CN1211468A - 改良的粘结型沸石吸附剂,其制法及其在工业气体的非深冷分离中的应用 - Google Patents

改良的粘结型沸石吸附剂,其制法及其在工业气体的非深冷分离中的应用 Download PDF

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CN1211468A
CN1211468A CN98116154A CN98116154A CN1211468A CN 1211468 A CN1211468 A CN 1211468A CN 98116154 A CN98116154 A CN 98116154A CN 98116154 A CN98116154 A CN 98116154A CN 1211468 A CN1211468 A CN 1211468A
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D·普勒
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Abstract

一方面公开了惰性粘结剂在一种碱性液体中沸石化转变成活性沸石,另一方面公开了进行深度锂交换的Si/AL比例等于1的八面沸石X粘结体。这些吸附剂显示出至少26cm3/g(1巴/25℃)的氮吸附能力,这使之成为非深冷空气分离和提纯氢气用的良好吸附剂。

Description

改良的粘结型沸石吸附剂, 其制法及其在工业气体的非深冷分离中的应用
本发明涉及用于工业气体非深冷分离的吸附剂,更具体而言,本发明涉及氮气在例如空气的气流中的吸附分离,以及通过吸附CO和/或N,纯化氢气的方法。
从气体混合物中分离氮气是许多工业气体非深冷工艺的基础,其中相当重要的是用PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption,变压吸附的缩写)方法从空气中制备氧气。在这种应用当中,空气被压缩和传送到为氮气分子优选的吸附塔中。这样可以在吸附循环中得到纯度约为94%至95%的氧气和氩气。经过了一段时间以后,对吸附塔减压并将其维持在低压下,此间氮气解吸附出来。通过对得到的部分的氧气的再加压而使循环进行下去。与深冷方法相比较而言,这种方法的优点在于设备高度简化,控制容易得多。所用吸附剂的质量是该方法的有效性和竞争力的关键。吸附剂的性能与多种因素相关,例如:对氮气的吸附能力,它决定塔的直径和尺寸;对氮气和氧气的选择性,它是氧气的产率(得到的氧气产品的量和进入的氧气的量的比例)的重要条件;吸附动力学,它可以使循环周期最优化,提高设备的产率。
采用分子筛作为氮气的选择性吸附剂在现有技术中是已知的。在US3,140,931中,Mc Robbie建议使用孔径至少为0.4nm(4埃)的沸石类吸附剂来分离氮气/氧气混合气。Mc Kee在US 3,140,933中对研究过的不同离子形式的沸石的不同性能进行了比较。尤其是其中的锂离子形式的具有就选择性而言的最好的效果。但是此类沸石的优点是有限的,因为难于将八面沸石交换成为锂离子形式。从CHAO(US 4,859,217)已知它具有高的交换比,一般高于88%。
用钙离子进行交换要容易些,现今的努力方向是钙交换的八面沸石和用钙离子和锶离子两种二价离子交换的八面沸石(参见例如COE的美国专利US 4,554,378和Sircar的美国专利US 4,455,736)。在COE的公开中表明,交换的离子的羟基化状态对于性能十分重要,而这种羟基化状态可以通过特定的热活化而实现。
吸附法提纯氢气同样是工业上十分重要的工艺。它涉及从含有多种成分的混合气中收集氢气,而所述的混合气来源于天然气的催化重整、氨气生产装置和乙烯装置。采用变压吸附(PSA)的原理来制得高纯度的氢气。氢气中所经常含有的杂质包括CO2、NH3、N2、CO、CH4和C1~C4烃类其含量从几个ppm到几个百分点。实际操作当中,使用氧化铝或者硅胶床来吸附水,使用活性炭床来吸附CO2和CH4,而用分子筛来吸附氮气和CO。
最早的工业装置由UCC在1967年描述于US 3,430,418中,而迄今,已经使用沸石类吸附剂是5A型分子筛。
Air Liquide在WO97/45363中描述了一种包含于一种混合气的氢气的分离方法。所述的混合气被CO所污染,并且含有至少一种选自如下的杂质:CO2;线型、分支或者环状的C1-C8饱和或者不饱和烃;和氮气。所述的分离方法包括:使待分离的混合气与对于至少CO2和C1~C8具有选择性的第一吸附床接触,接着使之与对于氮气具有特别的吸附能力的吸附剂床(可以吸附混合气中的大部分的氮气),例如5A型的沸石床接触,最后使之与被至少80%锂离子交换的八面沸石型的第三吸附剂床接触以除尽CO,所述的八面沸石型吸附剂床中的Si/Al比例小于1.5。
鉴于工业气体分离中使用分子筛的非深冷方法的重要性,开发具有越来越高性能的吸附剂对于气体生产公司和分子筛的供应商来说,都是一个重要的课题。
本发明中涉及粘结型吸附剂。传统上的粘结型吸附剂由如下的物质组成:构成活性成分的沸石粉末,以及使晶体粘结成为颗粒状的粘结剂。这种粘结剂不具有吸附的性能,其作用在于使颗粒具有足够的机械耐力,使之能够耐受在塔中加压和减压操作时的振动和移动。
已有多种方法来减轻粘结剂的缺陷,即对于吸附剂的性能而言它是惰性的缺陷。所述的方法之一是将粘结剂部分或者全部改用沸石。当使用预先在500℃和700℃焙烧过的高岭土类的硅藻土时,这种操作就很容易。另外一种变通方案是:先制得纯净的高岭土,然后将其沸石化。这种方法由D.W.Breck提出并且公开于《沸石分子筛》中。该书由John Wiley andSons,New York出版。这种技术在应用于合成沸石A或者沸石X颗粒时取得了成功。所述的颗粒由高达95%(重量)的沸石本身和剩余的未转化的粘结剂组成(为此参见Howell的美国专利US 3,119,660)。其他的源于高岭土类的粘结剂,例如埃洛石,被转化为沸石。要得到沸石X,建议加入二氧化硅的源物(《沸石分子筛》,Breck,第320页)。
Kuznicki等人指出(US 4603040)可以将粘结的高岭土制成Si/Al比例等于1的沸石X。为了实际上完全反应,即生成约95%沸石X的颗粒需要在50℃下进行几十天。反应另外要在40℃下5天的熟化期,和在较高温度下连续结晶。
JP-05163015(Tosoh公司)指出将Si/Al的比例为1沸石X粉末与高岭土、苛性钾、苛性钠和羧甲基纤维素相混合可以制得Si/Al比例低,约等于1的沸石X颗粒。经挤压成型。这样得到的颗粒经干燥、在600℃下焙烧2小时,然后浸入苛性钠和苛性钾溶液中40℃,2天。
按照这两篇文献所述,可以制得机械耐力好,主要由沸石X组成的固体,其Si/Al比例明显低于凝胶法所制得的传统沸石X(Si/Al比例介于1.1~1.5)。这些方法不够完满,或是反应时间过长,或者步骤太繁琐。另一方面也担心如在JP 05-163015中所要求保护的在成型步骤之后热处理,不会使颗粒无定形化以及接着为了使之再结晶用碱蒸煮,这说明此法缓慢拖沓。
在本申请中,术语LSX(低二氧化硅含量X)指Si/Al比例低的X,即Si/Al比例等于1的沸石X,同时接受在此单位值邻近的合理试验偏差,值低肯定相当于测量不精确,而值高则由于伴随较高含量的二氧化硅,不可避免地含有杂质,并且含钠离子以及可能含钾离子。这里指出可以用比较简单和快捷的方法制得至少含95%沸石LSX的粘结型沸石体,并且由这些沸石体出发,经过锂交换可以得到不仅在分离氮/氧中,同样在分离氮-CO/H2中有优异性能的吸附剂。
根据本发明制备锂交换的沸石LSX(以下称为Li LSX)粘结体方法包括以下操作:
a)在大约100℃下将沸石LSX体用氯化锂溶液进行一次或连续几次交换,并且任选地用元素周期表ⅠA、ⅡA、ⅢA、ⅢB族离子,镧系或稀土元素的三价离子,锌(Ⅱ)离子,铜(Ⅱ)离子,铬(Ⅲ)离子,铁(Ⅲ)离子,铵离子和/或水合氢离子对LSX可交换的阳离子位交换,优选用的离子为钙、锶、锌和稀土离子。
b)重复洗涤在a)中交换过的沸石体,至固体上氯化物含量降低(低于0.02%重量),
c)按照不会使沸石结构热降解的方法将b)中洗涤过的产物干燥并加热活化,
沸石LSX体是由下列操作得到的产物:
-ⅰ)沸石LSX用至少含有80%可沸石化的粘土的粘土粘结剂粘结,
-ⅱ)将ⅰ)中得到的混合物成形,
-ⅲ)干燥,然后在500~700℃,优选500~600℃下焙烧,
-ⅳ)将ⅲ)中得到的固体产物与苛性水溶液接触,
-ⅴ)洗涤、干燥和在300~600℃下,优选500~600℃下活化。
在步骤ⅳ)中粘结剂经苛性溶液的作用沸石化,苛性溶液(应至少为0.5摩尔),苛性溶液可以是苛性钠和苛性钾溶液,其中苛性钾含量最大为30mol%(相对于苛性钠和苛性钾总体而言)。用苛性钠可能有利。
当用苛性钠进行沸石化时,在塔上操作特别有利,因为这样可以从结构上除去苛性钾,好处是当以后锂交换时,不会再在锂排料中找到钾,这同样减轻了选择性再结晶处理的负担。
这里,为了得到合理的沸石化速度在足够的温度下进行操作。
可沸石化的粘土属于高岭石、埃洛石、珍珠陶土或地开石类。用高岭土非常简单。
锂交换操作以及上述详细叙述的阳离子位可能的交换操作均在专业人员熟知的条件下进行。最好在塔上进行以减少锂和其他可能的阳离子的消耗。
推荐按照特别考虑结构的方法进行c)步中LiLSX的活化,按照专利EP 0421875在塔中用热空气活化。
根据本发明的粘结型沸石体,对其进行锂交换和可能用一种或几种元素周期表中ⅠA、ⅡA、ⅢA、ⅢB族元素的离子,镧系或稀土类离子、锌(Ⅱ)离子、铜(Ⅱ)离子、铬(Ⅲ)离子、铁(Ⅲ)离子、铵离子和/或水合氢离子的交换,其交换率相对于在a)步骤中交换的阳离子位的总量,超过和等于80%当量,而且优选超过或等于全部沸石阳离子位的95%。
锂至少为全部交换率的50%当量,
钙可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
锶可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
锌可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
稀土元素可以至多为全部交换率的50%当量,均为从空气分离气体用的优良的氮吸附剂和提纯氢气用的优良的氮和/或CO吸附剂;粘结沸石体的交换率相对于a)步骤中交换的阳离子位总量,超过或等于沸石全部阳离子位的95%当量,在1巴和25℃下氮吸附能力超过或等于26cm3/g,并且它们是本申请人特别优选的。使用的吸附方法为最常用的PSA或VSA型。
下列实例说明本发明。
实例1:在苛性钾的存在下,按照现有技术,制备八面沸石LSX,
将下列溶液混合,制备Si/Al比例等于1的八面沸石型沸石。
溶液A:将136g苛性钠,73g苛性钾(以纯的来表示)溶于280g水中,升温至100~115℃沸腾,然后溶解78g氧化铝。一旦溶解完成,放置冷却,考虑蒸发掉的水再加水到570g。
溶液B:在轻微搅拌下,使300g水和235.3克硅酸钠(25.5%SiO2;7.75%Na2O)混合。在大约2分钟内用一个转速为2500转/分钟(圆周速度为3.7m/秒)的RAYNERI型反絮凝涡轮机强烈搅拌下,将硅酸盐溶液加入铝酸盐溶液中,然后在60℃无搅拌下将生成的凝胶放置24小时。在这段时间之后,观察到结晶过程特征的明显沉降。进行过滤之后,按照每克固体大约15ml水的用量洗涤固体。再将固体于80℃在烘箱中干燥。合成凝胶的组成:
4Na2O·1.3K2O·1Al2O3·2SiO2·91H2O
合成出的固体的化学分析组成:
0.77Na2O·0.23K2O·2SiO2·1Al2O3
X射线衍射分析证实生成的粉末由基本纯净的八面沸石组成,伴有微量沸石A,其含量估计不到2%。在惰性气体中于550℃焙烧2小时之后,进行甲苯吸附能力测定:发现在25℃和分压0.5下,吸附能力为22.5%。
实例2:制备粘结型LiLSX
将42.5g(以焙烧后的当量表示),7.5g纤维性粘土(以焙烧后的当量表示),1克羧甲基纤维素和适量的水混合,目的为了能挤压成直径1.6mm和长约4mm的形状。挤压物于80℃下干燥,然后于550℃在惰性气体中焙烧2小时。用氯化锂溶液(1mol/l)按照每克固体20ml的用量连续进行5次交换。每次交换在100℃下进行4小时,中间进行洗涤以除去各步骤过量的盐。在最后步骤中,在室温下洗涤4次以降低在分子筛上残余的氯化物量至低于0.05%。根据测试得到的固体特征如下:
甲苯吸附能力(25℃,P/Po=0.5)     21%
Li交换率(%)
(用Li2O/(Li2O+K2O+Na2O)表示)    98.4%
实例3:根据本发明制备含转化为沸石的粘结剂的粘结型LSX
使用实例1的沸石LSX沸石粉,将其用蒙脱土(15%)、高岭土型粘土(85%)、少量羧甲基纤维素和水粘结。完成挤压后于80℃干燥和在无水蒸汽的惰性气体中于600℃焙烧2小时。
制备含16.7g粒状苛性钠、7.7g苛性钾(以纯物质量表示)在100ml水中的溶液。将10g新焙烧的沸石颗粒浸入17ml的这种溶液中,在搅拌下将整个混合物加热至95℃。
在3、6和24小时后取出固体,以控制结晶态随时间的变化。每次取出的固体浸入水中(20ml/g)洗涤,粘结型LSX共洗涤4次。
在前边所述条件下测定甲苯吸附能力并且得到以下数值:
粘结型LSX(NaOH+KOH未处理过)             18.2%
粘结型LSX(NaOH+KOH处理过,反应3小时)    21.7%
粘结型LSX(NaOH+KOH处理过,反应6小时)    21.6%
粘结型LSX(NaOH+KOH处理过,反应24小时)   21.6%
X射线图表明主要含有八面沸石,以及微量的沸石A,其量与粘结之前在粉末上测得的量相似。化学分析总的Si/Al比例为1.04,与希望目标相当。用硅核磁共振测得的Si/Al比例为1.01,相当于在晶体点阵中的比例。
这样,在吸附能力的基础上可以得到含八面沸石型沸石量至少为95%的LSX颗粒。由于同样原因表明反应可以快(不到3小时),不需要熟化期,与US 4603040要求保护的不同,无需用大量成孔剂。
此法得到的固体经过实例1中所述同样的交换过程,得到特征如下的吸附剂:
甲苯吸附能力(25℃-P/Po=0.5)    23.9%
Li交换率(%)
(用Li2O/(Li2O+Na2O+K2O)表示)   98.1%
实例4:根据本发明制备含有转化为沸石的粘结剂的粘结型Li LSX
使用实例1的沸石LSX粉末,将其用一种蒙脱石土(15%)、高岭土型粘土(85%)、少量羧甲基纤维素和水的混合物粘结。挤压完成后在80℃下干燥并在不含水蒸汽的惰性气体中于600℃焙烧2小时。
将10g这种粘结体于95℃浸入17ml苛性钠溶液(220g/l)3小时。粘结体然后浸入水中洗涤4次。
在前述的条件下测量甲苯吸附能力,得到以下数值:
粘结型LSX(未经处理)      18.2%
粘结型LSX(NaOH处理过)  22.4%
这种粘结型LSX有良好的甲苯吸附能力,显示出比前述实例有更好的结晶度。另一方面经硅核磁共振表示出晶体点阵的Si/Al比例为1.01。
此法得到的固体进行与实例1所述同样的交换过程,得到一种吸附剂,其特征如下:
甲苯吸附能力(25℃-P/Po=0.5)           24.3%
Li交换率(%)(用Li2O/Li2O+NaO+K2O表示) 98%
实例5:
在0.002mmHg真空之下于300℃脱气15小时之后,通过测定氮和氧的吸附等温线来测试实例2、3和4的含锂吸附剂。结果汇总如下:
Figure A9811615400101
从中得出结论,即根据本发明的吸附剂,主要是由于其优良的吸附能力,超过26cm3/g,优于已知的吸附剂。
实例6:根据本发明制备含转化为沸石的粘结剂的粘结型LiLSX和LiCaLSX
用1mol/l氯化锂溶液于100℃将实例3制得的粘结型LSX进行交换,得到一种粘结体,其锂交换率为91%(Li91LSX)。
然后在70℃将此粘结体用0.23mol/l氯化钙溶液处理1小时。一旦进行完操作,产物过滤并对粘结体按每克粘结体10ml水的用量进行水洗。得到的粘结体锂加钙的全部交换率为91%,分别为69%锂和22%钙(Li69Ca22LSX)。
在空气中于550℃焙烧粘结体2小时后,再于300℃真空脱气,然后在30℃下测量CO和氮的吸附能力。在30℃下测量CO和氮的吸附能力。
得到的结果列入下边表中,一方面为在1巴压力下对两种气体的吸附能力,另一方面是在1巴和0.2巴下吸附能力之比,这提供有关吸附等温线的信息。
 CO(1巴)mmol/g  CO(1巴)CO(0.2巴)  N2(1巴)mmol/g  N2(1巴)N2(0.2巴)
粘结的Li91LSX     1.71     1.86     0.83     3.49
粘结的Li69Ca22LSX     1.71     1.8     0.81     3.40
这些结果表明锂加钙交换的粘结型吸附剂对于吸附CO和N2来讲表现如同单用锂交换的粘结型吸附剂。

Claims (13)

1.制取含有至少95%Si/Al比例等于1的锂交换沸石X的沸石粘结体的方法,包括以下操作:
a)将LSX沸石体用氯化锂溶液在约100℃温度下进行一次或连续几次交换,并
任选地用元素周期表中ⅠA、ⅡA、ⅢA、ⅢB族离子,镧系或稀土元素的三价离子,锌(Ⅱ)离子,铜(Ⅱ)离子,铬(Ⅲ)离子,铁(Ⅲ)离子,铵离子和/或水合氢离子,对LSX的可交换阳离子位点进行交换,优选的离子为钙、锶、锌和稀土元素离子,
b)反复洗涤在a)中交换过的沸石LSX体,
c)将在b)中洗涤过的产物干燥并热活化,其特征在于沸石LSX体为来自以下操作的产物:
ⅰ)用含至少80%的一种可沸石化的粘土的粘结剂将沸石LSX粉末粘结,
ⅱ)将ⅰ)中得到的混合物成型,
ⅲ)干燥,再在500~700℃,优选500~600℃下焙烧,
ⅳ)将ⅲ)得到的固体产物与至少0.5M的苛性钠水溶液接触,
ⅴ)洗涤、干燥并且在300~600℃下,优选500~600℃下按照一种不会使沸石结构热降解的方法进行活化。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中苛性溶液是苛性钠和苛性钾溶液,其中苛性钾最大含量为30mol%(相对于苛性钠加苛性钾的总量)。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中苛性溶液是苛性钠溶液。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任何一项的方法,特征在于可以沸石化的粘结剂属于高岭土、埃洛石、珍珠陶土或地开石类。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,特征在于可沸石化的粘结剂是高岭土。
6.含有至少95%的Si/Al比例等于1的沸石X的并任选地用元素周期表ⅠA、ⅡA、ⅢA、ⅢB族,镧系或稀土元素的三价离子,锌(Ⅱ)离子,铜(Ⅱ)离子,铬(Ⅲ)离子,铁(Ⅲ)离子,铵离子和/或水合氢离子交换的粘结体,能根据权利要求1~5中任何一种的方法制得。
7.根据权利要求6的沸石粘结体,其为锂交换的。
8.根据权利要求6的沸石粘结体,其为锂交换的和/或钙交换的和/或锶交换的和/或一种或多种稀土金属交换的。
9.根据权利要求6~8中任何一项的沸石粘结体,其在1巴和25℃下的氮吸附能力超过或等于26cm3/g。
10.如权利要求6~9中任何一项所定义的沸石粘结体作为工业气体非深冷分离的吸附剂的应用,其相当于在a)步骤中交换的阳离子位点总量的交换率超过或等于80%当量,优选超过或等于沸石阳离子位点总量的95%,
锂至少为全部交换率的50%当量,
钙可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
锶可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
锌可以至多为全部交换率的40%当量,
稀土元素可以至多为全部交换率的50%当量。
11.根据权利要求10的沸石粘结体的应用,用于在空气分离中吸附氮气。
12.根据权利要求10的沸石粘结体的应用,用于在氢气的提纯中吸附氮气和/或一氧化碳。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项的沸石粘结体的应用,用于PSA或VSA方法。
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US6652626B1 (en) 2003-11-25
ES2237827T3 (es) 2005-08-01
CA2242621C (fr) 2007-03-13
IL125359A0 (en) 1999-03-12
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JPH1176810A (ja) 1999-03-23
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DE69829021D1 (de) 2005-03-24
EP0893157B1 (fr) 2005-02-16
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JP2012086218A (ja) 2012-05-10
CN1158139C (zh) 2004-07-21
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