RU2347358C2 - Method of forming, pruning and maintenance of grape vine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in row planting, raising of slanting cordon with grape links, and in vertical raising of green growth on trellis in several tiers. At the end of the second year of vegetation extra sprouts on the head of the vine bush at soil surface are cut off except two strongest. The strong sprouts are pruned before beginning of the third vegetation at length exceeding the space between vine bushes in a row and are pleated into an integrated twisted stem in form of a plate. The plate is fastened with its upper end to the lower tier of the trellis at the angle of not less, than 45°. At the upper part of the twisted stem two or three sprouts are left with incline into direction of the slanting stem. To form a twisted shoulder of the cordon in form of a plate out of two-three well developed sprouts this shoulder is secured in horizontal position to the lower tier of the trellis thus creating a continuous trellis in a row. One or two eye twigs are left in each knot on twisted shoulders of the cordon during manual or mechanised pruning. Sprouts produced by twigs in spring are broken off with leaving 15-20 sprouts for an industrial variety and 12-15 sprouts for a table variety per running meter of the trellis. Growths of sprouts are arranged vertically between parallel wires of the second and the third tier of the trellis. After pruning for covering vine bush for winter the lower tier is taken off hooks of intermediate trellis posts. Further vine bushes together with wire are placed on ground surface in a section line of the row and earthed up with a bank covering slanted stems, cordons and twigs. In spring vines are uncovered. After uncovering the lower tier of the wire together with vine bushes are lifted from the ground surface and are hanged on hooks at the height of 45-50 cm to the intermediate trellis posts with following stretching of wire with a winch.

EFFECT: reduced labour intensiveness at cultivating vineyards in zones of covered vine-growing; increased efficiency and profitability.

1 ex, 1 tbl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to viticulture, and can be used in industrial technology for the cultivation of this crop.

There is a method of maintaining, forming and pruning grape bushes in the shelter viticulture zone as a horizontal one- and two-shouldered surface cordon, including row planting of bushes, the creation of two oppositely directed rows of surface cordon shoulders at a height of 10-15 cm from the soil surface, the formation of of them constant horns with fruit links, a short pruning of fruit arrows, sheltering bushes for the winter by earthing up with an earthen rampart, spring opening of bushes by plowing the covering tree ramp with subsequent blowing it with a pneumatic unit (Encyclopedia of Viticulture. - Chisinau, 1986, v.1, p.327) - analogue.

This method is used mainly on the mother plants of scioned vines of intensive type for growing high-quality cuttings. However, for the production of grapes, this technology of cultivating vineyards is not acceptable, since the clusters are located very close to the soil surface, which leads to rotting of the berries.

There is a method of forming, pruning and maintaining grape bushes in the cover vineyard by the oblique cordon method (according to A.S. Merzhanian), including row planting of bushes, the formation of a strong annual shoot at the base of the bush to create an inclined shoulder (oblique cordon) from it 45 °, pruning an oblique cordon to a length up to the middle of the gap between the base and the lower horn of a neighboring bush, forming horns on it at a distance of 15-20 cm from each other (Merzhanian A.S. Viticulture. - M.: Selkhozgiz, - 1939. - p. 283-284) - prototype.

The oblique cordon did not receive distribution, since over time, as it thickens, its flexibility decreases sharply, and it creates great difficulties when manually placing the cordon on the soil surface to shelter it for the winter.

The technical solution to the problem is to reduce the complexity of cultivating vineyards in shelter-growing zones, increase their productivity and profitability, ease of pruning, sheltering bushes for the winter and eliminating work on their “dry” garter after spring opening.

This object is achieved by the fact that in the method of forming, pruning and maintaining grape bushes, including row planting, breeding oblique cordon with fruit links, vertical management of green growth on a trellis in several tiers, according to the invention, the lower tier trellis is hung on hooks to intermediate posts on 45-50 cm high, so that when removed from the hooks, it can freely be placed on the soil surface in the alignment of the row together with an inclined stem and cordon to cover the bushes with an earthen rampart, then on the head of the bush excess shoots are removed near the soil surface, leaving two strong ones that are cut off before the start of the third vegetation by a length exceeding the distance between the bushes in a row, they are woven into a single twisted stump in the form of a braid, fastened with their upper end to the lower tier of the trellis at an angle of at least 45 ° , then two or three shoots are left in the upper part of the twisted stem at an angle to the side of the oblique stem, and from two or three well-developed shoots they form a twisted cord cord in the form of a braid, securing it horizontally to the lower tier of the trellis, creating in a row a burst cordon, on the twisted shoulders of the cordon, with manual or mechanized pruning, leave one and two-eyed knots on each node, which in the spring produce shoots and, when broken, leave 15-20 for technical grades, and 12-15 shoots for table varieties per meter of cordon , the growth of shoots is brought vertically between parallel wires of the second and third tiers of the trellis, after trimming to cover the bushes for the winter, the lower tier is removed from the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts and the bushes together with the wire are laid on the soil surface in st and they sprinkle with a shaft of earth, covering its branches, cordons and knots, and in the spring they open the bushes, after which the lower tier of the wire together with the bushes is lifted from the soil surface and again hung on the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts with the subsequent wire stretching with a winch.

With the proposed technology, grape bushes finish forming in the fourth year of vegetation and they enter full fruiting.

The authors and the applicant see the novelty in the creation of an inclined twisted stub on the bushes with a twisted horizontal cordon placed constantly on a removable wire of the lower tier of the trellis. The lower wire is freely placed on the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts, when removed from them, together with the bushes fixed on it, they are laid on the soil surface in the alignment of a row of vineyards and, with the help of mechanization, they completely cover the bushes with a shaft of earth.

The positive effect consists in the accelerated formation of bushes and the accumulation of perennial wood due to twisted booms and twisted cordons, in the simplicity of trimming the bushes both manually and mechanically in the form of a haircut, in the simplicity of sheltering the bushes for the winter by simple hilling without a vine-laying machine, in increasing the profitability of cultivation grape plantations in the shelter zone.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1. Formation and fastening of an inclined twisted stem on a removable wire of the lower tier of a vertical trellis.

Figure 2. Formation and fastening of a horizontal twisted cordon.

Figure 3. Placing the annual growth of shoots on the twisted shelter cordon KubGAU.

Figure 4. The position of the bush in the alignment of the row before shelter after removing it from the hooks with the wire.

Example. Testing of the proposed method of cultivating vineyards was carried out in the educational-experimental farm "Kuban" of the Kuban State Agrarian University on 100 bushes of Bianka variety. As a control, we tested a method for the formation and maintenance of grape bushes according to the prototype on 100 bushes of the same variety. The scheme of planting bushes according to the proposed technology and in the control of 3 × 2 m.

With the proposed method of conducting bushes to the beginning of the second growing season, a vertical trellis with four tiers of wires was installed. The lower tier of the trellis wire was hung on hooks to the intermediate posts in such a way that the wire, when removed from the hooks, freely lay on the soil surface in the alignment of the row together with the stem and cordon to cover the bushes with an earthen rampart for winter. At the beginning of the second vegetation, after buds were opened from the base of the bush, two shoots were left at the soil surface, the remaining shoots were removed. Their pruning was carried out in the spring before the start of the third vegetation by a length slightly exceeding the distance between the bushes in the row. Immediately after trimming, the shoots were woven into a single twisted shaft in the form of a braid and fixed with its upper end in the wire of the lower tier of the trellis at an angle of at least 45 ° (Fig. 1). During the third growing season, three shoots were left in the upper part of the twisted stem. At the end of the third vegetation (after falling leaves), two well-developed shoots formed a twisted cord cord in the form of a braid and secured it in a horizontal position to the lower trellis wire, creating a continuous cordon in a row (Fig. 2). The annual growth of shoots was placed vertically, by winding between the wires of their second, third and fourth tiers of trellis (figure 3). After the fourth and fifth vegetations, one- and two-eyed knots were left on the twisted shoulders of the cordon during pruning so that the load on the running meter of the cordon for technical varieties was 15-20 shoots, and for canteens 12-15. In the autumn, after trimming, to cover the bushes, the lower tier wire was removed from the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts. After such an operation, the bushes along with the wire are laid on the soil surface in the alignment of the row (Fig. 4), and when plowing in the “camber”, they are covered with a shaft of earth. The opening of the bushes in the spring from the earthen rampart was carried out in the usual way - by plowing part of the earthen rampart into the middle of the row-spacing with the subsequent release of the bushes from the soil by the pneumatic unit. Then, after the trellis was repaired, the lower tier of the wire, together with the bushes, was lifted from the soil surface and hung on the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts, followed by a wire tension by a winch.

In the control, pruning and formation of vine bushes was carried out according to the technology adopted as a prototype.

During the second vegetation, a rather long shoot was formed on the head of the bush from the side of the future slope of the oblique cordon. After the growing season, this shoot was cut off by about half the entire length of the future shoulder of the cordon, with pruning performed above the eye located on the underside of the shoot. All other shoots have been removed. During the third vegetation, above the stem (40 cm from the base), 2-3 horns were formed from the developed shoots by trimming the shoots for 2-3 eyes. At the same time, from the extreme shoot that grew from the lower eye on the shoulder, a continuation of the inclined shoulder to the wire was created and cut off above the place between the base and the lower horn of the neighboring bush. In the fourth vegetation, from the shoots that grew on the horns of the shoulder extension of the cordon, all other horns were formed by trimming the corresponding shoots for 2-3 eyes. In this growing season, fruit links were formed from the developed shoots on the horns of the lower (last year) part of the shoulder. In the fifth vegetation, fruit links were also formed from shoots grown on shoulder extension horns.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method was carried out by comparing the productivity indicators of the bushes with the prototype.

Table
The influence of the methods of forming, pruning and maintaining grape bushes of the Bianca variety on the productivity of the vineyard (on average for three years). Indicators Oblique cordon according to Merzhanian A.S. (prototype) Proposed (covering twisted cordon KubGAU) The load on the bush, shoots 40 40 Fruitful shoots,% 80 84 The mass of the bunch, g 121 132 Harvest from the bush, kg 5.1 6.2 Productivity, t / ha 85,2 103,4

The table shows that with the same load on the bush shoots on average for three years, all indicators characterizing the fruiting of the bushes were higher by the proposed method.

Claims (1)

The method of forming, pruning and maintaining grape bushes, including row planting, breeding oblique cordon with fruit links, vertical management of green growth on a trellis in several tiers, characterized in that at the beginning of the second year of vegetation on the head of the bush at the soil surface remove excess shoots with leaving two strong ones, which are cut off before the start of the third vegetation by a length exceeding the distance between the bushes in a row, they are woven into a single twisted shtamb in the form of a braid, fastened with their upper end to the lower tier of the trellis under at an angle of at least 45 °, then two or three shoots are left in the upper part of the twisted stem at an angle to the side of the oblique stem; moreover, to form two or three well-developed shoots of the twisted shoulder of the cordon in the form of a braid, it is attached in a horizontal position to the lower tier the creation of a continuous cordon in a row, moreover, on the twisted shoulders of the cordon, with manual or mechanized pruning, one and two-eyed knots are left on each node, and the shoots given by them in the spring break off leaving technical varieties 15-20, and in the dining rooms 12-15 shoots on running meter of the cordon and start the growth of shoots vertically between the parallel wires of the second and third tiers of the trellis, while after trimming for sheltering the bushes for the winter, the lower tier is removed from the hooks of the intermediate trellis posts, the bushes along with the wire are laid on the soil surface in the alignment and are covered with a shaft of earth , covering it with inclined stems, cordons and knots, and in the spring they open the bushes, after which the lower tier of the wire together with the bushes is lifted from the soil surface and hung on hooks at a height of 45-50 cm to intermediate trellis posts with subsequent wire stretch winch.

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