NO325455B1 - Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforrad, eventuelt med en smoreadditivpakke og anvendelse av samme - Google Patents
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforrad, eventuelt med en smoreadditivpakke og anvendelse av samme Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO325455B1 NO325455B1 NO19972589A NO972589A NO325455B1 NO 325455 B1 NO325455 B1 NO 325455B1 NO 19972589 A NO19972589 A NO 19972589A NO 972589 A NO972589 A NO 972589A NO 325455 B1 NO325455 B1 NO 325455B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- biodegradable
- ester base
- synthetic ester
- base stock
- branched
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
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- C10M105/38—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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- C10M105/40—Esters containing free hydroxy or carboxyl groups
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- C10M129/04—Hydroxy compounds
- C10M129/06—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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- C10M133/46—Imidazoles
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- C10M135/30—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides containing sulfur atoms bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring containing hydroxy groups; Derivatives thereof
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- C10M137/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M137/10—Thio derivatives
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- C10M145/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate monocarboxylic
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- C10M145/14—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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- C10M145/16—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate polycarboxylic
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- C10M159/02—Natural products
- C10M159/04—Petroleum fractions, e.g. tars, solvents
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/42—Flashing oils or marking oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/44—Super vacuum or supercritical use
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/50—Medical uses
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd som eventuelt inneholder en smøreadditivpakke samt anvendelse av samme.
Mer spesielt angår oppfinnelsen utnyttelsen av forgrenede, syntetiske estere for å forbedre kold-flytegenskapene og dispergeringsoppløseligheten for bionedbrytbare smøremiddelbasisforråd uten tap av bionedbrytbarhet eller smøreevne. Minst 60% bionedbrytning (målt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test) kan oppnås ved forgrening langs kjedene av acyl-og/eller alkoholdelene av esteren. Disse forgrenede, syntetiske estere er særlig brukbare ved fremstilling av bionedbrytbare smøremidler i to-takts-motoroljer, katapultoljer, hydraulikkvæsker, borevæsker, vannturbinoljer, smørefett, kompressoroljer, gearoljer og andre industrielle og motoranvendelser, der bionedbrytbarhet er ønskelig eller nødvendig.
Interessen ved utvikling av bionedbrytbare smøremidler for anvendelse ved bruks-områder som resulterer i dispergering av slike smøremidler i vannveier som elver, sjøer eller hav, har generert vesentlig interesse både fra mi ljøomgivelsene og smøremiddel-produsentene. Syntesen av et smøremiddel som opprettholder sine kaldflytegenskaper og sin additivoppløselighet uten tap av bionedbrytning eller smørekraft, ville være meget ønskelig.
Basisforråd for bionedbrytbare smøremiddelanvendelser (for eksempel to-takts-motoroljer, katapultoljer, hydraulikkvæsker, borevæsker, vannturbinoljer, smørefett, kompressoroljer) bør karakteristisk tilfredsstille fem kriterier: (1) oppløselighet med dispergeringsmidler og andre additiver som polyamider; (2) gode kaldflytegenskaper (for eksempel mindre enn -40°C hellepunkt; mindre enn 7500 mPa-S (cPs) ved -25°C); (3) tilstrekkelig bionedbrytbarhet til å bøte på den lave bionedbrytbarhet for andre dispergeirngsmidler og/eller andre additiver i det formulerte smøremiddel;
(4) godt smøremiddel uten hjelp av slitasjeadditiver; og
(5) høyt flashpunkt (større enn 260°C, flash- og flammepunkt ved COC (Cleveland Open Cup) målt i henhold til ASTM-test nr. D-92).
Organisasjonen for Økonomisk Samarbeid og Utvikling, OECD, ga ut utkastet til testretningslinjer for nedbrytnings- og akkumuleringstesting i desember 1979. Ekspertgruppen anbefalte at de følgende tester skulle benyttes for å bestemme "lett bionedbrytbarhet" av organiske kjemikalier: Modifisert OECD-screeningtest, modifisert MITI-test (I), lukket flasketest, modifisert Sturm-test og modifisert Afhor-test. Gruppen anbefalte også at de følgende "bestått nivåer" for bionedbrytning, oppnådd i løpet av 28 dager, skulle kunne ansees som godt bevis på "lett nedbrytbart": (Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)) 70%; (Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)) 60%; (Total Organic Carbon (TOD)) 60%; (C02) 60%; og (DOC) 70%, for de tester som er oppsummert ovenfor. Derfor er "bestått-nivået" for bionedbrytning, oppnådd i løpet av 28 dager og ved bruk av den modifiserte Sturm-test, minst (C02) 60%.
Fordi hovedformålet ved å sette testvarigheten til 28 dager var å tillate tilstrekkelig tid for adapsjon av mikroorganismene til kjemikaliet (lag-fasen), skulle dette ikke tillate at forbindelser som ble langsomt nedbrutt, passerte testen etter en relativt kort adapsjonsperiode. En kontroll på bionedbrytningshastigheten skulle derfor gjøres. "Bestått-nivået" for bionedbrytning (60%) måtte nåes innen 10 dager fra begynnende bionedbrytning. Bionedbrytningen ansees å ha begynt når 10% av den teoretiske mengde C02 var utviklet. Dette vil si at et lett bionedbrytbart fluid må ha minst et 60% utbytte av C02 innen 28 dager, og dette nivå må nåes etter 10 dager fra bionedbrytningen overskrider 10%. Dette er kjent som "10-dagersvinduet".
OECD-retningslinjen for testing av "lett nedbrytbarhet" for kjemikalier under den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD 301B, antatt 12. mai 1981) involverer måling av mengden av C02 som fremstilles av testforbindelsen og som måles og uttrykkes som en prosentandel av den teoretiske mengde C02 (TC02) som skulle vært fremstilt, beregnet fra karboninnholdet i testforbindelsen. Bionedbrytbarheten uttrykkes derfor som en prosentandel TC02. Den modifiserte Sturm-test gjennomføres ved å behandle et kjemisk definert, flytende medium, i det vesentlige fritt for andre organiske karbonkilder, med testmaterialet og inokulere med kloakkmikroorganismer. Den C02 som frigis fanges som BaC03. etter referanse til egnede, blanke kontroller, blir den totale mengde C02 som fremstilles fra testforbindelsen bestemt for testperioden og beregnet som en prosentandel totalt C02 som testmaterialet teoretisk hadde skulle kunnet produsere, beregnet på karbonsammensetningen. I denne forbindelse skal det henvises til G. van der Waal og D. Kenbeek, "Testing, Application, and Future Development of Environmentally Friendly Ester Based Fluids", "Journal of Synthetic Lubrication", vol. 10, nr. 1, april 1993, sidene 67-83.
Et basisforråd som i dag er i vanlig bruk er rapsfrøolje (det vil si et triglycerid av fettsyrer, for eksempel 7% mettet Ci2-I8~svrer> 50% oljesyre, 36% linoleinsyre og 7% linolensyre, med følgende egenskaper: en viskositet ved 40°C på 47,8 mm<2>/s (cSt), et hellepunkt på 0°C, et flammepunkt på 162°C og en bionedbrytbarhet på 85% ved den modifiserte Sturm-test. Selv om den har meget god bionedbrytbarhet, er bruken i bionedbrytbare smøremiddel anvendelser begrenset på grunn av de dårlige lavtemperaturegenskaper og den dårlige stabilitet.
Hvis ikke de har tilstrekkelig lav molekylvekt, har estere som er syntetisert fra både lineære syrer og lineære alkoholer en tendens til å ha dårlige lavtemperaturegenskaper. Selv når de syntetiseres fra lineære syrer og meget forgrenede alkoholer, for eksempel polyolestere av lineære syrer, kan det være vanskelig å oppnå høyviskositetsestere med gode lavtemperaturegenskaper. I tillegg oppviser pentaerytirtolestere av lineære syrer dårlig oppløselighet med dispergeirngsmidler som polyamider, og trimetylolpropan-estere av lavmolekylvekts (det vil si med et karbontall mindre enn 14) lineære syrer gir ikke tilstrekkelig smøreevne. Denne lavere kvalitet for smøreevnen sees også med adipatestere av forgrenede alkoholer. Fordi lavmolekylvektslineære estere også har lave viskositeter, er en viss grad av forgrenethet nødvendig for å bygge viskositeten mens man opprettholder gode kaldflytegenskaper. Når både alkohol- og syredelen av esteren er meget forgrenet, slik tilfellet er med polyolestere av sterkt forgrenede oksosyrer, tenderer imidlertid det resulterende molekyl til å vise god bionedbrytbarhet, målt ved den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD-test nr. 301B).
I en artikkel av Randles og Wright, "Environmentally Considerate Ester Lubricants for the Automotive and Engineering Industries", "Journal of Synthetic Lubrication", vol. 9-2, sidene 145-161, ble det angitt at hovedtrekket som sinket eller reduserte mikrobiell nedbrytning er graden av forgrenethet som reduserer JJ-oksidasjon, og den grad med hvilken esterhydrolyse inhiberes. Den negative virkning på bionedbrytbarheten på grunn av forgrening langs karbonkjeden diskuteres videre i en bok av R.D. Swisher,"Surfactant Biodegradation", "Marcel Dekker, Inc.", 2. utgave, 1987, sidene 415-417.1 sin bok sier Swisher at "Disse resultater viser klart øket motstandsevne mot bionedbrytning med øket forgrening ... Selv om effekten av en enkel metylforgrening i et ellers lineært molekyl knapt merkes, observeres det generelt en øket motstand [mot nedbrytning] med øket forgrening og motstanden blir eksepsjonelt stor når kvaternær forgrening inntrer i alle kjede-ender i molekylet." Den negative virkning av alkyl-forgrening på bionedbrytbarheten ble også diskutert i en artikkel av N.S. Battersby, S.E. Pack og RJ. Watkinson, "A Correlation Between the Biodegradability of Oil Products in the CEC-L-33-T-82 and Modified Sturm Tests", "Chemosphere", 24(12), sidene 1989-2000 (1992).
Til å begynne med var den dårlige bionedbrytning for forgrenede polyolestere antatt å være en konsekvens av forgreningen og, i mindre grad, uoppløseligheten for molekylet i vann. Imidlertid har senere arbeider av de foreliggende oppfinnere vist at ikke bionedbrytbarhet av disse forgrenede estere er mer enn funksjon av sterisk hindring enn av mikroorganismens manglende evne til å bryte ned det tertiære og kvaternære karbon. Ved således å avhjelpe den steriske hindring rundt esterbindingen(e) kan bionedbrytning lettere inntre med forgrenede estere.
Forgrenede, syntetiske polyolestere har vært benyttet i utstrakt grad i ikke-bionedbrytbare anvendelser som kjølesmøremiddelanvendelser, og har vist seg å være heller effektive hvis 3,5,5-trimetylheksansyre innarbeides i molekylet i en mengde på 25 mol-% eller mer. Imidlertid er trimetylheksansyre ikke bionedbrytbart, bestemt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD 301B) og innarbeiding av 3,5,5-trimetylheksansyre, selv i en mengde på 25 mol-%, vil drastisk redusere bionedbrytbarheten for polyolesteren på grunn av de deri inneholdte kvaternære karbonatomer.
På samme måte gir innarbeiding av trialkyleddiksyrer (det vil si neosyrer) i en polyolester, meget brukbare kjølende smøremidler. Disse syrer blir imidlertid ikke bionedbrutt som bestemt ved den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD 301B) og kan ikke benyttes for fremstilling av polyolestere for anvendelser som krever bionedbrytbarhet. Polyolestere av alle forgrenede syrer kan benyttes som kjølende oljer også. Imidlertid blir de ikke bionedbrutt hurtig, bestemt ved den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD 301B) og er derfor ikke ønskelige for anvendelse i anvendelser som krever bionedbrytbarhet.
Selv om polyolestere fremstilt fra rent lineære C5- og Ciø-syrer for kjøleanvendelser ville være bionedbrytbare under den modifiserte Sturm-test, ville de ikke virke som smøremidler i hydraulisk eller to-syklus-motoranvendelser fordi viskositetene ville være for lave og smøreadditiver ville være nødvendige. Det er ekstremt vanskelig å utvikle et smøremiddelbasisforråd som er i stand til å vise alle de forskjellige egenskaper man krever for bionedbrytbare smøremiddelanvendelser, det vil si høy viskositet, lavt hellepunkt, oksydativ stabilitet og bionedbrytbarhet målt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test.
US 4 826 633 i navnet Carr et al. beskriver et syntetisk estersmørebasisforråd, oppnådd ved omsetning av minst en av trimetylolpropan og monopentaerytritol med en blanding av alifatiske monokarboksylsyrer. Blandingen av syrer inkluderer rettkjedesyrer med 5 til 10 karbonatomer og en isosyre med 6 til 10 karbonatomer, fortrinnsvis iso-nonansyre
(det vil si 3,5,5-trimetylheksansyre). Dette basisforråd blandes med en konvensjonell estersmøremiddeladditivpakke for å danne et smøremiddel med en viskositet ved 99°C på minst 5,0 mm<2>/s og et hellepunkt på minst helt ned til -54°C. Smøremidlet er særlig brukbart i gassturbinmotorer. Carr-patent skiller seg fra foreliggende oppfinnelse på to hovedområder. For det første benytter det fortrinnsvis 3,5,5-trimetylheksansyre som forgrenet syre, denne inneholder et kvaternært karbon i hvert syremolekyl. Inn-arbeidingen av kvaternære karboner i 3,5,5-dimetylheksansyre inhiberer bionedbrytbarheten for polyolesterproduktet. Fordi videre smøremidlet i henhold til Carr et al. viser
høy stabilitet, målt ved høytrykksdifferensialskanderende kalorimeter (HPDSC), det vil si ca. 35 til 65 minutter, kan mikroorganismer ikke trekke dem fra hverandre. Omvendt har smøremidlet anvendt i oppfinnelsen en lav stabilitet, det vil si en HPDSC-avlesning på 12 til 17 minutter. Den lavere stabilitet tillater at mikroorganismene angriper karbon-karbon-bindingene rundt polyolstrukturen og effektivt forårsaker at esteren bionedbrytes. En grunn for at smøremidlet anvendt i oppfinnelsen har lavere stabilitet er det faktum at ikke mer enn 10% av de forgrenede syrer som benyttes for å danne smøre-midlets esterbasisforråd inneholder et kvaternært karbon.
Således har foreliggende oppfinnere funnet at meget bionedbrytbare smøremidler kan oppnås ved bruk av bionedbrytbare basisforråd med gode kaldflytegenskaper, god oppløselig med dispergeringsmidler og god smøreevne, ved å innarbeide forgrenede syrer i estermolekylet. De forgrenede syrer som benyttes ifølge oppfinnelsen trenges for å bygge viskositeten og de multiple isomerer i disse syrer understøtter oppnåelsen av lavtemperaturegenskapene. Det vil si at de forgrenede syrer tillater kjemikere å bygge opp viskositeten uten å øke molekylvekten. Videre gir forgrenede, bionedbrytbare smøremidler de følgende kumulative fordeler i forhold til alle lineære, bionedbrytbare smøremidler: (1) redusert hellepunkt; (2) økede oppløseligheter for andre additiver;
(3) øket detergents/dispergering av den smørende olje; og
(4) øket oksydativ stabilitet i hydraulikkvæske- og katapultoljeanvendelser.
De data som er samlet av foreliggende oppfinnere og angitt i eksemplene som følger viser at alle de ovenfor angitte egenskaper best kan oppnås med bionedbrytbare smøremidler som formuleres med bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som innarbeider både meget forgrenede syrer og lineære syrer.
I henhold til dette angår foreliggende oppfinnelse et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk
esterbasisforråd som karakteriseres ved at det omfatter reaksjonsproduktet av:
en forgrenet eller lineær alkohol med den generelle formel R(OH)n, der R er en alifatisk eller cykloalifatisk gruppe med 2 til 20 karbonatomer og n er minst 2, og blandede syrer omfattende 30 til 80 mol-% av en lineær syre med et karbontall i området C5 til C\ 2, og 20 til 70 mol-% av minst en forgrenet syre med et karbontall i området C5 til C\ q, der ikke mer enn 10% av de forgrenede syrer som benyttes for å danne det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd inneholder et kvaternært karbon; idet esterbasisforrådet viser følgende egenskaper: minst 60% bionedbrytning i 28 dager, målt ved den modifiserte Sturm-test; et hellepunkt mindre enn -40°C; samt en viskositet mindre enn 7500 mPa-S (cPs) ved -25°C; og
eventuelt en smøreadditiv-pakke.
I den mest foretrukne utførelsesform er det ønskelig å ha en forgrenet syre omfattende multiple isomerer, fortrinnsvis mer enn 3 isomerer og aller helst mer enn 5 isomerer. Den lineære eller rette syre er fortrinnsvis en alkyl-mono- eller -dikarboksylsyre med den generelle formel RCOOH, der R er et n-alkyl med 4 til 11 karbonatomer og fortrinnsvis mellom 7 og 10 karbonatomer. Det er også foretrukket at ikke mer enn 10% av de forgrenede syrer som benyttes for å danne det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd, inneholder et kvaternært karbon.
Disse bionedbrytbare, syntetiske basisforråd er særlig brukbare ved formulering av bionedbrytbare smøremidler, bionedbrytbare katapultoljer, bionedbrytbare hydraulikkvæsker, bionedbrytbare borevæsker, bionedbrytbare vannturbinoljer, bionedbrytbare fetter, bionedbrytbare kompressoroljer, funksjonelle fluider som gearolje og andre industrielle og maskinanvendelser, der bionedbrytbarhet er ønsket eller krevet.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører således også anvendelsen av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforrådet. De formulerte, bionedbrytbare smøremidler ifølge oppfinnelsen anvendes fortrinnsvis i en mengde på 50 til 99 vekt-% av det bionedbrytbare, smørende, syntetiske basisforråd som beskrevet ovenfor, ca. 1 til 20 vekt-% smøremiddeladditiv-pakke og ca. 0 til 30% av et oppløsningsmiddel.
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som benyttes i formuleringene for forskjellige bionedbrytbare smøremidler og oljer ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse tildannes fortrinnsvis fra reduksjonsproduktet av pentaerytritol av teknisk kvalitet og som omfatter mellom 86 og 92% monopentaerytritol, 6 til 12% dipentaerytritol og 1 til 3% tripentaerytritol med ca. 45 til 70 molar Cg- og CiQ-nneære sye1" (" Cg. iQ- lineæTe syrer") og ca. 30 til 55 mol-% iso-Cg (for eksempel Cekanoic 8) forgrenede syrer.
Neopentylglykol, NPG, kan forestret totalt med 2-etylheksansyre eller en iso-Cg-syre og allikevel opprettholde ca. 90% bionedbrytning, målt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test. etter at to forgrenede syrer er satt til en forgrenet polyol, begynner esterbindingene å bli trange rundt det kvaternære karbonatom i den forgrenede alkohol. Ytterligere forgrenede syrer som føyes til den forgrenede alkohol begynner å redusere bionedbrytbarheten for molekylet slik at ved den fjerde addisjon av en forgrenet syre til den forgrenede alkohol faller bionedbrytbarheten av det resulterende molekyl fra ca. 80%) til mindre enn 15% bionedbrytning, målt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test.
Innføringen av lineære syrer i molekylet avhjelper den steriske trengsel rundt det kvaternære karbonatom i den forgrenede alkohol. Ved således å ha to forgrenede syrer og to lineære syrer på for eksempel pentaerytritol, har enzymene tilgang til esterbindingene og det første trinn av bionedbrytningen, det vil si hydrolysen av esteren, kan inntre. I hver av pentaerytirtolesteren blir hydroksylgruppene forestret med de forskjellige forgrenede og lineære syrer.
ALKOHOLER
Blant alkoholene som kan omsettes med de forgrenede og lineære syrer ifølge oppfinnelsen er for eksempel polyoler (det vil si polyhydroksylforbindelser) som representeres ved den generelle formel:
der R er en hvilken som helst alifatisk eller cykloalifatisk hydrokarbylgruppe (fortrinnsvis alkyl) og n er minst 2. Hydrokarbylgruppen kan inneholde fra 2 til 20 eller flere karbonatomer og hydrokarbylgruppen kan også inneholde substituenter som klor-, nitrogen- og/eller oksygenatomer. Polyhydroksylforbindelsene vil generelt inneholde fra 2 til 10 hydroksylgrupper og helst fra 2 til 6 hydroksygrupper.
Polyhydroksyforbindelsen kan inneholde en eller flere oksyalkylengrupper og således inkluderer polyhydroksyforbindelsene forbindelser som polyeterpolyoler. Antallet karbonatomer (det vil si karbontallet) og antallet hydroksygrupper (det vil si hydroksyltallet) i polyhydroksyforbindelsen som benyttes for å danne karboksylestrene kan variere innen vide områder.
De følgende alkoholer er spesielt brukbare som polyoler: neopentylglykol, 2,2-dimetyl-olbutan, trimetyloletan, trimetylolpropan, trimetylolbutan, monopentaerytritol, teknisk kvalitet pentaerytritol, dipentaerytritol, etylenglykol, propylenglykol og polyalkylen-glykoler (for eksempel polyetylenglykoler, polypropylenglykoler, polybutylenglykoler, og så videre og blandinger derav som en polymerisert blanding av etylenglykol og propylenglykol).
De foretrukne, forgrenede eller lineære alkoholer er valgt blant gruppen: teknisk kvalitet pentaerytritol, mono-pentaerytritol, dipentaerytritol, neopentylglykol, trimetylolpropan, trimetyloletan og propylenglykol, l,4butandiol, sorbitol og lignende og 2-metylpropandiol. Den mest foretrukne alkohol er teknisk kvalitet (det vil si 88% mono, 10% di- og 1-2% tripentaerytritol.
FORGRENEDE SYRER
De forgrenede syrer er fortrinnsvis monokarboksylsyrer som har et karbontall i området C5 til Cj3 og helst C7 til C\ q og der metylforgreninger er fortrukket. De foretrukne forgrenede syrer er de der lik mindre enn 10% av de forgrenede syrer inneholder et kvaternært karbon. Monokarboksylsyren er minst en syre valgt blant: 2-etylheksan-, isoheptan-, iso-oktan-, isononan-, isodecan- og -forgrenede syrer. Den mest foretrukne, forgrenede syre er iso-oktansyre, for eksempel Cekanoic-8-syre.
Det er ønskelig å ha en forgrenet syre omfattende flere isomerer, fortrinnsvis mer enn 3 isomerer og aller helst mer enn 5 isomerer.
LINEÆRE SYRER
De foretrukne mono- og/eller dikarboksyliske lineære syrer er en hvilken som helst lineær, mettet alkylkarboksylsyre med et karbontall i området 5 til 12, fortrinnsvis 7 til 10. De mest foretrukne lineære syrer er monokarboksylsyrer.
Som eksempler på lineære syrer skal nevnes n-heptan-, n-oktan-, n-decan- og n-nonansyrer. Valgte disyrer er adipin-, azelain-, sebacin- og dodecandionsyrer. For formålet å modifisere viskositeten i det resulterende esterprodukt kan opptil 20 vekt-% av den totale syreblanding bestå av lineære disyrer.
BIONEDBRYTBARE SMØREMIDLER
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes i formuleringer for bionedbrytbare smøremidler sammen med valgte smøreadditiver. Additivene som er oppsummert nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de tilveiebringer sine normale ventede funksjoner. Typiske mengder for individuelle komponenter er også angitt nedenfor. Det foretrukne, bionedbrytbare smøremiddel omfatter fortrinnsvis 80% eller mer på vektbasis av basisforrådet og 20 vekt-% av en hvilken som helst kombinasjon av de følgende additiver:
Når andre additiver benyttes, kan det være ønskelig, men ikke nødvendig å fremstille additivkonsentrater omfattende konsentrerte oppløsninger eller dispersjoner av dispergeringsmidler (i konsentrerte mengder som beskrevet ovenfor), sammen med et eller flere av de andre additiver (konsentrat når det er snakk om en additivblanding som her kalles en additivpakke) hvorved flere additiver samtidig kan tilsettes til basisforrådet for å danne smøreoljepreparatet. Oppløsning av additivkonsentratet i smøreoljen kan lettes ved hjelp av oppløsningsmidler og ved blanding ledsaget av mild oppvarming, dette er imidlertid ikke vesentlig. Konsentratet eller additivpakken vil karakteristisk formuleres til å inneholde dispergeringsadditivet og eventuelle ytterligere additiver i egnede mengder for å tilveiebringe den ønskede konsentrasjon i sluttformuleringen når additivpakken kombineres med en på forhånd bestemt mengde av basissmøremiddel eller basisforrådet. Således kan de bionedbrytbare smøremidler anvendt i oppfinnelsen karakteristisk benytte opptil 20 vekt-% av additivpakken, mens resten er bionedbrytbart
esterbasisforråd og/eller et oppløsningsmiddel.
Alle de vektprosenter som her gis (hvis ikke annet er sagt) er basert på innholdet av aktiv bestanddel, AB, i additivet, og/eller på den totale mengde av en hvilken som helst additivpakke, eller formuleringen vil være summen av AB-vekten av hvert additiv pluss vekten av total olje eller fortynningsmiddel.
Eksempler på de ovenfor angitte additiver for bruk i bionedbrytbare smøremidler er
angitt i de følgende dokumenter: US 5 306 313 A i navnet Emert et al.; US 5 312 554 A i navnet Waddoups et al.; US 5 328 624 A i navnet Chung; en artikkel av Benfaremo og Liu, "Crankcase Engine Oil Additives", "Lubrication", Texaco Inc., sidene 1-7; samt en artikkel av Liston, "Engine Lubricant Additives What They are and How They
Function", "Lubrication Engineering", mai 1992, sidene 389-397.
Viskositetsmodifisere gir høy- og lavtemperaturopererbarhet til smøreoljen og tillater at den forblir skjærstabil ved forhøyede temperaturer og også viser akseptabel viskositet eller fluiditet ved lave temperaturer. Disse viskositetsmodifiserere er generelt høy-molekylvektshydrokarbonpolymerer inkludert polyestere. Viskositetsmodifisererne kan også derivatiseres for å inkludere andre egenskaper eller funksjoner som tilsetninger som gir dispergeringsegenskaper. Representative egenskaper på egnede viskositetsmodifiserere er en hvilken som helst av de typer som er kjent i teknikken inkludert polyisobutylen, kopolymerer av metylen og propylen, polymetakrylater, metakrylat-kopolymerer, kopolymerer av en umettet dikarboksylsyre og vinylforbindelse, inter-polymerer av styren og akrylestere, og partielt hydrogenerte kopolymerer av styren/isopren, styren/butadien og isopren/butadien, så vel som de partielt hydrogenerte homopolymerer av butadien og isopren.
Korrosjonsinhibitorer, også kjent som anti-korrosive midler, reduserer nedbrytningen av metalliske deler som kommer i kontakt med smøreoljeblandingen. Illustrerende for korrosjonsinhibitorer er fosfosulfiirerte hydrokarboner og produktene som oppnås ved omsetning av et fosfosulfurert hydrokarbon med et jordalkalimetalloksid eller -hydroksid, fortrinnsvis i nærvær av en alkylert fenol eller en alkylfenoltioester, og også fortrinnsvis i nærvær av en alkylert fenol eller av en alkylfenoltioester, og også fortrinnsvis i nærvær av karbondioksid. Fosfosulfiirerte hydrokarboner fremstilles ved omsetning av et egnet hydrokarbon, for eksempel et terpen, en tung petroleumsfraksjon av en C2-6-°leifnP°lymer som polyisobutylen, med fra 5 til 30 vekt-% av et sulfid av fosfor i Vi til 15 timer, ved temperaturer i området 66 til 316°C. Nøytralisering av det fosfosulfiirerte hydrokarbon kan gjennomføres på den måte som er beskrevet i US 1 969 324.
Oksidasjonsinhibitorer eller antioksidanter reduserer tendensen hos mineraloljer til å forringes i bruk, en forringelse som kan påvises ved oksidasjonsprodukter som slam og ferniss-lignende avsetninger på metalloverflatene, og ved en viskositetsøkning. Slike oksidasjonsinhibitorer inkluderer jordalkalimetallsalter av alkylfenoltioestere med fortrinnsvis C5_i2_alkylsidekjeder, for eksempel kalsiumnonylfenolsulfid, barium-oktylfenylsulfid, dioktylfenylamin, fenyl-naftylamin, fosfosulfiirerte eller sulfurerte hydrokarboner, og så videre.
Friksjonsmodifiserende midler tjener til å tilveiebringe de riktige friksjonskarakteristika til smøreoljeblandinger som automatiske transmisjonsvæsker. Representative eksempler på egnede friksjonsmodifiserere er fettsyreestere og -amider, molybdenkomplekser av polyisobutenylravsyreanhydrid-aminoalkanoler, glycerolestere av dimeriserte fettsyrer, alkanfosfonsyresalter, fosfonat med et oleamid, S-karboksyalkylenhydrokarbyl-succinimid, N-(hydroksylalkyl)alkenylsuccinaminsyrer eller -succinimider, di-(laverealkyl)fosfitter og -epoksyder, og alkylenoksydaddukter av fosfosulfiirerte N-(hydroksyalkyl)alkenylsuccinimider. De mest foretrukne friksjonsmodifiserere er succinatestere eller metallsalter derav, av hydrokarbylsubstituerte ravsyrer eller - anhydrider og tiobis-alkanoler.
Dispergeirngsmidler opprettholder oljeuoppløselige stoffer som resulterer fra oksidasjon i bruk, i suspensjon i fluidet og forhindrer derved oppslemmingsflokkulering og precipi-tering eller avsetning på metalldeler. Egnede dispergeirngsmidler inkluderer høymolekylvektsalkylsuccinimider, reaksjonsproduktet av oljeoppløselig polyisobutylensuccinanhydrid med etylenaminer som tetraetylenpentamin og borerte salter derav.
Hellepunktdepressorer, eller kjent som lube-oil-flow-forbedrere, reduserer den temperatur ved hvilken fluidet strømmer eller kan helles. Slike additiver er velkjente. Typiske for disse additiver som vanligvis optimaliserer lavtemperaturfluiditeten i fluidet er Cg-18-dialkylmmaratvinylacetatkopolymerer, polymetakrylater og voksnaftalen. Skummingskontroll kan tilveiebringes ved hjelp av et antiskummingsmiddel av polysiloksantypen, for eksempel silikonolje og polydimetylsiloksan.
Antislitasjemidler reduserer, som navnet sier, slitasjen på metalldeler. Representative for konvensjonelle antislitasjemidler er sinkdialkylditiofosfat og sinkdiarylditiofosfat. Antiskummingsmidler benyttes for å kontrollere skummet i smøremidlene. Skum-kontrollen kan tilveiebringes ved et antiskummingsmiddel av typen høymolekyl-vektsdimetylsiloksaner og polyetere. Enkelte eksempler på polysiloksantype-antiskummingsmidler er silikonolje og polydimetylsiloksan.
Detergenter og metallrustinhibitorer inkluderer metallsaltene av sulfonsyrer, alkylfenoler, sulfurerte alkylfenoler, alkylsalicylater, naftenater og andre oljeoppløselige mono- og dikarboksylsyrer. Høybasiske (det vil si overbasede) metallsalter som sterkt basiske jordalkalimetallsulfonater (særlig Ca- og Mg-salter) benyttes hyppig som detergentser.
Pakningssvellemidler inkluderer mineraloljer av den type som provoserer svelling av motorpakninger inkludert alifatiske alkoholer med 8 til 13 karbonatomer som tridecyl-alkohol, idet et foretrukket pakningssvellemiddel karakteriseres som en oljeoppløselig, mettet, alifatisk eller aromatisk hydrokarbonester med 10 til 60 karbonatomer og 2 til 4 bindinger, for eksempel diheksylftalat som beskrevet i US 3 974 081.
BIONEDBRYTBARE KATAPULTOLJER
Katapulter er instrumenter som benyttes på hangarskip i åpent hav for å slynge fly fra landeplanet. Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes i formuleringen av bionedbrytbare katapultoljer sammen med valgte smøremiddeladditiver. Den foretrukne, bionedbrytbare katapultolje formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som dannes ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse sammen med en hvilken som helst konvensjonell katapultoljeadditivpakke. Additivene som er oppsummert nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de tilveiebringer sine vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan omfatte, men er ikke begrenset til, viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, ekstremtrykkmidler, farvestabilisatorer, detergentser og rustinhibitorer, antiskummingsmidler, antislitasjemidler og friksjonsmodifiserende midler.
For bionedbrytbar katapultolje kan det benyttes ca. 90 til 99% basisforråd, mens resten består av additivpakke.
Bionedbrytbare katapultoljer omfatter fortrinnsvis konvensjonelle korrosjonsinhibitorer og rustinhibitorer. Hvis ønskelig, kan katapultoljer inneholde andre konvensjonelle additiver som antiskummingsmidler, antislitasjemidler, andre antioksidanter, ekstremtrykkmidler, friksjonsmodifiserere og andre hydrolytiske stabilisatorer. Disse additiver er beskrevet av Klamann i "Lubricant and Related Products", "Verlag Chemie", Deerfield Beach, FL, 1984.
BIONEDBRYTBARE HYDRAULIKKVÆSKER
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes i formuleringer av bionedbrytbare hydraulikkvæsker sammen med de valgte smøreadditiver. De
foretrukne, bionedbrytbare hydraulikkvæsker formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd ifølge oppfinnelsen sammen med en hvilken som helst konvensjonell hydraulikkvæskeadditivpakke. Additivene som er oppsummert nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de tilveiebringer sine vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan inkludere, men er ikke begrenset til viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, grenseflatesmøremidler, demulgeringsmidler, hellepunktsdepressorer og antiskummingsmidler.
Den bionedbrytbare hydraulikkvæske kan bestå av 90 til 99% basisforråd, mens resten er en additivpakke.
Andre additiver er beskrevet i US 4 783 274 A i navnet Jokinen et al.
BIONEDBRYTBARE BOREVÆSKER
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd ifølge oppfinnelsen kan benyttes ved formulering av bionedbrytbare borevæsker sammen med valgte smøreadditiver. De foretrukne, bionedbrytbare borevæsker formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som dannes i henhold til oppfinnelsen sammen med en hvilken som helst konvensjonell borevæskeadditivpakke. Additivene som oppsummert nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at man oppnår deres vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan omfatte, men er ikke begrenset til, viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, fuktemidler, vanntapsforbedringsmidler, baktericider og borehodesmøremidler.
Den bionedbrytbare kan bestå av ca. 60 til 90% basisforråd og 5 til 25% oppløsningsmiddel, mens resten er en additivpakke. Det skal her henvises til US 4 382 002 i navnet Walker et al.
Egnede hydrokarbonoppløsningsmidler omfatter: mineraloljer, særlig de paraffinbasisoljer med god oksidasjonsstabilitet som har et kokeområde fra 200 til 400°C, for eksempel Mentor 28_, markedsført av Exxon Chemical Americas, Houston, Texas; diesel- og gassoljer; og tung-aromatisk nafta.
BIONEDBRYTBARE VANNTURBINOLJER
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes ved formulering av bionedbrytbare vannturbinoljer sammen med de valgte smøreadditiver. Den foretrukne, bionedbrytbare vannturbinolje formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som dannes i henhold til oppfinnelsen sammen med en hvilken som helst konvensjonell vannturbinoljeadditivpakke. Additivene som er oppsummert nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de tilveiebringer sine vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan inkludere, men er ikke begrenset til, viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, fortykningsmidler, dispergeringsmidler, antiemulgeringsmidler, farvestabilisatorer, detergentser og rustinhibitorer samt hellepunktsdepressorer.
Den bionedbrytbare vannturbinolje kan benytte rundt 65 til 75% basisforråd og 5 til 30%) oppløsningsmiddel, mens resten består av en additivpakke, karakteristisk i området mellom 0,01 og 5,0 vekt-% hver, beregnet på den totale vekt av blandingen.
BIONEDBRYTBARE SMØREFETT ( GREASE)
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes ved formulering av bionedbrytbare fett sammen med de valgte smøreadditiver. Hovedbestanddelen som finnes i fett er fortykningsmidlet eller geldannelsesmidlet og differanser i fettformuleringer har ofte involvert denne bestanddel. I tillegg til fortykningsmidlet eller geldannelsesmidlene kan andre egenskaper og karakteristika hos fett påvirkes ved det spesielle smørebasisforråd og de forskjellige additiver som kan benyttes.
Foretrukne, bionedbrytbare fett formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som er dannet ifølge oppfinnelsen sammen med en hvilken som helst fettadditivpakke. Additivene som er oppført nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de oppfyller sine vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan inkludere, men er ikke begrenset til, viskositetsindeksforbedrere, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, ekstremtrykkmidler, detergentser og rustinhibitorer, hellepunktsdepressorer, metalldeaktivatorer, antislitasjemidler og fortykningsmidler eller geldannelsesmidler.
Det bionedbrytbare smørefett kan benytte ca. 80 til 95% basisforråd og 5 til 20% fortykningsmiddel eller geldannelsesmiddel, mens resten er en additivpakke.
Karakteristiske fortykningsmidler som benyttes i slike fettformuleringer inkluderer alkalimetallseper, leirer, polymerer, asbest, sot, silikageler, polyurea'er og alumi-niumkomplekser. Sepefortykkede fett er mest populære, mens litium- og kalsiumseper er de vanligste. Enkle sepefett dannes fra alkalimetallsalter av langkjedede fettsyrer med litium-12-hydroksystearat, idet den predominante dannes fra 12-hydroksystearinsyre, litiumhydroksydmonohydrat og mineralolje. Komplekse sepefett er også i vanlig bruk og omfatter metallsalter av en blanding av organiske syrer. Et typisk, kompleks sepefett som finnes i bruk i dag, er et kompleks litiumsepefett som fremstilles fra 12-hydroksystearinsyre, litiumhydroksydmonohydrat, azelainsyre og mineralolje. Litiumsepene er beskrevet og eksemplifisert i mange patenter inkludert US 3 758 407 i navnet Harting, US 3 791 973 i navnet Gilani og US 3 929 651 i navnet Murray samt US 4 392 967 i navnet Alexander.
En beskrivelse på additiver som benyttes i fett kan finnes hos Boner, "Modern Lubricating Greases", 1976, kapitel 5, så vel som additiver anført ovenfor i de andre bionedbrytbare produkter.
BIONEDBRYTBARE KOMPRESSOROLJER
Det forgrenede, syntetiske esterbasisforråd kan benyttes ved formulering av bionedbrytbare kompressoroljer sammen med valgte smøreadditiver. Den foretrukne, bionedbrytbare kompressoroljer formuleres karakteristisk ved bruk av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd dannet ifølge oppfinnelsen, sammen med en hvilken som helst konvensjonell kompressoroljeadditivpakke. Additivene som oppsummeres nedenfor benyttes karakteristisk i slike mengder at de oppfyller sine vanlige funksjoner. Additivpakken kan inkludere, men er ikke begrenset til, oksidasj onsinhibitorer, additivoppløsningsmidler, rustinhibitorer/metallpassivatorer, demulgeringsmidler og antislitasjemidler.
Den bionedbrytbare kompressorolje kan benytte rundt 80 til 99% basisforråd og 1 til 15% oppløsningsmiddel, mens resten er en additivpakke.
Additivene for kompressoroljer er også angitt i US 5 156 759 i navnet Culpon, jr.
Oppfinnelsen skal forklares nærmere under henvisning til de følgende eksempler.
EKSEMPEL 1
I det følgende beskrives konvensjonelle esterbasisforråd som ikke oppviser tilstrekkelige egenskaper for bruk som bionedbrytbare smøremidler. Egenskapene som oppført i tabellene 1 og 2 ble bestemt som følger. Hellepunktet ble bestemt under henvisning til ASTM D-97. Brookfield-viskositeten ved -25°C ble bestemt ved bruk av ASTM D-2983. Den kinematiske viskositet (ved 40°C og 100°C) ble bestemt ved bruk av ASTM D-445. Viskositetsindeksen, VI, ble bestemt ved bruk av ASTM D-2270. Bionedbrytbarheten ble bestemt ved bruk av den modifiserte Sturm-test (OECD-test nr. 301B). Oppløselighet med dispergeringsmiddel ble bestemt ved å blande de ønskede forhold og observere uklarhet, blakning, to-faser, og så videre. Motorslitasjen ble bestemt ved å bruke NMMA Yamaha CE50S lubricitetstesten. Oksidasjonsinduksjons-tiden ble bestemt ved å bruke et høytrykksdifferensialskanderende kalorimeter (HPDSC) med isoterm/isobarbetingelser ved 220°C og 3445 MPa luft. Akvatisk toksisitet ble bestemt ved bruk av dispersjonsakvatisk toksisitetstesten. Syretallet ble bestemt ved bruk av ASTM D-664. Hydroksyltallet for de respektive prøver ble bestemt ved IR-spektroskopi.
Egenskapene for det forgrenede esterbasisforråd ifølge oppfinnelsen ble sammenlignet med forskjellige konvensjonelle, bionedbrytbare smøremiddelbasisforråd og resultatene er oppsummert i tabell 2.
C810 angir en blanding av 3-5% n- Cfr, 48-58% n-Cg-, 36-42% n-Ciø- og
0,5-1,0% n-Ci2-syrer.
Ck8 angir Cekanoic-8-syre omfattende en blanding av 26 vekt-%
3,5-dimetylheksansyre, 19 vekt-% 4,5-dimetylheksansyre, 17% 3,4-dimetylheksansyre, 11 vekt-% 5-metylheptansyre, 5 vekt-% 4-metylheptansyre og 22 vekt-%) blandet metylheptansyrer og dimetylheksansyrer.
De i tabell 2 angitte data viser at TPE/C810/Ck8 bionedbrytbare esterbasisforråd ifølge oppfinnelsen er overlegent rapsfrøolje når det gjelder kold-flytegenskaper og stabilitet. Disse data viser også at det TPE/C810/Ck8 nedbrytbare esterbasisforråd er overlegent ditridecyladipat når det gjelder stabilitet, bionedbrytning og akvatisk toksisitet. Esterbasisforrådet ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er også overlegen TMP/iso-C18 når det gjelder flytegenskaper, stabilitet og bionedbrytning.
Rapsfrøolje, et naturprodukt, er meget bionedbrytbart, men har meget dårlige lavtemperaturegenskaper og smører ikke godt på grunn av manglende stabilitet. Rapsfrøolje er meget ustabilt og brytes ned i en motor og forårsaker avsetningsdannelse, slam og korrosjonsproblemer. Diundecyladipat har, mens det på den ene side sannsynligvis er bionedbrytbart, også meget dårlige lavtemperaturegenskaper. Polyolestere av lavmolekylvektslineære syrer gir ikke lubricitet og de med høyerevektslineære eller semilineære syrer har dårlige lavtemperaturegenskaper. I tillegg er pentaerytritolestrene av lineære syrer ikke oppløselige med polyamin-dispergeringsmidler. Ditridecyladipatet er kun marginalt nedbrytbart og, ved blanding med et dispergeirngsmiddel som har lav bionedbrytbarhet, er den formulerte olje kun ca. 45% bionedbrytbar. I tillegg tilveiebringer ditridecyladipatet ikke lubricitet. Laveremolekylvektsforgrenede adipater som diisodecyladipat gir heller ikke, selv om det er mer bionedbrytbart, lubricitet og kan forårsake pakningssvellingsproblemer. Polyolestrene av trimetylolpropan eller pentaerytritol og forgrenede oksosyrer bionedbrytes ikke lett på grunn av den tidligere diskuterte, steriske hindring.
EKSEMPEL 2
Foreliggende oppfinnere har funnet at godt bionedbrytbare basisforråd med gode kold-flytegenskaper, god oppløselighet med dispergeirngsmidler og god lubricitet kan oppnås ved å innarbeide forgrenede syrer i estermolekylet. De data som er gitt i tabell 3 nedenfor viser at alle de ønskede basisforrådegenskaper kan oppnås med polyolestere som inneholder 20 til 70% av en høyt forgrenet oksosyre og 30 til 80% av en lineær syre. De i tabell 3 gitte data viser at polyolestrene av pentaerytritol av teknisk kvalitet, iso-C8 og lineære C810-syrer kan benyttes alene eller i kombinasjon med andre lavere-molekylvektsestere som et bionedbrytbart smøremiddel. Disse estere er særlig brukbare når lavere viskositeter er nødvendige for et antall anvendelser for bionedbrytbare smøremidler. TPE/C810/Ck8-esteren gir tilstrekkelig lubricitet slik at, selv ved fortynning med andre materialer, lubricitetskravene kan oppfylles uten tilsetning av slitasjeadditiver. Når additiver som polyisobutylen, EP (ekstremtrykk)-slitajeadditiver, korrosjonsinhibitorer eller antioksidanter er nødvendige, kan bionedbrytbarheten for sluttproduktene reduseres og toksisiteten økes. Hvis basisforrådet gir de ønskede egenskaper uten additiver eller hvis additivene som trenges kan minimaliseres, reflekterer sluttproduktet bionedbrytbarheten og toksisiteten i basisforrådet, som i dette tilfellet er høy henholdsvis lav.
EKSEMPEL 3
En prøve på et esterbasisforråd ble fremstilt i henhold til oppfinnelsen der 99,8 kg av en C810-syre og 93 kg Cekanoic-8-syre (molforhold 50:50) ble fylt i en reaktorbeholder og oppvarmet til 221°C under atmosfærisk trykk. Derefter ble 34 kg pentaerytritol av teknisk kvalitet satt til syreblandingen og trykket ble redusert inntil vann begynte å utvikle seg. Vannet ble fjernet over topp for å drive reaksjonen, etter 6 timers reaksjon ble overskudd av syre fjernet over topp inntil det var nådd et totalt syretall på 0,26 mg KOH/g for reaksjonsproduktet. Produktet ble så nøytralisert og avfarvet i 2 timer ved 90°C med to ganger den støkiometriske mengde Na2C03 (beregnet på syretallet) og 0,15 vekt-% admix (beregnet på mengden i reaktoren). Admix er en blanding av 80 vekt-% sot og 20 vekt-% dikalitt. etter 2 timer ved 90°C ble produktet vakuumfiltrert for å fjerne faststoffer.
Egenskapene som angitt i tabell 4 ble målt på produktet:
En syreanalyse (forsepning) ble gjennomført på produktet for å fastslå mengden av hver syre som virkelig var på molekylet. Tabell 5 nedenfor angir de molare mengder av hver syre på produktesteren:
Dette resulterende esterprodukt ble så prøvet ytterligere med og uten additiver i bionedbrytningstester for anvendelse på hydraulikkvæskemarkedet. De benyttede additiver ble benyttet i en mengde på 2-5 vekt-%. Resultatene er angitt nedenfor i tabell 6.
Det resulterende esterbasisforråd som var fremstilt i henhold til dette eksempel 3 ble også blandet ved et 50:50-vekt-%-forhold med esteren TMP/7810. Denne blanding ble med og uten additiver underkastet prøver på bionedbrytning for anvendelse på to-cyklus-motoroljemarkedet. Additivene ble benyttet i en 14-16 vekt-% behandlingsmengde. Resultatene er angitt i tabell 7.
EKSEMPEL 4
Tabell 8 nedenfor inneholder sammenligningsdata for kun lineære og semilineære estere i forbindelse med det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd som fremstilles ifølge oppfinnelsen. Det er tilveiebrakt to eksempler av esterbasisforrådet i henhold til oppfinnelsen fordi de inneholder to forskjellige molforhold Cekanoic-8:C810. Resultatene antyder at en viss mengde forgrening ikke sterkt påvirker bionedbrytningen, målt i henhold til den modifiserte Sturm-test og i realiteten sogar kan forbedre den, noe som er helt mot vanlig oppfatning.
Claims (23)
1.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd, karakterisert ved at det omfatter reaksjonsproduktet av: en forgrenet eller lineær alkohol med den generelle formel R(OH)n, der R er en alifatisk eller cykloalifatisk gruppe med 2 til 20 karbonatomer og n er minst 2, og blandede syrer omfattende 30 til 80 mol-% av en lineær syre med et karbontall i området C5 til C12, °g 20 til 70 mol-% av minst en forgrenet syre med et karbontall i området C5 til C\ q, der ikke mer enn 10%» av de forgrenede syrer som benyttes for å danne det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd inneholder et kvaternært karbon; idet esterbasisforrådet viser følgende egenskaper: minst 60% bionedbrytning i 28 dager, målt ved den modifiserte Sturm-test; et hellepunkt mindre enn -40°C; samt en viskositet mindre enn 7500 mPæS (cPs) ved -25°C; og eventuelt en smøreadditiv-pakke.
2.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den lineære syre har et karbontall i området C7 til ClO-
3.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at de blandede syrer omfatter den lineære syre i en mengde av 35 til 55 mol-%.
4.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre har et karbontall i området C7 til Cio-
5.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 3, karakterisert ved at de blandede syrer omfatter den forgrenede syre i en mengde av 35 til 55 mol-%.
6.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre omfatter flere isomerer.
7.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 6, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre omfatter minst 3 isomerer.
8.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 7, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre har mer enn 3 isomerer, fortrinnsvis mer enn 5 isomerer.
9.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den lineære syre er valgt blant alkylmonokarboksylsyrer eller -dikarboksylsyrer.
10.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den lineære syre har de generelle struktur RCOOH, der R er en lineær alkylgruppe med fra 4 til 11 karbonatomer.
11.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at esteren også har et COC-flammepunkt på minst 175°C.
12.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede eller lineære alkohol er valgt blant teknisk kvalitet pentaerytritol, monopentaerytritol, dipentaerytritol, neopentylglykol, trimetylolpropan, etylen- eller propylenglykol, butandiol, sorbitol og 2-metylpropandiol.
13.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre overveiende er en dobbeltforgrenet eller en -forgrenet syre med en gjennomsnittlig forgrening pr. molekyl i området 0,3 til 1,9.
14.
Bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 4, karakterisert ved at den forgrenede syre er minst en syre valgt fra gruppen 2-etylheksansyrer, isoheptansyrer, isooktansyrer, isononansyrer og isodecansyrer.
15.
Bionedbrytbar, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at basisforrådet oppviser en viskositet på minst 34,87 mm<2>/s (cSt) ved 40°C.
16.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, koblingsmidler, dispergeringsmidler, ekstremtrykkmidler, farvestabilisatorer, detergentser og rustinhibitorer, antiskummingsmidler, antislitasjemidler og friksjonsmodifiserere som katapultolje.
17.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, grenseflatesmøremidler, demulgeringsmidler, hellepunktsdepressorer og antiskummingsmidler, som hydraulikkvæske.
18.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, tyngdegivende midler, vanntapsforbedringsmidler, baktericider og borkronesmøremidler som borevæske.
19.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant viskositetsindeksforbedrere, korrosjonsinhibitorer, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, fortykningsmidler, dispergeringsmidler, antiemulgeringsmidler, farvestabilisatorer, detergentser og rustinhibitorer samt hellepunktsdepressorer som turbinolje.
20.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant fortykningsmiddel, viskositetsindeksforbedrere, oksidasjonsinhibitorer, ekstremtrykkmidler, detergentser og rustinhibitorer, hellepunktsdepressorer, metalldeaktivatorer og antislitasjemidler som smørefett.
21.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, sammen med en smøreadditivpakke som omfatter additiver valgt blant oksidasjonsinhibitorer, detergentser og rustinhibitorer, metalldeaktivatorer, additivoppløseliggjørere, demulgeringsmidler og antislitasjemidler som kompressorolje.
22.
Anvendelse av et bionedbrytbart, syntetisk esterbasisforråd ifølge krav 1, med i tillegg et oppløsningsmiddel.
23.
Anvendelse ifølge krav 22, av det bionedbrytbare, syntetiske esterbasisforråd i en mengde av 50 til 99 vekt-%, smøreadditivpakken i en mengde av 1 til 20 vekt-% og oppløsningsmiddelet i en mengde 0 til 30 vekt-%.
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PCT/US1995/016224 WO1996017909A1 (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1995-12-08 | Biodegradable branched synthetic ester base stocks and lubricants formed therefrom |
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JPH05331481A (ja) * | 1992-05-29 | 1993-12-14 | Tonen Corp | 2サイクルエンジン用潤滑油組成物 |
EP0643761B1 (en) * | 1992-06-03 | 2000-02-23 | Henkel Corporation | Polyol ester lubricants for refrigerator compressors operating at high temperatures |
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-
1995
- 1995-12-08 AU AU45172/96A patent/AU4517296A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-08 WO PCT/US1995/016223 patent/WO1996017908A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-12-08 DE DE69525768T patent/DE69525768T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 PT PT95943099T patent/PT796308E/pt unknown
- 1995-12-08 JP JP8517828A patent/JPH10511711A/ja active Pending
- 1995-12-08 BR BR9509879A patent/BR9509879A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 AT AT95943770T patent/ATE213764T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 AT AT95943099T patent/ATE206448T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 AT AT95943098T patent/ATE214086T1/de active
- 1995-12-08 BR BR9509882A patent/BR9509882A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 PL PL95320642A patent/PL184718B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 PL PL95320646A patent/PL184759B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 BR BR9509883A patent/BR9509883A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-12-08 CN CN95197393A patent/CN1064703C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 AU AU45162/96A patent/AU4516296A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-08 WO PCT/US1995/016224 patent/WO1996017909A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-12-08 US US08/572,131 patent/US5658863A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 AT AT95943785T patent/ATE206155T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 CA CA002207393A patent/CA2207393A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-08 PT PT95943770T patent/PT802962E/pt unknown
- 1995-12-08 ES ES95943099T patent/ES2165440T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 EP EP95943098A patent/EP0796307B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 CN CN95197392A patent/CN1056874C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 DK DK95943099T patent/DK0796308T3/da active
- 1995-12-08 WO PCT/US1995/016225 patent/WO1996017910A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-12-08 WO PCT/US1995/016176 patent/WO1996017907A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-12-08 BR BR9509880A patent/BR9509880A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-08 AU AU44227/96A patent/AU710121B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-12-08 DE DE69525657T patent/DE69525657T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 DE DE69523067T patent/DE69523067T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 CN CN95197294A patent/CN1068900C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 EP EP95943785A patent/EP0796309B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 DK DK95943770T patent/DK0802962T3/da active
- 1995-12-08 JP JP8517827A patent/JPH10511710A/ja active Pending
- 1995-12-08 US US08/569,821 patent/US5681800A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 DE DE69522957T patent/DE69522957T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 JP JP8517829A patent/JPH10511712A/ja active Pending
- 1995-12-08 CN CN95197399A patent/CN1173197A/zh active Pending
- 1995-12-08 JP JP8517820A patent/JPH10511709A/ja active Pending
- 1995-12-08 CA CA002208217A patent/CA2208217A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-12-08 ES ES95943098T patent/ES2174979T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 EP EP95943770A patent/EP0802962B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 US US08/569,272 patent/US5767047A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-12-08 ES ES95943770T patent/ES2173213T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 AU AU44226/96A patent/AU710118B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-12-08 PL PL95320630A patent/PL320630A1/xx unknown
- 1995-12-08 PL PL95320607A patent/PL181821B1/pl unknown
- 1995-12-08 EP EP95943099A patent/EP0796308B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1996
- 1996-11-22 US US08/755,252 patent/US5817607A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1997
- 1997-06-06 FI FI972417A patent/FI972417A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-06 FI FI972419A patent/FI972419A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-06 NO NO19972589A patent/NO325455B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-06 NO NO972588A patent/NO972588L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-06 FI FI972420A patent/FI972420A/fi unknown
- 1997-06-06 FI FI972418A patent/FI972418A/fi unknown
- 1997-06-06 NO NO972590A patent/NO972590L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-06-06 NO NO19972586A patent/NO317945B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
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2000
- 2000-02-24 CN CN00102602A patent/CN1277249A/zh active Pending
- 2000-05-25 CN CN00117902A patent/CN1109737C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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