RU2351118C1 - Method of growing grape plantations - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: present invention pertains to agriculture, particularly to viticulture and can be used in viticultural engineering. The method involves row planting shrubs with 2.0-4.0 m between rows and 1.0-2.5 m between shrubs in a row. The shrubs are in two layers and are put into the row in turns. One is left uncovered in winter on a vertical stem with height 80-130 cm on the type of one-sided horizontal cordon with fruit branches and rejuvenation twigs at the base of the stem. The next shrub is in form of a covering horizontal twisted cordon near the ground at height 45-50 cm from the surface of the soil with a twisted slanting stem, directed in the opposite direction of the non-covering high-stem cordon. The slanting stem is put on the bottom removable crop wire, which lies under the soil surface, aligned to the row together with the twisted cordon for covering the shrubs with an earth mound.

EFFECT: invention provides for high yields every year, reduces labour input when putting supports, covers during winter and uncovering the shrubs during spring.

2 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to viticulture, and can be used in industrial technology for the cultivation of grapes.

There is a method of maintaining grape bushes for the zone of uncultivated viticulture, which is a one-sided horizontal stepped cordon Cazenava, whose constant branches (shtamb, shoulders) are conducted through the bush at different heights, including along the first trellis wire at a height of 60-70 cm from the soil surface and according to the third - at a height of about 130 cm, the length of each cordon shoulder is 20-30 cm longer than twice the distance between the bushes in rows (Encyclopedia of Viticulture, Chisinau, 1986, v. 1, p.327-328) - analogue.

With this method of maintaining bushes, the negative effect of polarity on the development of the lower tier does not appear in comparison with bushes, where two or more tiers are formed directly on one trunk. This form is combined with vertical high trellises and is recommended for strong-growing varieties in conditions of rich soils with high moisture supply.

However, this system is acceptable only for the zone of non-covering culture of grape cultivation. In addition, placing the shoulders of the cordon with fruit links in the same plane of the trellis in two tiers contributes to excessive thickening of the shoots, which will lead to insufficient aeration and illumination and, as a result, to damage by fungal diseases and a decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis due to shading.

The most common method of maintaining bushes for the semi-sheltering viticulture zone is known, including the upper tier for winter covered by the type of high-stamped (100-120 cm) horizontal cordon with fruit units and the lower one consisting of one or two fruit units with long fruit arrows directed along the row line respectively, in one or in opposite directions from the base of the stem, which is covered for the winter (Maltabar L.M., Radzhabov AJC, Zhdamarova AG. Pruning, formation and management systems of vine bushes. Red Odar, 1997, p. 72-73) - prototype.

With this method of maintaining bushes, in the case of death from frost of the upper uncovered tier, long fruit arrows of the lower tier are used to quickly restore the dead aboveground parts of the bush. In addition, the sheltered part of the crown of the lower tier of the bush guarantees a small yield of grapes.

However, in order to shelter the crown of the lower tier of the bush, the sleeves with fruit links must be manually laid and pinned to the ground, after which it is mechanized to soil the soil, which creates certain difficulties. The presence of two tiers of the crown of the bush leads to a negative effect of polarity on the development of the lower tier. In addition, maintaining bushes with two tiers leads to thickening of shoots in the trellis plane and, as a result, to poor lighting, aeration, photosynthesis and the development of diseases and pests. Therefore, this method is not implemented in the practice of viticulture.

The technical solution to the problem is to obtain annually high yields, reduce the complexity when installing supports, shelters for the winter, opening bushes in the spring.

The problem is achieved in that in the method of maintaining vine plantations, including an ordinary planting with a arrangement of bushes from 2.0 to 4.0 m between rows and from 1.0 to 2.5 m between bushes in a row, according to the invention, the management of bushes in row, the formation of bushes in two tiers, according to the invention, the bushes in a row are carried out alternately, one without shelter for the winter on a vertical stem 80-130 cm high as a one-sided horizontal cordon with fruit links and rejuvenation knots at the base of the stem, the next bush is in vi of a horizontal horizontal surface curled cordon at a height of 45-50 cm from the soil surface with a curved oblique stem directed in the opposite direction from a non-covered high-stamp cordon on a lower removable trellis wire with its placement on the soil surface in the alignment along with a coiled cordon to cover earthen bushes shaft.

The authors and the applicant see novelty in the creation of alternately non-covering and covering forms of bushes. In case of damage by uncovered bushes at low temperatures or when the whole aerial part dies to the point of earthing up the lower part of the stem, a high cluster yield will be obtained from the covered bush, and the aerial part of the uncovered bush will be restored due to shoots that have developed from the eyes of restoration knots or from sleeping buds located at the base of the sheltered part of the stem. In case of conservation of bushes not sheltered for the winter, a full crop will be obtained from sheltered and uncovered bushes.

The positive effect is that in the event of damage by uncovered bushes by low negative temperatures, it becomes possible to obtain a full and high yield from covered bushes with the quick restoration of damaged open bushes, in the simplicity of complete shelter of bushes for the winter and hilling of the lower part of the trunk in bushes that do not take shelter elimination of thickened bushes in the trellis plane, better illumination of the leaf surface, reduction of the likelihood of disease and pest damage, with regular high FIR and quality crops and high profitability of Grape plants growing in areas poluukryvnoy vine culture, a decrease in the need for twice supporting pillars.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where figure 1 - the proposed method of maintaining grape plantations.

A - high-stemmed single-arm horizontal cordon with six fruit units and knots of recovery at the base of the stem:

1 - vertical shaft with a height of 120 cm; 2 - one-shoulder horizontal cordon; 3 - fruit link; 4 - recovery knot.

B - horizontal covering surface surface twisted cordon with a twisted inclined stem:

5 - covering horizontal surface surface twisted cordon; 6 - one-two-eyed knots;

7 - twisted inclined shtamb; 8 - lower tier wire trellis; 9 - stand-by stake; 10 - second tier trellis of two parallel wires; 11 - the third tier of the trellis. 12 - the fourth tier of trellis from two parallel wires.

Example. The test of the proposed method of cultivation of vineyards was carried out in the educational experimental farm "Kuban" of the Kuban State Agrarian University on 150 bushes of the Bianka variety. As a control, a method for forming grape bushes according to the prototype on 150 bushes of the same variety was tested. The scheme of planting bushes according to the proposed technology and in the control is 3 × 2 m.

According to the proposed method, the bushes in a row were carried out alternately (Fig. 1) - one without shelter for the winter (A) on a vertical trunk 120 cm high (1) as a one-armed horizontal cordon (2) with six to seven fruit units (3) and knots of restoration at the base of the stem (4), followed by a bush (B) - in the form of a covering horizontal surface surface twisted cordon (5); one-two-eyed knots (6) at a height of 50 cm from the surface of the soil with a twisted inclined stem (7), which was directed in the opposite direction from the uncovered cordon.

By the beginning of the second growing season, a vertical trellis with four tiers of wires was installed on the plot. The lower tier of the trellis wire was hung at a height of 50 cm from the soil surface (8) on the hooks of the stakes that were installed at each high-stem bush (9). The second tier of two parallel wires was located at a height of 80 cm (10). The third tier was used to attach the shoulders of the cordon (11) at a height of 120 cm, and the fourth tier of two wires was located at a height of 160-165 cm (12).

The formation of non-covering bushes according to the proposed method (high-punched unilateral horizontal cordon) was carried out as follows.

During the second vegetation, two shoots were left on the bushes, one of which is for the formation of the stem, the second is reserve. The shoots, as they grew, were tied to a standard stake.

In the spring of the third year of vegetation, the most developed shoot was cut to the required height of the stem, and the reserve shoot was cut off at the base of the stem, leaving a knot of restoration for two eyes at the base of the stem. With a debris on the stem, all developed shoots, except the upper one, were removed to form a shoulder and one or two shoots that developed on the recovery knot. The shoots intended for forming the cordon shoulders were tied horizontally to the wire of the third tier of the trellis as they grew, and when they reached the required length, they were pinched to accelerate the formation of fruit links from stepson shoots. By the beginning of the fourth vegetation, the formation of bushes in the experimental version as a high-stanch single-armed horizontal cordon was completed. On the shoulders of the cordon, 6-7 fruit units were formed from ripened stepsons, and the bushes entered the period of complete fruiting. Subsequently, the annual growth of shoots was placed between the wires of the fourth tier of the trellis, with their subsequent free hanging.

At the same time, the formation of covering bushes in the same rows was carried out according to the proposed method (surface horizontal twisted cordon with a twisted inclined stem). At the beginning of the second vegetation, after buds were opened from the base of the bush, three shoots were left at the soil surface. Their pruning was carried out in the spring before the start of the third growing season, two of which were slightly longer than the distance between the bushes in a row, and the third was 2 eyes long for the recovery knot.

Immediately after trimming, the shoots were woven into a single twisted stump in the form of a braid and fixed its upper end to the wire of the lower tier of the trellis at an angle of no more than 45 °. During the third growing season, three shoots were left in the upper part of the twisted stem. At the end of the third growing season, two well-developed shoots formed a twisted shoulder of the cordon in the form of a braid and secured it in the opposite direction from the uncovered cordon in the horizontal direction to the lower trellis wire, creating a cordon in length in a row up to the bush of the uncovered bush.

The annual growth of the shoots was placed vertically, by winding them between the wires of the second, third and fourth tiers of the trellis. After the fourth and fifth and subsequent vegetations, one- and two-eyed knots were left on the twisted shoulders of the surface cordon during pruning so that the load on the running meter of the cordon for technical varieties was 15-20 shoots, and for dining 12-15. In the fall, after pruning, to shelter the bushes, the lower tier wire was removed from the hooks of the pillars. After such an operation, the bushes, along with the wire, were placed on the soil surface in the alignment of the row, and when plowing, they “broke” with a shaft of land. At the same time, the lower part of the stem hovered along with the rejuvenation knots in the bushes, which did not take shelter for the winter. The opening of the bushes in the spring from the earthen rampart was carried out in the usual way - by plowing off part of the earthen rampart in the middle of the row-spacing, followed by air blowing off of the earth.

Then, after the trellis was repaired, the lower tier of the wire, together with the covering bushes, was lifted from the soil surface and hung on the hooks of the trellis posts, followed by a stretch of the wire with a winch. At the same time, the wire was pulled up and the upper tiers.

As a prototype, a combined high-stem form of the bush was tested - a double-sided cordon with a surface covering layer in the form of a one-sided inclined Guillot (Fig. 2). It included a shtamb 120 cm high (1), a two-armed cordon (2) with 8 fruit units (3) and a surface covering link (4) formed at the base of the bush and consisting of a horn, fruit arrow and a knot of substitution.

In the first year after planting seedlings on the bush, 2-3 shoots developed. In the second year, 1-2 knots with 2 eyes were left on the bush during pruning and 2-3 shoots were grown. As the shoot grew, they were tied vertically to the ram stakes, of which one of them was reserve, and the second was designed to form the stem. The shoulders of the cordon for the third year were created from shoots that developed from the upper part of the stem. On the shoulders of the cordon in the third and fourth year, fruit links were created.

Of the shoots that developed on a knot located at the base of the stem, the lower one was cut into a knot, and the upper into a fruit arrow up to 10 eyes long. The fruit arrow of the surface link was tied horizontally to a wire located at a height of 30-35 cm from the soil surface. Before shelter, the surface link was freed from the trellis, bent to the ground and covered with a plow when plowing, “broke up”.

The fruit-bearing shooters of the surface link annually were removed and in their place formed new ones from shoots that developed on the substitution knot.

Green shoots, developed on the fruit arrow and the knot of substitution, wound between two parallel wires of the second tier of the trellis. The formation of surface links began in the third year.

With a good wintering of the non-covering part (upper tier), a fruit arrow was left on the surface link and its substitution knot was lower. In the case of significant damage to the eyes on the upper tier, the load of the bushes was increased by lengthening the fruit arrow of the lower tier or by creating a reinforced fruit link. The effectiveness of the proposed method for maintaining vine plantations was assessed by comparing the productivity indicators of the bushes with the prototype (see table).

The table shows that the load on the bush by shoots was higher with the proposed method due to the more powerful development of a covering twisted cordon. In the prototype, the surface fruit link had a significantly lower burden of shoots.

The influence of the methods of maintaining grape plantations of the Bianca variety on the productivity of grape bushes (on average for three years). Indicators Combined standard form (prototype) Suggested Management Method The load on the bush, shoots 45 58 Fruitful shoots,% 88 86 The average mass of the bunch, g 117 126 Harvest from the bush, kg 5.8 7.1 Productivity, t / ha 127.6 156.2

Therefore, with the proposed method of maintaining grape bushes, the yield of Bianca grapes from the bush and in terms of hectare was significantly higher compared to the prototype.

Claims (1)

A method of maintaining vine plantations, including an ordinary planting with a arrangement of bushes from 2.0 to 4.0 m between rows and from 1.0 to 2.5 m between bushes in a row, the formation of bushes in two tiers, characterized in that the bushes in a row, they are carried out alternately, one without shelter for the winter, on a vertical stem 80-130 cm high as a one-sided horizontal cordon with fruit links and rejuvenation knots at the base of the stem, the next bush after it - in the form of a horizontal covering surface twisted cordon at a height of 45-50 cm from the surface ochvy withwound inclined boles directed in the opposite direction from neukryvnyh vysokoshtambovogo cordon and placed on a removable bottom trellis wire with placing it over the soil surface in alignment with a number of twisted cordon for sheltering bushes earthwork.

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