RU2362297C1 - Method of maintaining grape shrubs - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves planting shrubs, installing support posts and raising trunks. The trunks are tied to a trellis at an angle and form in its upper part a fruit section with a horizontal fruit cane. Maintenance of the shrubs is done in form of one-sided, horizontal spiral cordon with an inclined trunk, permanently attached to a wire guide. The bottom end of the guide is tied to an anchor at the base of the shrubs and hangs at an angle on a hook to the top end nearest to the shrub column. The guide extension is tied in a stretched horizontal position to the top end of the next column in the row. Sprouts are trimmed. In autumn after cutting the guides, with parts of the shrub attached to them, support posts are removed from the hooks and are laid down aligned to the row for mechanical covering of the earth for winter using a shaft. In spring, after mechanical uncovering, the shrubs together with the guides are tied to support posts again.

EFFECT: efficient protection of plants from freezing, easier trimming of shrubs, covering them in winter and uncovering in spring, reduced material and labour expenses on installing and repairing trellis and increased output and profitability of the plants.

6 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to viticulture, and can be used in industrial technology for the cultivation of this crop.

A known method of maintaining grape bushes in the sheltering vineyard according to the oblique cordon method, including row planting of bushes, raising a strong annual shoot to create an inclined shoulder from it - an oblique cordon at an angle of about 45 °, cutting the cordon shoulder by a length slightly exceeding the distance between the bushes in row, the formation on it of horns with fruit links 15-20 cm apart, the vertical fastening of the annual growth of shoots on a single-plane trellis in several tiers of wires (Merzhanian A.S. Vinogr Adarism. - M., "Selkhozgiz", 1939, p. 283-284) - analogue.

The oblique cordon did not receive widespread industrial use due to the high cost of manual labor when sheltering bushes for the winter. The creation of a large number of fruit links on the inclined shoulder of the cordon leads to its rapid thickening, as a result, its flexibility is sharply reduced. Large material and labor costs are required for the installation and annual repair of a three - four-tier trellis with anchors.

A known method of maintaining grape bushes for the sheltered viticulture zone according to the Guillot-Kipen type, including an inclined shaft, fastening it at an angle of 45 ° to the lower trellis wire so that its upper part reaches the base of the neighboring bush and carries in its upper part a fruit link, a fruit arrow which is mounted horizontally along the lower wire of the trellis in the direction of the slope of the stem, the knot of substitution is freely placed on the horn below the fruit arrow, the annual growth of shoots is fixed on a single-plane trellis in several tiers of wires (Encyclopedia of Viticulture. Chisinau, 1986, v.1, p.347) - prototype.

This method of maintaining grape bushes is adapted to shelter them for the winter, can be used in combination with thickened plantings in poor soils with insufficient moisture and mainly for varieties where a relatively long pruning of vines is preferred.

However, with this method of maintaining grape bushes, high manual labor is required for gartering inclined boles and fruit arrows to the lower tier of the trellis after opening the bushes from the earthen rampart, gartering of green shoots during the growing season to the upper tiers of the trellis wires, annual formation of fruit links when pruning and eating shoots from trellis wires. In addition, large material and labor costs are required for the installation and annual repair of multi-level trellis.

The technical solution to the problem in sheltering viticulture areas is: more effective protection of plantings from damage to bushes in winter by low sub-zero temperatures; reduction of material resources and labor costs when laying a vineyard; the convenience of pruning bushes and sheltering them for the winter; the elimination of work associated with dry garter of vines after the spring opening of bushes and garter of green shoots during the growing season; increase productivity and profitability of plantings.

The problem is achieved in that the method of maintaining grape bushes includes planting bushes, installing support poles, removing the stem, attaching it to the trellis at an angle, creating a fruit link in the upper part of the stem with horizontal placement of the fruit arrow, maintaining the bushes in the form of a one-sided, horizontal spiral cordon with an inclined stem fixed permanently on a wire leash, the lower end of which is attached to the anchor at the base of the bush and suspended under an inclination on a hook to the upper ntsu of the pillar nearest to the bush, and the continuation of the leash is fixed in a stretched horizontal position to the upper end of the next column in the row, the shoots are trimmed short, in the autumn after trimming the leash, with the parts of the bush fixed to it, removed from the hooks of the supporting posts and laid in the alignment of the row for mechanized shelter for the winter with a shaft of land, and in the spring after a mechanized opening, the bush, along with the leash, is again fixed on the supporting posts.

The novelty of the author and the applicant is seen in the creation of a horizontal spiral cordon on an inclined spiral tube, placed constantly on a leash of trellis wire, which is fixed to the upper ends of two adjacent trellis posts so that the boom takes an inclined position at an angle of no more than 45 °, and the spiral cordon is placed horizontally between two adjacent poles, in the autumn after trimming the leash with parts of the bush fixed on it is removed from the hooks of the trellis poles and laid in the alignment of the row for mechanized shelters for the winter with a shaft of land, and in the spring after a mechanized opening, the leash with a bush is again fixed to the intermediate posts.

The positive effect is the simplicity of trimming bushes both manually and mechanically in the form of a haircut, in the elimination of work associated with gartering of vines after the spring opening of bushes and green shoots during the growing season, in a significant reduction in material and labor costs for installing and annual repair of trellis, to improve the aeration of the bushes, and consequently to reduce material and labor costs for processing the bushes against diseases and pests, in the simplicity of sheltering the bushes for the winter by simple hilling without a vineyard and opening them in the spring, increasing the productivity and profitability of plantings.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1. Fastening the leash to the anchor and intermediate posts.

Figure 2. The formation of an inclined spiral stock on an inclined leash.

Figure 3. The formation of the spiral shoulder of the cordon on a horizontal leash.

Figure 4. Spiral cordon with annual shoots developed on it with free overhang.

Figure 5. Formation on a spiral horizontal cordon of one or two eye knots.

6. Laying a wire leash with an inclined stem and a spiral cordon on the soil surface in a row for shelter for the winter.

Example. The test of the proposed method of maintaining grape bushes was carried out in the vineyards of the educational-experimental farm "Kuban" of the Kuban State Agrarian University on 300 bushes of table variety Moldova. As a control, we tested a method of maintaining grape bushes according to the prototype on 300 bushes of the same variety. The scheme of planting bushes according to the proposed technology 3 × 2 m, in the control 3 × 1.5 m.

With the proposed method of maintaining grape bushes by the beginning of the second vegetation, in the middle part of each inter-bush interval of the row, one column l was set 1.3 m high from the soil surface, the distance between which was 2 m. The distance from the bush to the nearest column l was 1.0 m. An anchor 2 (wooden or metal) was installed at each bush for fastening the lead 3, made of galvanized trellis wire with a cross section of 2 ... 2.5 mm, length 3.5 m and intended for attaching parts of the bush to it. The fastening of the leash was carried out before the buds began to bloom. The lower end of the leash 3 was fixed to the anchor 2, installed 20 cm from the base of the bush 4. Then, at an angle, the leash was suspended in tension on a hook 5 to the upper end of the post l, installed 1.0 m from the bush 4, the continuation of the leash was fixed horizontally to the upper end of the next in a row pillar 6, installed at a distance of 2.0 m from the previous l (Figure 1).

By the beginning of the second vegetation, when pruning, one knot 7 with two or three eyes was left on each bush. After budding, two shoots were left in the bushes during the wreckage, one of which was used to form an inclined stem, and the second was a reserve. During the second growing season, the main shoot, as it was growing, was fixed in the form of a spiral to an inclined leash. By the beginning of the third growing season, the ripened shoot was cut to the length of the inclined leash, the backup shoot was removed. So was formed an inclined shaft 8 (Figure 2).

In the third vegetation, in the upper part of the inclined stem during the fragment, the most developed and conveniently located in space shoot was left (preferably from the outside of the stem). All other shoots that appeared along the length of the stem were removed. During the growing season, the abandoned shoot, as it was growing, was placed along the length of the horizontal leash in the form of a spiral 9. By the end of the third growing season, a one-sided spiral cordon was formed (Figure 3). (On bushes with a strong growth of shoots, a spiral cordon can be formed by the end of the second vegetation in an accelerated way due to stepson).

During the fourth growing season, shoots 10, which developed along the length of the spiral cordon, were placed in the plane of the row with free overhang (Figure 4).

After the fourth and fifth vegetation, when cutting on a spiral cordon, one and two eye knots 11 were left so that the load on the running meter of the row was 12-14 shoots (Figure 5).

In the autumn, after trimming, the leashes together with an inclined stem and a spiral cordon 12 were removed from the hooks of the trellis posts and laid on the soil surface in the alignment of the row, and when plowing in the "collapse", they were earthed with an earthen rampart (Figure 6).

On control, the method of maintaining grape bushes was carried out according to the technology adopted as a prototype.

By the beginning of the second growing season, a short pruning was performed on the bushes with a knot with two eyes left on the head from the side of the future inclined stem. During the growing season, a sufficiently long shoot was formed, which was cut off in the spring of the third year to the entire length of the stem so that its end reached a place slightly below the wire and was located above the base of the neighboring bush.

By the end of the third growing season, the shoot grown in the upper part of the stem was cut into 3 eyes to form a horn. This shoot was selected from the lower (outer side) of the stem.

By the end of the fourth vegetation, from two shoots grown on a knot, a fruit link was formed - the lower shoot, which developed from the outside, was cut into 2-3 eyes (replacement knot), and the upper one, which developed from the inside of the bush, into a fruit arrow.

In the fall, after pruning, bushes formed according to the Guillot-Kipen type with an inclined stem were freed from trellis and laid on the soil surface in the alignment of a row for shelter for the winter with an earthen rampart.

In the spring, after the bushes opened, the stems were tied obliquely to the wire of the lower tier of the trellis, and the fruit arrow was horizontally to the same wire in the direction of the slope of the stem.

During the growing season, the annual growth of shoots was tied upright to the upper tiers of trellis wires.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed method was carried out by comparing the productivity indicators of the bushes with the prototype.

Table
The influence of the methods of maintaining grape bushes of the Moldovan variety on the productivity of the vineyard (on average for three years of full fruiting of the bushes) Indicators The method of maintaining bushes prototype proposed Shoot load: 13 22 on the bush, pcs. in terms of 1 ha, thousand units 28.9 36.7 Fruitful shoots,% 91 89 The average mass of the bunch, g 340 452 Harvest from the bush, kg 6.6 12.9 Productivity in recalculation 146 215 on 1 ha, c

From the obtained experimental data, which are presented in the table, it follows that with the same load on the bush by shoots, the main indicators of fruiting of Moldova grapes were higher in the proposed method of maintaining bushes compared to the prototype (control).

Claims (1)

The method of maintaining grape bushes, including planting bushes, installing support poles, removing the stem, attaching it to the trellis at an angle, creating a fruit link in the upper part of the stem with horizontal placement of the fruit arrow, characterized in that the bushes are maintained in the form of a one-sided, horizontal spiral cordon with an inclined stem fixed permanently on a wire leash, the lower end of which is attached to the anchor at the base of the bush and suspended under a slope on a hook to the upper end of the closest to to the column bush, and the leash extension is fixed in a stretched horizontal position to the upper end of the next column in the row, the shoots are trimmed short, in the autumn after trimming the leash with the bush parts fixed on it, are removed from the hooks of the support posts and laid in the alignment of the row for mechanized shelter for the winter with a shaft land, and in the spring after a mechanized opening, the bush, together with the leash, is again fixed on the supporting posts.

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