CN1287673C - 不含乳糖的乳制品的制备方法 - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备不含乳糖的乳制品的方法。本发明方法的特征在于如下步骤:对乳制品进行经过超滤(UF)、纳滤(NF)和通过反渗透进行浓缩,接着向该UF截留物中加入盐。
Description
发明目的
本发明涉及一种制备不含乳糖的乳制品的方法,特别地涉及不同膜技术在制备乳制品中的用途。
发明背景
膜技术是已知的以分子水平和离子水平均可使用的分离方法。这些方法的能耗小并且可以浓缩和分级乳品。例如由于使用膜技术不需要像浓缩和蒸发那样在脱水时发生相变,因此可以节省能量。
一般说来,目前使用的有四种基本类型的膜过滤方法,其分别用于不同的用途。根据分离能力,从具有最小孔径到具有最大孔径而言这四种基本类型依次是反渗透(RO)、纳滤(NF)、超滤(UF)和微滤(MF)。其中,反渗透通常用于浓缩,超滤和微滤用于分级,纳滤既用于浓缩又用于分级。
微滤、超滤和纳滤是其中将液体经过半透膜过滤的膜分离过程。半透膜是仅允许溶液中部分组分通过的膜。该体系还可以包括用于滤出最大或沉淀组分的预过滤器。
渗透作用是从稀溶液经半透膜到达较浓溶液的液体通过半透膜的自发运动过程。在反渗透装置中,通过提高浓溶液的压力使其超过渗透压而使流动方向相反。反渗透能够分离溶解的盐类。实际上,由反渗透过程获得的液体(渗透物)足够纯净而可以将其排放到下水道中。反渗透的最常见的用途是由海水制备饮用水。
使用膜技术可以通过在升高的压力下使乳品流经膜的方式而分离乳品组分。然后小于膜孔径的组分将通过该膜(渗透物),而较大组分保留在膜后面(截留物)。换句话说,总是产生两股离开分离体系的物流。
在近数十年间,乳品工业已经成功地例如在处理乳清和废水中使用了膜技术。然而,乳品工业已注意到膜技术非常适合处理牛乳,牛乳被认为含有充足的有价值的营养成分和功能化合物。近来的研究实际上集中在乳品的膜过滤过程以及这种经过滤的乳品在制备乳制品例如乳酪、冰淇淋和酸乳酪中的用途。
近几年间,研究中特别关注的是对不含乳糖的乳制品的需求不断增加。普遍认为某些个体不能耐受乳糖,即不能耐受含有正常量乳糖的乳制品。此外,有时出于一些其它原因必需摄取低乳糖的乳制品。例如,当个体服用抗生素时,肠道将乳糖分解成单糖的能力可能会受到损害。
已经提出几种方法用于除去乳品中的乳糖。一般说来,所有已知方法中存在的问题是感观特性的改变。本领域公知的方法是常规的去除乳糖的酶方法,该方法包括向乳品中加入乳糖酶的步骤,由此使得超过80%的乳糖转化成单糖,即葡萄糖和半乳糖。其中问题在于乳品因单糖引起的不可接受的甜味。
WO 00/45643出版物公开了一种旨在保留乳品感观特性的方法。根据该出版物,这可以通过降低乳糖的量以使乳糖与蛋白质的比例达到约1∶1和然后周乳糖酶处理该乳品以使残留的乳糖转化成单糖而实现。根据该出版物,可以通过超滤或恒容过滤(diafiltration)的方式降低乳糖的量。所述方法的主要特征是降低乳糖与蛋白质的比例。这也可以通过浓缩初始乳品或者通过在任何加工步骤中向乳品添加蛋白质来提高蛋白质的量而实现。该方法的问题在于在超滤或恒容过滤的同时,不仅乳糖而且对乳品味道具有重要意义的部分盐类也会被从乳品中除去。使用超滤的另一缺点是含有水、乳糖、盐和低分子量氮化合物的副产物-渗透物难以利用。
芬兰出版物104 783 B1公开了一种由乳清或者超滤乳品渗透出的渗透物制备乳清盐粉的方法。该方法包括对乳清或者所述渗透物进行纳滤、浓缩和干燥。由该方法获得的乳清盐粉可用作常规食盐(NaCl)的替代品。
EP出版物226 035 B1公开了一种从乳品中分离乳糖的特殊色谱分离方法。在该方法中,分级乳品使得分离出乳糖级分,而盐类保留在蛋白质级分或蛋白质/脂肪级分中。该方法的优点在于获得的是纯净的乳糖溶液而不是渗透物,并且所有对味道有影响的物质(包括盐类)都保留在乳品中。然而,色谱分离法耗时且过程复杂。色谱分离法的另一问题是设备的购买价格高,因为常规的乳制品厂通常不会拥有这种设备。
发明简述
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种解决上述问题的方法。本发明的目的是通过独立权利要求中所述内容表征的方法而实现的。本发明的优选实施方案在从属权利要求中作了描述。
本发明基于如下令人惊讶的发现:使用本发明的方法可以将常规的超滤中除去的盐类返回至乳制品中,在该方法中对乳制品进行超滤、纳滤和通过反渗透进行浓缩,接着向所述UF截留物中加入盐。然后可以对由此获得的低乳糖的乳制品进行水解,其中通过乳糖酶将残留的乳糖转化成单糖,从而得到大体上不含乳糖的乳制品。
本发明方法的优点在于可保持乳制品的感观特性。此外,在本发明的方法中,产生的流出物-NF截留物和RO渗透物可以容易地进行进一步加工。NF截留物主要含有乳糖和水,RO渗透物基本上仅含有水。所得的RO渗透物足够纯净以用作例如清洗设备的清洗用水。另一优点是本发明的方法能够制备仅含有源自乳品的组分的乳制品。然而,这对本发明来说不是必须的,在本发明方法中如果需要的话也可以向乳制品中添加其它物质。
附图简述
下面参照附图详细描述本发明的优选实施方案,其中图1显示了本发明实施方案中的方法的方块图。
发明详述
本发明涉及一种制备不含乳糖的乳制品的方法,特征在于以下步骤:对乳制品进行超滤、纳滤和通过反渗透进行浓缩,并向所述UF截留物中加入盐。本发明的方法可以除去乳品中的乳糖而不会对制得的乳制品的感观特性产生任何影响,这是由于在除去乳糖的过程中除去的盐可以被复原和/或替代。
本发明的方法优选包括步骤:
a)对乳品进行超滤,
b)对由所述超滤获得的UF渗透物进行纳滤,
c)通过反渗透对步骤b)中获得的NF渗透物进行浓缩,
d)使用步骤c)中获得的RO截留物作为待加入到UF截留物中的盐。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,除了由相同制备方法获得的RO截留物中所含的盐之外或者作为替代,向所述UF截留物中加入另外的盐。待加入的盐优选是乳清盐,例如由乳清纳滤的渗透物或色谱分离的盐粉制得的RO截留物。待加入的乳清盐可以是粉状物或者溶液。UF截留物和由乳品的超滤渗透物制得的并且待加入UF截留物中的RO截留物也可以源于不同的方法。
图1显示了本发明的一个实施方案的方块图。下面描述不同工艺步骤的优选实施方案。在本公开中,如果未另作说明,所述百分比是指重量百分比。
优选以浓缩系数k=1~4、更优选k=1.5~2进行超滤。所述浓缩系数(k)是指供入过滤操作的液体与截留物之间的重量比,并由下式得出:
超滤乳品产生的UF渗透物通常含有约4.3%乳糖和约0.4%灰分,其干物质含量为5.0~5.5%。所述的超滤中产生的UF截留物(k=1.5~2)含有约5~7%蛋白质、约4.6~4.9%乳糖和约1.0~1.2%灰分;其干物质含量为11~14%。合适的膜例如是丹麦Danish Separation Systems生产的GR81PP和GR61PP。
在本发明方法中,优选以浓缩系数k=1~6、更优选k=3-5进行纳滤。纳滤中产生的渗透物(NF渗透物)主要含有一价盐和脲,其干物质含量为0.1~0.3%。纳滤中产生的NF渗透物含有乳糖(约为干物质的90%),并且其干物质含量为20~24%。合适的膜例如是Desal 5(Osmonics Inc.,美国)和NF45(Filmtec,美国)。
在本发明方法中,优选以浓缩系数k=2~20、更优选k=5~12进行反渗透。反渗透中产生的渗透物(RO渗透物)主要仅含有水。反渗透中产生的RO截留物通常含有0.5~2%灰分,其干物质含量为1~3%。合适的膜例如是美国Millipore Corp.生产的Nanomax-95。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,在超滤之前将乳品标准化至所需的脂肪含量。在乳品制备中,脂肪含量可以为0~7%,优选为0~4.5%。如果乳品中的脂肪含量超过7%,那么通常涉及的是乳脂。本发明的方法也可用于制备不含乳糖的乳脂。
在超滤之前,也可以对乳品进行热处理(即巴氏杀菌)。巴氏杀菌是指将液体食品(特别是乳品)加热至60~90℃以消灭致病物质。
本发明的方法还优选包括酶水解步骤,其中通过乳糖酶(即β-D-半乳糖苷酶)将残留的乳糖转化成单糖。适用于本发明方法的几种不同的酶可市售获得。这些酶包括例如Kluyveromyces fragilis生产的乳糖酶(例如HA-乳糖酶,Chr.Hansen A/S,丹麦)或者Kluyveromyces lactis生产的乳糖酶(例如Validase,Valley Research Inc.,美国)。水解优选持续1~36小时,并在5~70℃、优选6~15℃下进行。然而,应注意的是市售酶的厂商在各自的说明书中提供了酶的最佳水解条件。
通过本发明的方法获得的乳制品的干物质含量可以通过加入水来调节。另一方面,本发明的方法也可用于制备不含乳糖的乳粉,即将所得的乳品干燥。粉状物的制备特别适合于制备不含乳糖的无脂乳粉,但是也可以制备含脂乳粉。
在包装乳制品之前,可以对乳品进行热处理,例如通过巴氏杀菌(72℃,15秒)、通过ELS处理(130℃,1~2秒)或者通过UHT处理(138℃,2~4秒)。
本发明方法特别适合于处理牛乳。然而,术语“乳”是指从哺乳动物的乳腺获得的任何正常的分泌物,例如牛乳、山羊乳、马乳或绵羊乳。术语“标准化乳品”是指脂肪含量标准化至所需水平的乳品。通过本发明的方法制得的乳制品可以是例如乳汁、酸乳酪、凝乳、凝乳酪或者酸乳饮料例如酸乳或酪乳。该方法还可以根据需要调节干物质含量,于是制品可以为液体、胶状物或固体物质。通过本发明的方法获得的制品可以是原样摄入或者作为添加剂加入到食品中或者作为食品的一部分。所述食品可以是例如乳品工业、肉加工工业、预制食品工业、饮料工业、焙烤工业或甜点工业的制品。
实施例1
用临界值为20,000道尔顿的GR61PP膜通过实验室规模的Labstak超滤机以浓缩比1.5于50℃下对30升脂肪含量为1.5%的经巴氏杀菌(72℃,15秒)的乳品进行超滤。回收所得的截留物(20升)和渗透物(10升)。
室温下进一步以浓缩系数4经Millipore Nanomax-50纳滤膜对所述渗透物进行纳滤,从而一价离子通过该膜(NaCl保留量<65%)。该渗透物(7.5L)的主要组分乳糖留在纳滤时的截留物部分中。纳滤中,从UF渗透物中分离盐,即乳糖部分(2.5L),因此该纳滤截留物适于进一步用作低钠的乳糖级分。
室温下使用反渗透膜Nanomax-95(Millipore)以浓缩系数10对所述纳滤渗透物(7.5L)进行浓缩,由此将纳滤渗透物所得的盐浓缩于反渗透截留物中(NaCl保留量>94%)。由此获得的RO截留物可用于制备复原盐的不含乳糖的乳品。
将69.2g UF截留物和10.5g RO截留物以及20.3g水混合,并加入0.35gHA乳糖酶(Chr.Hansen A/S,丹麦)。在10℃下将该混合物水解24小时,在此期间使乳糖含量降低至低于0.01%。表1显示了UF截留物和RO截留物的组成。所得制品的组成非常接近普通的脱脂乳,并且味道与脱脂乳相似,但是完全不含乳糖(乳糖<0.01%)。
表1.由标准化乳品和乳品的UF渗透物制得的RO截留物制备不含乳糖的乳品
组分 | UF截留物k=1.5 | RO截留物 | 不含乳糖的乳品 | 脱脂乳 |
总蛋白质% | 4.79 | 0.34 | 3.35 | 3.3 |
实际蛋白质% | 4.63 | 0 | 3.21 | 3.14 |
NPN(×6.38)% | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
乳糖% | 4.37 | 0.15 | <0.01 | 4.64 |
葡萄糖+半乳糖% | 3.0 | |||
乳酸% | 0.2 | n.m. | 0.2 | 0.2 |
脂肪% | 2.22 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
灰分% | 0.91 | 1.52 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
干物质% | 12.49 | 1.90 | 8.84 | 10.39 |
n.m.=未测出
可以以相同方式制得不含脂肪或者例如含有3.5%脂肪的不含乳糖的乳品。在这种情况下,相应地原料乳品必须不含脂肪或者脂肪含量为3.5%。
实施例2
用临界值为20,000道尔顿的GR61PP膜于50℃下以浓缩比1.5对30升脂肪含量为1.5%的经巴氏杀菌(72℃,15秒)的乳品进行超滤。回收所得截留物(20升)和渗透物(10升)。
在乳酪业中,代替由乳品的UF渗透物制得的RO截留物,采用的是由超滤乳清的渗透物制得的浓缩物(RO截留物),该浓缩物的组成与由乳品的UF渗透物制得的RO截留物相似(表1和2)。
将69.2g UF截留物和10.5g盐浓缩物以及20.3g水混合,并加入0.35g HA乳糖酶(Chr.Hansen A/S,丹麦)。在10℃下将该混合物水解24小时,在此期间使乳糖含量降低至低于0.01%。表2显示了UF截留物和RO截留物的组成。所得制品的组成非常接近普通的脱脂乳,并且味道与脱脂乳相似,但是完全不含乳糖(乳糖<0.01%)。
表2.由标准化乳品和纳滤乳清获得的RO截留物制备不含乳糖的乳品
组分 | UF截留物k=1.5 | RO截留物 | 不含乳糖的乳品 | 脱脂乳 |
总蛋白质% | 4.79 | 0.36 | 3.35 | 3.3 |
实际蛋白质% | 4.63 | 0 | 3.21 | 3.14 |
NPN(×6.38)% | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
乳糖% | 4.37 | 0.13 | <0.01 | 4.64 |
葡萄糖+半乳糖% | 3.0 | |||
乳酸% | 0.2 | n.m. | 0.2 | 0.2 |
脂肪% | 2.22 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
灰分% | 0.91 | 1.52 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
干物质% | 12.49 | 1.86 | 8.84 | 10.39 |
与由乳品的UF渗透物获得的RO截留物一样,由纳滤乳清获得的RO截留物可以用于制备不含乳糖的乳品。
实施例3
也可以将实施例1和2制得的乳品干燥成粉末。在75℃±3℃/3min下对所述乳品进行巴氏杀菌,并蒸发至40~45%干物质含量。然后将其供入喷雾干燥器中。在与正常的经乳糖水解的乳粉相应的干燥值下用板式干燥器(laminar drier,Filtermat)进行干燥。
喷嘴压力110~150巴
喷嘴空气的温度185~190℃
板空气的温度160~170℃
后干燥120~130℃
冷却20~25℃
出口温度60~65℃
目标水分1.75%,最大值2.3%
所述粉末制备方式特别适于制备不含乳糖的无脂乳粉,但是也可以制备含脂乳粉。
实施例4
实施例1~3的不含乳糖的乳制品还可以用于常规的但不含乳糖的制品的进一步加工。不含乳糖的乳品可以通过在乳糖水解之前适当调节制品的脂肪含量而用于制备不含乳糖的乳脂。类似地,通过向乳品中加入乳品酸化剂和使乳品呈现正常的酸乳制备中的酸味,可以将不含乳糖的乳品用于制备酸乳。可以以与正常乳品相同的方式制备不含乳糖的冰淇淋。类似地,通过常规的制备工艺可以使得几乎所有适宜的乳制品制成不含乳糖的形式。当使用不含乳糖的乳品时,可能需要略微改变不同制品的制备参数。
对本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是作为技术发展,本发明的基本思想可以不同方式实施。因此本发明及其实施方案并不限于上面的实施例,而是可以在这些权利要求书的范围内变化。
Claims (8)
1、一种不含乳糖的乳制品的制备方法,其特征在于包括步骤:
a)以浓缩系数1~4对乳品进行超滤,
b)以浓缩系数1~6对由所述超滤获得的UF渗透物进行纳滤,
c)以浓缩系数2~20通过反渗透对步骤b)中获得的NF渗透物进行浓缩,
d)使用步骤c)中获得的RO截留物作为待加入到UF截留物中的盐。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于除了RO截留物之外还向UF截留物中加入另外的盐。
3、根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于另外的盐是乳清盐。
4、根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于通过乳糖酶水解所述乳制品。
5、根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于水解持续1~36小时。
6、根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于在5~70℃下进行水解。
7、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于在超滤之前将所述乳品调节至所需的脂肪含量和对其进行巴氏杀菌。
8、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于还包括通过添加水来调节所述乳制品的干物质含量。
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