CN1172497A - 可生物降解的支化合成酯基料和由其形成的润滑剂 - Google Patents

可生物降解的支化合成酯基料和由其形成的润滑剂 Download PDF

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CN1172497A
CN1172497A CN95197294A CN95197294A CN1172497A CN 1172497 A CN1172497 A CN 1172497A CN 95197294 A CN95197294 A CN 95197294A CN 95197294 A CN95197294 A CN 95197294A CN 1172497 A CN1172497 A CN 1172497A
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acid
biological degradability
branching
lubricant
base stocks
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CN1068900C (zh
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C·B·杜肯
L·K·米德
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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Exxon Chemical Patents Inc
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Abstract

生物降解性润滑剂,它是从以下两组分制得的:约60—99wt%的至少一种生物降解性合成酯基料,该基料包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OHn)的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2—20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基和n是至少2;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30—80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸和约20—70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C10范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中不超过10%的用来形成生物降解性合成酯基料的所述支化酸含有季碳;其中所述酯基料具有碳/氧比在约0.15∶1—0.3∶1范围内并显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;和由HPDSC测得的氧化稳定性是至多45分钟。

Description

可生物降解的支化合成酯基料和由其形成的润滑剂
本申请是1994年12月8日提交的序列号No.08/351,990的续申请。
本发明一般性地涉及支化合成酯在没有损失生物降解性和润滑性的情况下改进可生物降解的润滑剂基料的冷流性能和分散剂溶解度的用途。沿着酯的酰基和/或醇部分的链发生支化,能够获得至少60%的生物降解性(由Modified Sturm test测量)。这些支化的合成酯尤其可制备二冲程发动机油中的可生物降解的润滑剂。由于这一酯的高碳/氧比,该酯燃烧比较干净,比普通的二冲程、风冷发动机润滑剂基料产生更少的烟雾。
本发明背景
开发在那些导致这类润滑剂被分散入水域如河流、海洋和湖泊中的应用中使用的可生物降解润滑剂所带来的利益同时引起了环境保护界和润滑剂制造商的兴趣。在没有损失生物降解性或润滑性的情况下保持冷流性能和添加剂溶解度的润滑剂的合成将是非常需要的。
可生物降解的润滑剂应用(例如二冲程发动机油,弹射器油,液压油,钻井液,水轮机油,润滑脂和压缩机油)的基料一般应该满足5个标准:(1)与分散剂和其它添加剂如聚酰胺的溶解性;(2)良好的冷流性能(如,低于-40℃倾点;在-25℃下低于7500cps);(3)足够的生物降解性,对所配制的润滑剂弥补任何分散剂和/或其它添加剂的低生物降解性;(4)无需耐磨损助剂的良好润滑性;和(5)高的闪点(高于260℃,根据ASTM试验号D-92,由COC(Cleveland Open Cup,克利夫兰开杯闪点)测量闪点和着火点)。
经济合作和开发组织(OECD)于1979年12月发布了降解和积累试验的草拟试验指南。专家组建议,应该用下面的试验来测定有机化学物质的“即时生物降解性”:改进OECD筛选试验,改进MITI试验(I),封闭瓶(ClosedBottle)试验,改进斯特姆试验和改进AFNOR试验。专家组还建议,在28天内获得下列生物降解的“通过水平”可以认为是“即时生物降解性”的良好证据:对于以上列出的试验分别是,(溶解有机碳(DOC))70%;(生物需氧量(BOD))60%;(总有机碳(TOD))60%;(CO2)60%;和(DOC)70%。所以,在28天内获得的生物降解的“通过水平”,使用改进斯特姆试验,是至少(CO2)60%。
由于设定28天的试验时间的主要目的是使微生物有足够的时间适应于化学物质(迟延期),这不应允许缓慢降解的化合物在较短适应期之后通过该试验。应该检测生物降解速率。在开始生物降解10天后必须达到生物降解的“通过水平”(60%)。当有理论CO2量的10%散发出来时可以认为生物降解已开始。即,在28天内可即时生物降解的流体应该具有至少60%产率的CO2,这一水平必须在生物降解率超过10%的10天内达到。这已知为“10-天窗”
在改进斯特姆试验条件下(OECD 301B,1981年5月12日采用,将它引入供参考)测试化学物质的“即时生物降解性”的OECD指南包括由试验化合物产生的CO2量(按照理论CO2(TCO2)的%来测量和表达)的测量,TCO2应该由试验化合物的碳含量计算求得。因而生物降解性表达为TCO2的百分数。改进斯特姆试验是通过用试验化合物掺入化学上定义的液体介质(基本上不含其它有机碳源)和用下水道微生物接种来进行的。释放出来的CO2被作为BaCO3捕集。在参考合适的空白对照物之后,测定在试验时间内由试验化合物产生的CO2总量并按照试验物质基于碳组分在理论上产生的CO2总量的百分数来计算。参见G.van der Waal和D.Kenbeek,“环境友好的以酯为基础的流体的试验,应用和未来发展”,Journal of SyntheticLubrication(合成润滑期刊),10卷,发行号1,1993年4月,pp67-83,其内容被引入本文供参考。
目前使用的一种基料是菜籽油(即,脂肪酸例如7%饱和C12-C18酸、50%油酸、36%亚油酸和7%亚麻酸的三甘油酯,具有以下性能:在40℃下的粘度是47.8 cSt,倾点0℃,闪点162℃和由改进斯特姆试验测得的生物降解性为85%)。虽然它具有非常好的生物降解性,因其差的低温性能和差的稳定性而限制了其在可生物降解润滑剂应用中的使用。
除非它们具有足够低的分子量,否则从直链酸和直链醇合成的酯类趋向于具有差的低温性能。即使当从直链酸和高度支化醇合成,如直链酸的多元醇酯,也很难获得有良好低温性能的高粘度酯。还有,直链酸的季戊四醇酯显示出与分散剂如聚酰胺有较差的可溶性,而低分子量(即碳原子数少于14)直链酸的三羟甲基丙烷酯则不能提供足够的润滑性。对于支化醇的己二酸酯也观察到低质量的润滑性。由于低分子量直链酯也具有低粘度,在保持良好冷流性能的同时为提高粘度需要一定程度的支化。但是,当酯的酸和醇两部分是高度支化的时,如对于高度支化的含氧酸的多元醇酯而言,所得到的分子趋向于显示出差的生物降解性(由改进斯特姆试验(OECD试验No.301B)测得)。
在Randles和Wright的文章“Environmentally Considerate EsterLubricants for the Automotive and Engineering Industries(汽车和工程工业中的关照环境的酯润滑剂)”,合成润滑期刊,Vol.9-2,pp145-161中,指出降低或减少微生物破坏的主要特征是支化的程度,这会减少β-氧化,并抑制酯的水解度。沿碳链的支化对生物降解性的负面影响也在R.D.Swisher的“表面活性剂生物降解性”一书,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,第二版,1987年p415-417中进行了讨论。在他的书籍中Swisher声称“结果清楚地表明,增加支化度会提高耐生物降解性...虽然在本来是直链的分子中单个甲基分支的作用是不太明显的,但一般观察到提高支化度会提高[对生物降解的]耐受力,而且当在分子的所有链端发生季碳支化时这一耐受力变得额外的大”。烷基支化对生物降解性的负面影响也在N.S.Battersby,S.E.Pack和R.J.Watkinson的文章“在CEC-L-33-T-82和改进斯特姆试验中油产品的生物降解性之间的关系”,Chemosphere,24(12),pp.1989-2000(1992)中有讨论。
最初,支化多元醇酯的差的生物降解性据信归因于支化和在较低程度上归因于分子在水中的不溶性。但是,本发明人最近的工作表明,这些支化酯的非生物降解性更归因于空间位阻的作用,而不是微生物破坏叔碳和季碳的无能。因此,通过缓解酯基周围的空间位阻,支化酯更易发生生物降解。
支化合成多元醇酯目前已广泛地在非生物降解应用如制冷机润滑剂应用中使用并已证明,如果在分子中引入25mol%或更多的3,5,5-三甲基己酸则十分有效。但是,由改进斯特姆试验(OECD301B)测定三甲基己酸不是生物降解性的,3,5,5-三甲基己酸甚至以25mol%的量引入也将因其中所含的季碳而急剧降低多元醇酯的生物降解性。
同样,三烷基乙酸(即新酸)在多元醇酯中的引入会产生非常有用的制冷机润滑剂。但是,这些酸由改进斯特姆试验(OECD301B)测定不发生生物降解并且不能用来生产为生物降解应用所用的多元醇酯。所有支化酸的多元醇酯都可用作制冷机油。但是,它们由改进斯特姆试验(OECD301B)测定不易生物降解并因此不为生物降解应用中所需要。
虽然用于制冷应用的从纯直链C5和C10酸制得的多元醇酯在改进斯特姆试验中是生物降解性的,但它们不能用作液压或二冲程发动机应用中的润滑剂,因为粘度太低并需要耐磨损助剂。很难开发出能够显示出为生物降解性润滑剂应用所需要的所有各种性能(即高粘度,低倾点,氧化稳定性和由改进斯特姆试验测定的生物降解性)的润滑剂基料。
US专利No.4,826,633(Carr等人)(1989年5月2日公开)公开了由三羟甲基丙烷和单季戊四醇中的至少一种与脂族单羧酸的混合物反应所制成的合成酯润滑剂基料。酸的混合物包括具有5-10个碳原子的直链酸和具有6-10个碳原子的异酸,优选异壬酸(即3,5,5-三甲基己酸)。这一基料与普通酯润滑剂添加剂组料混合,形成了在99℃(210°F)粘度为至少5.0厘池和倾点至少低至-54℃(-65°F)的润滑剂。这一润滑剂尤其可用于汽涡轮发动机。Carr等人的专利在两个理由上不同于本发明。首先,作为支化酸该专利优选使用3,5,5-三甲基己酸,它在每个酸分子中含有季碳。季碳在3,5,5-三甲基己酸中的引入将抑制多元醇酯产物的生物降解性。同样,由于根据Carr等人的润滑剂显示出高稳定性-由高压示差扫描量热法(HPDSC)测得-即约35-65分钟,微生物不能将它们拉断。相反,根据本发明的润滑剂显示出低的稳定性,即具有HPDSC读取值为约12-17分钟。较低的稳定性可允许微生物攻击多元醇上的碳-碳键并有效地引起酯发生生物降解。本发明的润滑剂有较低稳定性的一个理由是不超过10%的用来形成润滑剂的酯基料的支化酸含季碳。
所以,本发明人发现,通过向酯分子中引入支化酸能够获得使用了有良好冷流性能、有与分散剂的良好可溶性和有良好润滑性的可生物降解基料的一种高度生物降解性润滑剂。需要根据本发明使用的支化酸构建粘度而且这些酸中的多种异构体有助于获得低温性能。即,支化酸可使化学工作者构建(润滑剂)粘度而无需提高分子量。此外,支化的生物降解性润滑剂同全部直链生物降解性润滑剂相比具有以下多重优点:(1)降低倾点;(2)提高其它添加剂的可溶性;(3)提高润滑油的洗涤/分散性能;和(4)提高氧化稳定性。
而且,根据本发明的生物降解性合成酯基料所具有的碳/氧比能够使酯较干净地燃烧,在二冲程、风冷发动机润滑剂配方中产生较少的烟雾。即,在本发明酯基料中氧/碳比明显高于普通的酯,例如三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)反应的异硬脂酸酯的酯类或菜籽油,它们显示出氧/碳比为大约0.1∶1。
US专利No.5,308,524(Miyaji等人)(1994年5月3日公开)涉及用于二冲程或旋转式发动机的可生物降解的润滑油组合物。Miyaji等人的一个实施例是季戊四醇与异-C8一元脂肪酸和正-C10一元脂肪酸的酯基料,它在40℃下显示出动态粘度为39.9cSt和在CEC试验下的生物降解性为98%。应该指出的是,在检测生物降解性方面CEC试验显然不如改进斯特姆试验那样可靠。由于季戊四醇和异-C8酸的酯的粘度是大约50cSt(40℃)和季戊四醇和正-C10酸的酯的粘度是约38.6cSt(40℃),正如Miyaji等人的专利中所公开的,季戊四醇与异-C8酸和正-C10酸的混合物的酯将仅仅包括约10%或10%以下的异-C8酸,为的是获得39.9cSt的粘度(40℃)。本技术领域中的那些普通人员所公知的是,具有较低量的支化酸即10%或10%以下的酯类是生物降解性的,如Miyaji等人所公开的。但是,本发明涉及含有混合酸的生物降解性酯基料,该混合酸包括约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C10范围内的至少一种支化酸。对于本技术领域中的那些熟练人员来说使用如此大的百分数的支化酸以及还能生产出一种在28天内显示出至少60%的生物降解性(由斯特姆试验测得)的产物仍然是未知的。事实上,常识的教导与在合成生物降解性酯基料时使用20-70mol%的支化酸背道而驰。此外,Miyaji等人的有10%异-C8酸的酯基料不能满足本发明的低温性能要求,即,倾点低于-25℃,优选低于-40℃和在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps。即,在Miyaji等人的专利中所公开的酯基料在-25℃或-25℃以下将是固体。
由本发明人所收集并在后面的实施例中列出的数据将表明,所有以上列出的性能能够最佳地用一种生物降解性润滑剂来满足,该润滑剂是用同时引入高度支化酸和直链酸的生物降解性合成酯基料配制而成。
本发明概述
一种生物降解性合成基料,它优选包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基(优选烷基)和n是至少2和至多约10;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%、更优选约35-55mol%的碳原子数(碳原子数是指在酸或醇(根据具体情况来定)中碳原子的总数)在约C5-C12范围内、更优选约C7-C10范围内的直链酸,和约20-70mol%、更优选约35-55mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C13范围内、更优选约C7-C10范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中酯具有碳/氧比在约0.15∶1-0.3∶1范围内并显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;和由HPDSC测得的氧化稳定性是至多45分钟。
在最优选的实施方案中,需要具有包括多种异构体,优选3种以上异构体,最优选5种以上异构体的支化酸。直链酸优选是具有通式RCOOH的烷基单-或二羧酸,其中R是具有约4-11个碳原子,更优选约7-10个碳原子的正烷基。也优选的是不超过10%的用于制备生物降解性合成酯基料的支化酸含有季碳。
这些生物降解性合成酯基料特别可用于生物降解性的二冲程、风冷发动机润滑剂配制剂的配制,因为它们具有氧/碳比约0.2∶1,优选在约0.15∶1-0.3∶1范围内,它能够比较干净地燃烧,从而产生较少的烟雾。
根据本发明配制的生物降解性润滑剂优选包括约60-99.5wt%的至少一种以上讨论的生物降解性润滑剂合成基料,约1-20wt%的润滑剂添加剂组料,和约0.5-20wt%溶剂。
本发明的生物降解性润滑剂还显示出以下性能:(1)极低的毒性;(2)增强的氧化稳定性;和(3)对密封溶胀的中性。
优选实施方案的叙述
在根据本发明的各种生物降解性润滑剂和油的配方中使用的支化合成酯基料优选是由工业级季戊四醇(它包括约86-92%的单季戊四醇,6-12%的二季戊四醇和1-3%的三季戊四醇)和约45-70mol%的C8和C10直链酸(“C810”直链酸)和约30-55mol%的异-C8(例如Cekanoic8)支化酸的反应产物制备的。
新戊基二醇(NPG)能够用2-乙基己酸或异-C8酸完全酯化并仍然保持由改进斯特姆试验测得的约90%的生物降解性。在两种支化酸加成到支化多元醇上后,酯键开始在支化醇的季碳附近变得拥挤。通过支化酸第四次加成到支化醇上,加成到支化醇上的附加支化酸开始降低分子的生物降解性,所得到的分子的生物降解性(由改进斯特姆试验测得)从约80%下降至15%以下。
直链酸引入到分子中缓解了支化醇的季碳附近的空间拥挤。因此,通过在季戊四醇上有两种支化酸和两种直链酸,能够发生,例如,酶接近酯键和第一阶段的生物降解性,即酯的水解。在每一种季戊四醇酯中,羟基用各种支化和直链酸加以酯化。
            醇类
能够与本发明的支化和直链酸反应的醇类例如是由以下通式表示的多元醇(即多羟基化合物):
            R(OH)n其中R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基(优选烷基)和n是至少2。烃基可含有约2-约20或更多的碳原子,以及烃基也可含有取代基,如氯,氮和/或氧原子。多羟基化合物一般含有约2-约10个羟基和更优选约2-约6个羟基。多羟基化合物可含有一个或多个氧化烯基,因此,多羟基化合物包括诸如聚醚多元醇的化合物。在用来制备羧酸酯的多羟基化合物中所含有的碳原子数(即碳数)和羟基的数目(即羟基数)可以在大范围内变化。
下面的醇特别可用作多元醇:新戊基二醇,2,2-二羟甲基丁烷,三羟甲基乙烷,三羟甲基丙烷,三羟甲基丁烷,单季戊四醇,工业级季戊四醇,二季戊四醇,乙二醇,丙二醇和聚亚烷基二醇(例如,聚乙二醇,聚丙二醇,聚丁二醇等,以及它们的共混物如乙二醇和丙二醇的聚合混合物)。
优选的支化或直链醇选自:工业级季戊四醇,单季戊四醇,二季戊四醇,新戊基二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,三羟甲基乙烷和丙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,山梨糖醇和类似物,以及2-甲基丙二醇。最优选的醇类是工业级(即,88%单-,10%二-和1-2%三)季戊四醇。
                支化酸
支化酸优选是具有碳数在约C5-C13、更优选约C7-C10范围内的单羧酸,其中甲基支链是优选的。优选的支化酸是少于或等于10%的支化酸含有季碳的那些。单羧酸是从以下羧酸中选择的至少一种:2-乙基己酸,异庚酸,异辛酸,异壬酸,异癸酸,和α-支化酸。最优选的支化酸是异辛酸,例如Cekanoic8酸。支化酸主要是每分子具有平均支化度在约0.3-1.9范围内的双支化或α支化酸。
优选的是含有包括多种异构体,优选3种以上异构体,最优选5种以上异构体的支化酸。
                线性酸
优选的直链单-和/或二-羧酸是具有碳数在约5-12之间、优选在7-10之间的任何直链、饱和的烷基羧酸。最优选的直链酸是单羧酸。
直链酸的一些实例包括正庚酸,正辛酸,正癸酸和正壬酸。所选择的二元酸包括己二酸,壬二酸,癸二酸和十二烷二酸。为了改进所得到的酯产物的粘度,至多20wt%的总酸混合物能够由直链二酸组成。
            生物降解性润滑剂
支化合成酯基料能够与所选择的润滑剂添加剂一起用于生物降解性润滑剂的配方中。下面的列出的添加剂典型地以足以提供它们的预定作用的量使用。各组分的典型用量也在下面列出。优选的生物降解性润滑剂含有约80wt%或更多的基料和20wt%的以下添加剂的任何结合物:
             (宽范围)   (优选范围)
               wt%        wt%粘度指数改进剂     1-12        1-4缓蚀剂             0.01-3      0.01-1.5氧化抑制剂         0.01-5      0.01-1.5分散剂             0.1-10      0.1-5润滑油流动改进剂   0.01-2      0.01-1.5洗涤剂和防锈剂     0.01-6      0.01-3倾点下降剂         0.01-1.5    0.01-1.5消泡剂             0.001-0.1   0.001-0.01抗磨损剂                0.001-5      0.001-1.5密封溶胀剂              0.1-8        0.1-4摩擦改良剂              0.01-3       0.01-1.5生物降解性合成酯基料    ≥80%       ≥80%
当使用其它添加剂时,希望(虽然不是必须的)制备包括分散剂(按上面描述的浓缩量)的浓缩溶液或分散液与一种或多种其它添加剂的浓缩溶液或分散液(当构成添加剂混合物时,浓缩物在此称作添加剂组料)的添加剂浓缩物,从而几种添加剂能够同时加入到基料中形成润滑油组合物。添加剂浓缩物在润滑油中的溶解可通过溶剂和通过温和加热进行混合来促进,但这不是主要的。浓缩物或添加剂组料一般经配制后含有合适用量的分散添加剂和任选的其它添加剂,该用量使得当添加剂组料与预定量的基础润滑剂或基料混合时在最终配制剂中提供所需浓度。因此,根据本发明的生物降解性润滑剂能够典型地使用高达约20wt%的添加剂组料,剩余部分是生物降解性酯基料和/或溶剂。
本文表达的所有重量百分数(除非另有说明)都是基于添加剂的活性成分(A.I.)含量,和/或任何添加剂组料的总重量,或配方(它是各添加剂的A.I.重量加上总油或稀释剂的重量的总和)。
用于生物降解性润滑剂中的以上添加剂的实例在下面的文件(这些文件被引入本文供参考)中列出:US 5,306,313(Emert等人),1994年4月26日公开;US 5,312,554(Waddoups等人),1994年5月17日公开;US5,328,624(Chung),1994年7月12日公开;Benfaremo和Liu的文章,“Crankcase Engine Oil Additives”,Lubrication,Texaco Inc.,pp1-7;和Liston的文章,“Engine Lubricant Additives What They areand How They Function(发动机润滑剂添加剂,它们是何物和它们的作用)”,Lubrication Engineering,1992年5月,pp389-397。
粘度改进剂赋予润滑油高低温可操作性并使得润滑油在升高的温度下保持剪切稳定性以及在低温下显示出可接受的粘度或流动性。这些粘度改进剂一般是高分子量烃聚合物类,包括聚酯类。该粘度改进剂也可以经过衍生后包括其它性能或作用,如增加分散性能。合适的粘度改进剂的代表性例子是本技术领域中任何已知的类型,包括聚异丁烯,乙烯和丙烯的共聚物,聚甲基丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物,不饱和二羧酸和乙烯基化合物的共聚物,苯乙烯和丙烯酸酯的共聚物,和苯乙烯/异戊二烯、苯乙烯/丁二烯和异戊二烯/丁二烯的部分氢化共聚物,以及丁二烯和异戊二烯的部分氢化均聚物。
缓蚀剂,也已知为抗腐蚀剂,减少与润滑油组合物接触的金属部件的分解。缓蚀剂的代表例如是磷硫化烃类和由磷硫化烃类与碱土金属氧化物或氢氧化物,优选在烷基化苯酚或烷基酚硫酯存在下,以及也优选在烷基化苯酚或烷基酚硫酯存在下,以及也优选在二氧化碳存在下进行反应所获得的产物。磷硫化烃类是由合适的烃如萜烯,C2-C6烯烃聚合物如聚异丁烯的石油重馏分,与5-30wt%的磷的硫化物在约66-约316℃下进行反应1/2-15小时而制得的。磷硫化烃的中和可按US 1,969,324中教导的方式进行。
氧化抑制剂或抗氧化剂,可减少矿物油在工作中损坏的趋势,这一损坏作用能够由金属表面上的氧化产物如淤渣和清漆状沉积物和由粘度升高来证明。这类氧化抑制剂包括优选具有C5-C10烷基侧链的烷基-苯酚硫酯的碱土金属盐,例如壬基苯酚硫化钙,辛基苯基硫化钡,二辛基苯基胺,苯基α-萘基胺,磷硫化或硫化烃类等等。
摩擦改良剂用来赋予润滑油组合物如自动变速器用油以适宜的摩擦特性。合适摩擦改良剂的代表性例子是脂肪酸酯和酰胺类,聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐-氨基链烷醇的钼配合物、二聚脂肪酸的甘油酯、链烷膦酸盐、膦酸盐与油酰胺、S-羧基亚烷基烃基琥珀酰亚胺、N(羟烷基)链烯基琥珀酰胺酸或琥珀酰亚胺、二(低级烷基)亚磷酸酯和环氧化物,以及磷硫化N-(羟烷基)链烯基琥珀酰亚胺的烯化氧加成物。最优选的摩擦改良剂是琥珀酸酯或其金属盐,烃基取代的琥珀酸或酸酐的金属盐以及硫代双-链烷醇。
分散剂使油不溶物(在使用过程中因氧化作用形成的)悬浮在流体中,从而防止淤渣絮凝和沉淀或沉积在金属部件上。合适的分散剂包括高分子量烷基琥珀酰亚胺,油可溶性聚异丁烯琥珀酸酐与亚乙基胺类如四亚乙基五胺的反应产物和其硼酸盐。
无灰分型的其它分散剂也能够用于润滑剂和燃料组合物中。一种这类无灰分型分散剂是与胺,醇(包括多元醇),氨基醇等中至少一种混合的衍生烃组合物。优选的衍生烃分散剂是以下(1)和(2)的反应产物:(1)分子量低于500Mn的官能化烃,其中官能基包括至少一个具有通式-CO-Y-R3的基团,其中Y是O或S;R3是H,烃基,芳基,取代芳基或取代烃基和其中官能基中至少50mol%连接于叔碳;和(2)亲核反应物;其中最初存在于官能化烃中的至少约80mol%的官能基被衍生。
官能化烃或聚合物可由下式表示:
            POLY-(CR1R2-CO-Y-R3)n其中POLY是烃,包括数均分子量低于500的齐聚物或聚合物骨架,n是大于0的数,R1,R2和R3可以相同或不同并各自是H,烃基,前提条件是R1和R2经选择后应使得至少50mol%的-CR1R2基团中R1和R2都不是H,R3是芳基取代的烃基。
以上官能化分散剂更加充分地描述于待审US专利申请No.08/261,558(1994年6月17日申请),该文献被引入本文供参考。
倾点下降剂,另外已知为润滑油流动改进剂,将能够降低流体能够流动或倾倒的温度。这类添加剂是众所周知的。通常优化流体的低温流动性的那些添加剂的典型例子是C8-C18二烷基富马酸酯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,聚甲基丙烯酸酯和蜡萘。能够由聚硅氧烷型消泡剂,例如硅油和聚二甲基硅氧烷提供泡沫的控制作用。
抗磨损剂,正如它们的名称所包含的意义,降低金属部件的磨损。普通抗磨损剂的代表是二烷基二硫代磷酸锌和二芳基二硫代磷酸锌。
消泡剂用来控制润滑剂中的泡沫。可由高分子量的二甲基硅氧烷和聚醚的消泡剂提供泡沫控制作用。聚硅氧烷型消泡剂的一些例子是硅油和聚二甲基硅氧烷。
洗涤剂和金属防锈剂包括磺酸的金属盐,烷基苯酚,硫化烷基苯酚,烷基水杨酸酯类,环烷酸盐和其它油可溶性单-和二-羧酸。高度碱性(尤其过碱性)的金属盐类,如高度碱性的碱土金属磺酸盐(尤其Ca和Mg盐)通常用作洗涤剂。
密封溶胀剂包括引起发动机密封剂溶胀的那一类型的矿物油,包括具有8-13个碳原子的脂族醇,如十三烷醇,其中优选的密封溶胀剂的特征为具有10-60个碳原子和2-4个连接键的油可溶性的饱和脂族或芳族烃酯,例如邻苯二甲酸二己酯,正如US专利No.3,974,081中所述,该专利文献被引入本文供参考。
            生物降解性二冲程发动机油
支化合成酯基料能够与所选择的润滑剂添加剂用于生物降解性二冲程发动机油的配制剂中。优选的生物降解性二冲程发动机油典型地是用根据本发明的生物降解性合成酯基料与任何普通的二冲程发动机油添加剂组料来配制的。下面列出的添加剂典型地以能够提供它们正常作用的量使用。添加剂组料包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂,缓蚀剂,氧化抑制剂,偶联剂,分散剂,特压添加剂,色彩稳定剂,表面活性剂,稀释剂,洗涤剂和防锈剂,倾点下降剂,消泡剂和抗磨损剂。
根据本发明的生物降解性二冲程发动机油能够典型地使用约75-85%的基料,约1-5%的溶剂,剩余部分包括添加剂组料。
当在生物降解性二冲程、风冷发动机润滑剂配制剂中使用时,生物降解性合成酯基料优选具有氧/碳比约0.2∶1,优选在约0.15∶1-0.3∶1范围内,它能够比较干净地燃烧,从而产生较少的烟雾。
用于生物降解性润滑剂中的上述添加剂的例子在下面的文件中给出,这些文件被引入本文供参考:US 5,663,063(Davis),1987年5月5日公开;US 5,330,667(Tiffany,III等),1994年7月19日公开;US4,740,321(Davis等),1988年4月26日公开;US 5,321,172(Alexander等),1994年6月14日公开;和US 5,049,291(Miyaji等),1991年9月17日公开。
一种这类生物降解性二冲程发动机油包括:
(a)主要部分的至少一种生物降解性合成酯基料,该基料包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂基和n是至少2;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸,和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C13范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中酯基料显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃粘度低于7500cps;
(b)占润滑剂组合物约3-约15wt%的在100℃下具有动态粘度约20-约40cSt的重质高粘度润滑油料;
(c)占润滑剂组合物约3-15wt%的具有数均分子量约400-约1050的聚异丁烯;
(d)约3-约15wt%的具有数均分子量约1150-约1650的聚异丁烯。
另一种这类生物降解性二冲程发动机油包括:
(a)主要部分的至少一种生物降解性合成酯基料,该基料包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基和n是至少2;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸,和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C13范围内的至少-种支化酸;其中酯基料显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;
(b)添加剂浓缩物,包括:(1)约4-40vol%的酰胺/咪唑啉或酰胺/酰亚胺/咪唑啉分散剂;(2)约5-50vol%的琥珀酰亚胺分散剂,分散剂(1)或(2)中至少一种是含硼的;(3)约1-60vol%的聚烯烃增稠剂,和任选地;(4)约0.1-5vol%的硫化烷基苯酚;和(5)约0.1-5vol%的含磷抗磨损剂。添加剂组料在成品油中的处理量是浓缩物的约5-约60vol%和优选约35-约50vol%。(参见US 5,330,667(Tiffany III等),被引入本文供参考)
再一生物降解性二冲程发动机油包括:
(a)主要部分的至少一种生物降解性合成酯基料,该基料包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基和n是至少2;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸,和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C13范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中酯基料显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;和
(b)至少一种含酰胺/咪唑啉的分散剂,它是由一元羧酸酰化剂与多胺和任意性的高分子量酰化剂反应得到的。该分散剂也包括所形成的酰亚胺部分,当高分子量酰化剂是适宜的二元酸或其酸酐时。
可与本发明的生物降解性基料混合形成二冲程发动机油的另一种添加剂包括以下两组分的结合物:
(a)至少一种具有下式的烷基苯酚
            (R)a-Ar-(OH)b其中R独立地是基本上饱和的、具有平均至少约10个脂族碳原子的基于烃的基团;a和b各自独立地是在Ar中存在的芳核数目的1-3倍的整数,前提条件是a和b之和不超过Ar的未饱和价;和Ar是芳族部分,该芳族部分是具有0-3个任意性可有可无的取代基的单环、稠合环或联结多核环,该取代基选自低级烷基,低级烷氧基,羰基烷氧基羟甲基或基于低级烃取代的羟甲基,硝基,亚硝基,卤素,和任意性可有可无取代基的混合基团;和
(b)至少一种氨基化合物,前提条件是氨基化合物不是氨基苯基。(参见US4,663,063(Davis),引入本文供参考)
二冲程发动机油配方的优选分散剂包括主要量的至少一种具有润滑粘度的油和少量的官能化和衍生化的烃;其中官能作用包括至少一个具有通式-CO-Y-R3的基团,其中Y是O或S;R3是芳基,取代芳基或取代烃基,-Y-R3具有pKa为12或更低;其中官能基中至少50mol%连接于叔碳原子;和其中该官能化烃被亲核反应物衍生化;亲核反应物选自醇和胺。
最后,另一种二冲程油分散剂,它基本上避免了在低温下的凝胶化聚集物的形成但相应地提供了有效的发动机洁净、洗涤、润滑和抗磨损。已经发现二冲程油添加剂包括由(A)至少一种高分子量的取代羧酸酰化剂与(B)至少一种聚亚烷基多胺和(C)至少一种一元羧酸反应所制备的含氮化合物,其中一元羧酸与高分子量的取代酰化剂的摩尔比是至少3∶1。这一分散剂优选含有连接于主要由叔胺、优选咪唑啉杂环组成的极性部分的油可溶性烃部分,其中叔胺与全部胺的比例是至少约0.7∶1。添加剂保持稳定以防止凝胶化聚集物的形成,尤其在低温(0℃或更低)长期贮存过程中。
                实施例1
下面是没有显示出用作生物降解性润滑剂的令人满意性能的普通酯基料。在表1和2中列出的性能测定如下:使用ASTM#D-97测定倾点。使用ASTM#D-2983测定-25℃下的Brookfield粘度。使用ASTM#D-445测定动态粘度(@40和100℃)。ASTM#D-2270测定粘度指数(VI)。使用改进斯特姆试验(OECD试验No.301B)测定生物降解性。通过按所需比例共混并观察雾度、浊度、两相等来确定与分散剂的可溶性。使用NMMA YamahaCE50S润滑性试验来测定发动机磨损。通过使用高压示差扫描量热法(HPDSC)来测定氧化诱导时间,分别具有等温和等压条件为220℃和500psi(3.445MPa)。使用Dispersion Aquatic Toxicity试验来测定水生毒性。使用ASTM#D-664来测定酸值。由红外光谱测定各样品的羟值。
                        表1
             倾点℃    粘度@    粘度@    粘度@     %      *与分   发动机基料                       -25℃    40℃     100℃     生物    散剂    磨损
                       (cPs)    (cSt)    (cSt)     降解    的可
                                                   性      溶性天然油菜籽油           0         固体     47.80    10.19     86.7    n/a     n/a全部直链酯己二酸双十一烷   +21       固体     13.92    2.80      n/a     n/a     n/a基酯多元醇w/直链和半直链酸TPE/C810/C7酸    n/a       固体     29.98    5.90      n/a     n/a     n/aTPE/DiPE/n-C7    -45       1380     24.70    5.12      82.31   H       失败TPE/C7酸         -62       915      24.0     4.9       83.7    H       失败TMP/n-C7,8,10  -85       350      17.27    4.05      61.7*   C       失败
                                                   *TMP/C7酸         -71       378      14.1     3.4       76.5    C       失败支化己二酸酯己二酸双十三烷   -62       n/a      26.93    5.33      65.99   C       失败基酯全部支化TPE/异-C8酸     -46       n/a      61.60    8.2       13.33   C       n/a*表示与分散剂的溶解性:H=起雾;C=透明。**表示包括15.5wt%分散剂的这一物料的生物降解性。n/a表示没有获得有关信息。TPE表示工业级季戊四醇。TMP表示三羟甲基丙烷。C810主要表示正辛酸和正癸酸的混合物,并包括少量的正-C6和正-C12酸。
C810酸的典型样品可含有例如3-5%正-C6,48-58%正-C8,36-42%正-
C10和0.5-1%正-C12。正-C7,8,10表示具有7,8和10个碳原子的直链酸的混合物,例如37mol%
的正-C7酸,39mol%的C8酸,21mol%的C10酸和3mol%的C6酸。C7表示由己烯-1的钴催化氧化反应制备的C7酸,即70%直链和30%α-支化。
组合物包括约70%的正庚酸,22%的2-甲基己酸,6.5%的2-乙基戊
酸,1%4-甲基己酸和0.5%的3,3-二甲基戊酸。
根据本发明的支化酯基料与各种普通的生物降解性润滑剂基料进行性能比较,结果示于表2中。
                表2性能                    TPE/Ck8/C810  菜籽油  DTDA   TMP/i C18倾点(℃)                -45           0       -54    -20闪点(℃)                 274          162     221    n/a-25℃粘度(cps)           3600         固体    n/a    35800040℃粘度(cSt)            38.78        47.80   26.93  78.34100℃粘度(cSt)           6.68         10.19   5.33   11.94粘度指数                 128          208     135    147氧化诱导时间*            15.96        2.12    3.88   4.29润滑性(Yamaha Engine)    通过         n/a     失败   通过%生物降解性(改进        ~85%       ~85%  ~60% ~65%斯特姆试验)毒性(LC50,ppm)          >5000       >5000  <1000 n/a与分散剂的溶解性         可溶         n/a     可溶   n/a酸值(mgKOH/g)            0.01         0.35    0.04   1.9羟值(mgKOH/g)    1.91    n/a   1.49   n/a*   氧化诱导时间是通过使用高压示差扫描量热法(HPDSC)在一组特殊条件
下分子氧化分解所需要的时间(分钟)。时间越长(分钟数越多),分子越
稳定。这表明本发明的分子具有相对于任何目前使用的物料几乎四倍以
上的氧化稳定性。用来评价这些分子的条件是:220℃和
500psi(3.447MPa)空气。~表示大约。>表示高于。<表示低于。DTDA表示己二酸双十三烷基酯。TMP/iC18表示三羟甲基丙烷和异硬脂酸的三酯。TPE表示工业级季戊四醇。TMP表示三羟甲基丙烷。C810表示3-5%的正-C6,48-58%的正-C8,36-42%的正-C10,和0.5-1.0%的
正-C12酸的混合物。Ck8表示Cekanoic-8酸,包括26wt%的3,5-二甲基己酸,19wt%的4,5-二
甲基己酸,17%的3,4-二甲基己酸,11wt%的5-甲基庚酸,5wt%的4-
甲基庚酸,和22wt%的混合甲基庚酸和二甲基己酸的混合物。
以上表2中列出的数据表明,根据本发明的TPE/C810/Ck8生物降解性酯基料在冷流性能和稳定性方面优越于菜籽油。数据还表明,TPE/C810/Ck8生物降解性酯基料在稳定性、生物降解性和水生毒性方面优越于己二酸双十三烷基酯。根据本发明的酯基料还在冷流性能,稳定性和生物降解性方面优越于TMP/异-C18。
菜籽油,一种天然产物,非常容易生物降解,但具有非常差的低温性能并因其不稳定性而不能很好地起润滑作用。菜籽油是非常不稳定的并在发动机中分解导致沉积物形成、淤渣和腐蚀问题。己二酸双十一烷基酯,尽管具有生物降解性,也具有非常差的低温性能。低分子量直链酸的多元醇酯不提供润滑性,但高分子量直链或半直链酸的多元醇酯则具有差的低温性能。还有,直链酸的季戊四醇酯与聚酰胺分散剂不可溶。己二酸双十三烷基酯仅仅勉强可生物降解,并且,当与具有低生物降解性的分散剂混合时,配制的油仅仅有约45%的生物降解性。还有,己二酸双十三烷基酯不提供润滑性。较低分子量的支化己二酸酯如己二酸双异癸基酯,尽管更易生物降解,也不提供润滑性并引起密封溶胀问题。三羟甲基丙烷或季戊四醇和支化含氧酸的多元醇酯因早先所讨论的空间位阻问题不易生物降解。
                    实施例2
本发明人发现,通过向酯分子中引入支化酸能够获得具有良好冷流性能、与分散剂的良好可溶性和良好润滑性的高度生物降解性基料。表3中列出的数据说明了用引入20-70%的高度支化含氧酸和30-80%的直链酸的多元醇酯能够最好地满足所有所需要的基料性能。
                        表3
                倾点   粘度@  粘度@  粘度@    %     *与分   发动机
基料            ℃     -25℃  40℃   100℃    生物   散剂的  磨损
                       (cPs)  (cSt)  (cSt)    降解   可溶性
                                              性TPE/C810/Ck8        -36**  7455** 34.87   6.37    99.54  C       通过TPE/C810/Ck8和TMP/n-C7,8,10***  -56    610    24.90   5.10    81.0   C       通过TPE/C810/Ck8和TPE/1770****        -46    910    30.48   5.75    85.5    H      通过*表示与分散剂的溶解性:H=起雾;C=透明。**表示带有分散剂的基料的倾点和-25℃粘度。***表示TPE/C810/Ck8和TMP/7810的50∶50wt%比例。****表示TPE/C810/Ck8和TPE/1770的50∶50wt%比例。1770表示正-C7酸(70%)和α-支化C7酸(30%)的70∶30混合物。该组合物包括
约70%的正庚酸,22%的2-甲基己酸,6.5%的2-乙基戊酸,1%4-甲
基己酸和0.5%的3,3-二甲基戊酸。TPE表示工业级季戊四醇。TMP表示三羟甲基丙烷。C810表示3-5%正-C6,48-58%正-C8,36-42%正-C10和0.5-1%正-C12酸的混
合物。Ck8表示Cekanoic-8酸,包括26wt%的3,5-二甲基己酸,19wt%的4,5-二
甲基己酸,17%的3,4-二甲基己酸,11wt%的5-甲基庚酸,5wt%的4-
甲基庚酸,和22wt%的混合甲基庚酸和二甲基己酸的混合物。n-C7,8,10表示具有7,8和10个碳原子的直链酸的混合物,例如37mol%
的正-C7酸,39mol%的C8酸,21mol%的C10酸和3mol%的C6酸。
以上表3中数据表明,工业级季戊四醇,异-C8和直链C810酸的多元醇酯能够单独或与其它较低分子量的酯混合作为生物降解性润滑剂。当对于各种生物降解性润滑剂应用来说需要较低粘度时这些酯是特别有用的。TPE/C810/Ck8酯提供足够的润滑性,使得甚至当用其它添加剂稀释时仍能够满足润滑要求而不需添加抗磨损添加剂。当需要添加剂如聚异丁烯,EP(特压)抗磨损添加剂,缓蚀剂或抗氧化剂时,最终产物的生物降解性会降低和毒性提高。如果基料提供所需性能而无需添加剂或如果所需添加剂最大程度地减少,最终产物会反映出基料的高生物降解性和低毒性。
                实施例3
根据本发明制备酯基料的样品,其中将220 lbs.(99.8kg)的C810和205 lbs.(93kg)的Cekanoic8酸(50∶50摩尔比)装入反应器中并在常压下加热至430°F(221℃)。之后,将75 lbs.(34kg)的工业级季戊四醇加入到酸混合物中,降低压力直至水开始挥发为止。水从顶部导出引发反应。在约6小时的反应时间之后,多余酸从顶部除去直至反应产物的总酸值达到0.26mgKOH/g为止。产物然后在90℃下两次用按化学计量的Na2CO3(以酸值为基础计)和0.15wt%的预混物(以反应器中的量为基础计)中和和脱色2小时,该预混物是80wt%的炭黑和20wt%的dicalite(代卡利特,一种过滤机预涂涂料)的混合物。在90℃下2小时后,产物进行真空过滤除去固体物。
在表4中列出的性能是对产物测得的:
            表4总酸值          0.071mgKOH/g比重            0.9679倾点            -45℃ppm水                       97闪点(COC)                   285℃氧化诱导时间(分钟)          15.96粘度@-25℃                  3950cps粘度@40℃                   38.88cSt粘度@100℃                  6.66cSt粘度指数                    127
对产物进行酸分析(皂化),为的是确定实际上在分子上各酸的量。下表5列出产物酯上各酸的摩尔量:
        表5Cekanoic8酸    43.35%正-C8酸       35.73%正-C10酸      20.92%
所得到的酯产物然后与和不与添加剂一起进行为进入液压油市场应用的生物降解性试验。添加剂以2-5wt%处理量使用。所得到的结果示于下表6中。
                    表6产物                          %生物   标准偏差    满足10天
                           降解性              窗户(window)TPE/C810/Ck8(单独)             92.9    ±7.0          是TPE/C810/Ck8+BIO SHP Adpack*   80.5    ±1.6          不TPE/C810/Ck8+MGG Adpack***     75.4    ±6.9          不TPE/C810/Ck8+Synestic          76.8    ±14.7         不Adpack****表示由Exxon Company,USA以商标Univis BIO SHP Adpack销售的润
滑剂添加剂组料。**表示由Exxon Chemical Company,Paramins分公司以商标Synestic
Adpack销售的润滑剂添加剂组料。***表示由Exxon Company,USA以商标MGG Adpack销售的润滑剂添加剂
组料。
根据实施例3制备的酯基料也以50∶50wt%的比例与酯TMP/7810共混。这一共混物然后与和不与添加剂一起进行为二冲程发动机油市场应用的生物降解性试验。添加剂以14-16wt%处理量使用。所得到的结果示于下表7中。
                    表7产物                                  %生物降解性    标准偏差TPE/C810/Ck8+TMP/7810(50∶50)         80.7            ±3.6TPE/C810/Ck8+TMP/7810+14.5wt分散剂    76.1            ±4.6*   分散剂组料主要包括聚酰胺。
                    实施例4
下表8中有全部直链和半直链酯与根据本发明的生物降解性合成酯基料的对比数据。我们提供根据本发明的酯基料的两个实例,因为它们含有Cekanoic8比C810的两个不同摩尔比。结果表明一定量的支化不致于太多地影响由改进斯特姆试验测得的生物降解性,而且事实上与常识相反,反而改进了生物降解性。
                        表8酯               %生物降解性     标准偏差    10-天窗户(window)
             (28天)全部直链酯TMP/7810         76.13            8.77        不TPE/Di-PE/n-C7  82.31            6.25        是L9己二酸酯       89.63            6.28        是MPD/AA/C810      86.09            3.76        是半直链酯TMP/异硬脂酸酯   63.32            1.91        不TMP/1770         76.46            1.58        不TMP/1770          83.65    6.89    不支化酯TPE/C810/Ck8*     92.90    7.00    是TPE/C810/Ck8**    99.54    1.85    是注:TMP/7810表示三羟甲基丙烷和C7,C8和C10酸的三酯。TPE/Di-PE/n-C7表示工业级季戊四醇,二季戊四醇和n-C7酸的酯。L9己二酸酯表示己二酸和n-C9醇的二酯。MPD/AA/C810表示2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇(2mol),己二酸(1mol)和n-C8和C10
酸(2mol)的复合酯。菜籽油是甘油和硬脂酸的三酯。TMP/异硬脂酸酯表示三羟甲基丙烷和异硬脂酸(1个甲基支链/每酸链)的三
酯。TMP/1770表示三羟甲基丙烷和n-C7酸(70%)和α-支化C7酸(30%)的70∶30混
合物的三酯。该1770组合物包括约70%的正庚酸,22%的2-甲基己酸,
6.5%的2-乙基戊酸,1%4-甲基己酸和0.5%的3,3-二甲基戊酸。TPE/1770表示工业级季戊四醇和n-C7酸(70%)和α-支化C7酸(30%)的70∶30
混合物的三酯。该1770组合物包括约70%的正庚酸,22%的2-甲基己
酸,6.5%的2-乙基戊酸,1%4-甲基己酸和0.5%的3,3-二甲基戊酸。*TPE/C810/Ck8表示工业级季戊四醇与45∶55摩尔比的异-C8酸(Ck8)和
C810酸的酯。**TPE/C810/Ck8表示工业级季戊四醇与30∶70摩尔比的异-C8酸(Ck8)和
C810酸的酯。

Claims (19)

1、生物降解性合成酯基料,它包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基和n是至少2;和
混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C10范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中不超过10%的用于形成所述生物降解性合成酯基料的该支化酸含季碳;其中所述酯基料具有碳/氧比在约0.15∶1-0.3∶1范围内并显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;和由HPDSC测得的氧化稳定性是至多45分钟。
2、根据权利要求1的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中该酯基料具有碳/氧比为约0.2∶1。
3、根据权利要求1的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中该混合酸包括约35-55mol%的所述直链酸。
4、根据权利要求3的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中该混合酸包括约35-55mol%的所述支化酸。
5、根据权利要求1的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中所述支化或直链醇是选自工业级季戊四醇,单季戊四醇,二季戊四醇,新戊基二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,乙二醇或丙二醇,丁二醇,山梨糖醇和2-甲基丙二醇。
6、根据权利要求1的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中所述支化酸主要是每分子具有平均支化度在约0.3-1.9范围内的双支化或α支化酸。
7、根据权利要求1的生物降解性合成酯基料,其中所述支化酸是选自2-乙基己酸,异庚酸,异辛酸,异壬酸和异癸酸中的至少一种。
8、生物降解性润滑剂,它是从以下两组分制得的:
至少一种生物降解性合成酯基料,该基料包括以下组分的反应产物:具有通式R(OH)n的支化或直链醇,其中R是具有约2-20个碳原子的脂族或环脂族基和n是至少2;和混合酸,该混合酸包含约30-80mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C12范围内的直链酸和约20-70mol%的碳原子数在约C5-C10范围内的至少一种支化酸;其中不超过10%的用来形成生物降解性合成酯基料的所述支化酸含有季碳;其中所述酯基料具有碳/氧比在约0.15∶1-0.3∶1范围内并显示出以下性能:由改进斯特姆试验测得在28天内的生物降解率是至少60%;倾点低于-25℃;在-25℃下粘度低于7500cps;和由HPDSC测得的氧化稳定性是至多45分钟;和
润滑剂添加剂组料。
9、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述酯基料具有碳/氧比约0.2∶1。
10、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述混合酸包括约35-55mol%的所述直链酸。
11、根据权利要求10的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述混合酸包括约35-55mol%的所述支化酸。
12、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述支化或直链醇选自工业级季戊四醇,单季戊四醇,二季戊四醇,新戊基二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,乙二醇或丙二醇,丁二醇,山梨糖醇和2-甲基丙二醇。
13、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述支化酸主要是每分子具有平均支化度在约0.3-1.9范围内的双支化或α支化酸。
14、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述支化酸是选自2-乙基己酸,异庚酸,异辛酸,异壬酸和异癸酸中的至少一种。
15、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中生物降解性润滑剂是该生物降解性合成酯基料的共混物。
16、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述添加剂组料包括选自以下物质的添加剂:粘度指数改进剂,缓蚀剂,氧化抑制剂,分散剂,润滑油流动改进剂,洗涤剂和防锈剂,倾点下降剂,消泡剂,抗磨损剂,密封溶胀剂,和摩擦改良剂。
17、根据权利要求8的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述生物降解性润滑剂是二冲程发动机油。
18、根据权利要求17的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述添加剂组料包括至少一种选自以下物质的添加剂:粘度指数改进剂,缓蚀剂,氧化抑制剂,偶联剂,分散剂,特压添加剂,色彩稳定剂,表面活性剂,稀释剂,洗涤剂和防锈剂,倾点下降剂,消泡剂和抗磨损剂。
19、根据权利要求17的生物降解性润滑剂,其中所述分散剂是官能化和衍生化的烃类,其中官能作用包括至少一个具有通式-CO-Y-R3的基团,其中Y是O或S;R3是芳基,取代芳基或取代烃基-Y-R3具有pKa为12或更低;其中官能基中至少50mol%连接于叔碳原子上;和其中该官能化烃被亲核反应物衍生化。
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