肝(GPT剂量,谷丙转氨酶)和心血管(血压)的影响。
该试验采用的实验模型按照J.Clin.Investigation 90,278-281,1992进行。
通过测定由于给予L-NAME对胃肠道粘膜所造成的损害、肝损害(GPT增加)和血管内皮或心血管损害如高血压评估内皮功能障碍。
按照以下所述将动物(大鼠,平均重量200g)分组。接受L-NAME的动物组用以400mg/升的浓度溶解于饮用水中的所述化合物处理4周。建立以下各组(每组10只动物):
A)对照组:
1°组:处理:只用载体(当通过口服给予所述药物时,用1%w/v羧甲基纤维素的水悬浮液,剂量:5ml/kg,当胃肠外途径给药时用生理溶液),
2°组:处理:载体+L-NAME,
B)药物处理组:
3°组:处理:载体+药物;
4°组:处理:载体+药物+L-NAME。
用于该试验的药物为对乙酰氨基酚、多柔比星、辛伐他汀、奥美拉唑和米索前列醇。每种药物每天给药一次,给药4周。
在对未处理的动物的单独剂量的放大实验中,通过评估动物中如肠病、腹泻、抑郁、震颤、镇静的症状的出现测定给予动物的药物的最大耐受剂量。
在四周末,禁水并在24小时后处死动物。
在处死前1小时测定血压,并且血压的增加用作血管内皮发生损害的指标。
按照前面的试验1(见实施例F1)所述评估对胃粘膜的损害。在处死后通过评估谷丙转氨酶(GPT增加)测定肝损害。
当在用L-NAME+药物+载体处理的大鼠组,与仅用载体处理的组、或用载体+药物处理的组、或用载体+L-NAME处理的组比较,发现更高的肝损害(较高的GPT值)和/或更高的胃损害和/或更高的心血管损害(较高的血压)时,所述药物满足试验3并因此可以用于制备本发明的化合物。
该试验结果在表IV中报告。按照试验1测定胃损害的百分率%。%GPT和%血压值参照在对照组的第一组动物中所发现的对应值。在该组中血压的平均值为105±8mmHg。
获得的结果显示对乙酰氨基酚、多柔比星和辛伐他汀引起肝损害和胃肠病(与在缺少L-NAME的情况下用药物处理的对应的组以及用L-NAME处理的对照组相比GPT值和胃损害的百分比更高)。
因此这些药物可以用于制备本发明的产物。
根据该试验,奥美拉唑和米索前列醇不能用于制备本发明的产物。
实施例F4
试验4A:某些用作根据本发明的产物的B的前体的物质在抑制由氢过氧化枯烯诱导的红细胞溶血中的活性。
根据R.Maffei Facino、M.Carini G.Aldni、M.T.Calloni,DrugsExptl.Clin.Res.XXIII(5/8)157-165 1997所述的方法进行试验4a。
将通过采用标准方法自Wistar雄性大鼠(Charles River)中分离的红细胞悬浮于用磷酸盐缓冲液缓冲至pH7.4的生理溶液中,并于4℃平衡4天,然后将所述悬浮液的等分液,以1000rpm离心5分钟,用上述相同的摩尔浓度的磷酸钠缓冲液将0.1ml离心的红细胞稀释至50ml,如此获得含0.2%体积的红细胞的悬浮液。从所述稀释的悬浮液中取出3.5ml的等分液,加入0.1ml氢过氧化枯烯的醇溶液(9.72mM),这引起细胞的溶解。然后使得到的悬浮液于37℃温育。在悬浮液中可观察到浊度增加。细胞溶解的过程通过比浊法于710nm,以30分钟的间隔测定光密度(或透光率)来跟踪。细胞溶解的最大量的时间(与悬浮液出现最大浊度相应)作为Tmax,并假定它相应于100%的细胞溶解。将用作B的前体的0.2ml试验化合物的38mM乙醇溶液加入到上面制备的3.5ml红细胞的稀释悬浮液的等分液中,使得到的悬浮液预温育30分钟。然后加入0.1ml氢过氧化枯烯的醇溶液(10.26mM),由分别含有红细胞、B的前体和氢过氧化枯烯的样品的悬浮液的吸光度与含有红细胞和氢过氧化枯烯的悬浮液的吸光度之间的比率乘以100来确定此时Tmax抑制样品溶血作用的百分率;如果它们抑制由氢过氧化枯烯引起的溶血作用的百分率大于15%,则认为B的前体满足该试验;
在表V中报告以下物质所获得的结果:N-甲基二乙醇胺、二甘醇、硫代-二甘醇、1,4-丁二醇、丁醇和二乙醇胺。
表V显示:
-N-甲基二乙醇胺、二甘醇、硫代-二甘醇、1,4-丁二醇满足试验4,因为它们抑制由氢过氧化枯烯诱导的红细胞溶血至高于15%的程度。
-丁醇和二乙醇胺反而是无效的,因为它们抑制由氢过氧化枯烯诱导的红细胞溶血至低于15%的程度,因此它们不能在根据本发明的化合物的合成中用作B的前体。
实施例F5
试验5:用作B的前体的化合物在抑制由FeII化合物引起的自由基产生的活性。
将0.1ml等份的10-4M浓度的1,4-丁二醇、N-甲基二乙醇胺、二甘醇、硫代-二甘醇在甲醇中的溶液加入到含有一种水溶液的试管中,所述水溶液由0.2ml2mM脱氧核糖、0.4ml pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液100mM和0.1ml 1mM FeII(NH4)2(SO4)2在2mM HCl中混合获得。然后在37℃保存该试管1小时。然后,在每支试管中顺序加入0.5 ml 2.8%三氯乙酸水溶液和0.5ml 0.1M的硫代巴比土酸水溶液。用0.1ml甲醇代替0.1ml等份上述试验化合物的甲醇溶液形成参比空白。封闭所述试管并在100℃的油浴中加热15分钟。出现粉红色,粉红色的强度与脱氧核糖经历自由基氧化降解的量是成比例的。在室温下冷却该溶液并且在532nm读取它们相对于空白的吸收度。
通过下式测定在对抗由FeII引起的自由基产生中,由B的前体所引起的抑制百分率:
(1-AS/AC)×100
其中AS和AC分别为含有试验化合物+铁盐的溶液与仅含有铁盐的溶液的吸收度值。
在附表III中报告该结果,其中结果显示试验的化合物对抑制由铁离子引起的自由基产生无效。
因此,为了获得本发明的化合物,这些化合物可以用作B的化合物前体。
实施例F6
评价某些本发明的目标化合物和相应的前体药物抑制内皮细胞暴露于过氧化氢(HP)作用所致DNA降解(编程性细胞死亡)的活性。
过氧化氢是一种温和的氧化剂并被认为是与氧化应激反应有关的病理过程的主要介导物质(B.Halliwell,J.Gutteridge“生物学和医学中的自由基”,第416页,1993)。因此,在氧化应激反应状态下使用的化合物的药理学活性通过它们中和过氧化氢的cytolesive作用的能力来评价(B.Halliwell,J.Gutteridge“生物学和医学中的自由基”,第416页,1993)。
Herman等(Herman C.,Zeiner M.A.,Dimmeler S.,Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.17(12),3588-82,1997)描述了这种方法。
根据标准方法制备人脐静脉的内皮细胞。用0.1%的胶原酶溶液灌充刚刚移出的新鲜脐静脉并于37℃温育5分钟。
随后,用含20%人血清的培养基M199(GIBCO,Grand,Island,NY)灌注该静脉。以800rpm经离心从灌注液中收集细胞,并收获到用人纤连蛋白预处理的培养烧瓶T-75中。然后,在含20%人血清、低分子量肝素钠(30mcg/ml)、青霉素(100000UI/ml)和牛下丘脑生长因子(100ng/ml)的培养基(pH7.4)中收获细胞。洗涤原代融合单细胞层(约8000000个细胞/烧瓶)并经受胰蛋白酶消化作用。将细胞悬浮液转移至一24孔培养板的各孔中,于37℃恒温箱、恒湿(90%)、5%二氧化碳下收获。仅使用来自这些第一次传代的培养物的细胞用于HP的试验。通过形态学检查和特异性染色反应鉴定细胞为内皮细胞。该培养物未显示有来自肌细胞或成纤维细胞的污染。
为了进行使用Hp的试验,除去细胞的培养基,于37℃下,以用0.1M磷酸盐(pH7.0)缓冲的生理溶液小心洗涤细胞层。然后将该细胞与200μmol/L浓度的HP一起温育18小时。
细胞损伤(编程性细胞死亡)的评价是通过测定相对于仅加入HP的对照组,样品的DNA断裂的变化百分率来进行的。以100μmol/L的浓度测试待测的产物。如果发现所述产物不溶于培养基,则使它们溶于少量二甲亚砜(DMSO)中,应考虑到可加入到培养基中的DMSO的最大量为0.5%v/v。每个样品按一式三份进行。
结果报告于表VI中,结果显示,在那些用本发明化合物处理的细胞培养物的样品中,DNA断裂(或更普通的术语细胞损伤)的抑制为至少两倍于用相应的前体处理样品所发生的抑制。
实施例F7
与相应的药物前体比较,给予本发明化合物诱导的胃损伤。
通过导管将加有下列化合物之一的2%羧甲基纤维素在水(载体)中的悬浮液口服喂饲给已禁食17小时的体重180-200g的雄性Wistar大鼠组(每组10只大鼠):
-双氯芬酸,剂量20mg/kg,口服,
-根据实施例14的双氯芬酸硝酰氧基酯,剂量同上,口服,
-氨溴索,100mg/kg,口服,
-按照实施例3的氨溴索硝酰氧基酯,剂量同上,口服,
-阿仑膦酸盐,剂量100mg/kg,口服,
-按照实施例4的阿仑膦酸的硝酰氧基酯,剂量同上,口服。
通过皮下途径,以10mg/kg的剂量,给予大鼠他克林和按照实施例11获得的对应的硝酰氧基酯的生理溶液。
给药后6小时处死动物。移出胃肠粘膜并检查。如试验F1中所述评价胃肠道损伤的发生率。
该结果在表VII中报告并且该结果显示,本发明化合物不引起胃的损害,或即使在有损害的情况下,所述损伤的发生率也远比使用前体药物时发现的损伤低。
实施例16
下式的(S)-1-[N-[1-(乙氧基羰基)-3-苯基丙基]-L-丙氨酰]-L-脯氨酸[2-(N-甲基,N’-(2-硝酰氧基)乙基)-氨基]乙酯的合成
前体为具有下式的依那普利:
和B的前体为下式的N-甲基-二乙醇胺:
根据实施例5描述的方法,合成式(E-16)的化合物。收率:19%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值% 58.19 7.51 10.44
实测值% 58.22 7.53 10.42
实施例17
下式的(4-硝酰氧基)-丁酸1-[(1-甲基乙基)氨基]-3-(1-萘氧基)-2-丙酯的合成
前体为具有下式的普萘洛尔:
和B的前体为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1的方法合成化合物(E-17)。收率:25%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值% 61.53 6.71 7.17
实测值% 61.58 6.74 7.15
实施例18
下式的丁二酸[1-[5-(2,5-二氢-5-氧代-3-呋喃基)-3-甲基-2-苯并呋喃基]乙基[(2-硝酰氧基)乙氧基]乙基二酯的合成
前体药物为具有下式的琥珀苯呋地尔:
和B的化合物前体为下式的二甘醇。
根据实施例6合成化合物(E-18)。收率:16%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值% 56.21 5.13 2.85
实测值% 56.26 5.10 2.90
实施例19
下式的N-[[6-甲氧基-5-(三氟甲基)-1-萘基[硫代甲基]-N-甲基甘氨酸[2-(N-甲基,N’-(2-硝酰氧基)乙基)氨基]乙酯的合成
前体药物为下式的托瑞司他:
和B的前体为下式的N-甲基-二乙醇胺:
根据实施例5描述的方法,合成式(E-19)的化合物。收率:12%。
元素分析:C H N S F
计算值% 50.10 4.80 8.35 6.30 11.32
实测值% 50.15 4.82 8.30 6.25 11.34
实施例20
(8S-顺式)-10-[(3-氨基,2,3,6-三脱氧-α-L-来苏-吡喃己糖基)氧基]-7,8,9,10-四氢,6,8,11-三羟基-8-[[3-甲氧基-4-(4-硝酰氧基丁酰氧基)甲基-氧代]-1-甲氧基-5,12-并四苯二酮的合成
前体药物为下式的多柔比星
B的化合物前体为4-羟基丁酸。
根据实施例1的方法,合成化合物(E-20)。收率:12%。
元素分析: C H N
计算值% 55.19 5.08 28.01
实测值% 55.21 5.09 28.08
实施例21
下式的(Z)-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[[4-(甲基亚硫酰基)苯基]亚甲基]-1H-茚-3-乙酸(4-硝酰氧基)丁酯的合成
前体药物为下式的舒林酸:
和B的前体为1,4-丁二醇
a)顺式-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[对-(甲基亚硫酰基)亚苄基]茚-3-乙酸4-溴代丁酯的制备
向舒林酸(5.17g,14.5mmol)的二甲基甲酰胺(50ml)溶液中加入EtONa(1.18g,16.4mmol)。搅拌下,将该反应混合物维持1小时,然后加入1,4-二溴丁烷的二甲基甲酰胺(20ml)的溶液。
于室温下搅拌该反应混合物8小时,然后用乙醚稀释,用水洗涤。有机相经硫酸钠脱水,然后减压蒸发。使如此获得的粗产物经硅胶柱层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯3/7(体积比)洗脱。得到顺式-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[对-(甲基亚硫酰基)亚苄基]茚-3-乙酸4-溴代丁酯。
b)顺式-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[对-(甲基亚硫酰基)亚苄基]茚-3-乙酸4-(硝酰氧基)丁酯的制备
向顺式-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[对-(甲基亚硫酰基)亚苄基]茚-3-乙酸4-溴代丁酯(5.01g,10.18mmol)的乙腈(60ml)溶液中加入硝酸银(3.5g,20.6mmol)。在避光的情况下,将该反应混合物于80℃的温度下搅拌48小时。然后冷却至室温,过滤除去形成的不溶性银盐并减压蒸发。残留物经硅柱胶层析纯化,用正己烷/乙酸乙酯3/7(体积比)洗脱。蒸发溶剂后获得(Z)-5-氟-2-甲基-1-[[4-(甲基亚硫酰基)苯基]亚甲基]-1H-茚-3-乙酸(4-硝酰氧基)丁酯(m.p.93-97)。收率:40%。
元素分析: C H F N S
计算值 60.87% 5.11% 4.01 2.96 6.77%
实测值 60.85% 5.13% 3.93 2.94 6.75%
实施例F8
用三组大鼠(每组10只动物)重复实施例F1,所有动物都接受NEM,并且按照以下口服给药:
a.对照组:1%w/v羧甲基纤维素的水悬浮液形成的溶媒;
b.一组(b组-比较组)同时给予在同样的上述溶媒中的10mg/kg(0.034mmol/kg)的双氯芬酸+4mg/kg(0.034mmol/kg)的N-甲基二乙醇胺;
c.一组(c组)给予在同样的上述溶媒中的15mg/kg(0.034mmol/kg)的根据本发明的双氯芬酸的酯衍生物(参考实施例14)。
在表VIII中报道该结果并且显示给予b组(比较组)的混合物比用本发明的衍生物处理的组(c组)在降低胃损害方面的效果低得多。
实施例F9
4-(硝酰氧基)丁酸4-(N-乙酰基氨基)苯酯(非-对乙酰氨基酚)和对乙酰氨基酚前体的抗炎和镇痛活性。
前言
NSAIDs的主要治疗作用源于其抑制前列腺素产生的能力(“Goodman & Gilman’s,治疗学的药理学基础(The pharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics)”McGraw Hill,第九版,620页,1996),并且所述药物根据所述原理分类。根据舒林酸和对乙酰氨基酚抑制前列腺素产生的可以忽略的能力,它们具有与目前最新使用的NSAIDs不同的作用机理。它们两者与氧自由基相互作用。
根据角叉菜胶大鼠足跖肿胀和乙酸小鼠扭体方法,测定抗炎和镇痛活性。使用大鼠(雄性,wistar 100-150g)和小鼠(雄性,LACA,22-35g)。以1mg/Kg的量给予作为羧甲基纤维素悬浮液(0.5%w/v)的非-对乙酰氨基酚、对乙酰氨基酚或溶媒。
角叉菜胶足跖肿胀
如Al-Swayeh等在Brit.J.Pharmacol.129,343-350 2000中所述进行试验。在足底间注射角叉菜胶(100微升,2%w/v)前3小时和注射后3小时,通过体积描记器测量后足的体积。在注射角叉菜胶前经腹膜内给予15ml的该化合物。在试验结束时,通过颈部脱位和驱血法处死动物。表IX中所示结果表示为足肿胀抑制的%,即用处理组的足体积减去对照组(溶媒)的足体积,得到的差除以对照组的足体积。
乙酸扭体试验
如Moore等(Br.J.Pharmacol.102,198-202 1990)所述进行试验。在腹膜内给予乙酸(2%w/v,在盐水(pH2.7)中,10ml/kg)前15分钟口服给予该化合物。将小鼠立即转移至个体观察笼中,在随后的30分钟内监测腹部收缩的次数。观察期结束时,通过颈部脱位和驱血法处死动物。结果表示为每30分钟腹部收缩(扭体)的次数,表示为相对于在对照组中观察到的次数的百分比,并在表IX中报告。
该表的结果表明,非-对乙酰氨基酚在两种试验中比对乙酰氨基酚有效得多。
实施例F10
给予非-对乙酰氨基酚和对乙酰氨基酚后的肝的安全性
使大鼠接受非-对乙酰氨基酚(1.4g/kg,i.p.)或对乙酰氨基酚(1.16g/kg,i.p.)或溶媒(0.9%w/v含20%v/v吐温-20的氯化钠)。6小时后,通过颈部脱位处死动物,收集躯干血并进行血浆的天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性、肝谷胱甘肽和胆红素浓度的分析。
由对乙酰氨基酚诱导的谷胱甘肽减少被认为是氧化应激反应的一种征候(B.Halliwell,J.Gutterbridge“生物学和医学中的自由基”,1993,Clarendon Press,第334-335页)。
结果报告于表X中并表示为基于溶媒组(100%)的相应值计算的百分率。
结果表明,给予对乙酰氨基酚引起肝的损伤(如相对于对照组的转氨酶AST和ALT值和胆红素的值所示)。
给予非-对乙酰氨基酚引起AST和ALT的增加要低得多,同时胆红素浓度低于对照组的胆红素浓度。
因此,与对乙酰氨基酚不同,非-对乙酰氨基酚能够不伤害肝,即使在氧化应激反应(即肝谷胱甘肽被对乙酰氨基酚和非-对乙酰氨基酚类似地减少)的状态下亦是如此。
表I
试验1:本发明所阐述的药物类型中的代表性药物在用NEM处理(氧化应激状态)或未用NEM处理的动物中胃的耐受性。用发现胃损害的动物数量和该组动物总数的比率计算发生率%。 | |||
化合物 | 剂量(mg/kg)/给药途径 | 胃肠病(发生率%) | |
未用NEM | 用NEM | ||
载体 | 0 | 0 | |
吲哚美辛 | 7.5/p.o. | 0 | 100 |
氨溴索 | 25/p.o. | 0 | 80 |
氨水杨酸 | 750/ic. | 0 | 60 |
阿仑膦酸盐 | 15/p.o. | 0 | 90 |
他克林 | 1/s.c. | 0 | 100 |
奥美拉唑 | 30/s.c. | 0 | 0 |
米索前列醇 | 0.5/s.c. | 0 | 0 |
p.o.=口服;i.c.=结肠内的途径;s.c.=皮下途径。
表II
试验2:在本发明所阐述的药物类型的代表性化合物的存在下,在内皮细胞中抑制由CIP引起的编程性细胞死亡(DNA断裂)。 | |
化合物 | 相对于仅用CIP处理的对照组编程性细胞死亡% |
吲哚美辛 | 95 |
对乙酰氨基酚 | 120 |
氯吡格雷 | 110 |
沙丁胺醇 | 90 |
氨溴索 | 70 |
阿仑膦酸盐 | 160 |
白屈菜碱 | 95 |
西替利嗪 | 115 |
依那普利 | 80 |
烟酰胺 | 98 |
多柔比星 | 94 |
阿昔洛韦 | 95 |
氨水杨酸 | 74 |
他克林 | 90 |
辛伐他汀 | 72 |
奥美拉唑 | 90 |
表III
试验5:筛选所列物质的抑制由FeII引起的自由基产生的效力。 | |
化合物 | 抑制由FeII引起的自由基产生的% |
空白 | 0 |
N-甲基二乙醇胺 | 0 |
二甘醇 | 0 |
1,4-丁二醇 | 0 |
硫代二甘醇 | 0 |
表IV
试验3:在由L-NAME引起的内皮疾病状态下,本发明所描述的药物类型的一些代表性化合物的胃(胃肠道损害发生率)、肝(GPT谷丙转氨酶的量)和心血管(血压)的耐受性。涉及血压和GPT的结果用相对于在仅用载体,而未用L-NAME处理的动物中测得结果的比较的%值表示。 | |||||||
化合物 | 剂量mg/kg给药途径 | 血压% | GPT% | 胃肠病% | |||
未用L-NAME | 用L-NAME | 未用L-NAME | 用L-NAME | 未用L-NAME | 用L-NAME | ||
载体 | 100 | 152 | 100 | 155 | 0 | 30 | |
对乙酰氨基酚 | 300/ip | 108 | 155 | 180 | 500 | 20 | 90 |
多柔比星 | 1/ip. | 120 | 145 | 195 | 360 | 30 | 100 |
辛伐他汀 | 50/p.o. | 85 | 148 | 122 | 220 | 0 | 60 |
奥美拉唑 | 30/s.c. | 100 | 150 | 100 | 160 | 0 | 10 |
米索前列醇 | 0.5/s.c. | 100 | 142 | 100 | 160 | 0 | 5 |
表V
试验4A:筛选所列物质的抑制由氢过氧化枯烯引起的红细胞溶血作用有效性 | |
化合物 | 溶血抑制作用% |
N-甲基二乙醇胺 | 54.4 |
二甘醇 | 33.4 |
硫代二甘醇 | 26 |
1,4-丁二醇 | 17.4 |
丁醇 | 10.5 |
二乙醇胺 | 2.5 |
表VI
试验F6:本发明所述的药物类型和本发明的相应衍生物的代表性前体对由过氧化氢引起的内皮细胞的编程性细胞死亡(DNA断裂)的抑制作用 | |
化合物 | 编程性细胞死亡%(相对于仅用CIP处理的对照组) |
载体 | 0 |
双氯芬酸(比较) | 15 |
实施例14的双氯芬酸的硝酰氧基酯 | 72 |
氨溴索(比较) | 25 |
实施例3的氨溴索的硝酰氧基酯 | 50 |
阿仑膦酸盐(比较) | 18 |
实施例4的阿仑膦酸的硝酰氧基酯 | 54 |
他克林(比较) | 8 |
实施例11的他克林的硝酰氧基酯 | 73 |
表VII
试验F7:与所述前体药物比较,根据本发明的衍生物的胃的耐受性的筛选 | ||
处理 | 剂量mg/kg | 胃病发生率% |
载体 | - | 0 |
双氯芬酸(比较) | 20p.o. | 70 |
实施例14的双氯芬酸的硝酰氧基酯 | 20p.o. | 0 |
氨溴索(比较) | 100p.o. | 60 |
实施例3的氨溴索的硝酰氧基酯 | 100p.o. | 10 |
阿仑膦酸盐(比较) | 100p.o. | 100 |
实施例4的阿仑膦酸的硝酰氧基酯 | 100p.o. | 10 |
他克林(比较) | 10p.o. | 60 |
实施例11的他克林的硝酰氧基酯 | 10s.c. | 20 |
表VIII
口服给予NEM(实施例F8)后对胃的耐受性试验 | ||
组 | 剂量mg/kg p.o. | 胃病发生率% |
对照组b组-比较组,混合物双氯芬酸(A)+N-甲基二乙醇胺(B) | -10(A)+4(B) | -50 |
c组本发明的双氯芬酸衍生物(参考实施例14) | 14 | 20 |
表IX
非-对乙酰氨基酚和对乙酰氨基酚的抗炎和镇痛活性 | ||
处理 | 抗炎活性足肿胀抑制% | 镇痛活性扭体抑制% |
溶媒对乙酰氨基酚非-对乙酰氨基酚 | -3469 | -40490 |
表X
在用非-对乙酰氨基酚和对乙酰氨基酚处理的动物中经测定AST(天冬氨酸转氨酶)、ALT(丙氨酸转氨酶)、谷胱甘肽和胆红素浓度的肝安全性评价。表中给出的值表示为相对于相应的对照组的%。 | ||||
处理 | AST% | ALT% | 谷胱甘肽% | 胆红素% |
溶媒对乙酰氨基酚非-对乙酰氨基酚 | 100330160 | 10017157 | 1005249 | 100200136 |
Claims (4)
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述B的前体化合物为:
6-羟基己酸:HO-(CH2)5-COOH,或
4-羟基丁酸:HO-(CH2)3-COOH。
3.权利要求1或2的化合物或其盐在制备用于治疗氧化应激反应的药物中的用途。
4.一种药用制剂,所述药用制剂含有作为活性成分的权利要求1或2的化合物或其盐。
5.4-硝酰氧基丁酸4′-乙酰氨基苯酯。
6.4-硝酰氧基丁酸4′-乙酰氨基苯酯在制备止痛药中的用途。
7.4-硝酰氧基丁酸4′-乙酰氨基苯酯在制备消炎药中的用途。
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