RU2744618C2 - Method for kiwi cultivation, device for arrangement of aerial part of kiwi and substrate for root system of kiwi fruit - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: plant growing; fruit-growing.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in cultivation of perennial crops. Method involves mixed planting and maintenance of woody vines and woody plants. In mixed line planting, kiwi fruit is placed between evenly spaced trees. At that, 2-year-old kiwis seedlings of male and female types with ratio of 1:10 are planted in a substrate with favorable water-air and nutrient properties in trenches, alternating kiwi with seeds of compatible woody plant in each hole and further leaving in place one of the most developed seedlings. Each kiwi seedling is cut, leaving one shoot with 3–4 well developed buds. Sparse crowns of seedlings are formed above kiwi plants. Near-well strip is covered with perennial evergreen grass. Age and tightening density are periodically controlled by transplantation. Nutrient medium of the substrate is optimized with ash elements for several years and an annual two-time introduction of nitrogen. During winter cutting and formation of the aerial part of kiwi, natural litter and trimming of branches are arranged in furrows with depth of 30–35 cm in the middle row spacing. Device contains supports with a trellis wire fixed on them. Half of necessary supports make seedlings of fast-growing tall and durable wood plant with rare crown and rod root system, bole diameter of which is not less than 50 mm. Substrate contains soil mixed with compost. For composting in trenches with depth of up to 60 cm, cut along longitudinal axial line of each row of future plants, following components are successively placed, wt.p.: ground vegetable residues—5, mineral fertilizers—0.2, coarse sand—0.8, sediments—4.

EFFECT: inventions provide more effective use of land area due to improved conditions for kiwi cultivation.

3 cl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to fruit growing; can be used for growing intensive plantings of perennial crops.

There is a known method of kiwi cultivation, according to which a plot of highly fertile, drained, non-carbonate soils is selected, which has good protection from the wind and the presence of constant sources of water for irrigation. The plot, after leveling and deep plowing, is marked out on heavy loamy soils according to a planting scheme of 4 × 4 m (625 plants per hectare), on lighter ones - 5 × 5 m. Planting is carried out in prepared planting pits measuring 60 × 60 × 60 cm Well-developed 1-2-year-old kiwi seedlings are freed from film containers, the roots are shaken off from the substrate, their ends are straightened. Stir first male pollinating plants, then female at the rate of 1: 5-10. During the first year, the soil around the plants is cultivated by hoeing to a depth of 5 cm. In subsequent years, the aisles are sodded using the mowed green mass, mainly for mulching the near-trunk strips.

The annual rates of the active substance of mineral fertilizers per 1 fruiting kiwi plant (7 years or more) are (g): 350-400 N, 180-220 P ₂ O ₅ and 500 K ₂ O. With winter pruning, they give 50% nitrogen and 80 % phosphorus and potassium, during flowering - 25% nitrogen and 20% phosphorus and potassium, at the beginning of fruit ripening - 25% nitrogen. When soil moisture is below 60% PV, the kiwi plantation is watered. Annually, they carry out pruning and shaping of the aerial part of the kiwi in the form of a 1-2-3-tiered palmette or a gazebo, a semi-gazebo. To obtain from one fruiting female kiwi plant 60-80 kg of a full-fledged crop by pruning, they regulate the load by the buds, remove the excess ovary, leaving up to 1000 fruits on large-fruited varieties and up to 2000 on small-fruited ones (Tarasenko VS Cultivation of kiwi in Russia. - SPb: VIR, 1999 . - S. 21-25) (prototype).

The main disadvantage of the known method of kiwi cultivation is the high capital and labor intensity, which negatively affects the efficiency of land use and restrains the establishment of industrial plantations.

The objective of the invention is to improve the efficiency of using the land area by improving the cultivation conditions for kiwi.

This is achieved by the fact that, in contrast to the known technological solution, the claimed method of kiwi cultivation includes a mixed planting of treelike vines and woody plants. At the same time, kiwi is placed between evenly spaced trees, planting kiwi seedlings and seeds of a woody plant in trenches filled with a substrate with favorable water-air and nutritional properties.

As a result, local stagnation of moisture is excluded, a healthy interaction of plants of different botanical families is ensured, better wind protection, a useful shade, and additional production. By improving the cultivation conditions for kiwi, the efficiency of using the land area occupied by perennial plantations increases.

The proposed method of kiwi cultivation is given novelty and inventive step.

Implementation of the claimed method of kiwi cultivation. A method of kiwi cultivation, including a mixed planting of tree-like vines and woody plants, caring for them, characterized in that in a mixed row planting kiwi is stirred between evenly spaced trees, while 2-year-old kiwi seedlings of male and female types with a ratio of 1:10 are planted in substrate with favorable water-air and nutritional properties in trenches, alternating kiwi with seeds of a compatible woody plant in each hole and then leaving one most developed seedling in place, and each kiwi seedling is cut off, leaving one shoot with 3-4 well-developed buds, sparse the crowns of the seedlings are formed above the kiwi plants, the near-stem stripes are covered with perennial evergreen grass, while the age and density of sodding are periodically adjusted by transplanting, the nutrient regime of the substrate is optimized with ash elements in a reserve for several years and an annual two-time application of nitrogen, during winter pruning and the formation of the aerial part of the kiwi, natural thrown litter and branch cuttings are placed in furrows 30-35 cm deep in the middle of the row spacing.

In trenches with a substrate, according to the placement of plants according to a 4 × 4 m scheme, 2-year-old kiwi seedlings were planted, alternating with the seeds of a woody plant. We used vigorous and late flowering kiwi varieties. The most famous and widespread variety of the female type Hayward in the world, distinguished by large fruits (80-150 g), and as pollinators of the male type varieties Matua and Tomuri. The ratio of male and female plants is 1:10. Each seedling was cut, leaving one shoot with 3-4 well-developed buds and tied to a high peg. Trenches with a substrate, excluding local stagnation of moisture, ensured a high survival rate of kiwi seedlings and good germination of seeds of a woody plant. Placing 4 seeds of a woody plant in each hole and then leaving one of the most developed seedlings in place created an undisturbed root system and natural penetration of the main (tap) root of the tree deep into the soil, which contributed to its loosening and gravitational removal of excess moisture. This is very important, since the kiwi root system does not tolerate both lack and excess of moisture. At the same time, an advanced and unhindered growth of the fibrous root systems of kiwi was achieved. Considering that the homeland of kiwi (gourmet actinidia) is the forests of Southeast Asia, mixed planting with trees has improved the cultivation conditions, bringing them closer to natural ecosystems in which compatible plants from different botanical families have a healing effect on each other.

Subsequently, fast-growing, tall and durable trees with a sparse pyramidal crown and tap root system, capable of absorbing moisture from deep soil layers during dry periods, did not have a competing effect on the fibrous root systems of kiwi located close to the surface. The crowns of trees were formed by pruning above the kiwi plants. The even placement of trees on the plantation significantly improved the wind protection of kiwi plants, reliably cutting into parts and extinguishing the speed of often occurring strong wind currents, which usually abruptly and repeatedly change the direction of movement.A light and continuously changing shade with sparse tree crowns had a positive effect on kiwi, slightly increasing the chlorophyll content in photo-synthesizing tissues and preventing leaf burns on very hot days with a cloudless clear sky. When choosing a botanical species of a woody plant, along with its compatibility with kiwi, the specific features of its usefulness to the human body were taken into account. The mixed plantation was not damaged by pests and diseases and was not treated with pesticides, which made it possible to use the leaves and fruits of trees as raw materials for medicinal preparations.

In order to prevent overheating and hypothermia of the upper layer of the substrate with fibrous roots of kiwi, near-stem stripes 1-2 m wide were covered with perennial evergreen grass. The age and density of the turf were periodically adjusted by transplanting using the removed grass as seedlings. This was combined with the introduction of mineral fertilizers, replenishing the substrate with readily available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the reserve for 3 years. The nitrogen nutrition of plants was optimized by the annual application of urea or ammonium nitrate to the turfed near-stem strips in wet weather and under irrigation: 50% of the annual norm before the beginning of the growing season and 50% immediately after flowering (Krivoruchko G.I. The effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in mountain-subtropical conditions Frequency of fertilization in mountain gardens.// Intensive fruit growing on the Black Sea coast of the RSFSR: Collection of scientific works - Sochi, VNIIGSiTs, 1988. - Issue 35. - P. 55-66. 75-83).

The row spacing in the first 4 years was used for growing vegetables, flowers and other crops, later they were kept under natural vegetation, regularly mowing and chopping the grass stand on the spot. The aerial part of the kiwi was cut and formed after natural leaf abscission in the complete absence of sap flow, removing the fruiting wood older than 3 years, placing and tying reproductive branches of the optimal length of 2-2.5 m with internodes 5-6 cm to the supporting trellis wire, according to the type of planting 2 - tiered palmette. In the summer, when the intensively growing shoots are very fragile and can be broken at the base by even a slight force or a gust of wind, they were pinned so that they would not twine around each other or support, and also carefully break out or cut off any excess thickening crown. To exclude the negative impact of decaying tissues on kiwi plants, branches were cut during winter care into furrows 30-35 cm deep in the middle of the row spacing, dumping excess moisture from the plantation. For the summer, the furrows with plant residues were covered with soil. During dry periods, kiwis were irrigated, combining drip irrigation with sprinkling in the evening and at night. During 9 years of full fruiting, the yield of kiwi ranged from 12-34 t / ha.

A device for placing the aboveground part of kiwi is known, according to which, according to the number of planted plants, supports are installed in the form of metal pipes with a diameter of 76 mm, asbestos-cement - 100 mm, reinforced concrete pillars - 100 × 100 mm, oak stakes with a diameter of 150 mm. The height of the supports is 3-4 m, the depth of burial in the soil is 0.8 m. For greater stability, the base of the support is concreted. A galvanized wire with a diameter of at least 5 mm is used as a supporting element. At the ends of each row at an angle of 80 °, pillars with "anchors" are installed, buried to a depth of 60-80 cm, which do not allow the trellis to fold under a heavy crop load (Tarasenko VS Cultivation of kiwi in Russia. -SPb: VIR, 1999. - S. 23-24) (prototype).

The disadvantages of the known device for placing the aboveground part of the kiwi are associated with large material and labor costs when installing the supports.

The task of the invention is to reduce material and labor costs.

This is achieved by the fact that, in contrast to the known technical solution, the claimed device for placing the aerial part of the kiwi when implementing the method according to claim 1, contains supports with a trellis wire attached to them, while half of the necessary supports are seedlings of a fast-growing tall and durable woody plant with sparse crown and tap root system, the stem diameter of which is not less than 50 mm.

As a result of halving the number of required supports and work on their installation, material and labor costs are reduced. The proposed device for placing the aboveground part of the kiwi is provided with novelty and inventive step.

Implementation of the declared device for placing the aboveground part of the kiwi. Kiwi plants give their first fruits at 3 years after planting and gradually increase productivity until full fruiting at 6-7 years. By this time, the seedlings of a woody plant have reached the diameter of the trunk, suitable for fixing the supporting wire on it and evenly distributing the growing load of the fruit yield along the trellis.

Known substrate for the root system of kiwi, according to which a manure spreader equipped with a hopper for belt application, 100 t / ha of manure or compost is distributed in a strip up to 1 m wide, and a fertilizer seeder - 2 t / ha of superphosphate and 1 t / ha of potassium chloride, filling them into the soil by plowing to a depth of 35 cm. Then, peat-manure or straw-manure compost mixed with the soil selected from the pits is poured into the prepared planting pits. Under fruit-bearing plants, once every 2-3 years, they give 40-60 t / ha of compost in near-trunk circles with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 m and are sealed with a hoe to a depth of 5-7 cm. The compost is prepared six months before application on a special site, laying manure or bird droppings, powdered with sawdust, peat, straw or plant residues. The ratio of the components when using manure is 1: 1, poultry droppings - 1: 2 (Tarasenko B.C. Cultivation of kiwi in Russia. - SPb: VIR, 1999. - P.23-26) (prototype).

The disadvantages of the known substrate for the root system of kiwi are large material and labor costs.

The task of the invention is to reduce material and labor costs.

This is achieved by the fact that the substrate for the kiwi root system according to claim 1 includes compost mixed with soil, prepared in advance in trenches up to 60 cm deep, cut with a plantation plow along the longitudinal center line of each row of future plants. at the same time, for composting in trenches up to 60 cm deep, cut along the longitudinal center line of each row of future plants, the following components are placed sequentially, wt. including: crushed plant residues 5, mineral fertilizers 0.2, coarse sand 0.8, sewage sludge 4.

As a result, the need for special sites, for the delivery and placement of components for composting, loading, transportation and distribution of the finished compost over the plantation being laid is eliminated, which reduces material and labor costs.

This is the novelty and inventive step of the claimed substrate for the kiwi root system.

Implementation of the invention. Trenches up to 60 cm deep were made on the land plot selected for kiwi cultivation with a plantation plow along the longitudinal axial line of future rows of plants, outlined according to the layout of 4 × 4 m.With favorable dry weather, 75 tons of crushed plant residues, 1.5 tons of simple superphosphate and 1.5 tons of potassium salt, then 12 tons of coarse sand, and finally 60 tons of sewage sludge. At the same time, scarce components were avoided and efficiently used LC waste - a dangerous source of environmental pollution. Before planting, the prepared compost was mixed with the soil of the trench to a depth of 20-25 cm.Before planting, the supports in the form of metal pipes with a diameter of 76 mm and a length of 2.8 m were installed in the trenches filled with the substrate every 8 m with burial to a depth of 0.8 m by concreting the base. At the ends of each row, pillars with buried "anchors" were placed at an angle of 80 °. At a height of 1.2 and 2.0 m from the surface, two stretched trellis wires with a diameter of 5 mm were fixed on metal supports.

The method of kiwi cultivation contributes to the implementation of the arrangement for the aerial part of the kiwi as well as the substrate for the root system of the kiwi, thereby achieving the general object of the invention. Therefore, this allows us to conclude that the claimed method, device and substrate are interconnected by a single inventive concept.

The proposed method of kiwi cultivation, the device for placing the aboveground part of the kiwi and the substrate for the kiwi root system are industrially applicable. The practical implementation of the invention, along with a significant reduction in material and labor costs and improved conditions for kiwi cultivation, increases the efficiency of using the land area occupied by perennial plantations.

Claims (4)

1. A method of kiwi cultivation, including a mixed planting of treelike vines and woody plants, caring for them, characterized in that in a mixed row planting kiwi is stirred between evenly spaced trees, while 2-year-old kiwi seedlings of male and female types with a ratio of 1:10 planted in a substrate with favorable water-air and nutritional properties in trenches, alternating kiwi with seeds of a compatible woody plant in each hole and then leaving one most developed seedling in place, and each kiwi seedling is cut off, leaving one shoot with 3-4 well-developed buds , the sparse crowns of seedlings are formed above the kiwi plants, the near-stem stripes are covered with perennial evergreen grass, while the age and density of the turf are periodically adjusted by transplanting, the nutrient regime of the substrate is optimized with ash elements in a reserve for several years and an annual two-time application of nitrogen, during winter pruning and the formation of the aboveground part kiwi, natures Fallen litter and branch cuttings are placed in furrows 30-35 cm deep in the middle of the row spacing. 2. A device for placing the aerial part of the kiwi when implementing the method according to claim 1, containing supports with a trellis wire fixed on them, while half of the necessary supports are seedlings of a fast-growing tall and durable woody plant with a rare crown and a taproot system, the stem diameter of which is not less than 50 mm. 3. Substrate for the root system of kiwi according to claim 1, including compost mixed with soil, while for composting in trenches up to 60 cm deep, cut along the longitudinal center line of each row of future plants, the following components are sequentially placed, parts by weight: shredded plant residues five mineral fertilizers 0.2 coarse sand 0.8 sewage sludge four