CN110679380B - Grape cultivation management method - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/02—Cultivation of hops or vines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
- A01G17/06—Trellis-work
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of grape cultivation, in particular to a grape cultivation management method. The grapes can be ripe three times and the grapes can be sold four times in one year after the second year, the economic benefit of planting the grapes is improved, and the income per mu is improved to 15-18 ten thousand yuan from the original 3 ten thousand yuan.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of grape cultivation, in particular to a grape cultivation management method.
Background
The grapes are one of the main fresh fruits, are the first of the four fruits in the world, and are also one of the fruit trees with the fastest development speed in recent years in China. Grapes grow fast, adaptability is strong, flowering is easy, fruiting is early, benefits are fast, according to the statistics report of the international grape and wine Organization (OVI), the grape planting area in China in 2015 reaches 83 ten thousand hectares, only second in Spain (102.1 ten thousand hectares) according to the world, the total yield reaches 1260 ten thousand tons, and the grapes are located in the first in the world.
The fresh grape has delicious taste and rich flavor, and is a popular fresh fruit. The grape fruits contain abundant soluble sugar, protein, vitamins, organic acid and various mineral substances and amino acids required by human bodies, and are also rich in two secondary metabolites, namely resveratrol and procyanidine, which are bioactive substances according to analysis, wherein the resveratrol and procyanidine are phytoalexins of polyphenols. Resveratrol has antibacterial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, cardiovascular disease preventing and treating, and health promoting effects. Procyanidins are natural antioxidants of plant polyphenols, have extremely strong oxidation resistance, have oxidation resistance about 50 times that of vitamin E and 20 times that of vitamin C, and are one of the most effective oxygen free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation inhibitors found at present (Shinomiya et al, 2015; Dai et al, 2010; Zhao Ping et al, 2007). Researches find that various nutritional ingredients and secondary metabolites in the grapes have the effects of tonifying liver and kidney, stimulating appetite, replenishing qi and blood, promoting the production of body fluid and the like; grapes have become one of the fruits with an important position in our daily lives.
The fresh grapes are usually cultivated in the open air, and are also cultivated in facilities such as large arched sheds and warm-in-winter sunlight greenhouses. The maturity period of the general fresh grapes in open air is from late 7 months to middle 11 months of each year; the maturity period of facility grapes can typically range from early 4 months to late 12 months of the year. The grapes matured in the period are various and large in quantity, the requirement of people for fresh food can be met, but the grapes are produced in the early spring from winter to the next year, the grapes sold in the market are grapes stored in a fresh-keeping warehouse or a cold air warehouse, and the fresh-eating grapes matured in due season do not exist at present.
At present, the cultivation and shaping mode of fence ledges, small shed frames and greenhouse frames is generally adopted for the outdoor cultivation of fresh grapes, a cultivation mode of one-crop-one-year ripening is mostly adopted, two-cropping-one-year is only carried out on early-maturing varieties, two-crop-one-year is not carried out on middle-late maturing grape varieties, two-crop-one-year ripening of grapes requires a longer growing period, two-crop-one-year ripening is carried out in the open air in a few provinces of China such as Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi and the like, but the yield of each grape crop is generally 1500-2000 kg per mu, and the yield is not high.
In order to meet the market supply period of fresh grapes, particularly the market supply of grapes in late autumn, early winter and early spring, and to prolong the grape harvesting period, a production mode of selecting a proper variety and using a large arched shed and a high-temperature shed to delay autumn or mature in advance is adopted. Such as Kyoho, rose, seedless white hearts, red grape, summer black, extra early yellow honey, red baradi, etc. The cultivation of grapes in facilities generally adopts a fence-ledge cultivation mode, and 1000-1500 plants per mu are planted; planting 100-400 plants per mu in small or big shed; in facilities, early fruiting and yield guarantee are generally required, and a fence-and-ledge cultivation mode is generally adopted.
The mature period of the grapes can be mature about 2 months in advance or about 1 month after delayed maturation by adopting the facility to cultivate the grapes, and the market supply is met to a certain extent. But has the following disadvantages: firstly, the benefit is low, the cultivation mode of one crop with one crop per year is adopted, the yield per mu is generally 2500-; secondly, the investment is large, only the investment of facilities is about 6 ten thousand yuan per mu of warm-winter sunlight greenhouse, and the investment of large arched sheds is about 2 ten thousand yuan per mu.
In summary, the open-air grapes or the facility grapes are harvested once every year and the two mature grapes are harvested twice, and the harvest of the cultivation mode is derived from the fruit sales revenue. From the fresh grape market, grapes cannot be sold on the market in due seasons in the year, and a matched management technology for grapes sold on the market in the New year's day and the spring festival needs to be further explored so as to produce enough fruits to meet the requirements of consumers.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of long planting period and improper maturation time of grapes, the application discloses a grape cultivation management method for three times of fruit maturation and four times of sales income of one grape from the second year.
The invention is realized by the following measures:
a grape cultivation management method comprises the following steps:
(1) fixing the grape vines:
the grape vines are supported by the upright posts and bound on the steel wires. The facility adopts the south-north trend, and an upright post with the south-north distance of 8m and the east-west distance of 1.7m is arranged; arranging a first cross arm in the east-west direction 40cm away from the ground on the upright column, upwards arranging one cross arm in the east-west direction every 35cm, and arranging three cross arms; the cross arm is 60cm long, the middle is fixed on the upright post, the south and north steel wires are respectively fixed at the middle and two ends of the cross arm, and each cross arm is provided with three steel wires.
(2) Temperature water and fertilizer management:
controlling the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 13-16 ℃ at night after planting; watering once every 15-20 days, and applying 2kg-2.5kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (15-15-15) compound fertilizer; the prevention of plant diseases and insect pests is carried out every 30 days.
(3) And (3) shaping management in the first year after planting:
selecting and reserving a thick and strong new shoot as a main vine after grape seedlings germinate in the first year, and cutting the rest vines; when the young shoots grow to be more than 40cm, the young shoots can be bound to the middle steel wire of the bottom cross arm, when the young shoots grow to 12 leaves, 10 leaves are reserved for first pinching, the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end are reserved, and other auxiliary tips are removed as far as possible.
After first pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 5 leaves, keeping 3 leaves at the lower end, removing 2 leaves at the upper end to perform second pinching, keeping the auxiliary tip at the uppermost end, and simultaneously cutting off other auxiliary tips growing after the first pinching, wherein at the moment, 13 leaves are kept in the whole plant.
After second pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 4 leaves, the second pinching is carried out on the 2 leaves at the lower end, the 2 leaves at the upper end are removed, the auxiliary tips at the upper end are kept, meanwhile, other auxiliary tips germinating at the lower part are cut off, and at the moment, 15 leaves are kept in the whole plant.
After the third pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 3 leaves, 1 leaf pinching is reserved for carrying out the fourth pinching, and other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut off, and at the moment, 16 leaves are reserved in the whole plant; later, the new shoots growing out keep the tip auxiliary tips, and keep 1 leaf to continuously pinching.
Removing the 3 uppermost leaves on 10-15 days of each year in 8 months, simultaneously erasing the auxiliary tips at the top ends, after winter buds germinate, respectively growing 1-2 grape clusters on three new tips, selecting and remaining 1-2 new tips, selecting and remaining 1 cluster with the best cluster length on each new tip, remaining 1-2 clusters on each grape, sorting the clusters, and when the new tips of the clusters grow to 5 leaves, leaving 3 leaf cores at the upper ends of the clusters and remaining the auxiliary tips at the upper ends; when the auxiliary tips grow to 4 leaves, three leaf pinching cores are reserved, and the auxiliary tips at the upper end continue to grow and three leaf pinching cores are reserved continuously; and keeping the secondary tip of the new shoot growing later, and keeping 1 leaf for continuous pinching, thereby ensuring that 9 leaves are arranged above the fruit cluster. The temperature and other management in the facility are ensured, and the grapes can mature and come into the market before and after the Yuan Dan.
(4) Management of the second year after planting
Clearing and pruning the garden: arranging the grapes in the facility, removing leaves, and remaining 1.3m for pruning; cleaning the residual branches and other sundries on the ground;
watering and fertilizing: 2 tons of bio-organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen phosphorus potassium is more than or equal to 5 percent, beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand) and 30kg to 40kg of fertilizer containing trace elements (boron is more than or equal to 5 percent, zinc is more than or equal to 2 percent, magnesium is more than or equal to 15 percent and iron is more than or equal to 2 percent) and 20kg to 30kg of potassium sulfate type (10 to 15 to 30) compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, the land is uniformly spread and rotary-tilled, the depth is 20cm, and proper amount of water is watered to cause soil moisture to be about 50 percent.
③ pressing vines and pruning: ditching 30cm away from the root of the grape on two sides (in the north-south direction) of each row of grapes, wherein the depth of the ditch is 15cm, the width of the ditch is 20cm, a first grape strain in the north direction presses the vines to the bottom of the ditch in the east direction and is flattened and fixed by soil, and meanwhile, the upper parts of annual vines are kept upright and are bound to steel wires on the east side of a cross arm at the bottom; pressing the second grape toward the north to the bottom of the ditch and flattening and fixing the second grape with soil, keeping the upper part of the annual grape vine upright and binding the annual grape vine to the west side steel wire of the cross arm at the bottom for fixing, and so on until all the grapes are pressed, wherein the operation is completed within 10 days after the first grape.
Fourthly, temperature, water, fertilizer and pest management: in the large arched shed, covering two layers of plastic films on the grapes (grapes in the third operation) with the vines pressed and trimmed for heat preservation, wherein the grapes are generally 2m high, fixed by iron wires and the like and can be opened and closed; meanwhile, mulching a mulching film for heat preservation, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 13-16 ℃ at night; watering once before germination until 3 months every year, watering once every 20-30 days, and applying 2-2.5 kg of potassium sulfate type (10-15-30) compound fertilizer; spraying bactericide and insecticide before germination to prevent and control aphid, mite, house blight, white rot, etc., and preventing diseases and insect pests every 30 days.
Pruning management after the biennial grape vines sprout: the grape vines grown in one growing season (one year) are annual grape vines, and the grape vines grown in the second growing season (two years) are biennial grape vines. The two-year-old tendrils are bound on steel wires at two ends of a cross arm, 3-5 new shoots generally germinate after germination, 3 well-grown new shoots with fruit ears are selected and reserved, the rest are removed, 1 ear fruit is reserved on each new shoot, the fruit ears are arranged to be 0.75 +/-0.2 kg when the fruits are mature, when 5 leaves grow above grape ears, 3 leaf cores are reserved before blooming, the auxiliary tip at the top end is reserved, when 4 leaves grow on the auxiliary tip, 3 leaf cores are reserved, meanwhile, other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut, the auxiliary tip at the top end is reserved, when 4 leaves grow on the auxiliary tip, the top end of the new shoot which grows later is reserved, 1 leaf core is continuously reserved, and 9 leaves are guaranteed above the fruit ears.
Sixthly, secondary fruiting management of the upper end of the biennial tendrils: cutting two-year grape vines, namely the grape vines buried in soil, from the front end buried in the soil, namely the direction close to a root system, to about 10cm away from the main vines in the last 6 th to the last 7 th of the month, cutting 3 leaves from the base of the young grape vines which have already finished fruits on the two-year grape vines before 8 months and 10 days, generally cutting off the three leaves, wherein the top end of each cut-off young tip has at least 1 winter bud to grow into a young tip, each young tip has 1-2 grape inflorescences, selecting 3 well-grown young tips with fruit clusters, removing the rest, leaving 1 fruit on each young tip, trimming the fruit clusters to ensure that the fruit is 0.75 +/-0.2 kg when the fruit is mature, leaving 3 leaf cores before the grape ears bloom when 5 leaves grow, leaving 3 leaf cores on the top, leaving the secondary tips on the top end, and leaving 3 pieces of secondary leaves to remove other branches when the secondary leaves grow to 4 leaves, and (3) retaining the auxiliary tip at the uppermost end, when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, retaining 3 leaves for pinching, retaining the auxiliary tip at the top end of a new tip which grows out later, retaining 1 leaf for continuous pinching, and ensuring that 9 leaves are above the fruit cluster.
Seventhly, pruning management of buds at the base parts of the two-year grapevines (main grapevines): after the biennial grape vines are processed by vine pressing, new sprouts emerge at the root parts of the main vines close to the root systems. And (3) carrying out bud carving treatment on the bud eyes of the rootstocks of the annual grape vines without bud in 5 days before and after 1 day of 4 months every year, wherein new buds can sprout to form new buds, treating the new buds in the middle ten days of 4 months, selecting and reserving a neat and consistent new bud for each grape, carrying out pinching treatment on the strong growth vigor to ensure that the remaining new buds are uniform and consistent in growth vigor, and carrying out later management according to the step (3).
(5) And (3) managing the third year and later after planting: and (4) managing according to the management of the second year after the permanent planting in the step (4) from the third year.
The grape cultivation management method preferably adopts a large arched shed which is more than 24m wide, more than 100m north-south long and more than 5m high, and is covered with a PO plastic film more than 10 filaments.
The grape cultivation management method preferably performs field planting according to the row spacing of 1.7m and the plant spacing of 0.17m, wherein the field planting quantity per mu is 2300.
According to the grape cultivation management method, preferably, the grape seedlings are annual hard branch seedlings, the root systems are developed, no diseases and insect pests exist, and 3-5 full bud eyes are arranged at the upper parts of the grape seedlings; or green branch seedlings are selected, the root system is white, 3-5 true leaves are arranged, and no plant diseases or insect pests exist.
The grape cultivation management method preferably comprises the steps of before field planting, uniformly spreading 20-30 kg of decomposed biological organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 35%, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5%, beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand) or organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 45%, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5%) and supplementary trace elements (boron is more than or equal to 5%, zinc is more than or equal to 2%, magnesium is more than or equal to 15%, and iron is more than or equal to 2%) on the ground surface, rotating the field for 1-2 times by using a rotary cultivator, and then ridging according to the requirement of the row spacing of 1.7m, wherein the width of the upper part of each ridge is 30cm, and the height of each ridge is 20 cm.
The grape cultivation management method preferably comprises the step of watering once before sprouting, and adding 50-100 g of rooting agent indolebutyric acid per mu during watering.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the grapes can be ripe three times and income can be sold four times in one year after one grape is ripe for the second year (including the second year), the economic benefit of grape planting is improved, and income per mu is improved to 16-18 ten thousand yuan from about 5 ten thousand yuan originally;
(2) management is digitalized. The pruning height, the number of leaves left and the pinching are all digitalized, so that the management is convenient;
(3) the current-year fruiting of annual generation of tillering is realized;
(4) the two-year grape vines are fruited twice a year, the early or late ripening can be realized through facilities, and the season ripening before or after the spring festival can be realized;
(5) the method realizes that the biennial grape vines are used as a whole large grape seedling to be dug out for sale, and the biennial grape vines can be used as new grape seedlings for field planting due to developed root systems and full flower buds, can bear fruits in the same year and can also be used as grape bonsai seedlings.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following examples.
Example 1:
firstly, selecting facilities:
1. the large arched shed is generally made of PO plastic film with width of more than 24m, length of more than 100m in north and south, height of more than 5m and film covering more than 10 filaments, and 1-2 south-north working channels can be reserved.
2. A winter-warm sunlight greenhouse generally has a span of more than 10m in north and south, an east-west length of more than 100m, a height of 4.5-5m, a PO plastic film of more than 10 threads covered on the greenhouse, and a cotton quilt covered on the greenhouse.
Secondly, planting density:
planting according to the row spacing of 1.7m and the plant spacing of 0.17m, wherein the planting quantity per mu is about 2300 plants generally.
Thirdly, the quality of grape seedlings:
annual hard branch seedlings can be selected, the root system is required to be developed and free of diseases and insect pests, and 3-5 full bud eyes are arranged at the upper part of the seedlings; green branch seedlings can also be selected, and are generally planted in 1-2 months, and the root system is required to be white, have 3-5 true leaves and have no plant diseases and insect pests.
Fourthly, preparation before field planting:
1. before field planting, decomposed biological organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen phosphorus potassium is more than or equal to 5 percent, beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand) or 2000 kilograms of organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent, nitrogen phosphorus potassium is more than or equal to 5 percent) and 20-30 kilograms of fertilizer supplemented with trace elements (boron is more than or equal to 5 percent, zinc is more than or equal to 2 percent, magnesium is more than or equal to 15 percent, and iron is more than or equal to 2 percent) are uniformly spread on the ground surface, a rotary cultivator is used for rotating the ground for 1-2 times, then ridging is carried out according to the requirement of the row spacing of 1.7m, the width of the upper part of each ridge is 30cm, and the height of each ridge is 20 cm.
Fifthly, field planting:
generally, the seedlings can be planted in 3-5 months every year, the seedlings are not planted too deeply or too shallowly according to the root conditions during planting, then the seedlings are watered by micro-spraying, and the watering is stopped after the root systems are fully contacted with the surrounding soil.
Sixthly, management after field planting:
1. fixing the grape vines: the facility adopts the south-north trend, and an upright post with the south-north distance of 8m and the east-west distance of 1.7m is arranged; arranging a first cross arm in the east-west direction 40cm away from the ground on the upright column, upwards arranging one cross arm in the east-west direction every 35cm, and arranging three cross arms; the cross arm is 60cm long, the middle is fixed on the upright post, a steel wire in the north-south direction is respectively fixed at the middle and two ends of the cross arm, three steel wires are fixed on each cross arm, and the steel wires are 16# galvanized steel wires. The grape vines are bound on the middle steel wire.
2. And (3) temperature, water and fertilizer and pest prevention management:
controlling the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 13-16 ℃ at night after planting; watering once every 15-20 days, and applying 2kg-2.5kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (15-15-15) compound fertilizer; the prevention of plant diseases and insect pests is carried out every 30 days.
3. Plastic management in the first year after planting (taking Kyoho grapes as an example):
selecting and reserving a thick and strong new shoot as a main vine after grape seedlings germinate in the first year, and cutting the rest vines; when the young shoots grow to be more than 40cm, the young shoots can be bound to the middle steel wire of the bottom cross arm, when the young shoots grow to 12 leaves, 10 leaves are reserved for first pinching, the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end are reserved, and other auxiliary tips are removed as far as possible.
After first pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 5 leaves, keeping 3 leaves at the lower end, removing 2 leaves at the upper end to perform second pinching, keeping the auxiliary tip at the uppermost end, and simultaneously cutting off other auxiliary tips growing after the first pinching, wherein at the moment, 13 leaves are kept in the whole plant.
After second pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 4 leaves, the second pinching is carried out on the 2 leaves at the lower end, the 2 leaves at the upper end are removed, the auxiliary tips at the upper end are kept, meanwhile, other auxiliary tips germinating at the lower part are cut off, and at the moment, 15 leaves are kept in the whole plant.
After the third pinching, when the auxiliary tips grow to 3 leaves, 1 leaf pinching is reserved for carrying out the fourth pinching, and other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut off, and at the moment, 16 leaves are reserved in the whole plant; later, the new shoots growing out keep the tip auxiliary tips, and keep 1 leaf to continuously pinching.
Removing the 3 uppermost leaves on 10-15 days of each year in 8 months, simultaneously erasing the auxiliary tips at the top ends, after winter buds germinate, respectively growing 1-2 grape clusters on three new tips, selecting and remaining 1-2 new tips, selecting and remaining 1 cluster with the best cluster length on each new tip, remaining 1-2 clusters on each grape, sorting the clusters, and when the new tips of the clusters grow to 5 leaves, leaving 3 leaf cores at the upper ends of the clusters and remaining the auxiliary tips at the upper ends; when the auxiliary tips grow to 4 leaves, three leaf pinching cores are reserved, and the auxiliary tips at the upper end continue to grow and three leaf pinching cores are reserved continuously; and keeping the secondary tip of the new shoot growing later, and keeping 1 leaf for continuous pinching, thereby ensuring that 9 leaves are arranged above the fruit cluster.
The fruit ears grow to 0.75 +/-0.2 kg, and the yield per mu can reach 2000 and 2500 kg. The greenhouse cultivation method has the advantages that the greenhouse cultivation is adopted, the temperature in the greenhouse is guaranteed to be 20-28 ℃ in the daytime, 13-15 ℃ in the evening, grapes are colored and mature before and after Yuan Dan, the temperature can be properly reduced according to needs, the lowest temperature in the evening is 5 ℃, the maturation period and the fruiting period can be prolonged by low temperature, the grapes are sold on the market in time according to the market, at the moment, the grapes in the open air and the greenhouse are harvested, the grapes sold on the market are generally stored, newly harvested grapes are popular, and the income per mu can reach about 6 ten thousand Yuan. There is a revenue in the first year.
4. Management of the second year after planting (example Kyoho grape)
(1) Clearing and trimming the garden: the work is generally carried out before and after the annual New year's day, grapes in the facility are trimmed, leaves are removed, and 1.3m of grapes are reserved for pruning; cleaning the residual branches and other sundries on the ground;
(2) watering and fertilizing: 2 tons of bio-organic fertilizer (organic matter is more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen phosphorus potassium is more than or equal to 5 percent, beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand) and 30kg to 40kg of fertilizer containing trace elements (boron is more than or equal to 5 percent, zinc is more than or equal to 2 percent, magnesium is more than or equal to 15 percent and iron is more than or equal to 2 percent) and 20kg to 30kg of potassium sulfate type (10 to 15 to 30) compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, the land is uniformly spread and rotary-tilled, the depth is 20cm, and proper amount of water is watered to cause soil moisture to be about 50 percent.
(3) Pressing vines and pruning: ditching 30cm away from the root of the grape on two sides (in the north-south direction) of each row of Kyoho grapes, wherein the depth of the ditch is 15cm, the width of the ditch is 20cm, from the south end of each row, a first grape bunch in the north is pressed to the bottom of the ditch in the east direction and is flattened and fixed by soil, and meanwhile, the upper part of the annual grape bunch is kept upright and is bound to a steel wire on the east side of a cross arm at the bottom; pressing the second grape toward the north to the bottom of the ditch and flattening and fixing the second grape with soil, keeping the upper part of the annual grape vine upright and binding the annual grape vine to the west side steel wire of the cross arm at the bottom for fixing, and so on until all the grapes are pressed, wherein the operation is completed within 10 days after the first grape.
(4) Temperature, water fertilizer and pest management: in a large arched shed, covering a vine after pressing vines and pruning with a second layer of plastic film for heat preservation, wherein the height of the plastic film is generally 2m, and the plastic film can be opened and closed by fixing with iron wires and the like; meanwhile, mulching a mulching film for heat preservation, closing an air outlet of the facility, slowly heating, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and at 13-16 ℃ at night; watering once before germination, wherein the water is sufficient, and simultaneously, a proper amount of rooting agent can be added during watering, 50-100 g of indolebutyric acid is used for promoting grape vines pressed in soil to take root in each mu, watering is carried out once every 20-30 days until 3 months of each year, and 2kg-2.5kg of potassium sulfate type (10-15-30) compound fertilizer is applied; spraying bactericide and insecticide before germination to prevent and control aphid, mite, house blight, white rot, etc., and preventing diseases and insect pests every 30 days.
(5) Pruning management after the biennial grape vines sprout: the grape vines grown in one growing season (one year) are annual grape vines, and the grape vines grown in the second growing season (two years) are biennial grape vines. The two-year vines are bound on steel wires at two ends of a cross arm, 3-5 new shoots generally germinate after germination, 3 well-grown new shoots with fruit clusters are selected and reserved, the rest are removed, 1 spike fruit is reserved on each new shoot, the fruit clusters are arranged to enable the fruit clusters to be 0.75 +/-0.2 kg when the fruit is mature, when 5 leaves grow above grape clusters, 3 leaf cores are reserved before blooming, the auxiliary tip at the top end is reserved, when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, 3 leaf cores are reserved, meanwhile, other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut, the auxiliary tip at the top end is reserved, when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, 3 leaf cores are reserved, the auxiliary tip is reserved at the top end, 1 leaf core is reserved continuously, 9 leaves above the fruit clusters are guaranteed, other shaping measures are not needed, and at this time, 10 leaves of each grape cluster can supply nutrition.
The fruit ripening period is generally in the middle and late ten days of 4 months, which is the first income of the first grape ripening in the second year, the yield per mu can reach 3000-3500 kg, and the income is generally 5-6 ten thousand yuan.
After the first grape is picked off, through normal management and after 3 months of growth, the part of the two-year grape vines pressed in the soil takes root and can normally absorb rich water, the two-year grape vines are cut from the front end buried in the soil, namely the direction close to the root system, to about 10cm away from the main vine, generally from the late 6 th to the upper 7 th of the month, the two-year grape vines are cut, after about 10 days of 8 months, the current-year grape young shoots with fruits on the two-year grape vines are cut short from the base part by leaving 3 leaves, and the three leaves at the upper end are picked off, generally, the top end of each short-cut young shoot has at least 1 winter bud to sprout and grow into a young shoot, each young shoot has 1-2 spike grape inflorescences, 3 well-grown young shoots with spikes are selected and erased, each young shoot leaves 1 spike fruit is left, the spikes are arranged, the spikes are made to be 0.75 +/-0.2 kg when the fruits are ripe, and the upper parts of the grape spikes are grown to 5 leaves, leave 3 leaves before blooming and pluck the heart, leave the top vice and slightly, when this vice slightly is grown to 4 leaves, leave 3 leaves and pluck the heart, cut off other vice slightly of sprouting in lower part simultaneously, leave the top vice and slightly, when this vice slightly is grown to 4 leaves, leave 3 leaves and pluck the heart, the young shoot that later grows out again remains the top vice slightly, keeps 1 continuous core of plucking of leaf, guarantees that there are 9 leaves above the ear of fruit.
The fruit is the second grape in the second year, the mature period can be generally regulated and controlled to be mature before and after Yuan Dan and sold on the market, other facilities can be regulated and controlled to be sold on the market in different mature periods, the second income is realized, the yield per mu can reach 2500-3000 kg, and the income is generally about 6 ten thousand Yuan.
(6) Pruning management of sprouting at the base of biennial grape vines (main vines): after the biennial grape vines are processed by vine pressing, new sprouts emerge at the root parts of the main vines close to the root systems. Bud carving treatment is carried out on the bud eyes of the rootstocks of the annual grape vines without germination in 5 days before and after 1 day of 4 months every year, new buds germinate to form new buds, the new buds are treated in the middle ten days of 4 months, each grape is selected to leave a neat and consistent new bud, pinching treatment is carried out on strong growth vigor, the left new buds grow uniformly and consistently, later management is carried out according to 'shaping management in the first year after planting', and the grapes mature with the volume of 2000 plus 2500 kilograms per mu before and after the unit denier.
The fruit is ripe for the third time in the second year, the ripe period can be generally regulated by temperature, rich water and the like to be ripe before and after the Yuan Dan and sold on the market, the income is income for the third time in the second year, and the income per mu is 3-4 ten thousand Yuan.
The biennial grape vines grow twice in one year, and meanwhile, the grape vines buried in the soil are cut off from the front ends of the grape vines from the late 6 th to the early 7 th of the month, and the grape vines grow to root after 6 months, have developed root systems, have enough storage nutrition and can normally absorb rich water; meanwhile, the biennial grape vines are born with 1-3 minor tips, the bud eyes of the winter buds are full, and the biennial grape vines can bear fruits in the next year through normal management.
The mature period of the fruits can be regulated and controlled by adopting warm-in-winter sunlight greenhouse cultivation, and the fruits can be listed before spring festival or listed in advance.
(7) Processing biennial grape vines. The facility grape shed is cleaned before and after the first year of the first year, and from the second year of the first year, biennial grape vines can be used as a whole large grape seedling to be dug out for sale, and the grape vines can bear fruits in the same year and can also be used as potted grape seedlings, wherein the selling price is higher, and the benefit is better, because the root systems are developed and the flower buds are full, the selling price of each grape vine is generally 10-20 yuan.
The second-year grape vine is sold in the fourth income of the second year, and the income per mu is about 2-3 ten thousand yuan.
5. And (5) management in the third year and later. From the third year, management of "management after colonization for the second year" can be referred to.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, combinations, substitutions and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents and are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A grape cultivation management method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) fixing the grape vines:
the upright posts are used for supporting, the facility adopts the south-north direction, and one upright post with the south-north distance of 8m and the east-west distance of 1.7m is arranged; arranging a first cross arm in the east-west direction 40cm away from the ground on the upright column, upwards arranging one cross arm in the east-west direction every 35cm, and arranging three cross arms; the cross arms are 60cm long, the middle of each cross arm is fixed on the upright posts, the middle and two ends of each cross arm are respectively fixed with a north-south steel wire, and each cross arm is fixed with three steel wires;
(2) temperature water and fertilizer management:
controlling the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 13-16 ℃ at night after planting; watering once every 15-20 days, and applying 2kg-2.5kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium 15-15-15 compound fertilizer; the pest and disease damage prevention is carried out every 30 days;
(3) and (3) shaping management in the first year after planting:
selecting and reserving a thick and strong new shoot as a main vine after grape seedlings germinate in the first year, and cutting the rest vines; when the young shoots grow to be more than 40cm, binding the young shoots to a middle steel wire of the bottom cross arm, when the young shoots grow to 12 leaves, reserving 10 leaves for first pinching, reserving the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end, and removing other auxiliary tips;
after first pinching, when the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end grow to 5 leaves, keeping 3 leaves at the lower end, removing 2 leaves at the upper end for second pinching, keeping the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end, and simultaneously cutting other auxiliary tips growing after the first pinching, wherein at the moment, 13 leaves are kept in the whole plant;
after second pinching, when the uppermost auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, preserving 2 leaves at the lower end for third pinching, removing 2 leaves at the upper end, preserving the upper auxiliary tip, and simultaneously cutting off other auxiliary tips germinated at the lower part, wherein at the moment, 15 leaves are preserved in the whole plant;
after the third pinching, when the auxiliary tips at the uppermost end grow to 3 leaves, 1 leaf pinching is reserved for carrying out the fourth pinching, and other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut off, and at the moment, 16 leaves are reserved in the whole plant; keeping the tip auxiliary tip of the new shoot growing later, and keeping 1 leaf to continuously extract the core;
removing the 3 uppermost leaves on 10-15 days of each year in 8 months, simultaneously erasing the auxiliary tips at the top ends, after winter buds germinate, respectively growing 1-2 grape clusters on three new tips, selecting and remaining 1-2 new tips, selecting and remaining 1 cluster with the best cluster length on each new tip, remaining 1-2 clusters on each grape, sorting the clusters, and when the new tips of the clusters grow to 5 leaves, leaving 3 leaf cores at the upper ends of the clusters and remaining the auxiliary tips at the upper ends; when the auxiliary tips grow to 4 leaves, three leaf pinching cores are reserved, and the auxiliary tips at the upper end continue to grow and three leaf pinching cores are reserved continuously; keeping the secondary tip of the top end of the new shoot which grows out later, and keeping 1 leaf for continuous pinching, thus ensuring that 9 leaves are arranged above the cluster;
(4) management of the second year after planting
Clearing and pruning the garden: arranging the grapes in the facility, removing leaves, and remaining 1.3m for pruning; cleaning the residual branches on the ground;
watering and fertilizing: 2 tons of bio-organic fertilizer, 30kg-40kg of trace element fertilizer and 20kg-30kg of potassium sulfate type 10-15-30 compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of land, the land is uniformly spread and rotary-tilled, the depth is 20cm, and a proper amount of water is watered to form soil moisture, so that the water content of the soil is 50 +/-5 percent; organic matters in the biological organic fertilizer are more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5 percent, and beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand; the trace element fertilizer contains more than or equal to 5% of boron, more than or equal to 2% of zinc, more than or equal to 15% of magnesium and more than or equal to 2% of iron;
③ pressing vines and pruning: ditching 30cm away from the root of the grape on two sides of each row of grapes, wherein the depth of the ditch is 15cm, the width of the ditch is 20cm, from the south end of each row, a first grape strain which is northward presses vines to the bottom of the ditch and is flattened and fixed by soil, and meanwhile, the upper parts of annual grape vines are kept upright and are bound to steel wires on the east side of a cross arm at the bottom; pressing the northward second grape vines towards the west to the bottom of the ditch and flattening and fixing the grapes with soil, keeping the upper parts of annual grape vines upright and binding the grapes to the west side steel wires of the cross arm at the bottom for fixing, and so on until all grapes are pressed, wherein the operation is finished within 10 days after the first-year-old grape vines are first;
fourthly, temperature, water, fertilizer and pest management: in the large arched shed, covering a second layer of plastic film on the grape vines subjected to medium-pressure vine pruning in the operation step three, keeping the temperature, the height of the plastic film is 2m, fixing the plastic film by using iron wires, and enabling the plastic film to be opened and closed; meanwhile, mulching a mulching film for heat preservation, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 13-16 ℃ at night; watering once before germination until 3 months every year, watering once every 20-30 days, and applying 2kg-2.5kg of potassium sulfate type 10-15-30 compound fertilizer; spraying bactericide and insecticide before germination to prevent and control aphid, mite, house blight and white rot, and preventing plant diseases and insect pests every 30 days;
pruning management after the biennial grape vines sprout: the grape vines grown in one year are annual grape vines, the grape vines grown in two years are biennial grape vines, the biennial vines are bound on steel wires at two ends of a cross arm, 3-5 new shoots germinate after germination, 3 new shoots with fruit ears having growth advantages are selected and reserved, the rest are removed, 1 ear fruit is reserved on each new shoot, the fruit ears are arranged to be 0.75 +/-0.2 kg when the fruit is mature, 3 leaf cores are reserved before flowering when 5 leaves grow above the grape ears, the uppermost auxiliary tip is reserved, 3 leaf cores are reserved when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, meanwhile, other germinated auxiliary tips at the lower part are cut off, the uppermost auxiliary tip is reserved, 3 leaf cores are reserved when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, the top auxiliary tip is reserved, 1 leaf core is reserved continuously;
sixthly, secondary fruiting management of the upper end of the biennial tendrils: cutting two-year grape vines, namely the grape vines buried in soil, from the front end buried in the soil, namely the direction close to a root system, to 10 +/-0.5 cm away from a main vine in the last 6 th to last 7 th, cutting 3 leaves from the base of the young grape vines which have already obtained fruits on the two-year grape vines before 8 months and 10 days, generally, at least 1 winter bud can sprout to form a new tip at the top end of each short cut, 1-2 spike grape inflorescences can be formed at each new tip, selecting 3 spike young tips with growth advantages, removing the rest, leaving 1 fruit at each new tip, trimming the spikes to ensure that the fruit is ripe, the spikes are 0.75 +/-0.2 kg, when 5 leaves grow above the grape spikes, leaving 3 leaf cores at the front, leaving the uppermost secondary tips of the spikes, and leaving 3 secondary tips when the secondary tips are slightly grown to 4 leaves, simultaneously picking off other secondary cores and cutting other secondary tips which sprout, keeping the top end auxiliary tip, keeping 3 leaves for pinching when the auxiliary tip grows to 4 leaves, keeping the top end auxiliary tip for a new tip which grows out later, keeping 1 leaf for continuous pinching, and ensuring that 9 leaves are above the fruit cluster;
seventhly, pruning management of the sprouts at the base parts of the main vines of the biennial vines: after the biennial grape vines are subjected to vine pressing treatment, new sprouts sprout at the root and stem parts of the main vines close to the root systems, the sprouts at the root and stem parts of the biennial grape vines without sprouts are subjected to bud carving treatment 5 days before and after 1 day of 4 months every year, the sprouts can sprout to form sprout tips, the tips are treated from the middle ten days of 4 months, each grape is selected to leave a neat and consistent sprout tip, pinching treatment is carried out on strong growth vigor, the remaining sprout tips grow uniformly and consistently, and later management is carried out according to the step (3);
(5) and (3) managing the third year and later after planting: and (4) managing according to the management of the second year after the permanent planting in the step (4) from the third year.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the selected facility is a large arched shed with a width of 24m or more, a length of 100m or more in north and south, a height of 5m or more, and a PO plastic film of 10 filaments or more; or a winter-warm sunlight greenhouse, generally has a span of more than 10m, a length of more than 100m, a height of 4.5-5m, covers PO plastic film of more than 10 threads, and is covered with a quilt.
3. The viticulture management method according to claim 1, wherein the planting density is 2300 plants per mu according to the planting number, wherein the planting density is 1.7m of row spacing and 0.17m of plant spacing.
4. The grape cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein the grape seedlings are annual hard branch seedlings with developed root systems and no plant diseases and insect pests, and 3-5 full bud eyes are arranged at the upper parts; or green branch seedlings are selected, the root system is white, 3-5 true leaves are arranged, and no plant diseases or insect pests exist.
5. The grape cultivation management method according to claim 1, characterized in that before planting, decomposed bio-organic fertilizer or 2000 kg of organic fertilizer is used per mu, 20-30 kg of trace element fertilizer is supplemented, uniformly spread on the ground surface, rotated by a rotary cultivator for 1-2 times, and then ridged according to the requirement of row spacing of 1.7m, the width of the upper part of the ridge is 30cm, and the height of the ridge is 20 cm;
organic matters in the biological organic fertilizer are more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5 percent, and beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand;
organic matters in the organic fertilizer are more than or equal to 45 percent, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5 percent;
the trace element fertilizer contains more than or equal to 5% of boron, more than or equal to 2% of zinc, more than or equal to 15% of magnesium and more than or equal to 2% of iron.
6. The grape cultivation and management method according to claim 1, characterized in that step (iv) is performed by watering once before sprouting, and the rooting agent indolebutyric acid is added during watering, 50-100 g per mu;
2 tons of biological organic fertilizer, 30kg-40kg of trace element fertilizer and 20kg-30kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer are applied per mu;
organic matters in the biological organic fertilizer are more than or equal to 35 percent, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are more than or equal to 5 percent, and beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 2000 ten thousand;
the trace element fertilizer contains more than or equal to 5% of boron, more than or equal to 2% of zinc, more than or equal to 15% of magnesium and more than or equal to 2% of iron.
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| CN1144515C (en) * | 2000-04-28 | 2004-04-07 | 冯宝贵 | Culture method capable of making grape obtain continuous stable yield and high quality |
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