CN112136613A - Watermelon cultivation management method suitable for four-connected-greenhouse in smoke area - Google Patents
Watermelon cultivation management method suitable for four-connected-greenhouse in smoke area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention discloses a watermelon cultivation management method suitable for a quadruple greenhouse in a tobacco area, wherein the greenhouse is the quadruple greenhouse.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of watermelon cultivation, and particularly relates to a simple watermelon cultivation method suitable for planting in a four-connected-greenhouse in a tobacco area.
Background
The soil in the Xichang Xiangcheng county in Henan is fertile, is one of the most suitable tobacco planting areas in China, the annual planting area is 10 ten thousand mu, the tobacco seedling greenhouse in the tobacco planting area is generally in an idle state after seedling is completed, other crops cannot be planted in the peripheral area where the tobacco is planted, because the tobacco is an economic crop seriously damaged by pathogens, the tobacco can be damaged by various pathogens in the whole process from sowing to harvesting, and the loss degree caused by the diseases is different from slight to complete destruction; according to investigation, more than 30 tobacco diseases exist in the whole country, wherein the serious harm mainly comprises more than ten diseases such as anthracnose, damping off, black shank, virus diseases, bacterial wilt, powdery mildew, root knot nematode diseases, seedbed diseases and the like, some diseases can occur in each period of tobacco growth, and some diseases only harm certain organs in some periods of tobacco growth; some diseases have certain regionality, while some diseases almost have no regional limitation and change along with the change of climate in different years; meanwhile, during the whole growth and development period from the seedling stage to the maturity of the tobacco, all parts of the plants can be damaged by pests, so that on one hand, other crops can bring new plant diseases and insect pests to the tobacco, the continuous planting of the tobacco is not facilitated, and the yield and the quality of the tobacco are also influenced; on the other hand, the traditional crop price is not high, the phenomenon that the tobacco growers abandon the crops is increased, the idle greenhouse in the smoke area of the xuchang Xiangcheng county is increased, and the economic development of the smoke area is not facilitated. How to find a planting crop which can not bring new plant diseases and insect pests to tobacco and can increase the economic income of tobacco growers is an important research direction.
China is the first major watermelon producing country in the world, the watermelon cultivation period is short, the planting benefit is high, the watermelon cultivation method is an important industry for increasing income of farmers and increasing agricultural efficiency, the total watermelon yield accounts for more than 67 percent of the total watermelon yield in the world, and the early spring watermelon production yield is 6.54 ten thousand per hm on average2However, the investment cost of facility cultivation in early spring accounts for about 50% of the total yield, which is not beneficial to the sustainable development of the watermelon industry. The method combines the situation of permanent idle facilities in a tobacco area with a comprehensive green prevention and control technology in tobacco planting, explores and summarizes the production of high-quality colored-pulp small watermelons and high-quality gift watermelons by using the idle facilities, realizes the production of high-quality and high-benefit watermelons by using an idle quadruple-connected greenhouse in the tobacco area, improves the simplified cultivation technology, saves labor and cost, realizes the innovation of a tobacco + N industrial mode in the tobacco area, namely, develops the production of high-quality early-spring watermelons under the condition of not delaying the tobacco agricultural production in the tobacco area, and realizes the innovation of human resources of tobacco growers in the tobacco area and the innovation of a production management method in the tobacco; has important significance in improving the income of tobacco growers.
The existing tobacco region seedling culture adopts a four-connected greenhouse, which has obvious advantages for tobacco seedling culture but is unfavorable for the growth of high-quality gift watermelons for the following reasons:
the air tightness of the four-connected greenhouse film is strong, the soil moisture in the greenhouse evaporates and crops transpire to cause high temperature of the air in the greenhouse, if ventilation is not carried out, the relative humidity in the greenhouse is very high; when the temperature of the greenhouse rises, the relative humidity is reduced, and the temperature of the greenhouse is reduced and the relative humidity rises; when the temperature of the greenhouse rises, the relative humidity is reduced, and the temperature of the greenhouse is reduced and the relative humidity rises. In sunny days and windy days, the relative temperature is low, and in cloudy days and rainy (foggy) days, the relative temperature is increased; under the condition of no ventilation, the relative humidity in the greenhouse can reach 60-80% in the daytime, and is often about 90% at night and can reach as high as 100%; the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse is different according to different types of crops, and is generally maintained at 50-60% in the daytime and 80-90% at night; the temperature in the greenhouse rises or needs ventilation when the temperature is too high, so that the humidity drops, the transpiration of crops is accelerated, the water-deficient transpiration speed in the plant bodies drops or physiological disorder is caused, the difficulty in regulating and controlling the temperature and the humidity in the quadruple-connected greenhouse is high, and diseases are easy to occur.
The four-connected greenhouse has poor light receiving conditions, the light transmittance of the film is 80-90% theoretically, but the light transmittance of the film is reduced by 10-30% due to dust pollution, water drop adsorption, film aging and the like during use; the illumination conditions in the greenhouse are greatly different due to different seasons, weather conditions, covering modes (such as greenhouse-shaped structures, directions, scale and the like), types of films and the use degree and the like; the conjoined greenhouse is higher than the vegetable greenhouse, the greater the difference of the radiation illumination in the vertical direction in the greenhouse is, and the difference of the irradiance of the upper layer in the greenhouse and the ground is up to 20-30%. Meanwhile, the internal area of the quadruple greenhouse is generally about 2 mu, the greenhouse body area is large, the heat dissipation and ventilation effects are aggravated, and the quadruple greenhouse has certain disadvantages compared with a vegetable greenhouse for planting gift watermelons.
The early planting experience shows that planting high-quality color-pulp mini watermelons and high-quality gift watermelons in early spring in an idle quadruple greenhouse in a tobacco area has certain difficulty, and a conventional cultivation management mode is adopted, so that the yield is not high, and some plant diseases and insect pests exist.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a simple greenhouse watermelon cultivation method suitable for planting in a tobacco area, which is used for solving the problem that a four-connected greenhouse in the tobacco area is idle. And the problems of low yield and high plant diseases and insect pests in the conventional cultivation management mode of planting watermelons in the greenhouse in the tobacco area are solved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a watermelon cultivation and management method suitable for a four-connected greenhouse in a smoke area comprises the following steps:
(1) variety selection: selecting early-maturing and high-quality colorful watermelon 'rainbow melon treasure' and high-quality gift watermelon 'exquisite melon treasure';
(2) selecting land parcels: selecting a land where the watermelon or previous crop which is not planted for more than 3 years is selected as a green onion, a bean, a cruciferous leaf vegetable, a garlic and a gramineous crop for planting;
(3) land preparation and fertilization: according to the soil fertility in the shed, 100-150kg of sesame cake, 2000-3000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40kg of N, P, K compound fertilizer, 15-20kg of potassium sulfate and 40kg of calcium superphosphate are applied, and chlorine-containing fertilizer is forbidden; leveling, thinning and crushing the land; adopting a single row and a single ridge, wherein the height of the ridge is 20-30cm, the width of the ridge is 75cm, and the row spacing is 150 cm; a drip irrigation system is laid on the ridges before field planting; 2, planting at the bottom of the month to the beginning of 3 months, and covering with a whole film; in the middle and last ten days of 3 months to 4 months, mulching films are covered on ridges;
preferably, the sesame cake is a calcium-rich sesame cake fertilizer special for tobacco, wherein N-P2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent; in addition, the sesame cake can also be a pure sesame cake microbial tobacco special compound fertilizer, and the raw materials of the compound fertilizer comprise: 3842% of sesame cakes, 3842% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and 1.82.2% of medium and trace elements; the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent; the total number of the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus licheniformis is not less than 0.5 hundred million/g; or applying the sesame cake fertilizer special for tobacco, which is prepared by crushing tobacco stems and sesame cakes and then performing composting fermentation (wherein the waste tobacco stems contain a large amount of nutrient elements and organic matters, and the nutrition is richer and more comprehensive after the waste tobacco stems are fully decomposed and fermented with common sesame cakes). These effects are all better than the effects of ordinary sesame cake fertilizers.
(4) The distance between watermelon plants is 40-50cm, and the planting density of ground crawl is 1000-1500 plants/667 m2The planting density of the vine hanging cultivation is 1500-2200 plants/667 m2(ii) a Planting in a full-shed ground climbing mode or alternatively planting by hanging tendrils and ground climbing;
(5) temperature control: 5-7 d after field planting, cooling the greenhouse, keeping the temperature of 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and 15 +/-2 ℃ at night without ventilation; ventilating a small amount of air after the seedlings are revived, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 22-25 ℃ when the seedlings are returned to the vine extending stage and keeping the temperature at night above 12 ℃; from initial blossom to fruit setting, the temperature is about 25 plus or minus 2 ℃; the temperature of the shed is 28-30 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ at night in the fruit setting period; raising the temperature of the greenhouse to 30-32 ℃ after fruit setting, and raising the temperature to 18 +/-2 ℃ at night; when the fruit grows to 1kg, the day and night temperature difference is increased, and the range of the day and night temperature difference can be 10-18 ℃.
(6) Pruning and keeping the melons: the ground climbing cultivation adopts three vines for pruning, the melon vines grow to 30-50cm, and 2 main vines and strong lateral vines are left; branch pruning is carried out on double vines in the vine hanging cultivation mode, the vines grow to 50-60cm, the main vines and the lateral vines are reserved, and axillary sprouting branches and buds of the main vines and the reserved lateral vines are timely removed; selecting and reserving the 2 nd female flower of the main vine or the lateral vine to reserve the melon, reserving 2 batches of melons after the 1 st batch of melons are fixed, and reserving 10 leaves before the melons and pinching the tips; hanging the melon when the young fruit grows to 0.3-0.5kg, covering the young melon with a mesh bag, hanging the mesh bag, or tying a fruit handle with a nylon rope, and hanging an iron wire or a cross bar above the shed; on the day of pollination or when melon and egg size, using different color wool or nylon grass or different color grafting clips as marks; turning over the melons for 1-2 times after the melons are quantified; turning the melons in one direction in the afternoon of a sunny day, and turning out 1/2 of the sun surface every time; when the cucumber grows vigorously, the tip of the cucumber should be pinched or the cucumber stem should be pinched flat at a position 20cm away from the front of the cucumber embryo after the cucumber embryo is seated.
Preferably, before planting, the seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ℃ for 10-15min, then soaked in cold water for 24h, taken out and drained, and then 0.1% K is used2MnO4Soaking in the solution for 10-15min or Na2O2Soaking in the solution for 30min, taking out, cleaning, wrapping with wet gauze, placing at 25-28 deg.C for accelerating germination, and sowing or culturing seedling after 70% of seeds are exposed.
In actual production, different seedling raising time and planting time are selected according to different cultivation modes, and the specific table is shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 cultivation mode and seedling and planting time
| Cultivation mode | Time of raising seedlings | Time of permanent planting |
| Three-film one-tarpaulin for greenhouse | 1 month | 2 month end-3 months |
| Big-arch shelter and small arched shed | 2 middle ten days of the month | 3 middle and last ten days of month |
| Greenhouse and plastic film mulching | 2 middle ten days of the month | 3 middle and late ten days of month-4 months |
Preferably, the greenhouse is disinfected before planting: disinfecting by adopting a fumigant according to the instructions to prevent aphids, bemisia tabaci and whitefly diseases; tedding for 15-20 days to kill eggs of soil-borne diseases pests; physical high-temperature shed closing, sulfur fumigation and lime nitrogen disinfection are adopted for more than 20 days before field planting.
The method also comprises water and fertilizer management, which specifically comprises the following steps: after planting and harvesting, 4 water and 3 fertilizers are needed, cold water is heated by sunlight or heat preservation of the greenhouse by using a pool in the greenhouse, and drop irrigation is carried out by using warm water; watering 'planting water' after planting, and watering a little at the early stage; after seedling buffering and before tendril stretching, watering and applying a tendril stretching fertilizer, wherein the distance between the irrigation fertilizer and the melon root is 7-8 cm; controlling water and fertilizer before fruit setting, after melon embryo is stable, 80% of watermelons grow to egg size, watering and applying 20kg/667m of potassium fulvate220kg/667m of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer2(ii) a The melon grows to the size of the bowl mouth, and 20kg/667m of high-potassium fertilizer is applied by flushing2(ii) a The watering principle is that dry water and wet water are seen, and clear water is not seen; only pouring clear water 10-15 days before maturity, and spraying in a greenhouse spraying facility; spraying monopotassium phosphate, boron fertilizer and Jianzhibao foliar fertilizer on the leaf surface in the expanding period, and supplementing trace elements such as boron, zinc, calcium and the like or supplementing a glucose solution; stopping watering 7-10 days before harvest.
In addition, the present invention also includes a cultivation management method including:
and (3) pest control: the watermelon planting management in the tobacco zone is strict. Insist on 'prevention is the main, avoids cross infection, green prevention and control, comprehensive prevention and control'. Adjusting variety layout, reasonably rotating and fertilizing, deeply ploughing and cleaning stubble, planting at proper time, pruning and branching to avoid rotating, adjacent or intercropping with the tobacco plant as the host; ecological control, insect pheromone and tobacco use the solar energy insecticidal lamp to trap and kill pests such as prodenia litura, black cutworm, etc.; an insect-proof net is hung at the opening of the shed, and a yellow board and a blue board are hung in the shed to prevent aphids, whiteflies and the like; utilizing natural enemies to prevent and control soil-borne diseases; agricultural prevention and control, low temperature and high humidity and flood irrigation are avoided; the chemical agent can be used for preventing and treating anthracnose and sclerotinia by using amino acid foliar fertilizer and the like; the nematode damage is mainly carried out by soil disinfection treatment.
Harvesting watermelons: the watermelon ripeness mark is not always accurate in experience judgment according to appearance and hand feeling, but can be used by the first. Preferably, the watermelon quality detection method is adopted, and the judgment is carried out according to the marked pollination date, the maturity date, the accumulated temperature and the like. The harvesting time is 7:00-10:00 is best, the part 5-6cm away from the fruit stem is lightly sheared by scissors, after harvesting, the small-fruit watermelon can be stored in a cold storage of a tobacco area or directly sold according to market demands, and the small-fruit watermelon is preferably sold in a box by adopting a gas column or a bag to prevent cracking, so that the 'rainbow melon treasure' presents colorful flesh at proper temperature and under illumination; the long-distance transportation can also use a special refrigerating and fresh-keeping transportation device.
The invention has the following advantages:
(1) according to the invention, the quadruple greenhouse for cultivating tobacco seedlings in the tobacco area is used for planting the high-quality colorful-pulp small watermelons and the high-quality gift small watermelons, the mode that the colorful-pulp small watermelons and the high-quality gift watermelons are not planted in the quadruple greenhouse in the tobacco area before is broken, the 'tobacco + N' industrial mode is realized, namely, the production of the high-quality early-spring watermelons is carried out under the condition that the tobacco agricultural production in the tobacco area is not delayed, the manpower resource innovation of tobacco growers in the tobacco area is realized, and the production management method innovation.
(2) Under the conventional conditions, the tobacco area tetrad greenhouse only has obvious advantages for cultivating tobacco seedlings, but is unfavorable for growth of high-quality gift watermelons, particularly vegetable cucurbitaceae (watermelons) and other production are avoided in the existing specified tobacco area seedling raising field, but the green prevention and control technology and the water and fertilizer management method for tobacco production in the tobacco area are combined with the high-quality watermelon production technology, the unfavorable conditions for vegetable production in the tobacco area under the traditional conditions are changed into favorable conditions, and the simple cultivation technology of the high-quality color pulp small watermelons and the high-quality gift small watermelons in the tobacco area tetrad greenhouse is realized. The method solves the 11 technical difficulties of planting high-quality and special watermelons in the greenhouse in the tobacco area, and mainly comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of improving aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, land preparation and fertilization, simple planting mode selection, cultivation mode, water and fertilizer management, field management, pest control, watermelon harvesting and the like to form a set of complete planting management technology, and particularly solving the problem that high-quality vine hanging type watermelons are not planted in the four-connected greenhouse under the normal condition of a tobacco area (the existing planting technology shows that the watermelons planted in the greenhouse are easy to cause diseases and low in product quality); in particular to the technical barrier of a new variety of the small watermelon with colorful pulp, namely rainbow melon treasure, which is not planted in the tobacco field.
(3) The color-pulp small watermelons have strict requirements on planting technology, and in the quadruple greenhouse, the planting density, the planting temperature, the planting mode, the humidity management and the like of the color-pulp small watermelons are improved, so that the problems of low planting yield and easiness in generation of plant diseases and insect pests of the quadruple greenhouse are solved, high yield can be realized, and the occurrence of the plant diseases and insect pests is reduced.
(4) The invention relates to the improvement of the quality of high-quality color-pulp small watermelons and high-quality gift watermelons in early spring, in particular to the innovation of water and fertilizer management in the aspect of traditional watermelon production, the external water temperature is lower in the production process in early spring and is generally lower than the normal temperature of 24 ℃, in order to solve the adverse effects of cold water temperature on the planting period, the seedling period, the vine extending period, the fruiting period and the like of the watermelons in early spring, the low-temperature stress risk is caused to the production of the watermelons, in order to avoid low-temperature damage, a water pool in a four-connected greenhouse in a smoke area is utilized, cold water is introduced into the water pool of the four-connected greenhouse at a proper time, the cold water temperature in the water pool is improved by the action of high-temperature stuffy greenhouse, solar.
(5) In the tobacco zone, the advantages of the tobacco zone are reasonably and fully exerted, and the special sesame cake fertilizer for the tobacco rich in calcium in the tobacco zone is utilized (for example, the Henan Longtai fertilizer industry hasLimited company "production, N-P2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent) is used for producing high-quality and high-benefit color-pulp mini watermelons and high-quality gift mini watermelons.
The high-quality color pulp small watermelons and the high-quality gift watermelons have the characteristic of thin skins, particularly the high-quality color pulp small watermelons are only 0.1-0.3mm in thin skins, cracked watermelons are easy to generate in the actual production, the advantages of all aspects of a smoke area are reasonably and fully exerted, the sesame cakes rich in calcium in the smoke area are used for producing the high-quality high-benefit color pulp small watermelons and the high-quality gift small watermelons, more bean cakes are generally used in the production of vegetables, but the content of nutritional ingredients of the bean cakes is lower than that of the sesame cakes for tobacco, so the sesame cakes for tobacco have obvious advantages in the aspect of improving the hardness of the peels of the color pulp small watermelons, and particularly the defect that the peels.
(6) According to the production concept of saving, environmental protection and adopting a simple, environment-friendly, safe, green, labor-saving, time-saving, high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technical method in the production process, the high-quality and high-efficiency production of the idle greenhouse in the tobacco area is realized.
(7) In the production of the spring greenhouse watermelons, the construction conditions of four connected greenhouse facilities in a smoke area are combined, and a proper cultivation technical method is adopted, so that the purpose of producing the green standard spring greenhouse watermelons without pesticides or only by using a green pest control method is achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the watermelon planting situation in a four-connected greenhouse conventional cultivation management method;
FIG. 2 shows the watermelon fruiting situation in the conventional cultivation and management method of the four-connected greenhouse.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of a rainbow melon obtained by the method of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a field representation of a full field climbing mode of cultivation;
fig. 5 is a planting mode of alternate planting of ground climbing and vine hanging.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples. These embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
In the following description and in the claims, the terms "include" and "comprise" are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean "include, but not limited to. The description which follows is a preferred embodiment of the invention, but is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
The invention provides an implementation mode, which comprises the following specific steps:
1. variety selection
Selecting early-maturing, high-quality and high-efficiency colorful watermelon 'rainbow melon treasure' and high-quality gift watermelon 'exquisite melon treasure' and the like.
2. Seed treatment
Soaking seeds in 55 deg.C warm water for 10-15min, soaking in cold water for 24 hr, taking out, draining, and adding 0.1% K2MnO4Soaking in the solution for 10-15min or Na2O2Soaking in the solution for 30min, taking out, cleaning, wrapping with wet gauze, placing at 25-28 deg.C for accelerating germination, and sowing or culturing seedling after 70% of seeds are exposed.
3. Cultivation mode
And selecting seedling culture and planting time according to market demands. Different cultivation modes, it is different to grow seedlings and fix planting, as table 1, according to the production needs, choose to grow seedlings or purchase other seedling field melon seedlings in the tobacco field facility:
4. plot selection
The idle facilities in the tobacco area have various non-tobacco production types, and watermelon, beans, corn, melon and the like are planted. In order to avoid continuous cropping and diseases, the best land is selected from the group consisting of green onions, beans, cruciferous leafy vegetables, garlic and gramineous crops which are not planted with watermelons or previous crops for more than 3 years.
5. Greenhouse disinfection
Firstly, disinfecting the greenhouse by using a fumigant according to a specification to prevent aphids, bemisia tabaci, whiteflies and other gas-borne diseases; tedding for 15-20 days to kill eggs of soil-borne diseases pests; and (5) performing physical high-temperature shed closing, sulfur fumigation, lime nitrogen disinfection and the like for more than 20 days before field planting.
6. Soil preparation and fertilization
According to the fertility of soil in the shed, 100-150kg of sesame cakes for tobacco, 2000-3000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40kg of N, P, K compound fertilizer, 15-20kg of potassium sulfate and 40kg of calcium superphosphate are applied, and chlorine-containing fertilizer is forbidden. The ground is leveled, fine and broken. Adopting single row and single ridge, wherein the ridge height is 20-30cm, the ridge width is 75cm, and the row spacing is 150 cm. And a drip irrigation system is paved on the ridges before field planting. Planting at the beginning of 2 months to 3 months, and covering with a whole film. In the middle and last ten days of 3 months to 4 months, mulching films are covered on the ridges.
7. Simple planting
The average daily temperature in the greenhouse is stabilized to be above 15 ℃, the ground temperature of 10cm is stabilized to be above 13 ℃, and the planting is carried out at the lowest temperature of not less than 5 ℃ in the morning. The distance between watermelon plants is 40-50cm, and the planting density of ground crawl is 1500 plants/667 m2The planting density of the hanging vine is 1800-2200 plants/667 m2(ii) a Can climb in the whole shed or alternatively suspend the tendrils and climb.
8. Temperature management
The key point of greenhouse watermelon cultivation in the protected area is heat preservation and freeze prevention. And (3) after field planting, the greenhouse is heated for 5-7 d, ventilation is not performed generally, the temperature is kept at 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and is kept at about 15 ℃ at night. Ventilating a small amount of air after seedling delaying, and returning seedlings until the temperature of the greenhouse is 22-25 ℃ and the night temperature is more than 12 ℃; from initial blossom to fruit setting at a temperature of about 25 ℃; the temperature of the shed in the fruit setting period is 28-30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature of the shed at night is not lower than 15 ℃. After fruit setting, raising the temperature of the greenhouse to 30-32 ℃, and raising the temperature at night to about 18 ℃; when the fruit grows to 1kg, the temperature difference between day and night is increased.
9. Liquid manure management
After planting and harvesting, 4 water and 3 fertilizers are needed, cold water is heated by sunlight or heat preservation of the greenhouse through a water pool in the greenhouse, and the water is drip-irrigated by warm water. Watering 'planting water' after planting, and watering a little at the early stage; after seedling buffering and before tendril stretching, watering and applying a tendril stretching fertilizer, wherein the distance between the irrigation fertilizer and the melon root is 7-8 cm; controlling water and fertilizer before fruit setting, after melon embryo is stable, 80% of watermelons grow to egg size, watering and applying 20kg/667m of potassium fulvate220kg/667m of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer2(ii) a The melon grows to the size of the bowl mouth, and 20kg/667m of high-potassium fertilizer is applied by flushing2(ii) a The watering principle is that dry water and wet water are seen, only clear water is watered 10-15 days before the mature period, and the spray form of a greenhouse spraying facility is adopted. Puffed melonSpraying foliage fertilizer such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boron fertilizer, Jianzhibao and the like on leaf surfaces, supplementing trace elements such as boron, zinc, calcium and the like, or supplementing a glucose solution with proper concentration. Stopping watering 7-10 days before harvest.
10. Management of field
10.1 pollination
Selecting and reserving the 2 nd female flower of the main vine to sit on the melon, and selling the melon 6-7d earlier than the 3 rd female flower to sit on the melon; no 1 st female flower of the squash was left. Artificial supplementary pollination is carried out at 7:00-10:00 am in sunny days, pollen of male flowers which are opened in the current day is lightly smeared on stigmas of female flowers at the nodes of the cucurbit, and 2 female flowers can be pollinated by 1 male flower without smearing the stigmas. The greenhouse ventilation opening is provided with the insect net, honeybee pollination is suggested, and the commodity of melons is good. 1 hive pollination special bee colony pollinable melon shed 667m2Pollinating for 6-10 days in sunny days; placing 5% of plants in a shed with the temperature of 18-32 ℃, the optimum temperature of 22-28 ℃ and the humidity of 50-80%, in the morning at 8: 00-10: 30, optimal pollination; adding water into the white granulated sugar according to a certain proportion, decocting the white granulated sugar to feed bees, and feeding the beehive with 0.5kg/d of the white granulated sugar; preparing clear water to be placed in a beehive for honey bees to drink, and replacing the clear water at regular intervals; no insecticide is used 10 days before the melon field for bee pollination is opened, otherwise bee pollination is not allowed.
10.2 pruning and retaining melon
Pruning three vines by ground climbing cultivation, wherein the melon vines grow to 30-50cm, and reserving 2 branches of main vines and strong lateral vines; the two vines are planted and trimmed, the vines grow to 50-60cm, the main vines and the lateral vines are reserved, and axillary sprouting branches and buds of the main vines and the reserved lateral vines are timely removed (until the melons are stable in sitting). Selecting and reserving the 2 nd female flower of the main vine or the lateral vine to reserve the cucumber, reserving 2 batches of the cucumber after the 1 st batch of the cucumber is fixed, reserving 10 leaves before the cucumber, and pinching. Hanging the melon when the young fruit grows to 0.3-0.5kg, covering the young melon with a mesh bag, lifting the mesh bag, or tying the fruit handle with a nylon rope, and hanging the fruit handle on an iron wire or a cross rod above the shed. On the day of pollination or when melon and egg size, the hair or nylon grass or grafting clips with different colors are used as marks. After the melon is fixed, turning over the melon 1-2 times. Turning the melons in one direction in the afternoon of a sunny day, and turning the melons out of the sun 1/2 of the sun each time. When the cucumber grows vigorously, the tip of the cucumber should be pinched or the cucumber stem should be pinched flat at a position 20cm away from the front of the cucumber embryo after the cucumber embryo is seated.
11. Pest control
The watermelon planting management in the tobacco zone is strict. Insist on 'prevention is the main, avoids cross infection, green prevention and control, comprehensive prevention and control'. Adjusting variety layout, reasonably rotating and fertilizing, deeply ploughing and cleaning stubble, planting at proper time, pruning and branching to avoid rotating, adjacent or intercropping with the tobacco plant as the host; ecological control, insect pheromone and tobacco use the solar energy insecticidal lamp to trap and kill pests such as prodenia litura, black cutworm, etc.; an insect-proof net is hung at the opening of the shed, and a yellow board and a blue board are hung in the shed to prevent aphids, whiteflies and the like; utilizing natural enemies to prevent and control soil-borne diseases; agricultural prevention and control, low temperature and high humidity and flood irrigation are avoided; the chemical agent can be used for preventing and treating anthracnose and sclerotinia by using amino acid foliar fertilizer and the like; the nematode damage is mainly carried out by soil disinfection treatment.
12. Harvesting
The watermelon ripeness mark is not always accurate in experience judgment according to appearance and hand feeling, but can be used by the first. Preferably, the watermelon quality detection method is adopted, and the judgment is carried out according to the marked pollination date, the maturity date, the accumulated temperature and the like. The harvesting time is 7:00-10:00 is best, the part 5-6cm away from the fruit stem is lightly sheared by scissors, after harvesting, the small-fruit watermelon can be stored in a cold storage of a tobacco area or directly sold according to market demands, and the small-fruit watermelon is preferably sold in a box by adopting a gas column or a bag to prevent cracking, so that the 'rainbow melon treasure' presents colorful flesh at proper temperature and under illumination; the long-distance transportation can also use a special refrigerating and fresh-keeping transportation device.
In order to arrive at the best mode of carrying out the invention, the inventors have conducted the following tests in a specific production practice:
test one:
planting a gift watermelon 'exquisite melon treasure' in a four-connected greenhouse; the comparison was made using conventional management methods and the method of the present invention.
The conventional cultivation management method comprises the following steps: the vine is cultivated by hanging vines, and the plants are planted in single row or wide and narrow row, the row spacing of the single row planting is 1.5m, the plant spacing is 50-60cm, the width of the wide and narrow row planting ridge is 50-60cm, the plant spacing is 50-60cm, and the row spacing is 1.8 m; the cultivation density is 1800-2200 strains/667 m2One melon is kept for one strain, and only one batch of melon is kept for the other strain by using a chemical fertilizer or common farmyard manure or cake fertilizer. Theoretical calculations should yield: the quantity of the produced melons is 1800-2200, and the average weight of a single melon is 3-4 jin; the quality of the second batch of melons is poorer than that of the first batch of melons(according to the conventional watermelon cultivation greenhouse).
However, in practice, due to the four-connected greenhouse, the vine hanging cultivation density is high, the plant growth vigor is compact, the temperature and humidity regulation in the greenhouse is not easy to regulate, diseases are easy to occur, and the yield of the watermelon gift is reduced or even the watermelon gift is completely harvested. The expected result is greatly different from the actual production, and the expected result cannot be achieved in most cases, as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2.
The invention adopts full-climbing cultivation (see figure 4) or alternate planting of ground climbing and vine hanging (see figure 5): the method comprises the following specific steps:
planting in a creeping mode, wherein the row spacing is 1.5m, and the plant spacing is 40-50 cm; alternate cultivation of ground climbing and vine hanging: the creeping distance of the land is 1.5m, the plant spacing is 40-50cm, the vine is hung and cultivated, the row spacing is 1.5cm, the plant spacing is 50-60 cm;
the field planting density of the ground crawl is 1000-1500 plants/667 m2The planting density of the vine hanging cultivation is 1500-2200 plants/667 m2(ii) a Pruning three vines in ground climbing culture, reserving one vine of melon, reserving the second and third female flowers of the first vine of melon at the same time, or reserving 1 melon in each of the main vine and the lateral vines, wherein the weight of each single melon in ground climbing culture can be 2-2.5kg, and 2000-3000 melons can be produced per 667m2(ii) a The vine-hanging cultivation and ground climbing alternate cultivation (see figure 4), and the quantity of produced melons is 1750-3750 melons/667 m2. Through years of cultivation experiments, the quality of the obtained melon is good, the melon is in accordance with green food standards according to the conditions of the plot, the melon is very suitable for the structural characteristics of the quadruple-connected greenhouse, diseases are not easy to occur compared with the conventional greenhouse, common diseases and insect pests, such as anthracnose, damping off, black shank, virus diseases, bacterial wilt, powdery mildew and root knot nematode, are hardly caused, and no pesticide is used in the planting process. After the watermelon of the invention is detected by agricultural rural agricultural product quality supervision, inspection and test center (Zhengzhou), the detection report is 'the censored sample', which conforms to NY/T427-2016<Watermelon and melon as green food>The regulation of (1) ".
Experiment two, comparison of different fertilizers
In the production practice, the inventor respectively adopts (1) the sesame cake fertilizer special for tobacco rich in calcium, which is produced by Henan Longtai Fertilizer industry Co., Ltd, wherein N-P2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent; (2) pure sesame cake microorganismThe special compound fertilizer for tobacco comprises the following raw materials: 38-42% of sesame cake, 38-42% of nitrogen phosphorus potassium and 1.8-2.2% of medium trace elements; the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent; the total number of the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus licheniformis is not less than 0.5 hundred million/g; (3) the sesame cake fertilizer special for tobacco is prepared by crushing tobacco stems and sesame cakes and then performing composting fermentation (wherein the mass ratio of the tobacco stems to the sesame cakes is 1: 1); (4) other sesame cake fertilizers available in the market.
Except for the difference of the sesame cakes, other fertilizers are the same, and the cultivation management modes are the same, and comparison shows that the yield and the quality of watermelons planted by the fertilizers (1) to (3) are higher than those of watermelons planted by the fertilizers (4), wherein the watermelons are easy to crack, the yield is the highest, the sweetness is the largest, the flesh is beautiful in color, the taste is the best, and particularly the problem that the watermelons are easy to crack is solved by the fertilizers (4).
Third test, Effect of Cold and Warm Water watering on watermelon growth
The watermelon likes warm and dry climate and is not cold-resistant, the optimal temperature for growth and development is 24-30 ℃, the optimal temperature for root system growth and development is 30-32 ℃, and the lowest temperature for root hair generation is 14 ℃; the proper germination temperature of the common watermelon seeds is 25-30 ℃, and the germination is slow and the seeds are easy to rot when the temperature is 15 ℃; the damage to seeds is easily caused at 35 ℃; the seeds absorb water faster under the environment condition of 25-30 ℃. When the four-connected-body greenhouse is used for cultivating the gift watermelons in winter and early spring protected areas, if deep well water is used for direct irrigation, the temperature of the deep well water is below 24 ℃, and if the temperature of the deep well water is 4-10 ℃, 18-20 ℃ or 23-24 ℃ in early spring, the early spring low temperature stress on the growth of the watermelons is easy to occur, so that the growth and development of the watermelons are influenced; the optimum temperature for root growth and development is 30-32 ℃, a low-temperature environment is easily produced for watermelons, and low-temperature stress is generated, and the low-temperature environment is a main obstacle factor for the watermelon cultivation in a protected area in early spring to influence the normal growth and development of seedlings, obtain high yield and stable yield, and seriously influence the early spring growth and development of the watermelons. The growth quantity of roots closely relates to the temperature, the growth quantity is about 1/50 of the optimal temperature when the temperature is 12-13 ℃, when the temperature is lower than 13 ℃, the root system stops growing, the plant growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis and the like are not facilitated, the optimal temperature for the growth of stems and leaves in the daytime is 25-30 ℃, the temperature at night is 16-20 ℃, the lower limit is 9 ℃, the temperature is too low, and irregular emergence, slow germination and rotten seeds of seeds are easy to occur when the stems and leaves are directly sowed; the seedlings are yellow and dwarf, and the plants grow slowly and stop; the lower day temperature of 23-24 ℃ is preferably used in the early development stage of the fruit, the ideal day temperature of the fruit expansion stage is 30-32 ℃, the night temperature is 18 ℃ and the day and night temperature difference is 10-15 ℃.
The direct temperature of well water in Xichang Xiangcheng county is generally 18-20 ℃ in winter; the well water temperature is generally 23-24 ℃ in early spring. In the original cultivation practice, the inventor directly irrigates the watermelon by using external well water, and as a result, the watermelon grows slowly, fruits are not ideal to swell, and the fruit shape is poor, so that the sale quality of the watermelon is influenced. Later, the inventor finds that a vacant pool is arranged in the four-connected greenhouse of the smoke area according to the growth characteristics of watermelons, if water is introduced into the pool in advance, the temperature of the water is increased and then irrigation is carried out, and the existing situation is changed, so that the inventor compares the water with the vacant pool in the four-connected greenhouse of the smoke area, and the water temperature is increased to 28-30 ℃ by a high-temperature greenhouse closing and sun drying method, and then irrigation is carried out, so that the problems of slow watermelon development, large and unsatisfactory fruits, poor fruit shape and the like in direct irrigation can be effectively solved, the watermelon produced by the method is good in shape, high in quality, sweet in taste, and capable of effectively improving the variety of the watermelon, and further the income is improved.
Although the invention has been described in detail above with reference to a general description and specific examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (7)
1. The watermelon cultivation and management method suitable for the four-connected greenhouse in the smoke area is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) variety selection: selecting early-maturing and high-quality colored pulp small watermelons and high-quality gift small watermelons;
(2) selecting land parcels: selecting a land where the watermelon or previous crop which is not planted for more than 3 years is selected as a green onion, a bean, a cruciferous leaf vegetable, a garlic and a gramineous crop for planting;
(3) land preparation and fertilization: applying 2000-3000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 100-150kg of sesame cake, 40kg of N, P, K compound fertilizer, 15-20kg of potassium sulfate and 40kg of calcium superphosphate according to the fertility of soil in the shed, wherein chlorine-containing fertilizer is forbidden; leveling, thinning and crushing the land; adopting a single row and a single ridge, wherein the height of the ridge is 20-30cm, the width of the ridge is 75cm, and the row spacing is 150 cm; a drip irrigation system is laid on the ridges before field planting; 2, planting at the bottom of the month to the beginning of 3 months, and covering with a whole film; in the middle and last ten days of 3 months to 4 months, mulching films are covered on ridges;
(4) planting in a full-shed ground climbing mode or alternately planting by hanging tendrils and the ground climbing mode: climbing all the land for planting: row spacing of 1.5m, plant spacing of 40-50cm, and planting density of 1000-1500 plants/667 m2(ii) a Alternate cultivation of ground climbing and vine hanging: the creeping distance of the ground is 1.5m, the plant distance is 40-50cm, and the planting density of the creeping field is 1000-1500 plants/667 m2The planting density of the vine hanging cultivation is 1500-2200 plants/667 m2；
(5) Temperature control: 5-7 d after field planting, cooling the greenhouse, keeping the temperature of 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and 15 +/-2 ℃ at night without ventilation; ventilating a small amount of air after the seedlings are revived, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 22-25 ℃ when the seedlings are returned to the vine extending stage and keeping the temperature at night above 12 ℃; from initial blossom to fruit setting, the temperature is about 25 plus or minus 2 ℃; the temperature of the shed is 28-30 ℃ in the daytime and is not lower than 15 ℃ at night in the fruit setting period; raising the temperature of the greenhouse to 30-32 ℃ after fruit setting, and raising the temperature to 18 +/-2 ℃ at night; when the fruit grows to 1kg, increasing the temperature difference between day and night, wherein the temperature difference between day and night is 10-15 ℃;
(6) pruning and keeping the melons: the ground climbing cultivation adopts three vines for pruning, the melon vines grow to 30-50cm, and 2 main vines and strong lateral vines are left; branch pruning is carried out on double vines in the vine hanging cultivation mode, the vines grow to 50-60cm, the main vines and the lateral vines are reserved, and axillary sprouting branches and buds of the main vines and the reserved lateral vines are timely removed; selecting and reserving the 2 nd female flower of the main vine or the lateral vine to reserve the melon, reserving 2 batches of melons after the 1 st batch of melons are fixed, and reserving 10 leaves before the melons and pinching the tips; hanging the melon when the young fruit grows to 0.3-0.5kg, covering the young melon with a mesh bag, hanging the mesh bag, or tying a fruit handle with a nylon rope, and hanging an iron wire or a cross bar above the shed; on the day of pollination or when melon and egg size, using different color wool or nylon grass or different color grafting clips as marks; turning over the melons for 1-2 times after the melons are quantified; turning the melons in one direction in the afternoon of a sunny day, and turning out 1/2 of the sun surface every time; when the cucumber grows vigorously, the tip of the cucumber should be pinched or the cucumber stem should be pinched flat at a position 20cm away from the front of the cucumber embryo after the cucumber embryo is seated.
2. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein before planting, the seeds are soaked in warm water at 55 ℃ for 10-15min, then soaked in cold water for 24h, taken out, drained, and added with 0.1% K2MnO4Soaking in the solution for 10-15min or Na2O2Soaking in the solution for 30min, taking out, cleaning, wrapping with wet gauze, placing at 25-28 deg.C for accelerating germination, and sowing or culturing seedling after 70% of seeds are exposed.
3. The cultivation management method according to claim 2, wherein different seedling raising times and planting times are selected according to different cultivation modes, and specifically the following are selected:
(1) a greenhouse three-film one-mat cultivation mode: the seedling growing time is 1 month, and the planting time is from the bottom of 2 months to march;
(2) greenhouse + small arched shed cultivation mode: the seedling culture time is in the middle and upper ten days of 2 months, and the planting time is in the middle and lower ten days of 3 months;
(3) greenhouse + plastic mulching cultivation mode: the seedling growing time is from the middle and the upper ten days of 2 months, and the planting time is from the middle and the lower ten days of 3 months to the beginning of 4 months.
4. The cultivation management method according to claim 1, wherein the greenhouse is sterilized before planting: disinfecting by adopting a fumigant according to the instructions to prevent aphids, bemisia tabaci and whitefly diseases; tedding for 15-20 days to kill eggs of soil-borne diseases pests; physical high-temperature shed closing, sulfur fumigation and lime nitrogen disinfection are adopted for more than 20 days before field planting.
5. The cultivation management method according to claim 1, further comprising water and fertilizer management, specifically as follows: after planting and harvesting, the '4 water and 3 fertilizer' is needed, firstly, external cold water is introduced into a water pool in a greenhouse, the water is heated through sunlight or greenhouse heat preservation, and then, drip irrigation is carried out through warm water; watering 'planting water' after planting, and watering a little at the early stage; after seedling buffering and before tendril stretching, watering and applying a tendril stretching fertilizer, wherein the distance between the irrigation fertilizer and the melon root is 7-8 cm; controlling water and fertilizer before fruit setting and melon embryo settingAfter the watermelon grows to egg size, 80 percent of watermelons grow to be combined with watering and applying 20kg/667m of potassium fulvate220kg/667m of high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer2(ii) a The melon grows to the size of the bowl mouth, and 20kg/667m of high-potassium fertilizer is applied by flushing2(ii) a The watering principle is that dry water and wet water are seen, and clear water is not seen; only pouring clear water 10-15 days before the ripeness in a spraying mode; spraying monopotassium phosphate, boron fertilizer and Jianzhibao foliar fertilizer on the leaf surface in the expanding period, and supplementing trace elements such as boron, zinc and calcium or supplementing a glucose solution; stopping watering 7-10 days before harvest.
6. The cultivation and management method according to claim 1, wherein the sesame cake is a sesame cake fertilizer for tobacco rich in calcium, wherein N-P is2O5-K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent.
7. The cultivation and management method according to claim 7, wherein the sesame cake is a pure sesame cake microbial tobacco special compound fertilizer, and the raw materials of the compound fertilizer comprise: 38-42% of sesame cake, 38-42% of nitrogen phosphorus potassium and 1.8-2.2% of medium trace elements; the water content is less than or equal to 10 percent; the total number of the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus licheniformis is not less than 0.5 hundred million/g; or applying the sesame cake fertilizer special for tobacco, which is prepared by crushing tobacco stems and sesame cakes and then composting and fermenting.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114026988A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2022-02-11 | 河南省烟草公司许昌市公司 | Treatment method for baking vegetable seeds by using idle curing barn in tobacco area |
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