RU2769736C1 - Method of planting intensive fruit garden on seed dwarf stock - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, namely to horticulture. Method includes selection and preparation of seed material, which is seeds of fruit trees. On the selected area, a seed pit is prepared, the selected and prepared seed material in the form of seeds belonging to one type of fruit trees is sown in the seed hole. After germination of seed material, excess sprouts are removed from the seed pit, leaving one most promising sprout of the tree, providing for its care, and the tree is grafted. Seeds of dwarf rootstocks are used as seeds of fruit trees. Before sowing, the soil on the site is prepared as a combined fallow and a layout of fruit trees in the garden is marked. 5 seeds are sown in each marked sowing pit 3–4 cm deep and covered with a loose layer of soil. In spring sowing, stratified seeds are used. Most promising tree sprout is detected by genetic analysis for dwarfism on leaves of young rootstocks. When seedlings reach technological size, grafting is carried out, then a selected intensive crown is formed on the grafted seedlings.

EFFECT: method provides for establishment of a modern intensive apple orchard with dwarf habit of crowns on a plantation with good biological characteristics of anchor, high drought resistance, winter hardiness and longevity.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to horticulture, and can be used when laying a fruit intensive apple orchard.

Technological analogues of the claimed invention are three methods of planting apple orchards, which are currently used for this purpose.

The first way: in the nursery, seedlings are grown on a seed rootstock, and an orchard is laid with them, earlier orchards were laid in this way. The trees in such a garden are large, quite durable, anchored, drought-resistant with a winter-hardy root system [Fruit growing: Textbook / Ed. N.P. Krivko. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Lan", 2014. - 416 p.]. However, they have one serious drawback - the large habitus of plants makes them extremely untechnological in care and harvesting. In view of this shortcoming, a second method was developed as an alternative to the first method in the middle of the last century.

The second way to lay an orchard: seedlings in the nursery are grown on vegetative dwarf rootstocks, and they lay an orchard. At the moment, this is the most widely used method of laying intensive apple orchards, especially industrial ones. In such a garden, plants of a small habit are convenient for care and cleaning activities. A naturally larger number of them per unit area can significantly increase the productivity and quality of products in the garden [Prikhach, T.R. Fruit growing. Workshop: study guide / T.R. Prikhach. - Minsk: RIPO, 2014. - 364 s]. However, this method also has a number of serious drawbacks: a weak and shallow root system is not drought-resistant, not winter-hardy, not anchored, and requires trellis structures on the plantation, careful watering and top dressing. In addition, such plantations are not durable and require replacement after 10-15 years. To overcome the main part of these shortcomings, a third method was developed - using a dwarf insert.

The third way: in the nursery, the seedling is formed from three components (1-seed rootstock, 2-dwarf 30-40 cm insert, and only then 3-grown variety). With these three component seedlings, an orchard is laid with this method [Workshop on fruit growing: a tutorial / L. A. Ezhov [and others]; under total ed. L.A. Yezhov. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Perm: PGSKhA, 2005. - 224 p.]. Due to the increase in the growing period of seedlings and, as a result, their strong rise in price, this method has not yet been widely used.

A known method of growing an orchard (patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2654640 priority date 08/15/2017, IPC A01G 17/00), including digging holes, filling them with a substrate, planting seedlings and filling with a fertile layer of soil. Previously, a substrate is laid on the bottom of the pits in an amount of not more than 20 g and seedlings are planted. As a substrate, a biogel is used, consisting of an absorbent, microelements, macroelements and a growth stimulator based on indoleacetic acid, in the following ratio of components, wt. %: growth stimulator based on indoleacetic acid - 0.9-1.0; trace elements - 0.4-0.6; macronutrients - 2.0-3.0; absorbent - the rest.

The disadvantage of the described method is its environmental friendliness, due to the need to use chemical, non-natural substances; insufficient fruiting rate. In addition, the method involves planting seedlings previously grown in another place, which causes damage to the root system of seedlings during their transplantation, and, accordingly, lengthening the survival time and the beginning of productive fruiting.

A known method of creating a low-growing crown of fruit trees obtained on seed rootstocks (patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2733287 priority date 11/12/2019, IPC A01G 17/00; A01G 7/00; A01G 2/30). The method includes row planting of seedlings with a large slope. Unbranched one-two-year-old seedlings grafted on seed stocks are planted along the row at an angle of 12-16° to the horizon. In subsequent years, from the vertical shoots formed on inclined stems, one is left every 1.0-1.5 m, forming them according to a sparse-tiered system into branched trees up to 2.5 m high.

The disadvantages of the described method are the increased formation of coppice and top shoots on the central conductor of the tree, which requires a lot of labor for their annual and systematic removal, as well as the formation of a full-fledged sparse-tiered crown with the necessary volume of fruit wood, to ensure high productivity, and most importantly, it is conservation its limited habitus with the existing distance between the trunks is extremely problematic. In addition, the method involves planting seedlings previously grown elsewhere, which causes damage to the root system of the seedlings during their transplantation. When transplanting seedlings, the tap root is broken, without which the tree loses its anchorage and loses proper nutrition and water supply, which significantly reduces the resistance of the tree to weather conditions, which leads to premature death of trees from drying out the crown in winter, since moisture evaporates from the surface of the bark, because that the root system is located in a layer of frozen earth and, without a taproot, is unable to provide moisture to the tree from the aquifers of the subsoil.

The closest to the claimed technical solution is a method of growing fruit trees (patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2733988 priority date 04/28/2020, IPC A01G 17/00; A01G 7/00). The method includes the selection and preparation of planting material, which is the seeds of fruit trees. At the selected site, a round-shaped planting pit is prepared, taking into account the type and quality of the soil. In the case of clay soil, the planting pit is made with a diameter of 1.5-2.0 m and a depth of 0.6-0.7 m. In the case of sandy soil, the planting pit is made with a diameter of 3.0-4.0 m and a depth of 0.5-0. .6 m. A layer of sand no more than 10 cm for clay soil is laid at the bottom of the planting pit to improve soil aeration, and in the case of sandy soil, a layer of clay no more than 10 cm thick is laid on the bottom of the planting pit to retain moisture and nutrients. The planting pit is filled plant mixture containing 40-50% soil of the top layer of the site, at least 30% organic fertilizers and 20-40% sand for clay soil of the site or 20-40% clay for sandy soil of the site. After filling the planting pit above it, a hill 30-40 cm high is formed from the soil of the site. A polyethylene border with a width of at least 30 cm is installed along the perimeter of the pit, which is immersed in the soil to a depth of 20-25 cm. Selected and prepared planting material in the form of seeds belonging to one type of fruit trees, in the amount of 7-10 seeds per planting pit in October-November, they are planted in a planting pit and sprinkled with a layer of 2-3 cm thick with a mixture of sand and humus in a ratio of 1: 1. After placing the planting material in the planting pit, 7-9 months in June-July after its germination, excess sprouts are removed from the planting pit, leaving one most promising tree sprout, providing care for it, after 7-11 months, the tree is grafted in the spring.

The disadvantage of this prototype is the cultivation of vigorous rootstocks, which are unsuitable for laying modern intensive apple orchards, since the seeds of zoned apple varieties of the orchard planting area are taken.

The objective of the proposed method is the laying of a modern intensive apple orchard with a dwarf crown habit on the plantation.

The problem is solved by the fact that the method of laying an intensive orchard on seed dwarf rootstocks, including the selection and preparation of sowing material, which is the seeds of fruit trees, prepares a sowing hole in the selected area, selected and prepared sowing material in the form of seeds belonging to one type of fruit trees. trees, sown in the seed hole, after the germination of the seed, excess shoots are removed from the seed hole, leaving one of the most promising tree sprout, providing care for it, the tree is grafted, unlike the prototype, seeds of dwarf rootstocks are used as seeds of fruit trees, before sowing the soil on the site is prepared according to the type of combined fallow and mark out the layout of fruit trees in the garden, in each planned sowing hole 3-4 cm deep, sown 5 seeds and cover with a loose layer of soil, during the spring sowing period, stratified seeds are used, the most promising sprout for Trees are identified using genetic analysis for dwarfism on the leaves of young rootstocks, when the seedlings reach the technological size, they are grafted, and then a selected intensive crown is formed on the grafted seedlings.

The use of seeds of dwarf apple trees for sowing allows you to get plants of the desired habit for care of the crown from the ground and harvesting without additional devices. Since the genotypic features of the seeds of dwarf apple trees make it possible to provide a low crown of trees on a plantation, the present invention can be used for laying modern intensive industrial apple plantations.

The figure shows the structure of plants:

In the first variant of the plant structure, there is a relatively powerful root system, but the habitus of the plant is large. In the second variant, the habitus of the plant is small, however, the root system is shallow, not anchored, not drought-resistant, not winter-hardy. The third option has a relatively powerful root system and a small crown habit due to intercollar insertion, but this method greatly increases the time for creating a seedling, therefore it is not economically feasible. The proposed fourth option for laying the garden provides a very powerful deep anchor winter-hardy root system, but for the set of using seeds of dwarf rootstocks, the habitus of the aerial part remains small.

In the claimed method, operations are carried out in the following sequence:

Carry out the selection and preparation of seed. Seeds of dwarf apple trees (dwarf rootstocks) are used as seed material. If sowing occurs in the fall, then the seeds are immediately sown in a permanent place. If sowing is planned in the spring, seeds are stratified first.

Before sowing, the soil on the site is prepared according to the type of combined steam and the layout of fruit trees in the garden is marked out. In each planned sowing hole with a depth of 3-4 cm, 5 seeds are sown and covered with a loose layer of soil

After the emergence of seedlings of seed rootstocks, they are analyzed for the degree of dwarfism according to leaf diagnostics using genetic analysis. Plants with insufficient dwarfing are culled, leaving one most promising tree sprout in the hole, providing care for it,

When the rootstocks reach a size suitable for grafting, grafting is carried out with the selected varieties. Subsequently, the selected intensive crown is formed on the grafted seedlings. A traditional set of activities for the care of young trees with watering, fertilizing and treatments for pests and diseases is being carried out.

Sowing is carried out thicker (5 seeds per hole) in order to be able to cull weak plants and seedlings with insufficient dwarfing before they are grafted with cultivated varieties.

In the claimed method, it is proposed to establish apple plantations by sowing seeds of dwarf rootstocks immediately to a permanent place for the subsequent growth and fruiting of a fruit tree. This allows you to create fruit trees that are significantly more drought-resistant, frost- and winter-hardy, with high anchorage, and therefore incomparably more durable even compared to seed rootstock plantations. But at the same time, the use of seeds of dwarf apple trees allows you to leave a small habitus of fruit plants to maintain their high adaptability and productivity. A denser seeding will allow culling (by genetic analysis of leaves) of seedlings with insufficient dwarfing, which will be present in the seed material of dwarfs as a result of genetic splitting. In the seedlings in the process of verification, which confirmed their dwarfism, the selected varieties are grafted. Subsequently, the selected intensive crown is formed on the grafted seedlings. On a plantation established in this way, there is no need to install trellis supports. The proposed method will allow to promote the zone of industrial horticulture in the regions of the Russian Federation with sharply continental climatic conditions without the risk of winter damage to the root system of plants. In addition, the cost of laying such plantations and caring for them is several times cheaper than planting planted by traditional methods. Using the proposed method allows you to get the following advantages compared to traditional planting methods.

Sowing seeds to a permanent place of growth allows plants to form a much deeper anchor system, the root system, and therefore such a plantation does not need to install a trellis on the plantation.

The deep location of the root system significantly reduces the likelihood of damage to it by low temperatures in winter. This will largely promote industrial apple orchards in the more northern regions of the Russian Federation.

The placement of the root system in a much larger volume of soil horizons improves the water supply of the plant, its buffering capacity to a lack of moisture becomes higher. The voluminous root system facilitates irrigation activities due to more uniform water consumption and, in general, significantly reduces its consumption.

The deep location of the root system allows a significant part of it to be in non-freezing horizons and function throughout the winter period, which positively affects the winter hardiness of plants.

Establishing a plantation by sowing seeds is several times cheaper than planting seedlings.

The productive longevity of plantations planted by sowing seeds is several times greater than that of orchards planted by traditional methods.

The proposed new method of laying an industrial apple orchard, due to the formation of plants unique in biological properties, allows several times to reduce the cost of the resulting apple products.

This method can be considered a conceptually different way of laying an apple orchard in comparison with traditional methods, since it is proposed to lay the garden by sowing seeds of dwarf apple trees immediately in the garden at the place of their constant growth without the stage of growing plants in the nursery, which makes it possible to obtain plants with an undisturbed germinal root system , with good biological characteristics of anchorage, drought resistance, winter hardiness and durability.

The technical result achieved by using the proposed method consists in laying a modern intensive apple orchard with a dwarf crown habit on a plantation with good biological anchoring characteristics, high drought resistance, winter hardiness and durability.

Claims (1)

A method for laying an intensive orchard on seed dwarf rootstocks, including the selection and preparation of seed material, which is the seeds of fruit trees, a seed hole is prepared in a selected area, the selected and prepared seed material in the form of seeds belonging to one type of fruit trees is sown in a seed hole , after the germination of the sowing material, excess sprouts are removed from the sowing hole, leaving one of the most promising sprouts of the tree, providing care for it, the tree is grafted, characterized in that seeds of dwarf rootstocks are used as seeds of fruit trees, before sowing, the soil on the site is prepared according to the type combined fallow and mark the layout of fruit trees in the garden, 5 seeds are sown in each planned sowing hole 3-4 cm deep and covered with a loose layer of soil, stratified seeds are used during the spring sowing period, the most promising tree sprout is identified using genetic analysis analysis for dwarfism on the leaves of young rootstocks, when the seedlings reach the technological size, grafting is carried out, subsequently, a selected intensive crown is formed on the grafted seedlings.

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