RU2566441C1 - Method of growing intensive apple garden - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to gardening. The method comprises selection of varieties and rootstocks, based on the diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of the rootstock and scion, tree planting on the scheme, the formation of the crown, use of mineral fertilisers. And the area is planted with varieties of winter ripening Golden Delicious and Ligol on small-stature form of stocks M9, the seedlings are planted on compacted scheme 4×0.7 m. Mineral fertilisers are applied in the soil at the rate of 50 t/ha. The varieties are alternated in four rows, during the growing season the mineral fertilisers N₇₆P₃₅K₈₄ are applied by fertigation, and irrigated.

EFFECT: method enables to obtain stable high yields on small-stature form of stocks M9, simultaneous stable setting of seed-buds of the next year of apple garden of intensive type of chestnut soils is provided, ease of care, and rational use of land.

1 dwg, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to gardening.

A known method of growing an intensive organic orchard, including the selection of varieties and stocks, planting seedlings according to the scheme, the formation of crowns and sowing aisles, while assessing the compliance of the land used with regulatory requirements, selection for specific territories of varieties combining high resistance to abiotic in one genotype stressors and exceptional resistance to fungal diseases or immunity, vaccinated only on semi-dwarf and mid-root stocks, slightly responsive at mineral nutrition, then from the first year of the life of the garden, row-spacing sowing of row-spacings is used, forming a herbage of naturally growing groundcover herbs by periodically mowing as it grows to a height of 15-20 cm, while the soil in the trunk strip is mulched with straw to protect fruit plants from diseases and pests use natural products - Lepidozid lepidocide, Bacicol bacicole, including natural populations of natural enemies of harmful species - Campylloma (Campylomma verbsei), a predatory bug Therefore, the load optimization of trees by fruits is carried out manually, leaving 20-40 leaves per one stored fruit (RF Patent No. 2497347, publ. November 10, 2012).

There is a method of cultivating an intensive garden on dwarf rootstocks, including grafting a dwarf rootstock M9, varietal copulation, growing in a nursery, sorting and planting seedlings in the garden, while grafting two first-class annual cuts M9 to each other, while planting seedlings with the number skeletal roots of the first order of at least five and the aerial part of at least 140 cm and seedlings having the number of skeletal roots of less than five and the aerial part of less than 140 cm, which are planted together with first-class o noletnim layering M9 with its bridge grafting seedlings in shtamb (RF Patent №2220558, publ. 10.01.2004 g).

There is a method of growing an intensive orchard, including planting trees according to the scheme, forming a crown and removing tops of shoots, while before planting trees in the garden, varieties and stocks are selected according to the results of rapid tests for drought tolerance, frost resistance and compatibility of stock and scion, then during the growing of seedlings in the nursery during the growing season, 3-5 times unformed leaves are removed instead of growth points and when the seedlings reach a height of 150-200 cm, a diameter of 18-20 cm and branch niya up to 11-17 cm plant them in the garden according to the scheme 4 × 1.5 m; 4 × 1.0 m; 3.5 × 0.3 m, depending on the stock, with the subsequent formation of a tree crown in the form of a “Russian spindle”, or a “French axis”, or a “spindlebum” with a support, while in the aisles they contain soil under a sod-humus system, and in a row - under herbicidal steam (RF Patent No. 2202876, publ. 04/27/2003).

A known method of growing an intensive garden, including compacted planting of cross-pollinated fruit crops, caring for plants, pruning, removing trees as the crowns grow, characterized in that the plot is planted with two similar gardens on different inlets, shifting their planting patterns by half the width of the large aisle and creating a garden with trees of earlier and later periods of fruiting, removal of trees is carried out by closing crowns in large rows of the garden, eliminating trees of early fruiting, and in the remaining garden, they maintain optimal light conditions by rejuvenating crowns in rows perpendicular to a wide aisle. Anti-aging pruning is carried out through a series and in terms corresponding to the biological set of fruiting of previously rejuvenated crowns (RF Patent No. 2084120, publ. July 20, 1997).

For the prototype, a method of growing a highly adaptive orchard was selected, which includes the selection of varieties and stocks based on diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of stock and scion, planting trees according to the scheme, crown formation, soil content in the row-spacing according to a sod-humus system, previously before planting seedlings for the selection of optimal combinations of resistance to fungal diseases of varieties and stocks of semi-dwarf, mid-clone and seed carry additional early diagnostics of their resistance to soil and anthropogenic stressors, the degree of adaptability to the natural conditions of the cultivated area and potential productivity, then the seedlings are planted in the garden according to the 4-5 × 2-3 m pattern, depending on the growth rate of the variety-root combination and soil type with subsequent formation of the crown trees of a naturally-improved type without support, while the soil in a row is kept under black vapor and use the minimum doses of mineral fertilizers in the form of fertilizing before plant vegetation and elements of biological Anna protection from pests (RF Patent №2239987, publ. November 20, 2004).

The disadvantages of the known technical solutions that impede the achievement of the specified technical result are: the impossibility of obtaining annual stable high yields due to the use of an irrational scheme for planting seedlings in an intensive garden, the difficulty in pruning and caring for trees on semi-dwarf and mid-root stocks.

EFFECT: obtaining stable high yields on dwarf rootstocks M9 and ensuring simultaneous stable laying of next year's ovaries of an intensive type apple orchard on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region, ease of care and rational use of land.

The technical result is achieved by a method of growing an intensive apple orchard, including the selection of varieties and stocks based on diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of stock and scion, planting trees according to the scheme, crown formation, the use of mineral fertilizers, while the plot is planted with varieties of winter ripening Golden Delishes and Ligol on dwarf rootstocks M9, seedlings are planted according to the compacted scheme 4 × 0.7 m, while mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of 50 t / ha, varieties alternate through four rows, during the growing season, make mineral fertilizers N ₇₆ P ₃₅ K ₈₄ by fertigation and irrigate.

The essential features affecting the achievement of the specified technical result are:

- the use of Golden Delishes and Ligol varieties on dwarf rootstocks M9 as winter ripening varieties;

- planting seedlings according to the compacted scheme 4 × 0.7 m;

- the introduction of mineral fertilizers into the soil when laying the garden in the amount of 50 t / ha;

- alternation of varieties through four rows;

- fertilizer N ₇₆ P ₃₅ K ₈₄ during the growing season by fertigation;

- garden irrigation.

Golden Delicious is a winter variety originating in the USA. Early fruiting. This variety belongs to autosteril (self-infertile), i.e. requires a pollinator next to it.

Ligol is a winter variety bred in Poland. Winter hardiness is above average. It comes into bearing early. Fruits very generously.

From the conducted field experiments it was revealed that the claimed varieties of apple trees Golden Delishes and Ligol are able to pollinate each other, i.e. are cross-pollinated, while ensuring abundant flowering, good ovary and timely shedding of excess ovary, which directly affects the increase in yield.

Golden Delishes and Ligol are recommended for cultivation on the farms of the Volgograd region and are in demand on the market, are promising and economically viable.

Rootstock M9 for the apple tree is considered the main and most valuable in intensive gardening. The height of the M9 trees is 2-2.5 meters. Apple trees grafted on this rootstock bear fruiting for 2-3 years and live up to 30 years with anti-aging pruning. Fruiting is plentiful and regular (with thinning of the ovary and constant pruning). The quality of the fruit is high. It is more convenient to take care of low trees, to harvest, the fruits are less injured during harvesting, which improves the quality of the fruits and their further storage.

The introduction of mineral fertilizers at the rate of 50 t / ha when laying the garden is sufficient and necessary to provide young seedlings with the necessary nutrients, as well as to intensively increase soil fertility in order to obtain a high yield of the apple orchard in the future.

In the future, seedlings are fertilized by fertigation - this is a method of fertilizing plants by supplying dissolved minerals together with irrigation water. The apple tree is fertilized by fertigation, since the fertilizers are very concentrated, and they can cause chemical burns to the delicate root system. And the old assortment of fertilizers produced in granules and applied to the soil does not give such efficiency as new, completely water-soluble fertilizers with microelements. Therefore, the method of application by means of fertigation is the most effective, since fertilizers are distributed in the soil evenly and well reach the roots and active root hairs. Root hairs are active absorbers of nutrients.

In the arid conditions of the Volgograd region, moisture supply is the main limiting productivity of perennial plantings. Therefore, an intensive type of apple orchard was under irrigation.

Planting seedlings in a densified 4 × 0.7 m pattern was chosen experimentally and is most optimal for planting these varieties. The claimed planting scheme allows you to increase the number of seedlings, which leads to greater productivity relative to other planting schemes. The effectiveness of protective measures when processing with pesticides, i.e. the consumption of pesticides is reduced, access of the working fluid to all parts of the crown is improved. The width between the rows allows agricultural machinery to pass without damaging or hitting the apple tree. Thus, this scheme of planting an apple tree combines a higher yield, ease of care and rational use of land.

The alternation of varieties through four rows is sufficient and necessary to increase the fertility of the apple tree, which is ensured by abundant flowering. The alternation of the two declared varieties of apple trees affects the timely shedding of excess ovary and prevents the frequency of fruiting. Thus, with the simultaneous annual stable yield, a stable laying of the ovaries of the next year occurs.

Concrete example

In 2011, in the Gorodishchensky district of the Volgograd region in spring, 2-year-old seedlings Golden Delishes and Ligol were planted on the M9 stockstock according to the 4.0 × 0.7 m pattern in the amount of 3360 pcs./ha, alternating varieties through four rows. The experimental plot was represented by an array of zonal chestnut soil. The laying of the garden was preceded by the stage of selection of varieties and stocks on the basis of diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of stock and scion. Seedlings were planted in the garden with a trellis support, as apple trees grafted on a weak rootstock of type M9 need support. When planting the garden, mineral fertilizers were applied to the soil at the rate of 50 t / ha. During the first year of vegetation, grafted seedlings of apple trees of two varieties determined growth indicators (crown size and increase in the diameter or circumference of the stem, taking into account the fruit yield from each tree), and the absorbency of the root system. And also studied the phenological characteristics of apple trees of two varieties, their timing of the onset of a particular phenophase. Particular attention was paid to the flowering phenophase: beginning, mass and end. And also took into account the timely shedding of the extra ovary, which prevents the frequency of fruiting. The alternation of the two varieties stimulated the laying of ovaries for the coming year.

Studies were conducted from 2012 to 2013. The repetition of the experiment is fourfold. In determining phenological observations, methods generally accepted in scientific fruit growing were used. During the growing season of two years, mineral fertilizers were applied by fertigation in the amount of N ₇₆ , P ₃₅ , K ₈₄ . Only completely soluble fertilizers were used: ammonium nitrate, monopotassium phosphate, phosphoric acid, potassium sulfate.

The productivity of the apple orchard of the first and second years of vegetation is shown in table 1.

As can be seen from table 1 of the crop yield, fruit bearing occurs on the 2nd year of vegetation, giving a fairly high level of yield in the young garden, which indicates the correct selection of varieties and proves their cross-pollination.

The results of a comparison of the performance of growing apple orchards highly adaptive and intensive orchard are shown in table 2.

The application of the proposed method of cultivation of an intensive apple orchard eliminates the frequency of fruiting, provides stable high yields on dwarf rootstocks M9. The claimed planting scheme for apple trees combines ease of care and rational use of land.

Thus, the method of growing an intensive apple orchard, including the selection of varieties and stocks based on diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of stock and scion, planting trees according to the scheme, crown formation, the use of mineral fertilizers, while the plot is planted with varieties of winter ripening Golden Delishes and Ligol on dwarf rootstocks M9, seedlings are planted according to the compacted scheme 4 × 0.7 m, while mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of 50 t / ha, varieties alternate through four rows, over during the growing season, fertilizers N ₇₆ P ₃₅ K ₈₄ are applied by fertigation and irrigated, providing stable high yields on dwarf rootstocks M9 with simultaneous stable laying of next year's ovaries of an intensive type of apple orchard on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region, ease of care and rational use of land.

Claims (1)

A method of growing an intensive apple orchard, including selection of varieties and stocks based on diagnostics of resistance to climatic stressors, compatibility of stock and scion, planting trees according to the scheme, crown formation, use of fertilizers, characterized in that the plot is planted with varieties of winter ripening Golden Delishes and Ligol on dwarf rootstocks M9, seedlings are planted according to the compacted scheme 4 × 0.7 m, while mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil at the rate of 50 t / ha, varieties are alternated through four rows, during getatsionnogo period contribute N ₇₆ P _{35 84} K fertilizers by fertigation and irrigate.

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