CN1231687A - 润滑剂基料与高粘度复合醇酯的掺和物 - Google Patents

润滑剂基料与高粘度复合醇酯的掺和物 Download PDF

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CN1231687A
CN1231687A CN97198268A CN97198268A CN1231687A CN 1231687 A CN1231687 A CN 1231687A CN 97198268 A CN97198268 A CN 97198268A CN 97198268 A CN97198268 A CN 97198268A CN 1231687 A CN1231687 A CN 1231687A
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oil
alcohol
lubricating oil
ester
base
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C·B·都肯
D·W·图纳
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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Exxon Chemical Patents Inc
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Abstract

一种含有下列组分的添加混合物的润滑油:(A)一种包括下述物质的添加混合物的反应产物的复合醇酯基料:(1)由通式R(OH)n表示的多羟基化合物,其中R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基,n是至少2,条件是烃基含有约2-20个碳原子;(2)多元酸或多元酸的酐,条件是多元酸当量和多羟基化合物的醇当量之比约是l.6∶1-2∶1;和(3)一元醇,条件是一元醇当量与多元酸当量之比是约0.84∶1-1.2∶1;其中该复合醇酯在40℃显示的粘度约为100-700cSt,基于复合醇酯,多元酸酯浓度小于或等于70%(重量),和(B)至少一种另外的基料。

Description

润滑剂基料与高粘度复合醇酯的掺和物
本发明一般地涉及润滑剂基料与高粘度复合醇酯的掺和物。更具体地说,本发明涉及通过掺和(i)由多元醇与多元羧酸或多元羧酸的酐和有限过量的一元醇即0-20%过量的醇,更优选0-15%过量的醇反应形成的复合醇酯与其它的烃基天然和/或合成基料形成的增强的润滑剂基料。这些掺和基料当与不同的复合物(adpacks)加成时可以达到各种最终应用的规定性能。当这些高粘度复合醇酯与基料例如烃基油掺和时,可以改善下面的基料性能:不同等级(isograde)润滑剂所需要的粘度;好的发动机性能例如燃料经济性、减少磨损、减少摩擦和增加载荷能力;好的低温性能和改进的密封适应性。当该复合醇酯与基料例如合成油和天然油例如菜子油掺和时,可以得到下面的性能方面的改善:用于各种等级(iso-grade)应用的宽范围的粘度,好的低温性能,优异的润滑性能,密封适应性,好的生物降解性能和非常低的毒性。
根据润滑剂的预期的应用,把各种天然的和合成的基料与各种添加剂整套配方和溶剂混合可以制备目前工业用的润滑剂。这些基料一般地包括矿物油、深度精制的矿物油、聚α烯烃(PAO)、聚亚烷基二醇(PAG)、磷酸酯、硅油、二酯或多元醇酯。
合成润滑剂在各种应用中提供天然润滑剂的有价值的取代物。一种优选的合成润滑剂是新多元醇酯,其是由新多元醇(neopolyol)和单羧酸的酯化形成的。于是,例如使用新多元醇,例如新戊二醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、单季戊四醇、工业级季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三季戊四醇等可以用从甲酸、乙酸、丙酸直到是直链和支链的长链羧酸范围的羧酸酯化。一般使用的这些酸的范围是C5-C22
一种一般的生产多元醇酯的方法是在存在或不存在添加的催化剂的情况下在提高的温度下使新多元醇与羧酸反应。通常所用的催化剂是例如硫酸、对甲苯磺酸、亚磷酸和可溶的金属酯化催化剂。
而上述的生产新多元醇酯的方法是公知的,该方法生产的物质有一组标准特性。对于给定的新多元醇和酸(或其混合物)的混合物,有一组产品性质例如粘度、粘度指数、分子量、倾点、闪点、稳定性、极性和生物降解性能,这些性能都是由配方的组分形成的组合物所固有的。为了得到由结构所提供的一组粘度和其它性能,已经试图通过除了上述的单羧酸之外使用第二酸、多元酸,或代替上述的单羧酸来增加新多元醇酯的粘度。于是,使用多元酸例如己二酸、癸二酸、壬二酸和/或酸酐例如琥珀酸酐、马来酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐等,当与新多元醇反应时,能够得到聚合体系的组分。通过添加多元或二元酸到该混合物中,能够达到一定程度的交联和/或低聚,由此使得分子尺寸增加,以致于使得体系的整个粘度增加。
高粘度油(40℃时的粘度大于100cSt)因两个原因而在如下应用中是合乎要求的:单独地在某些最终的应用中例如在润滑脂、重负荷机油、某些液压液等中,和在与低粘度油的掺和物中应用,得到各种等级的宽范围粘度的产品。但是,象上述的那些复合酸酯(即使用多元醇、交联用多元酸和封端用一元酸生产的酯)有固有的问题例如高酸值和高费用。
一种复合酸酯的替代物是复合醇酯(使用多元醇、多元酸和封端用一元直链或支链醇生产的酯)。使用合适比例的多元醇、多元酸、一元醇,可以生产具有下述特点的复合醇酯:降低费用(约为复合酸酯一半的费用)、高粘度(40℃时的粘度大于100cSt)、好的热稳定性和氧化稳定性、好的生物降解性能、低毒性、好的低温性能、极好的润滑性能。当与低粘度油掺和时,可以生产满足严格的最终使用规格的宽范围等级产品。本发明人已经发现,当直链一元醇的量超过所使用的总醇的20%时,其倾点就太高例如高于-30℃。另外,本发明人也已经发现,在形成复合醇酯的过程中多元酸与多元醇的比例是很关键的。即如果该比例太低,那么复合醇酯就含有不合乎要求量的重质物质,该重质物质降低该酯的生物降解性能和增加该酯的羟值,从而增加所生成的酯的腐蚀性能,其也是不合乎要求的。但是,如果该比例太高,那么所得到的复合醇酯就会有不合乎要求的低粘度(在某些等级的应用中降低其可应用性能)和很差的密封膨胀性能。
其它常规的天然和合成酯分别都可以提供一种或多种所需要的特性,例如高粘度、好的低温性能、生物降解性能、润滑性能、密封适应性、低毒性和好的热和氧化稳定性,但是似乎没有能够由它们自身满足所有的产品特性。例如,某些合成酯能够满足高粘度性能,但是不满足生物降解性能、低温性能或低毒性的要求。类似地,天然的基料例如菜子油能够满足生物降解性能和毒性,但是不满足所要求的高粘度、润滑性能和热和氧化稳定性。
按照本发明的含有复合醇酯和至少一种另外的天然或合成基料的掺和润滑剂基料对于全配方的润滑剂基料,能够满足所有所要求的性能,其使基料具有独特的生物降解性能和有效的润滑性能。它们也提供极好的热和氧化稳定性、好的低温性能(即低倾点)、低毒性、低挥发性和好的密封适应性。
通过在反应步骤使用不多于20%过量的醇可以形成本发明的含有低己二酸酯含量的复合醇酯。另外,本发明人已经发现,通过在提高的温度和大于1个大气压的压力下,用水处理该粗的反应器产物,也可以形成本发明的这些独特的复合醇酯,使得它们具有低的金属和酸含量。即本发明人已经意外的发现,可以用高温水解从复合醇酯反应产物除去大部分的金属催化剂而没有使得生成的产物的总酸值有任何显著增加。低金属和低酸值是很重要的,因为在最终使用的过程中它们可能催化该酯的水解。
另外,本发明人也已经说明当本发明的这些复合醇酯与天然或合成酯基料掺和时发生未预期到的协同作用,即与复合醇酯或其它基料本身比较,该掺和基料未预期地显示提高的产品性能。于是,本发明的该掺和基料显示下面的性能:极好的润滑性、密封适应性、生物降解性能、低毒性、好的低温性能、满足各种等级需要的宽粘度范围、好的热和氧化稳定性和改善的发动机性能。
含有下述组分的添加混合物的润滑油:(A)复合醇酯基料和(B)至少一种另外的基料,该复合醇酯基料含有下述组分的添加混合物的反应产物:由下面的通式表示的多羟基化合物:
              R(OH)n其中,R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基,n是至少2,条件是该烃基含有约2-20个碳原子;多元酸或多元酸的酐,条件是多元酸当量和多羟基化合物的醇当量之比约是1.6∶1-2∶1;和一元醇,条件是一元醇当量与多元酸当量之比是约0.84∶1-1.2∶1;其中该复合醇酯显示的倾点小于或等于-20℃,在40℃的粘度约为100-700cSt,基于该复合醇酯,多元酸酯浓度小于或等于70%(重量)。
本发明的润滑油优选显示下面的性能:通过发动机性能、叶片泵试验、Yamaha拉紧试验、减少的阀粘附试验或4-球磨损试验所测定的极好的润滑性能;由RBOT和Cincinnati Milacron这样的试验的结果所显示的好的稳定性;好的低温性能,大多数最终应用的整套等级粘度范围,由Sturm试验(例如改进的Sturm试验)测定的未预期到的生物降解性能,没有VOC和低毒性。
根据制剂的最终应用,本发明也包括由上述的润滑油和合适的添加剂整套配方的混合物形成的润滑剂。因为该基料组分构成该总配方的80-90+%,本发明人已经发现,上述的试验结果或者是完全受到正确选择的基料组分的控制,或者是受到正确选择的基料组分的明显影响。另外,本发明人已经发现,用改变比例的两种主要组分,即工业级季戊四醇和50∶50重量%比例的异C8、正C8和正C10酸的多元醇酯和复合醇酯,可以满足目前大部分的技术要求而不必借助任何添加剂,而且如此接近地达到其余的技术要求以致于仅需要加最少的添加剂就能满足技术要求。
根据本发明,当第二基料主要是烃基油(即矿物油或高度精制的矿物油)时,该复合醇酯优选的存在量约为85-99.5重量%。在这些情况下,加该复合醇酯主要是为了润滑性能,并且通常是代替或明显地减少金属极压(EP)抗磨添加剂,例如ZDDP系列之一。除了发动机性能之外,所得到的制剂可能具有较低的毒性和较低的费用和/或在二冲程发动机市场其可以满足新的工业技术要求,例如TC-W3技术要求。
当该另外的基料是合成油或天然油(例如菜子油、canola油或向日葵油)时,根据最终制剂(需要的等级)所要求的粘度,优选的是该复合醇酯的存在量约为5-95重量%,且天然油或合成油的存在量是要得到所需粘度的量(5-95重量%)。在这些情况下,加该复合醇酯主要是为了它的高粘度(在40℃大于100cSt)和生物降解能力(由改进的Sturm试验,大于60%)。通过以变化的浓度使用这两种类型的组分,可以得到所有合乎要求的等级,所有这些等级都是无毒的和可以生物降解的。此外,由于该基料掺和物的性能,可以配制所有的添加剂整套配方,以使对环境的影响减少到最小。所得到的制剂提供等于或优于现有的制剂的发动机抗磨性能,并且很少或没有环境污染。
甚至在低浓度(即小于5重量%),高粘度复合醇酯都提供特有的生物降解能力以及有效的润滑性能。如果总的酸值(TAN)和二酯含量都低(即分别小于0.7mgKOH/g和小于45重量%),并且有效地除去酯化催化剂到少于10ppm,那么高粘度复合醇酯也提供优异的稳定性、好的密封适应性和低的毒性。本发明人已经发现,这些独特的高粘度、低金属/低酸值的复合醇酯,当与其它的烃基天然和/或合成基料掺和时,所得到的润滑剂基料都显示比预计的每一种单独的基料所测定的性能要好的提高的发动机抗磨性能。
本发明的优选润滑剂含有:(A)一种润滑油和(B)一种润滑剂添加剂整套配方,该润滑油含有此处所介绍的独特的复合醇酯组合物和至少一种另外的选自以下的基料的掺和物:天然油例如菜子油、canola油或向日葵油,烃基油例如矿物油和高度精制的矿物油,和合成油例如聚α烯烃(PAO)、聚亚烷基二醇(PAG)、聚异丁烯(PIB)、磷酸酯、硅油、二酯或多元醇酯。当该第二种基料主要是烃基油时,本发明的掺和的润滑剂优选地包括0.5-15重量%的复合醇酯和85-99.5重量%的第二种基料。但是,当该第二种基料是天然油或合成油时,该掺和的润滑剂含有5-95重量%的复合醇酯和5-95重量%的天然油或合成油。
该复合醇酯基料加入的量应使得该润滑油显示的以摩擦系数所表示的润滑性小于或等于0.15。
本发明的润滑油优选通过Yamaha拉紧试验,显示的FZG大于约12,和/或显示的磨损创痕直径小于或等于0.45毫米。
该添加剂整套配方一般地包括至少一种选自如下的添加剂:粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、氧化抑制剂、分散剂、润滑油流动改进剂、清净剂和防锈剂、倾点下降剂、消泡剂、抗磨剂、密封膨胀剂、磨损改进剂、极压添加剂、颜色稳定剂、破乳剂、润湿剂、失水改进剂、杀菌剂、钻头润滑剂、增稠剂或胶凝剂、抗乳化剂、金属钝化剂、偶合剂、表面活性剂和添加剂加溶剂。
本发明的润滑剂优选地选自曲轴箱机油、二冲程内燃机润滑油、弹射器油、液压液、钻井液、飞机和其它透平油、润滑脂、压缩机油、功能液、齿轮油和其它工业和发动机润滑用的油。
              复合醇酯
按照本发明的一种优选的复合醇酯是下述组分的添加混合物的反应产物:由下面的通式表示的多羟基化合物:
               R(OH)n其中R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基,n是至少2,条件是该烃基含有约2-20个碳原子;多元酸或多元酸的酐,条件是多元酸当量和多羟基化合物的醇当量之比约是1.6∶1-2∶1;和一元醇,条件是一元醇当量与多元酸当量之比是约0.84∶1-1.2∶1;其中该复合醇酯显示的倾点小于或等于-20℃,在40℃的粘度约为100-700cSt,优选100-200cSt,基于该复合醇酯,多元酸酯浓度小于或等于70%(重量)。
本发明人已经未预期到地发现,如果多元酸与多元醇(即多羟基化合物)的比例太低,那么就会发生不能接受量的交联,导致非常高的粘度、很差的低温性能、很差的生物降解性能和很差的与其它基料和添加剂的相容性。但是,如果多元酸与多元醇的比例太高,那么就形成不能接受量的多元酸酯(例如己二酸二酯),导致很差的密封适应性和低的粘度,限制了该复合醇酯的可应用性。
本发明人也已经发现,如果一元醇与多元酸的比例太低,即低于0.96∶1,那么就会产生不可接受的高酸值、淤渣浓缩、沉积和腐蚀。但是,如果一元醇与多元酸的比例太高(即1.2∶1),那么就形成不能接受量的多元酸酯,导致很差的密封适应性和低的粘度,限制了该复合醇酯的可应用性。
另外,本发明的复合醇酯显示下面的性能:由摩擦系数所测定的润滑性能小于或等于0.1;倾点小于或等于-30℃,优选-40℃;由Sturm试验(例如改进的Sturm试验)所测定的可生物降解性能大于60%;水生毒性大于1000ppm;没有挥发性的有机组分;和在220℃和3.445MPa的空气中由HPDSC所测定的热/氧化稳定性大于10分钟。
当多羟基化合物是至少一种选自工业级季戊四醇和单季戊四醇的化合物时,多元酸当量与多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.75∶1-2∶1。
当多羟基化合物是至少一种选自三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷和三羟甲基丁烷的化合物时,多元酸当量与多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.6∶1-2∶1。
当多羟基化合物是二季戊四醇时,多元酸当量与多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.83∶1-2∶1。
该一元醇可以是至少一种选自直链和支链的C5-C13醇的醇。该直链一元醇优选的存在量约为0-30摩尔%,更优选约为5-20摩尔%。
在一个优选的实施方案中,该一元醇是至少一种选自C8-C10的异-羰基合成醇的醇。因此,由三羟甲基丙烷、己二酸和或者异癸醇或者2-乙基己醇的混合物的反应产物形成一种非常优选的复合醇酯。
本发明的该独特的复合醇酯优选地显示至少一种选自如下的性能:(a)总的酸值小于或等于约1.0mgKOH/g,(b)羟基值约为0-50mgKOH/g,(c)金属催化剂含量小于约25ppm,(d)分子量约275-250000道尔顿,(e)密封膨胀性约等于己二酸二异十三烷基酯,(f)在-25℃的粘度小于或等于约100000cps,(g)闪点大于约200℃,(h)水生毒性大于约1000ppm,(i)比重小于约1.0,(j)粘度指数等于或大于约150,(k)在220℃由HPDSC测定的氧化和热稳定性大于约10分钟。
以这样一种方式能够控制该化学计算量以便在每一次都能够制造出同样的产品是特别合乎要求的。此外,人们想得到可以接受的反应速率和得到具有低的最终酸性和低的最终金属含量的高转化率。本发明人已经合成一种组合物并提供了一种生产该组合物的方法,该组合物提供一种具有好的低温性能、低的金属含量、低的酸性、高的粘度指数和由改进的Sturm试验所测定的可接受的生物降解性能的高粘度油。
特别有利的是在生产所要求物质的过程中使用某些羰基合成醇作为最后的醇。羰基合成醇是通过这样的方法制备的,即在催化剂(例如在硅藻土上的磷酸)的存在下使丙烯和其它烯烃低聚,然后蒸馏,得到多种主要含有单碳数的不饱和(烯烃)物流。然后,在加氢甲酰化的条件下,使用羰基钴催化剂使这些物流与合成气(一氧化碳和氢气)反应,以便生产醛/醇的多异构体混合物。然后把该醛/醇的混合物加入到加氢反应器中并进行加氢,得到一种支链醇的混合物,该混合物主要含有比进料烯烃物流中的碳原子数多一个碳的醇。
一种特别优选的羰基合成醇是由相应的C9烯烃制备的异癸醇。当该醇是异癸醇,该多元醇是三羟甲基丙烷,该酸是C6二酸例如己二酸时,得到一种优选的复合醇酯。本发明人已经惊奇地发现,其中该醇是支链的羰基合成醇时,该复合醇酯具有令人惊奇的约150的高粘度指数,并且由改进的Sturm试验所定义的可生物降解性令人惊奇。可以制备的该复合醇酯的最终酸度(TAN)小于0.7mgKOH/g,己二酸的转化率大于99%。为了得到己二酸的这样高的转化率,需要催化剂,另外,优选的是在较窄的转化窗内加入催化剂。另外,本发明人已经发现,也可以在反应过程的任何时间加入该催化剂并被除去到少于10ppm,仍得到小于0.7mgKOH/g的最终酸性(TAN),只要该酯化反应之后进行水解步骤,其中基于粗的酯化产物,在该水解步骤中加入约0.5-4重量%的水,更优选约2-3重量%的水,水解步骤的温度为约100-200℃,更优选约125-175℃,最优选约140-160℃的高温,压力大于1大气压。这样的高温水解可以成功地除去金属到少于10ppm而没有增加该TAN到大于0.7mgKOH/g。使用该新的高温水解步骤得到低金属和低酸含量完全是未预期到的。
本发明人已经发现,该实际的产物是分子量宽的酯的混合物,且如果需要的话,可以通过转膜蒸发或如果需要其它分离技术从该较高分子量的酯中除去一定量的己二酸二异癸酯。
本发明人也已经发现,可以生产具有高稳定性的复合醇酯,该复合醇酯在加热的过程中可以抑制粘度增加。这是通过限制多元酸、多元醇和一元醇的比例合成具有低羟值的复合醇酯来完成的。这些高度稳定的复合醇酯当加热到200℃以上时粘度没有增加,而在类似的条件下具有高羟值的类似酯粘度增加5-10%。
                    一元醇
可以与二酸和多元醇反应的醇是例如选自如下的任何C5-C13支链和/或直链一元醇:异戊醇、正戊醇、异己醇、正己醇、异庚醇、正庚醇、异辛醇(例如2-乙基己醇或异辛醇)、正辛醇、异壬醇、正壬醇、异癸醇和正癸醇;条件是基于一元醇的总量,直链一元醇的存在量约为0-20摩尔%。
一种优选类型的一元醇是羰基合成醇。羰基合成醇是通过如下方法制备的:在催化剂(例如在硅藻土上的磷酸)的存在下使丙烯和其它烯烃低聚,然后蒸馏,得到多种主要含有单碳数的不饱和(烯烃)物流。然后,在加氢甲酰化的条件下,使用羰基钴催化剂使这些物流与合成气(一氧化碳和氢气)反应,以便生产醛/醇的多异构体混合物。然后把该醛/醇的混合物加入到加氢反应器中并进行加氢,得到一种支链醇的混合物,该混合物主要含有比进料烯烃物流中的碳原子数多一个碳的醇。
该支链羰基合成醇优选的是一元羰基合成醇,其具有的碳数约C5-C13。按照本发明,最优选的一元羰基合成醇包括异辛醇,例如由羰基钴合成方法得到的CekanoicTM8醇和由羰基铑合成方法得到的2-乙基己醇。
术语“异”的意思是由羰基合成方法制得的多种异构体产物。合乎要求的是具有支链的羰基合成醇,该支链的羰基合成醇包括多种异构体,优选多于3种异构体,最优选多于5种异构体。
支链的羰基合成醇可以用叫做羰基合成的方法来制备,该方法是使工业支链C4-C12烯烃馏分加氢甲酰化成为相应的含支链C5-C13醇/醛的羰化产物。在形成羰基合成醇的方法中,合乎要求的是由羰化产物形成醇/醛中间产物,接着转化该粗的羰基合成醇/醛产物全部成为羰基合成醇产物。
由钴催化的烯烃进料物流的加氢甲酰化生产支链羰基合成醇优选包括如下步骤:
(a)在促进形成富含醇/醛的粗反应产物的反应条件下,在加氢甲酰化催化剂的存在下,烯烃进料物流通过与一氧化碳和氢气(即合成气)反应而加氢甲酰化;
(b)使富含醇/醛的粗反应产物脱金属以从中回收加氢甲酰化催化剂和基本上没有催化剂的富含醇/醛的粗反应产物;和
(c)在加氢催化剂(即块状镍催化剂)的存在下,使富含醇/醛的粗反应产物加氢,以生产富含醇的反应产物。
该烯烃进料物流优选的是任何C4-C12烯烃,更优选是支链的C7-C9烯烃。另外,该烯烃进料物流优选的是支链的烯烃,但能够生产所有的支链羰基合成醇的直链烯烃在此处也可考虑。在形成醇的催化剂的存在下,加氢甲酰化和其后的加氢能够生产支链C5-C13醇,更优选支链C8醇(即CekanoicTM8)、支链C9醇(即CekanoicTM9)和异癸醇。由羰基合成方法形成的每一种支链羰基合成C5-C13醇一般包括例如支链羰基合成醇异构体的混合物,例如CekanoicTM8醇包括3,5-二甲基己醇、4,5-二甲基己醇、3,4-二甲基己醇、5-甲基庚醇、4-甲基庚醇的混合物和其它的甲基庚醇和二甲基己醇的混合物。
本领域熟练的技术人员熟悉的任何类型的能够转化羰基醛为羰基合成醇的催化剂本发明都考虑到。
                   多元醇
可以与二酸和一元醇反应的多元醇(即多羟基化合物)是由下面的通式表示的那些:
                   R(OH)n其中R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基(优选烷基),n是至少2。该烃基可以含有约2-20个或更多个碳原子,该烃基也可以含有取代基,例如氯、氮和/或氧原子。该多羟基化合物一般可以含有一个或多个氧化烯基团,于是该多羟基化合物包括例如聚醚多元醇这样的化合物。碳原子的数目(即碳数,其中整个说明书所用的术语碳数指的是根据具体情况的酸或醇的碳原子的总数),在用于形成羧酸酯的多羟基化合物中所含的羟基数(即羟值)可以在很宽的范围内变化。
下面的醇是特别合适的多元醇:新戊二醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基丁烷、单季戊四醇、工业级季戊四醇和二季戊四醇。最优选的醇是工业级(例如约88%的单-、10%的二-和1-2%的三-季戊四醇)季戊四醇、单季戊四醇、二季戊四醇和三羟甲基丙烷。
                  多元酸
所选择的多元酸或多羧酸包括任何的C2-C12二酸,例如己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸和十二烷二酸。
                      酐
当形成酯时,可以使用多元酸的酐代替多元酸。这些酐包括琥珀酸酐、戊二酸酐、己二酸酐、马来酸酐、邻苯二甲酸酐、降冰片烯二酸酐、甲基降冰片烯二酸酐、六氢邻苯二甲酸酐和多元酸的混合酸酐。
本发明的复合醇酯组合物可以用于配制各种润滑剂,例如曲轴箱机油(即车用机油、重负荷柴油机油和车用柴油机油)、二冲程内燃机润滑油、弹射器油、液压液、钻井液、飞机和其它透平油、润滑脂、压缩机油、功能液、齿轮油和其它工业和发动机润滑用的油。可以使用本发明的多元醇酯组合物的润滑油包括润滑粘度的矿物油和合成烃油和它们与其它合成油的混合物。合成烃油包括长链烷烃例如十六烷和烯烃聚合物例如己烯、辛烯、癸烯和十二碳烯等的低聚物。其它的合成油包括(1)没有游离羟基的全酯化的酯油,例如具有2-20个碳原子的单羧酸的季戊四醇酯、具有2-20个碳原子的单羧酸的三羟甲基丙烷酯,(2)聚缩醛和(3)硅氧烷液。这些合成酯中特别有用的是那些从多羧酸和一元醇制得的酯。
在上述的某些润滑剂制剂中,根据具体的应用可以使用溶剂。可以使用的溶剂包括烃溶剂例如甲苯、苯、二甲苯等。
根据本发明配制的润滑剂优选包括约60-99%(重量)的至少一种本发明的多元醇酯组合物,约1-20%(重量)的润滑剂添加剂整套配方和约0-20%(重量)的溶剂。
               曲轴箱润滑油
可以使用基料掺和物来配制用于火花点火和压缩点火发动机的曲轴箱润滑油(即车用机油、重负荷柴油机油和车用柴油机油)。优选的曲轴箱润滑油一般用根据本发明制成的基料掺和物与任何常规曲轴箱润滑油添加剂整套配方配制成。下面列出的添加剂一般的使用量应能提供它们正常的附带功能。对于单个组分的一般用量也列在下面。所列的所有值都是以活性组分质量百分数表示。
添加剂 质量%(宽范围) 质量%(优选)
无灰分散剂 0.1-20 1-8
金属清净剂 0.1-15 0.2-9
腐蚀抑制剂 0-5 0-1.5
二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐 0.1-6 0.1-4
补充抗氧化剂 0-5 0.01-1.5
倾点下降剂 0.01-5 0.01-1.5
消泡剂 0-5 0.001-0.15
补充抗磨剂 0-0.5 0-0.2
摩擦改进剂 0-5 0-1.5
粘度改进剂1 0.01-6 0-4
基料掺和物 余量 余量
可以以任何方便的方式把单独的添加剂加入到基料中。于是,可以把每种组分以所要求的浓度通过分散或溶解在基料中来直接加到基料中。这样的掺和可以在室温或提高的温度下进行。
优选的是,除了粘度改进剂和倾点下降剂之外,所有的添加剂都以添加剂整套配方掺和到此处所述的浓缩物或添加剂整套配方中,然后将其掺和到基料中来制备成品润滑剂。使用这样的浓缩物是常规的。当该浓缩物与预定量的基础润滑剂混合时,所配制的浓缩物一般含有合适量的添加剂以在最终配方中提供所需要的浓度。
优选的是按照US-4938880所介绍的方法制备该浓缩物。该专利介绍制备无灰分散剂和金属清净剂的预混物,其是在至少约100℃的温度下预掺和。然后,把该预混物冷却到至少85℃并且加入另外的组分。
该最终的曲轴箱润滑油配方可以使用约2-15质量%,优选5-10质量%,一般约7-8质量%的浓缩物或添加剂整套配方,其余的是基料。
该无灰分散剂含有具有官能基团的油溶性聚合烃骨架,这些官能基团能够使得颗粒分散。一般地,该分散剂包括胺、醇、酰胺或通常通过桥基连接到聚合物骨架的极性酯部分。该无灰分散剂可以选自长链烃取代的单和二羧酸或它们的酐的油溶性盐、酯、氨基酯、酰胺、酰亚胺和噁唑啉;长链烃的硫代羧酸盐衍生物;具有直接连在其上的多胺的长链脂族烃;和通过长链取代的酚与甲醛和聚亚烷基多胺缩合形成的曼尼期缩合产物。
该粘度改进剂(VM)的功能是对润滑油提供高温和低温操作性能。所用的该VM可以有单独的功能或可以是多功能的。
也作为分散剂的多功能粘度改进剂也是公知的。合适的粘度改进剂是聚异丁烯、乙烯和丙烯和高级α-烯烃的共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、不饱和二羧酸和乙烯基化合物的共聚物、苯乙烯和丙烯酸的共聚物,和苯乙烯/异戊二烯、苯乙烯/丁二烯和异戊二烯/丁二烯的部分加氢的共聚物,以及丁二烯和异戊二烯和异戊二烯/二乙烯基苯的部分加氢的均聚物。
含金属的或形成灰的清净剂同时作为清净剂来降低或除去沉积物和作为酸中和剂或防锈剂,由此减少磨损和腐蚀并延长发动机寿命。清净剂一般含有一个极性头和一根长的疏水尾,该极性头含有酸性有机化合物的金属盐。该盐可以含有基本上化学计量的金属,在该情况下,它们通常描述为正常的或中性盐,并且其一般具有的总碱值或TBN(可以由ASTM D2896测定)为0-80。可以通过过量的金属化合物例如氧化物或氢氧化物与酸性气体例如二氧化碳反应而含有大量的金属碱。该生成的高碱性清净剂含有中和的清净剂作为金属碱(例如碳酸盐)胶束的外层。这样的高碱性清净剂可以具有的TBN为150或更大,一般为250-450或更大。
可以使用的清净剂包括油溶性中性和高碱性磺酸盐、酚盐、硫化酚盐、硫代膦酸盐、水杨酸盐和环烷酸盐和金属,特别是碱金属或碱土金属例如钠、钾、锂、钙和镁的其它油溶性羧酸盐。最通常使用的金属是钙和镁,它们可同时在润滑剂中用的清净剂中存在,和钙和/或镁与钠的混合物。特别有利的金属清净剂是中性和高碱性的TBN为20-450的磺酸钙,和中性和高碱性的钙的酚盐和硫化酚盐,其TBN为50-450。
二烃基二硫代磷酸金属盐常用做抗磨剂和抗氧化剂。该金属可以是碱金属或碱土金属或铝、铅、锡、钼、锰、镍或铜。锌盐在润滑油中最常用,基于润滑油组合物的总重量,其使用量为0.1-10,优选0.2-2重量%。它们可以按照已知的方法来制备,通常通过一种或多种醇或酚与P2S5反应首先形成二烃基二硫代磷酸(DDPA),然后用锌化合物中和该形成的DDPA。例如,可以通过伯和仲醇的混合物反应来制备二硫代磷酸。另外,可以制备多种二硫代磷酸,其中在一种上的烃基完全为仲烃基而在其他上的烃基完全为伯烃基。为了制备该锌盐,可以使用任何碱性或中性锌化合物,但是氧化物、氢氧化物和碳酸盐一般是最常使用的。由于在中和反应中使用过量的碱性锌化合物,所以工业添加剂常常含有过量的锌。
氧化抑制剂或抗氧化剂降低基料在工作的过程中劣化的趋势,该劣化可以通过氧化的产物例如在金属表面上的淤渣和类似清漆的沉积物和通过粘度的增加来证明。这样的氧化抑制剂包括在US-4867890中介绍的位阻酚、优选具有C5-C12烷基侧链的烷基苯酚硫酯的碱土金属盐、硫化壬基苯酚钙、无灰油溶性酚盐和硫化酚盐、磷硫化的或硫化的烃、亚磷酸酯、硫代氨基甲酸金属盐、油溶性铜化合物和含钼的化合物。
可以包括摩擦改进剂来改进燃料的经济性。众所周知,油溶性烷氧基化的单和二胺能改进边界层的润滑。胺可以直接使用,或以与硼化合物例如氧化硼、卤化硼、偏硼酸盐、硼酸或硼酸单-、二-或三烷基酯的加合物或反应产物的形式使用。
其它的摩擦改进剂是已知的,它们是由羧酸和酐与链烷醇反应形成的酯。其它常规的摩擦改进剂一般由极性端基(例如羧基或羟基)和共价键合的亲油性烃链组成。在US-4702850中介绍了羧酸和酐与链烷醇反应形成的酯。由M.Belzer在“润滑学杂志”(1992),第114卷,pp.675-682中和M.Belzer和S.Jahanmir在“润滑科学”(1988),第1卷,pp.3-26中介绍了其它常规的摩擦改进剂的例子。
可以使用选自非离子聚氧化烯多元醇和其酯、聚氧化烯苯酚和阴离子烷基磺酸的防锈剂。
可以使用含铜和铅的腐蚀抑制剂,但是在本发明的配方中一般不需要。一般地这样的化合物是含有5-50个碳原子的噻二唑多硫化物、它们的衍生物和它们的聚合物。例如在US-A-2719125、US-A-2719126和US-A-3087932中介绍的那些l,3,4-噻二唑的衍生物是典型的。在US-A-3821236、US-A-3904537、US-A-4097387、US-A-4107059、US-A-4136043、US-A-4188299和US-A-4193882中介绍了其它类似的物质。其它的添加剂是噻二唑的硫代和多硫代亚磺酰胺,例如在英国专利说明书1,560,830中介绍的那些。苯并三唑衍生物也在这类添加剂之内。当这些化合物包括在润滑组合物中时,它们优选的存在量不超过0.2重量%活性成分。
可以使用少量的破乳化组分。在EP 330,522中介绍了优选的破乳化组分。其可以通过烯化氧与由双-环氧化物与多元醇反应得到的加合物反应得到。该破乳剂的使用量应该不超过0.1质量%活性组分。0.001-0.05质量%活性组分的处理率是方便的。
倾点下降剂,另外已知为润滑油流动改进剂,降低流体要流动或流体可以被倾倒的最小温度。这样的添加剂是公知的。改善流体的低温流动性的一般的这些添加剂是C8-C18二烷基富马酸酯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯。
很多化合物可以提供泡沫控制,这些化合物包括聚硅氧烷型消泡剂,例如硅油或聚二甲基硅氧烷。
上述的某些添加剂可以提供多种作用,因此例如一种单一的添加剂可以作为分散剂-氧化抑制剂。这种情况是众所周知的,不需要进一步详细描述。
                 二冲程内燃机润滑油
在配制二冲程内燃机润滑油时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的二冲程内燃机润滑油一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的二冲程内燃机润滑油添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂一般的用量应使得能提供它们正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、抗氧化剂、偶合剂、分散剂、极压添加剂、颜色稳定剂、表面活性剂、稀释剂、清净剂和防锈剂、倾点下降剂、消泡剂和抗磨剂。
本发明的二冲程内燃机润滑油一般可以使用约75-85%的基料掺和物和约1-5%的溶剂,余量包括添加剂整套配方。
上述用于润滑剂的添加剂的例子列在下面的文献中,这些文献在此列为参考文献:1987年5月5日颁布的US-A-4663063(Davis),1994年7月19日颁布的US-A-5330667(Tiffany,Ⅲ等),1988年4月26日颁布的US-A-4740321(Davis等),1994年6月14日颁布的US-A-5321172(Alexander等),1991年9月17日颁布的US-A-5049291(Miyaji等)。
                    弹射器油
弹射器是用在海上的航空母舰上使用的设备,以弹射飞机离开该航母。在配制弹射器油时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的弹射器油一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的弹射器油添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、抗氧化剂、极压添加剂、颜色稳定剂、清净剂和防锈剂、消泡剂和抗磨剂,和摩擦改进剂。在Klamann,“润滑剂和相关产品”,Verlag Chemie,Deerfield Beach,FL,1984中介绍了这些添加剂,该文献在此列为参考文献。
本发明的弹射器油一般可以使用约90-99%的基料掺和物,余量包括添加剂整套配方。
                     液压液
在配制液压液时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的液压液一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的液压液添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、边界润滑剂、破乳剂、倾点下降剂和消泡剂。
本发明的液压液中一般可以使用约90-99%的基料掺和物,余量包括添加剂整套配方。
在1988年11月8日颁布的US-4783274(Jokinen等)中介绍了其它的添加剂,该文献在此列为参考文献。
                  钻井液
在配制钻井液时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的钻井液一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的钻井液添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带的作用。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于此,粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、润湿剂、失水改进剂、杀菌剂和钻头润滑剂。
本发明的钻井液一般可以使用约60-90%的基料和约5-25%的溶剂,余量包括添加剂整套配方。参见在1983年5月3日颁布的US-4382002(Walker等),该文献在此列为参考文献。
合适的烃溶剂包括:矿物油,特别是那些沸点范围是200-400℃的具有良好的氧化稳定性的烷烃基础油,例如由Exxon ChemicalAmericas,休斯顿,得克萨斯销售的Mentor 28;柴油和瓦斯油;和重质芳族石脑油。
                         透平油
在配制透平油时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的透平油一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的透平油添加剂整套配方配制备的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、抗氧化剂、增稠剂、分散剂、破乳剂、颜色稳定剂、清净剂和防锈剂和倾点下降剂。
本发明的透平油一般可以使用约65-75%的基料和约5-30%的溶剂,余量包括添加剂整套配方,基于组合物的总重量,其一般约为0.01-5.0重量%。
                    润滑脂
在配制润滑脂时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。在润滑脂中的主要组分是增稠剂或胶凝剂,在润滑脂配方中的不同通常涉及该组分。除了增稠剂或胶凝剂之外,润滑脂的其它性能和特性可能受到该特殊的润滑基料和可能用的各种添加剂的影响。
优选的润滑脂一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的润滑脂添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,粘度指数改进剂、抗氧化剂、极压添加剂、清净剂和防锈剂、倾点下降剂、金属钝化剂、抗磨剂和增稠剂或胶凝剂。
本发明的润滑脂一般可以使用约80-95%的基料掺和物和约5-20%的增稠剂或胶凝剂,余量包括添加剂整套配方。
在润滑脂配方中所用的一般的增稠剂包括碱金属皂、粘土、聚合物、石棉、炭黑、硅胶、聚脲和铝配合物。皂增稠的润滑脂是最通常的,而锂皂和钙皂是最普通的。由长链脂肪酸的碱金属盐和矿物油制成简单的皂润滑脂,该盐的主要一种是12-羟基硬脂酸锂,由12-羟基硬脂酸、氢氧化锂一水合物制成。复合皂润滑脂也是通用的,其含有有机酸的混合物的金属盐。在目前所用的一种一般的复合皂润滑脂是由12-羟基硬脂酸、氢氧化锂一水合物、壬二酸和矿物油制成的复合锂皂润滑脂。在很多的专利文献中介绍和列举了这样的锂皂,这些专利包括1973年9月11日颁布的US-3758407(Harting),1974年2月12日颁布的US-3791973(Gilani),1975年12月30日颁布的US-3929651(Murray),和1983年7月12日颁布的US-4392967(Alexander),所有这些文献在此列为参考文献。
可以在Boner的“现代润滑脂(Modern LubricatingGreases)”,1976,第五章中找到在润滑脂中所用的添加剂以及上面所列的在其它产品中的添加剂的介绍,其在此列为参考文献。
                 压缩机油
在配制压缩机油时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的压缩机油一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的压缩机油添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,抗氧化剂、添加剂加溶剂、防锈剂/金属钝化剂、破乳剂和抗磨剂。
本发明的压缩机油一般可以使用约80-99%的基料掺和物和约1-15%的溶剂,余量包括添加剂整套配方。
在1992年10月20日颁布的US-5156759(Culpon,Jr)中也列出了压缩机油用的添加剂,该文献在此列为参考文献。
                   齿轮油
在配制齿轮油时可以使用该基料掺和物与选择的润滑剂添加剂。优选的齿轮油一般是使用本发明所制备的该基料掺和物与任何常规的齿轮油添加剂整套配方配制的。下面列出的添加剂的一般用量应使得能提供它们的正常的附带功能。该添加剂整套配方可以包括,但不限于,极压添加剂和抗磨剂(即摩擦改进剂)、腐蚀抑制剂、消泡剂、破乳剂、防锈剂和抗氧化剂。根据所选择的基料和多级粘度范围,也可以使用倾点下降剂和粘度改进剂。
本发明的齿轮油一般可以使用约72-99%的基料掺和物(优选90-99%)和约1-28%的添加剂整套配方(优选1-10%)。任选地,也可以加入溶剂或稀释剂,其中基料和/或添加剂整套配方的重量%相应减少。
在很多的润滑剂应用例如飞机透平油中,极为重要的是提供热/氧化稳定的润滑剂产品。一种度量润滑剂的相对热/氧化稳定性的方法是高压差式扫描量热法(HPDSC)。在该试验中,把样品加热到固定的温度,在空气(或氧气)的压力下保持在其中,以便测定开始分解的时间。到分解的时间越长,则样品越稳定。在所有的后面所介绍的情况下,除非另有说明,条件都是如下:220℃,3.445MPa(500psi)空气(即0.689MPa(100psi)氧气和2.756MPa(400psi)氮气),并加入0.5重量%的二辛基二苯胺(Vanlube 81)作为抗氧化剂。
                      实施例1
使用三羟甲基丙烷和工业级季戊四醇作为多元醇,己二酸作为多元酸和均为直链和支链的各种C7-C13一元醇来制备复合醇酯。在反应的过程中,也形成己二酸二酯。把这些物质的某些物质涂膜(wipefilm),除去己二酸二酯,而某些物质不涂膜。把这些产品用于各种试验。
一个特别惊奇的结果是关于密封膨胀。发现在某些密封处己二酸二异癸基酯(DIDA)是特别粗糙的。含有多达40%的DIDA的样品与己二酸二异十三烷基酯(DTDA)的样品的密封膨胀是相同的,后者因其低密封膨胀而在目前用做工业润滑剂。
                      实施例2
下面的表1比较了各种复合醇酯与常规的支链酯,其说明本发明的复合醇酯具有增加的生物降解性能和热和氧化稳定性。
                     表1倾点              在如下温度下的粘度              HPDSC(℃)             -25℃   40℃   100℃    粘度     OIT*** 生物降解性酯               (cps)   (cSt)  (cSt)    指数     (分钟)    (%)TMP/AA/IDA    -    -     165.7   21.31   152        -       67.23TMP/AA/正-C7 *-33 43500  155.6   18.22   131        -       80.88TPE/AA/IHA    -    -     160.8   24.35   184      58.83     84.83TMP/异-C18   -20 358000 78.34   11.94   147      4.29      63.32TMP/AA/正-C7 **-14  固体  27.07    5.77   163        -       78.84*没有汽提己二酸酯制备的复合醇酯**TMP、己二酸和正-C7酸的偏酯,其中已经汽提出己二酸二酯***OIT表示氧化诱导时间(直到分解的时间,分钟)HPDSC表示高压差式量热法TMP是三羟甲基丙烷AA是己二酸IDA是异癸醇IHA是异己醇TPE是工业级季戊四醇异-C18是异硬脂酸酯
支链酸酯和没有汽提制备的复合醇酯显示出不合乎要求的倾点,即分别是-20℃和-14℃,和不合乎要求的在-25℃下的粘度,即分别是358000cps和固体产物。
                     实施例3
下面的表2列出的是各种样品,其中本发明的复合醇酯与各种其它的多元醇酯掺和,然后通过Yamaha 2T试验。
                         表2
                     (润滑性能数据)酯掺和物                   掺和比   参考值    样品TPE/C810/Ck8:TMP/7810       1∶1     6.00     5.92TMP/AA/IDA:TMP/1770         2∶3     5.54     5.18C810是直链C8和C10酸的混合物Ck8是由羰基钴合成方法制备的异辛酸7810是正-C7、正-C8和正-C10酸的混合物1770是正-C7和α支链-C7以70∶30的混合物
                  实施例4
下面的表3中列出的样品说明复合醇酯可以显示很好的生物降解性能,特别是与其它的基料掺和的复合醇酯。
                         表3酯/酯掺和物                粘度               可生物降解的百分比
                      @ 40℃               (改进的Sturm)TMP/AA/IDA                56.89                   65.21TMP/AA/IDA:TMP/1770       25.26                   77.40TMP/AA/IDA:TMP/1770+DI    43.36                   68.90TMP/AA/正C7醇             27.07                   78.84TMP/AA/正C7醇(底)         155.60                  80.88TPM/AA/INA                115.00                  60.26TMP/AA/INA                137.30                  57.811770是正-C7和α支链-C7以70∶30的混合物DI表示分散剂添加剂整套配方INA表示异壬醇

Claims (22)

1.一种含有下述组分的添加混合物的润滑油:
(A)复合醇酯基料,其包括下述物质的添加混合物的反应产物:(1)由下面的通式表示的多羟基化合物:
             R(OH)n其中R是任何脂族或环脂族烃基,n是至少2,条件是所说的烃基含有约2-20个碳原子;(2)多元酸或多元酸的酐,条件是所说的多元酸当量和所说的多羟基化合物的醇当量之比约是1.6∶1-2∶1;和(3)一元醇,条件是所说的一元醇当量与所说的多元酸当量之比是约0.84∶1-1.2∶1;其中该复合醇酯在40℃显示的粘度约为100-700cSt,基于所说的复合醇酯,多元酸酯浓度小于或等于70%(重量),和
(B)至少一种另外的基料。
2.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯基料的加入量应使得所说的润滑油显示由摩擦系数所测定的润滑性小于或等于0.15。
3.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯显示下面的性能:由摩擦系数所测定的润滑性小于或等于0.1;倾点小于或等于-20℃;由Sturm试验所测定的生物降解能力大于60%;水生毒性大于1000ppm;没有挥发性有机组分;和在220℃和3.445MPa空气下由HPDSC测定的热/氧化稳定性大于10分钟。
4.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的润滑油通过Yamaha拉紧试验,显示的FZG大于约12,和/或显示的摩擦创痕直径小于或等于0.45毫米。
5.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的另外的基料选自天然油、烃基油和合成油。
6.根据权利要求5的润滑油,其中所说的矿物油是至少一种选自如下的油:菜子油、canola油和向日葵油;所说的烃基油是至少一种选自如下的油:矿物油和高度精制的矿物油;所说的合成油是至少一种选自如下的油:聚α烯烃、聚亚烷基二醇、聚异丁烯、磷酸酯、硅油、二酯、多元醇酯和其它合成酯。
7.根据权利要求5的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯的存在量约为0.5-15重量%,所说的另外的基料的存在量约为85-99.5重量%;条件是所说的另外的基料主要是所说的烃基油。
8.根据权利要求5的润滑油基料,其中所说的另外的基料是合成酯基料,其中所说的复合醇酯的存在量约为5-95重量%,所说的另外的基料的存在量约为5-95重量%;条件是所说的另外的基料是所说的合成油或所说的天然油。
9.根据权利要求3的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯的倾点小于或等于-40℃。
10.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的多羟基化合物是至少一种选自工业级季戊四醇和单季戊四醇的化合物,所说的多元酸当量与所说的多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.75∶1-2∶1。
11.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的多羟基化合物是至少一种选自三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷和三羟甲基丁烷的化合物,所说的多元酸当量与所说的多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.6∶1-2∶1。
12.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的多羟基化合物是二-季戊四醇,所说的多元酸当量与所说的多羟基化合物的醇当量之比是约1.83∶1-2∶1。
13.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯在40℃的粘度约是100-200。
14.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的一元醇可以是至少一种选自支链和直链C5-C13醇的醇。
15.根据权利要求14的润滑油,其中所说的直链一元醇的存在量约为0-30摩尔%。
16.根据权利要求15的润滑油,其中所说的直链一元醇的存在量约为5-20摩尔%。
17.根据权利要求14的润滑油,其中所说的一元醇是是至少一种选自C8-C10异羰基合成醇的醇。
18.根据权利要求17的润滑油,其中所说的多元酸是己二酸,所说的一元醇是异癸醇或2-乙基己醇。
19.根据权利要求1的润滑油,其中所说的复合醇酯显示至少一种选自如下的性能:
(a)总的酸值小于或等于约1.0mgKOH/g,
(b)羟值约为0-50mgKOH/g,
(c)金属催化剂含量小于约25ppm,
(d)分子量约275-250,000道尔顿,
(e)密封膨胀约等于己二酸二异十三烷基酯,
(f)在-25℃的粘度小于或等于约100,000cps,
(g)闪点大于约200℃,
(h)水生毒性大于约1000ppm,
(i)比重小于约1.0,
(j)粘度指数等于或大于约150,和
(k)在220℃由HPDSC测定的氧化和热稳定性大于约10分钟。
20.一种含有权利要求1所说的润滑油和润滑剂添加剂整套配方的润滑剂。
21.根据权利要求21的润滑剂,其中所说的添加剂整套配方含有至少一种选自如下的添加剂:粘度指数改进剂、腐蚀抑制剂、抗氧化剂、分散剂、润滑油流动改进剂、清净剂和防锈剂、倾点下降剂、消泡剂、抗磨剂、密封膨胀剂、摩擦改进剂、极压添加剂、颜色稳定剂、破乳剂、润湿剂、失水改进剂、杀菌剂、钻头润滑剂、增稠剂或胶凝剂、抗乳化剂、金属钝化剂、偶合剂、表面活性剂和添加剂加溶剂。
22.根据权利要求20的润滑剂,其中所说的润滑剂选自曲轴箱机油、二冲程内燃机润滑油、弹射器油、液压液、钻井液、飞机和其它透平油、润滑脂、压缩机油、功能液、齿轮油和其它工业和发动机润滑用的油。
CN97198268A 1996-09-06 1997-09-05 润滑剂基料与高粘度复合醇酯的掺和物 Pending CN1231687A (zh)

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