RU2458500C1 - Method of cultivating poorly-growing garden - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular, to horticulture. The method of cultivation of poorly-growing apple garden includes selection of varieties, which are characterised by stable fruiting and high adaptive properties of drought and heat resistance, cold- and wintering resistance. The varieties must have average values of growth power, shoot-forming capacity, level of apical dominance and a mixed type of fruiting. In the method poorly-growing rootstocks CK4 and M9 are used. The seedlings with a high budding are planted, and a crown of seedlings is formed 35-40 cm above the inoculation site. Plant resistance to the slopes is ensured by an extensive root system. The scheme of planting the seedlings is 5.0 × 2.0 m; 4.5 × 1.5 m; 4.5 × 1.2 m; 4.0 × 1.2 m, with grassing-down of soil in the inter-row spacing wild grasses. The crown is shaped by type of crown-row.

EFFECT: provision of sustainability of poorly-growing fruit plants of apple to slopes under the weight of the crop, ensuring a stable regime of moisture availability, and cost reduction in the production of planting material.

3 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to fruit growing.

A known method of growing an intensive orchard with support and drip irrigation (patent RU 2202876, class A01G 001/00, A01G 017/00, 2001. Treasure A.A .; Doroshenko T.N .; Gegechkori B.S.) with Placing plants on one hectare (ha) of area up to 2000 pcs. and yield for the fourth year after planting at least 20 t / ha of fruit.

The disadvantage of this method is the increased level of costs of material, financial, labor and energy resources at the stage of creation of planting structures before their entry into fruiting.

It is known to grow a dwarf orchard without a support (RU 2115289, class A01G 1/00, 1998 Tankevich LB; Kolesnik V.M.), where they carry out oblique lowercase planting in the form of pyramidal blocks of three mutually crossed trees.

The disadvantage of this method is the complexity of the technological design in a production environment both at the stage of creating plantings and at the stage of industrial operation during the period of maximum productivity.

A known method of cultivating an intensive garden on weak rootstocks without support (RU 2220558, class A01G 001/00, A01G 017/00, 2001 Kovalenko SP; Mukhin SA), where seedlings grown on based on the winter vaccination of two first-class annual branches of the M9 rootstock, already rooting to each other, to one of which higher varieties are replicated and the additional vaccination with the annual isolation of the M9 rootstock by a bridge to the seedling stand.

The disadvantage of this method is a multi-stage system for the preparation of planting material and the observance of a number of specific conditions during planting, which determine the complexity of the technological design and the high cost of financial, material and labor resources to create plant resistance.

The technical result of the proposed method of cultivating a dwarf orchard is to ensure the resistance of dwarf apple fruit plants cultivated without support to slopes under the weight of the crop due to the increased anchorness of the roots, ensuring a stable regime of moisture availability both in the young orchard and in the bearing; manufacturability of cultivation, reduction of the cost of production of planting material by 21.9%, return on the cost of planting a garden with first-class seedlings with high budding in the first year of fruiting, a higher level of profitability of the product compared to the prototype - 119.4%.

This object is achieved by the fact that in the cultivation method for planting, varieties characterized by annual stable fruiting are selected taking into account the high adaptive properties of drought and heat resistance, winter and frost resistance, only first-class seedlings for rootstock SK4 and M9 are used, which have average values of growth, shoot-forming ability, level of apical dominance, mixed type of fruiting, 150-180 cm high with a stem length of 35-40 cm from the site of inoculation to the lower 3-5 branches of the crown, place ok lirovki scion cultivar at 30-40 cm above the root collar conditional rootstock, with a branched root system with the number of well developed lateral branch not less than three. Plants are planted according to the scheme 5.0 × 2.0 m; 4.5 × 1.5 m; 4.5 × 1.2 m; 4.0 × 1.2 m. The formation of the crown is carried out according to the crown-row type, where the crowns, with mutual penetration, provide additional plant resistance. Plants are established with the level of the grafting site at a height of 7-8 cm from the soil surface, which ensures the extension of the branched root system in a layer of 20-60 cm and prevents the transition of the graft part of the cultivar to its own roots. Aisle is closed with wild grasses during systematic mowing, and in a row they contain soil under herbicidal steam.

The proposed method of cultivating a dwarf garden without support is as follows.

Before planting the garden, varieties are selected that are characterized by stable annual fruiting, taking into account the high adaptive properties of drought and heat resistance, winter and frost resistance, with average growth strength, shoot-forming ability, level of apical dominance, mixed type of fruiting. The first-grade layering of the SK4 and M9 rootstock is grained 30-40 cm higher than the conditional root neck into the annual growth of the central conductor. When growing seedlings in the nursery, a cut by eye is carried out before the start of the growing season. In the spring-summer period carry out at least three times the removal of rootstock and punching. In order to form branches of the crown of a seedling in an area above 35-40 cm from the budding level, a gradual pinching of undeveloped leaves is carried out at the top of the scion shoot starting at a height of 45-50 cm, gaining at least 3-5 branches.

After pre-planting soil preparation with deep chiseling without turning the formation to a depth of at least 50 cm and planning the surface of the plot, instrumental intra-quarter marking is carried out. Then carry out late autumn planting of seedlings according to the scheme of 5.0 × 2.0 m; 4.5 × 1.5 m; 4.5 × 1.2 m; 4.0 × 1.2 m into landing pits 50-55 cm deep prepared by a digger taking into account the recommended layout. Planting is carried out by first-class seedlings with a height of 150-180 cm, with the length of the cultivar of the cultivar 35-40 cm from the place of grafting to the lower branches of the crown in an amount of at least 3-5. The distance from the place of grafting to the conditional root neck of the stock is at least 30-40 cm with a branched root system with at least three developed lateral branches. Seedlings are set and fixed in the planting pit to the appropriate depth with the level of the vaccination site 7-8 cm above the soil level. After planting, plants are planted. In order to avoid damage during the winter period of the above-ground root-scion part, they are strapped from the soil level to the first branches of the crown with porous reflective synthetic protective material.

In the early spring of next year, trees begin to form according to the crown-row type, which provides for pruning not only each tree individually, but also as a whole, forming a community of plants in a row with the mutual penetration of tree crowns, which guarantees them additional stability. Re-seedlings are carried out and all available branches of the crown are shortened, leaving stumps two or three internodes long. The central conductor is shortened at a height of 90-100 cm from the soil level. Removing the main growth points in the crown, they provide a starting advantage in the development of roots in relation to the aerial part, which allows to increase the branched root system in the shortest possible time. In the spring and early summer, watering is carried out at the rate of 30 liters of water per plant, followed by loosening of the watering holes, which ensures a sufficient amount of moisture in the early period of the formation of the root system in the soil layer of 20-60 cm. In the second year of vegetation, a crown is formed from side branches, having angles of departure from the trunk of 60 ° or more, and branches having sharp angles of departure from the trunk, shorten by 2-3 internodes and form overgrown fruit wood. In the second year after planting, flowering and fruiting are not allowed. By shortening thickening and strongly growing branches, removing growth points at the branches of the crown, in the second year they also provide an advantage in the development of roots in relation to the aerial part. Fruiting and load regulation by fruits are allowed for the third year after planting. From the fourth year after planting, trees form not each one individually, but their entire set, which is part of the row system.

Case Studies

Example 1, the experience of ZAO Loris

Grade: Idared

Stock: M9

Height of budding, cm: 35

Landing pattern, m: 5 × 2

Number of plants, pcs./ha: 1000

Row spacing: seeding with wild grasses with systematic mowing

Crown Formation System: Crown Row

Productivity for the 4th year of fruiting, t / ha: 18.7

Example 2 ZAO OPH "Central"

Variety: Prikubanskoe

Stock: M9

Height of budding, cm: 38

Landing pattern, m: 5 × 2

Number of plants, pcs./ha: 1000

Row spacing: seeding with wild grasses with systematic mowing

Crown Formation System: Crown Row

Productivity for the 4th year of fruiting, t / ha: 15.4

Example 3 ZAO OPH "Central"

Variety: Prikubanskoe

Stock: SK4

Height of budding, cm: 36

Landing pattern, m: 4.0 × 1.2

Number of plants, pcs./ha: 2083

Row spacing: seeding with wild grasses with systematic mowing

Crown Formation System: Crown Row

Productivity for the 4th year of fruiting, t / ha: 19.8

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating a dwarf apple orchard, characterized in that it includes the selection of varieties characterized by stable fruiting, high adaptive properties of drought and heat resistance, winter and frost resistance, having average values of growth force; shoot-forming ability, level of apical dominance, a mixed type of fruiting, the use of weak-growing stocks SK4 and M9, the cultivation of first-class seedlings with high budding; the formation of the crown of a seedling in the zone 35-40 cm above the place of budding, ensuring the resistance of plants to slopes and anchor due to the branched root system; application of the landing scheme 5.0 × 2.0 m; 4.5 × 1.5 m; 4.5 × 1.2 m; 4.0 × 1.2 m, with sodding of the soil in the row-spacings by wild-growing herbs, and in a row the content under the herbicidal steam; formation of a crown according to the type of crown - a row; fruiting from the third year after planting.