RU2621138C1 - Method for forming crown of sweet cherry by crown-like type on strongly grown rootstock - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: in method, crowns of sweet cherry are formed according to the crown-like type on a strongly grown rootstock. Wherein in the first year after planting the seedling, it is shortened at a height of 70-90 cm, forming a low-stem crown skeleton with 5-6 unbranched vertically growing branches of the same type, placed on the central conductor in one tier. In the second year the number of branches is increased to 8-12 pc. Wherein, by twisting and breaking the shoots at the beginning of their lignification, the angle of ascent for the selected branches is determined 15-30°. In the following years, on each branch for free vertical growth one shoot is left, which is an autonomous part of the crown, and is located on its outer diameter. The number of branches is increased and is periodically refreshed with new ones. On vertically growing branches side shoots are removed to stimulate forming generative kidneys thereon.

EFFECT: method allows to stimulate strong long-term growth of vertically oriented branches in one tier, without lateral branches.

2 cl, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to fruit growing.

A known method of forming a sparse-tier crown of cherries with 5-6 skeletal branches and a stem of 70 cm, with a planting pattern of 8.0 × 5.0 m. In the lower tier, three first-order branches are laid together, and the rest are placed in tiers on the central conductor, paired or alone after 30-40 cm (Fisenko A.N. Pruning of fruit trees. - Krasnodar, 1990. - 278 p.). The disadvantages of this method is the annual and repeated shortening of the shoots using pruning, which delays the fruiting of trees, which occurs relatively late in the sixth, and often the eighth year after planting the garden. In addition, the trees have a large crown, unsuitable for care and harvesting, with a height of 6 meters or more.

A known method of forming a crown of cherries, including tiered laying of skeletal branches on a shortened trunk, with a planting pattern of 6.0 × 4.0 m, and in order to increase labor productivity when pruning by reducing the height of trees and increasing the productivity of plantings, apical dominance of branches located upstream along the trunk suppress by laying 9-12 fruit branches in the lower part of the crown on strongly shortened 2-3 main branches and the central conductor, as well as to reduce the unproductive period and improve branch fouling fruit formations, the shoots of young trees are shortened by 1/3 in the summer when they reach a length of 50-60 cm (Barabash N.A. Patent RU No. 1055417 "Method for forming a crown of sweet cherry", application filed March 31, 82, published 23.11. 83, Bull. No. 43 (72). Ukrainian Research Institute of Irrigated Horticulture). The disadvantages of this method is the repeated and annual shortening of the side shoots, a delaying period of fruiting, requiring an increase in labor costs, with a high crown of trees making it difficult to harvest.

There is a method of forming the crown of sweet cherry trees according to the Stop-leader system (deviated conductor) on tall-growing rootstocks (wild cherry seedlings) planted according to the 7.0 × 5.0 m pattern, which makes it possible to grow gardens without drip irrigation and without support (Alferov V. A. Formation of sweet cherry seedlings in a nursery for intensive gardens of various types. Recommendations. Krasnodar, 2008.- 14 p.). The formation of the crown is carried out for 3-4 years, while it is given a vase-shaped crown with several flat conductors, formed as separate trees according to the spindle system, where the growing shoots are bent, in order to obtain right angles of branching of the lateral branches, and their shortening stimulates the laying of the branches of the second order. The disadvantages of this method of forming the crown of trees are the constant need to shorten strong growth in the upper and middle parts of the tree to increase the access of light into the crown; the presence of bare growths that require constant pruning (including anti-aging, thinning, to increase lateral branching), which delays their entry into fruiting; the need for green operations on young shoots, kerbovki to increase branch crowning. Harvest with such a formation is laid on the periphery of the crown, which makes it difficult to eat fruits, labor costs increase during harvesting, and labor productivity decreases due to the use of ladders. With this method of crown formation, trees late (only 7-8 years after planting) enter the period of fruiting.

A known method of forming a crown of cherries according to the Vogel system with a central leader. Cherry seedlings without branching and branching grafted onto vigorous rootstocks (planting pattern 6.0 × 4.0 m) are suitable for this formation system (Alferov V.A., Govorushenko N.V. Cherry formation in orchards of intensive type according to the systems: Stop Leader, Vogel with the Central Leader, Spanish Bush Recommendations, Krasnodar, 2009. - 28 p.). In the first year after planting in spring, the seedlings without branching are shortened at a height of 90-110 cm, two buds are left at the top, and 5-6 buds below are removed. Of the new growths, branches of the first tier are formed, which are bent to a horizontal level, thereby weakening the growth force and enhancing the formation of fruiting units. Carrying out green operations contributes to the early formation of bouquet branches, accelerating the entry of trees in the period of fruiting. The disadvantages of this method of forming trees, especially on tall rootstocks, are the complexity of crown formation, which consists in the need for constant pruning during the formation of tiers; deviations of branches to a horizontal position, for which clothespins, weights, garter branches are used; removal of branches with an acute angle; green operations; removal of kidneys on the central conductor for the formation of tiers, i.e. Constant monitoring of the crown is required.

A known method of forming trees on tall and weak rootstocks according to the Spanish bush system, laid according to the 5.0 × 3.0 m pattern, in which by creating a stem from 30 to 75 cm and a large number of short 4-5 branches of the second and third orders, significantly the height of the trees decreases (Eremin G.V., Eremin O.V., Zhukov V.M., Karenik V.M. Intensive technology for growing sweet cherry fruit. Methodical recommendations. Krymsk, 2011. - 43 p.). The main principle that is observed with this system is the folding of branches from the central conductor, the use of stretch marks to improve clarification of the crown, and shortening all shoots at the same height from the soil surface. The disadvantages of this method of forming trees, especially on tall rootstocks, is the need for constant pruning, frequent shortening of annual shoots and cutting of thickening branches, which inhibits the entry of trees into the fruiting season. Trees formed according to the Spanish bush system, due to relatively low crowns, are more affected by spring frosts than trees with high crowns.

The technical result of the proposed method of forming a crown of sweet cherry crown on a strong-growing rootstock is to stimulate strong continuous growth of vertically oriented branches in one tier, without lateral branching, which are located drooping or sloping during loading and ripening of fruits, which allows harvesting from the ground without stairs, and the cyclical rejuvenation of skeletal branches (in the direction of the sun) with a 3-5-year cycle allows you to have young, flexible branches in the crown. The task is achieved by the fact that when forming the crown of the cherry tree according to the crown-like type, a tab is made of 6-8 vertically growing in the same tier of the same type, unbranched, independent conductors, the number of which in the next years increases to 8-12 pcs., Due to the diameter of the crown, the length of the increase branches, the number of leaves and their size.

The proposed method of formation allows, on a tall-growth rootstock with a high-density landing of 5.0 × 2.0 m, to form a low-stem skeleton of a crown with vertically growing branches of the same type located on the central conductor in one tier, each of which is an autonomous part of the crown and is located at an angle of 15 30 ° due to twisting and breaking of shoots at the beginning of their lignification. The use of a long-growing stock in intensive-type gardens allows stimulating the rapid growth of vertically oriented branches of the same type, and the removal of lateral branches on them provides an increase in the laying of generative buds and obtaining industrial fruiting for 2-3 years after their laying.

An example of a specific execution of the formation according to the crown-like type, in LLC “Interinvest”, Stavropol Territory.

часть ветвей кроны обрезается до основания вертикального проводника, а полное обновление кроны завершается за 3-4 года.In the first year after planting, the seedling is shortened at a height of 70-90 cm, then in the first year of vegetation a low-stem skeleton of the crown with 5-6 vertically growing branches is formed, in one tier of the same type, unbranched, independent conductors, the number of which increases by the second year to 8-12 pcs. and due to the diameter of the crown, the length of the growth of branches, the number of leaves and their size. By twisting and breaking the shoots at the beginning of their lignification, the selected branches determine the angle of rise, in subsequent years, one shoot is left on each branch for free vertical growth, which is an autonomous part of the crown and is located along its outer diameter, the number of branches increases and is periodically updated with new ones. During the period of full fruiting of the branches, which begins 5-6 years after laying the garden on 4-5 year old wood, as a result of thinning of bouquet twigs and shading of the base of the branches, productivity decreases, the branches lose their flexibility and when harvesting to 25-30% in places Strong bending from tilting break. In this regard, after receiving the second crop

part of the branches of the crown is trimmed to the base of the vertical conductor, and a complete update of the crown is completed in 3-4 years.

The recommended method of forming the crown of sweet cherry allows for 5-6 years after planting the garden to receive 15-20 t / ha of high-quality fruits (table. 1).

Periodic cyclic rejuvenation of branches allows you to have relatively young branches in the crown that maintain the physiological balance of plants. During the period of full fruiting, the crown-shaped garden enters 2-3 years earlier compared to the Stop-Leader system. The application of the proposed tree crown forming system eliminates the use of a number of technological agricultural methods (tilting, kerbovka, nipping, shortening, anti-aging pruning, etc.); during harvesting, the conductors loaded with fruits easily bend, which allows you to harvest without garden stairs, reduce labor costs 9–13 times for crown formation compared with existing formation systems (Table 2). The high location of fruits above the ground leads to a decrease in crop losses from frost and hail damage, damaging horizontal branches.

Timing of labor costs for crown formation shows that at the same landing density, formation according to the Stop-leader system in 8 years required 13.6 times more labor costs compared with the crown crown. For one hectare formed according to the Vogel system, before the beginning of stable fruiting, it is required to spend 6,240 people / hours, which is 8.5 times more than the laboriousness when forming a crown according to the crown type according to the same planting pattern and 5.9 times at the minimum.

More than 60% of the cost structure for the production of sweet cherry falls on harvesting. The formation of the quality of the fruits during the coronal formation, as in the Vogel system, takes place in the optimal light mode. All branches are in the same morphological state, so the number of first-class, equally ripening and well-colored fruits approaches 100%. Flexible crop-bearing branches up to 5 years of age can be tilted to a horizontal or drooping position without breakage. This condition of the crown allows cleaning from the ground, minimizing not only labor costs, but also allows you to practically prevent improvised scavengers, crushing fruits. Collector productivity on experimental trees in 2014-2015 was at the level of 50-60 kg of fruits per 1 hour of work.

Claims (2)

1. A method of forming a crown of a sweet cherry crown on a tall rootstock, characterized in that in the first year after planting a seedling, it is shortened at a height of 70-90 cm, forming a low-stem skeleton of a crown with 5-6 unbranched vertically growing branches of the same type located on the central conductor in one tier, in the second year the number of branches is increased to 8-12 pcs., while twisting and breaking the shoots at the beginning of their lignification to selected branches determines the angle of elevation of 15-30 °, in the following years on each branch for freedom one vertical growth leaves one shoot, which is an autonomous part of the crown and is located along its outer diameter, the number of branches increases and is periodically updated with new ones. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that on vertically growing branches, the side shoots are removed to stimulate the laying of generative buds on them.