CN114175982A - Scientific cultivation method for planting konjac with integration of water and fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak with integration of water and fertilizer, relating to the technical field of konjak planting and comprising the following steps: 1) integrally constructing a water fertilizer; 2) a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode; 3) water and fertilizer integrated cultivation technology; 4) water and fertilizer integrated management technology; 5) and a water and fertilizer integrated disease prevention and control technology. The method is characterized in that an industrial base is built by integrating water and fertilizer, firstly, the industrial base is ploughed and ridged, then, water supply facilities are installed, then, fresh seeds are transplanted, water supply soil for transplanting is organically combined, high-stem plants are interplanted in the west of the ridge before clearing the clear, the soil is cultivated at the nodes, the plants are covered with grass, the water supply at the nodes is realized, the chemical prevention at the nodes is realized, the node topdressing is realized, and the like, and a suitable natural growth environment for the konjac is created as an innovative cultivation management so as to solve the current situation that the konjac planting industry does not have high yield.

Description

Scientific cultivation method for planting konjac with integration of water and fertilizer

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of konjak planting, and particularly relates to a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak integrating water and fertilizer.

Background

The konjak comprises three main stream varieties of white konjak, yellow konjak and flower konjak, and the three main stream varieties contain a plurality of shunt varieties. The propagation rate of the white konjak is high, the expansion coefficient of the main body bulb is low, the drought resistance is stronger than that of the yellow konjak and the amorphophallus konjac, the flour yield is highest, and the flour quality is highest. The yellow konjak has low reproduction rate, the largest expansion coefficient and long growth period, is suitable for subtropical rain weather, and has the worst powder yield and the worst powder quality. The propagation rate, the expansion coefficient, the flour yield and the flour quality of the amorphophallus konjac are in medium status, and the growth cycle is about four years, so that the amorphophallus konjac is a main product variety in China.

For years, the konjak planting industry has been developed and has no high yield. The konjak planting industrial technology is in a discussion stage, so that a lot of areas put a large amount of manpower and material resources without high yield and high efficiency are occupied, and the cultivation management technology is formulated according to the characteristics that the konjak seedlings take roots and sprout with water, the root systems absorb water and fertilizer to support the growth of the stems, the photosynthesis of leaf seedlings and the water and fertilizer of the root systems and the propagation and expansion of seed balls; secondly, the root system of the konjak is the meat root and grows on the surface layer of the soil, the surface layer of the soil is easy to dehydrate at high temperature, the surface layer soil is supplemented by no node water, the meat root dehydrates and dies, the stem is not supplied with water and fertilizer, and the dehydration is caused to die. Producing commodity taros regionally according to an industrial period and breeding seed taros regionally to establish a uniform industrial period industrial cultivation technical standard and a water and fertilizer integrated management standard; therefore, a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak with integration of water and fertilizer is needed, and the yield is improved.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the invention provides a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak integrated with water and fertilizer, which is characterized in that an industrial base is built by integrating water and fertilizer, ridging is carried out firstly, then water supply facilities are installed, later fresh seeds are transplanted, transplanted water supply soil is organically combined, tall stalk plants are interplanted on the west side of the ridge before clearing, soil and grass covering is carried out on the ridge in a node cultivation mode, water supply is carried out on the node, chemical prevention is carried out on the node, node topdressing and the like are carried out, an environment suitable for natural growth of konjak is created for innovative cultivation management, and farmers realize dreaming and innovative water and fertilizer integrated konjak cultivation technology.

The purpose and the effect of the scientific cultivation method for planting the konjac by integrating the water and the fertilizer are achieved by the following specific technical means:

a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

1) and constructing a water and fertilizer integrated industry:

the method comprises the following steps of (A) constructing an industrial base by site selection of a water source site:

the method comprises the following steps of firstly, taking subtropical climate as a suitable growing area, selecting a site with water conservancy building conditions, taking soil with a pH value of 6.00-7.50 and 20% of sand as a suitable growing area, and building a garden on a large scale for production;

secondly, a large-scale industrial base is built according to high-standard basic farmland, and water and fertilizer are produced integrally;

thirdly, strong acid soil with the soil quality lower than 5.00 and strong base soil with the soil quality higher than 8.00 are not suitable, and soil with sand content higher than 40% is not suitable for being free of sand plate soil.

(II) cross-year garden building production, the method is as follows:

planning autumn harvest of the lunar calendar, and constructing a garden to produce in a cross-year manner;

autumn ploughing and ridging winter seeds, picking and digging butt-jointed commercial taros, preserving and protecting fresh seeds, classifying the winter seeds in an industrial period, overwintering by using white mulching films before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and installing water replenishing facilities in spring;

thirdly, winter ploughing and ridging of spring seeds, when the temperature of a spring-entering area is more than 5 ℃, fresh seeds are cultivated in a fresh-keeping protective mode, and water supply facilities are installed.

(III) industrial cycle production, the method is as follows:

the production can be planned in the industrial period in the region below-10 ℃;

secondly, in the area with the temperature of more than 10 ℃ below zero, the current-year industrial planning production is implemented;

thirdly, planning the industrial cycle production, namely planting the first generation of the taros (the whips and the young taros), and producing the taros in three years; the second generation of the seed taro below 200 g is produced in two years in production period; more than 200 g of second-generation taro seeds or commercial taro seeds are produced in a production period of one year;

fourthly, the production base in the same year performs seeding when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃, the planting base digs and transplants the thermal insulation big fence to live through the winter when the temperature after autumn is less than 15 ℃, and the planting base transplants when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃; in a commercial taro base, after autumn, when the temperature is reduced to below 15 ℃, harvesting, breeding seed taros, transplanting a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

and fifthly, industrial period production, namely, the first generation of seed taro is produced in three years, the seed taro is bred in the industrial period, the seed taro is transplanted according to the grade of the seed taro in the industrial period, after three years, the seed taro is produced and sold in year, and the seed taro is produced and sold in year in an expanded way, so that the high-yield and high-efficiency industrial planning is realized.

2) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode:

the fresh-keeping protective cultivation method of the taro comprises the following steps:

firstly, purchasing or digging base seeds on the basis of pre-ploughing and ridging, and carrying out fresh-keeping protective cultivation on fresh seeds;

secondly, digging the seed taro or the commercial taro in the industrial period from two sides of the ridge, wherein digging is not damaged, and digging is not damaged;

thirdly, the specially-assigned person digs and wears gloves to sort and sort the taros, digs the damaged taros, insect pests and diseased bulbs, and the taros are all used as the commodity taros and bagged; other corms are put on the ridge surface according to the grade of the planted taro, and are bagged after soil is removed and about 5 percent of the ridge surface is naturally dehydrated;

when classified basket loading, the grass is poured, the wool is loosened, the corn stalks are kneaded and torn and the basket is loaded in layers, and 5Cm is left on the loaded basket (the basket is not filled);

loading and transporting, budgeting the number of each section according to the standard of the carriage, loading the sections from the front section to the rear section, fixing the sections by using clamping plates, covering the sections by using a roof during transportation, and keeping the height of the side roof at 1m on two sides of the large carriage for ventilation;

sixthly, under the conditions of air temperature within 20 ℃, ventilation, layered straw bedding and basket loading, and single-basket storage, the preservation period of the first generation seeds is about 15 days, and the preservation period of the second generation seeds is about one week;

seventhly, when seeding is carried out, the whole basket is conveyed to a planting area, and a professional puts seeds on gloves, so that the seeds cannot be scratched and bruised.

Secondly, field planting, flat land ridge planting and slope land transverse ridge planting are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

in the field, a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode of ridging, interplanting ridge west and land is adopted in the flat land;

bare seeds are planted in the sloping field, and a transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode is adopted;

thirdly, interplanting under the forest, namely, forming a cultivation mode of root ridge walking under the tree, konjak ridge growing and water and fertilizer integration by adopting transverse accumulated humus soil to form ridges;

interplanting is carried out on the hillside fields and the orchards, and a cultivation mode of transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integration is adopted in the middle of transverse row spacing of the orchards;

interplanting in field and flat forest orchard in a row spacing without damaging the roots of the forest fruits, and forming ridges in the middle of the row spacing, wherein the cultivation mode is a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode.

(III) deep-ploughing shallow-planting M-ridge concave cultivation, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, soil humidity is about 30%, deep ploughing soil is about 25Cm, thinning treatment is carried out, ridge width is 160Cm and furrow width is 40Cm are demarcated by a scale, and mechanical ridging is carried out on the ridges and furrows after the ridges and furrows are marked by lime;

secondly, mechanically ridging, reserving ridges and furrows with the depth of about 25Cm, automatically forming high-middle-low concave type bodies on two sides on the ridge surface, and forming M ridge modes by the concave type bodies and the furrows;

thirdly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, the standard of 10cm of planting surface ridging is adopted, and the konjak is not suitable for deep sowing;

(IV) wide-ridge narrow-seed cultivation and seed-fertilizer separation cultivation, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, a 160Cm wide M-ridge concave ridge surface with the middle 60Cm is used as a konjak seeding area, and double-row cultivation is carried out according to the row spacing of 60Cm and the plant spacing of 40Cm to form a wide-ridge narrow-seed mode;

secondly, digging a pit by 10Cm deep for the first generation of seeds; the second generation seeds determine the depth of digging a pit according to the size of the seed ball, and the thickness of the seed surface seed fertilizer is 10cm as a standard;

thirdly, after sowing, fertilizing after 5cm of ridging of the seed surface, ridging 5cm of fertilizing, and covering with fertilizer to form a seed-fertilizer separation cultivation mode.

(V) net box type cultivation, the method is as follows:

firstly, setting 2m high cement piles at intervals of 5m, fixing the high cement piles with the transverse vertical piles on the ridge surface, and fixing the high cement piles at the top ends of the cement rods by using steel pipes or steel wires;

and secondly, reserving a 55-type sun-shading net according to the conditions that 40m ten furrows (45 Cm and 45Cm on two sides of each ridge surface) are 130Cm, aligning, fixing and pulling the 55-type sun-shading net on a support, and leaving a 60 Cm-middle konjak growing area for natural growth to form a net box type cultivation mode.

(VI) a three-dimensional interplanting cultivation mode, which comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps that firstly, bare seeds are planted on the west edge of a ridge surface and at the joint of a furrow and the ridge surface, a deep pit is dug, shallow sowing is carried out, and topdressing, ridging and lodging resistance are achieved;

interplanting corn, wherein the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 40 Cm;

thirdly, castor bean is interplanted, the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 2 m;

and fourthly, under the forest, under the orchard, ridging and interplanting are carried out, and a three-dimensional interplanting mode is automatically formed.

3) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation technology:

the method for cultivating the improved variety by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, deeply ploughing 25cm of soil, finely treating weeds and sundries, leveling the soil, then, using a fixed scale rod, using lime to demarcate 160cm as a ridge surface and 40cm as a furrow, and mechanically or manually ridging the ridge surface of the furrow soil ridging, wherein the furrow depth is 25 cm;

secondly, after the preparation and ridging, installing double-drip irrigation water replenishing facilities corresponding to ridge surfaces;

the taro planting base is protectively excavated without falling, classified sorting is not scratched, layered auxiliary baskets are filled without being damaged, ventilation transportation is carried out, accumulated temperature burn is avoided during storage, scratching is avoided when the taro planting base is lightly taken and sowed, and fresh-keeping cultivation of fresh seeds is improved seed cultivation;

when sowing, taking 60cm in the middle of the ridge surface as a sowing area, producing double-row sowing in an industrial period, wherein the depth of digging pits is determined according to the size of the seed taro, and keeping the standard of 10cm of ridging on the seed surface;

fifthly, arranging the seeds of the calathea, enabling the buds of the calathea to be parallel to the ground, arranging the seeds of the calathea, inclining the buds of the calathea by 45 degrees, and fixing the buds with soil;

sixthly, finishing seed arrangement, earthing up 5cm on the seed surface, applying base fertilizer and stopping insects, and earthing up 5cm and covering fertilizer;

seventhly, after seeding is finished, flood irrigation is carried out for 60 minutes, or water is supplemented to the ridge surface to regulate and control the soil humidity to be about 70%, so that the soil is organically combined.

(II) physically preventing and controlling the occurrence of diseases, and carrying out water and fertilizer integrated cultivation, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, performing agricultural cleaning management on soil before preparation ploughing, and preventing and controlling solid weeds and residual pollutants from causing diseases;

pumping the ditch to drain water, and ploughing and ridging and sowing with the soil humidity of about 40%;

supplementing water to regulate and control the soil humidity after sowing, and combining soil;

fourthly, in the growth period, the soil humidity is not lower than 30 percent;

growing leaf surfaces, expanding, and supplementing water on ridge surfaces at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days and rains, and maintaining the humidity of the soil surface layer between 40 and 50 percent;

sixthly, applying fertilizer for a plurality of times by using the nodes, separating the fertilizer and the seed fertilizer, applying additional fertilizer to the covered edge of the leaf crown without applying fertilizer;

the sowing depth is based on the standard of 10cm of seed surface ridging, the excessive depth expansion coefficient is low, the commodity taro is easy to rot due to high humidity, the seed taro is easy to rot in the industrial period, and the excessive superficial influence on rooting is easy to cause soft rot.

And (III) constructing a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation environment for the natural growth of the konjak, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be not less than 30% and not more than 60%;

adopting three-dimensional interplanting and net-box type cultivation to regulate and control the ground temperature to be not more than 32 ℃;

and thirdly, before the Qingming festival, corn and castor are interplanted.

(IV) the integrated cultivation of water and fertilizer production in the industrial period comprises the following steps:

firstly, autumn harvesting, ploughing and ridging, picking and digging commercial taros, and classifying fine varieties to produce water and fertilizer integrally according to an industrial period;

secondly, in the no-tillage industrial cycle, the temperature is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, the expansion period is finished, the soil humidity is about 30%, seedlings are removed, the weeding and ridging are carried out, the soil is planted in winter, 1m of white mulching film is covered on the ridge surface before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and the drip irrigation pipeline is used for overwintering; in the area above 0 ℃ in winter, seedlings are removed, weeding and ridging are carried out to cover the area, and the area naturally overwinter;

restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces after the membrane removal medicine is removed to prevent weeds when the spring entering temperature is above 5 ℃, and performing water and fertilizer integrated management;

fourthly, finishing the harvesting base of the industrial period, and filling green manure such as straws, weeds and the like in the furrows; secondly, killing insects on the green manure; thirdly, moving a water replenishing pipeline; fourthly, the soil on the surface of the drug ridge; fifthly, restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces by ridge-furrow interconversion; and sixthly, circularly producing according to the industrial period.

And (V) cultivating spring seeds in autumn by the following steps:

firstly, ploughing in winter, forming ridges, resisting in winter, and performing protective cultivation and water and fertilizer integrated production on fresh seeds when the temperature is more than 5 ℃ in spring;

secondly, when the temperature of the taro base is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, seedlings are protectively picked and transported, the taro is transplanted to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering, the humidity of the soil for transplanting the large grid is about 30%, and the temperature is 0-5 ℃, so that water accumulation and soaking are prevented;

digging the commercial taro base before frost, selling the commercial taro, breeding the seed taro, transplanting the seed taro to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

digging the commercial taros to automatically form M ridge concave type ridge surfaces for winter resistance;

fifthly, when the temperature is over 5 ℃ in spring, the thermal-insulation large-grid planted taro is moved out for transplantation.

Sixthly, integrally installing water and fertilizer, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting the highest point of an industrial base, building a water storage tower with the highest point drop of about 3m or installing 5 to 10 tons of water storage tanks;

secondly, a water supply pipeline is buried in the extraction groove of 20 cm; a switch is installed on the layering fall to control water and supplement water;

thirdly, according to the area of the base, a main water tower is branched with a plurality of water storage tanks for supplying water;

fourthly, drip irrigation pipelines are arranged corresponding to the ridge surfaces, each ridge is provided with two pipelines, and two sides of the konjak planting rows are placed;

fifthly, water can be introduced into the tower through filtration, and water can also be pumped into the tower;

sixthly, a switch water supply pipeline is arranged on the main pipeline branch of the riverside ground of the river channel, and the pumping pressurization water supplement is carried out.

4) And integrally managing the water and the fertilizer:

the method for managing the garden building of the water and fertilizer integrated industry comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a proper place of a river ditch and a river edge, introducing water or pumping water into a tower, and building a garden for production;

constructing a water storage pool in mountainous and sloping fields, and introducing water or pumping water into a tower to build a garden for production;

thirdly, storing water in towers according to the area of the base, and building a garden to produce.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated cultivation management, the method comprises the following steps:

regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be about 30 percent for alternate tillage, ridging and sowing;

secondly, after sowing, the soil is watered by about 70 percent, the taro planting soil is used for improving sleep, and the soil is used for regulating and controlling the soil humidity by 30 percent in the rooting and sprouting period;

and thirdly, in the period of dormancy improvement and rooting and sprouting, the taro planting soil is subjected to sealing-free and root-rot-free herbicide, and the recurrent complete solid weeds are removed while the joint pesticide is used for preventing.

(III) water and fertilizer integrated seedling management, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, entering a seedling stage, sowing one inch of weeds, and taking out furrows to ripen soil to cultivate soil and cover the weeds;

secondly, after emergence of scattered leaves, chemical prevention of diseases is carried out;

thirdly, after the seedlings are bred and the leaves are scattered, the medicines are crossed to prevent the diseases for the second time;

fourthly, after the water seedlings are scattered, topdressing 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate high nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer per mu;

after seedlings emerge and leaves are scattered, regularly replenishing water on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days or rains, wherein the water replenishing time is 6-8 points in the morning;

sixthly, after emergence of scattered leaves, the pathological change condition is checked alternately at intervals of 48 hours, and withered pathological change plants are treated;

seventhly, interplanting corn and castor-oil plant, fertilizing, earthing up, ridging and lodging prevention, removing lower angle leaves below the height of the stem of the konjak from the corn, and pruning and shearing branches and stems below 150cm by using mulberry leaves of the castor-oil plant;

managing ridge and furrow walking without treading on ridge surfaces, preventing animals from entering the garden and preventing interplanting branches from lodging;

ninthly, preventing the soaking in heavy rain and the soaking in reverse flow of river water.

(IV) managing the water and fertilizer integrated expansion period, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, after the autumn rain comes, artificial mowing management is firstly carried out, then topdressing management is carried out on 40 kg/mu potassium sulfate high-nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer, and water replenishing management is carried out on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours;

sixthly, the components are the same as the components (III) and (III);

thirdly, when the temperature is within 30 ℃, big leaves of castor-oil plant are trimmed, corn stalks are cut off, and furrows are arranged.

(V) cyclic overwintering management of the water and fertilizer integrated industry period, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, continuously cropping land in an industrial period, after expansion is finished, removing seedlings and weeding on the ridge surface, backfilling green manure into M ridge grooves, ridging, forming convex ridges, enabling the green manure to enter the winter, and cooling by 0 ℃ to enable white mulching films to overwinter;

secondly, the mulching film overwintering, namely, the two sides of the mulching film are earthed and fixed; secondly, transverse ridging and fixing at intervals of 1m along the mulching film; thirdly, the mulching film is prevented from being scratched by people and animals;

and thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch, preventing water accumulation and soaking, and preventing soil from freezing and rotting seeds.

Sixthly, water and fertilizer integrated soil obstacle repair management, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, digging and interplanting straws and cutting off weeds to fill furrows before digging in an industrial period production base; secondly, 1000 g/mu of the fortunate is braked and the green manure surface is scattered; thirdly, 60 g/mu of potassium permanganate is diluted by 60 kg of water mist to spray the ridge surface;

digging inwards from two sides of the ridge surface during digging, namely filling the konjak stems in furrows; secondly, digging and fixing the weeds while moving out of the growing area; thirdly, covering the ripe soil on the straws to automatically form an M-ridge concave mode and a furrow-alternative stubble-reversing rotation mode; fourthly, the harvested and dug taros are protected, sorted, planted and bagged for storage; fifthly, bagging, processing and treating the lost, aged and diseased corms;

thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch; secondly, spraying potassium permanganate on the ridge surface by using secondary mist; thirdly, the stored seed taros are classified according to grades, are circularly transplanted according to an industrial period, enter the winter after the water supplementing ridge surface and the soil are organically combined, and are subjected to mulching film overwintering before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃;

fourthly, under the orchard, before digging, after chemical control, digging by the same method, removing solid weeds, and mechanically or manually re-digging M ridges for concave cultivation after roots are removed;

and fifthly, the water replenishing drip irrigation pipeline automatically recovers to the middle of the M ridges.

5) And water and fertilizer integrated disease prevention and control:

the method for preventing and controlling diseases by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a water source site to construct an industrial base, selecting west and east, and selecting east river ditches; selecting low and high, selecting thick and thin; selecting mud without selecting sand, wherein the selected mud contains sand slightly; physically regulating and controlling a production environment suitable for the growth of the fertile soil and the water content;

finely processing soil, ridging for seed treatment, protectively digging fresh seeds, preserving and protectively cultivating; firstly, physically preventing and controlling soil germs, and then cultivating improved varieties;

executing a wide ridge and narrow seed mode, and forming an anti-sunning ridge cutting moisture-preserving body and an industrial cycle propagation derived long body by physical regulation;

seed fertilizer separation is carried out, no additional fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the bulbs and the root system are not damaged by the decomposition of fertility, and the root system is soaked under the fertility to absorb the growth environment;

performing soil node water supplement, and physically preventing and controlling the soil surface layer from being lack of moisture, so that the root growth and the water and fertilizer supply insufficiency are influenced;

sixthly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, and node earthing, grass covering and fertilizer covering are carried out, so that the physical prevention and control of weed attack, insufficient fertility attack, and surface layer mellow soil loss and root system damage attack are formed;

seventhly, managing physical prevention and control are performed, root breaking and disease occurrence are avoided by treading the ridge surface, and root, stem, rod and leaf diseases are avoided;

executing standardized physical prevention and control production, reducing varieties and increasing yield, and compositely developing the konjak planting industry with high yield and high efficiency.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated chemical prevention of diseases, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, carrying out preparation tillage and seeding with soil humidity of about 40%;

preparing and ploughing soil, realizing overwintering soil in an industrial period, circulating soil in the industrial period, and executing potassium permanganate sterilization medicine to prevent soil;

thirdly, sowing water supplement is carried out, soil and fertilizer are organically combined, and insect killing and bacterium killing pesticide and soil are organically combined to grow the body;

fourthly, executing the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings and the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings with the head replaced, and carrying out chemical prevention 48 hours after rain and before 10 am;

executing high temperature period, before 8 o' clock in the morning, node furrow water leakage cooling and ridge surface water replenishing cooling management.

(III) the water and fertilizer integrated three-dimensional interplanting prevention and control of diseases are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, interplanting M ridges on west sides in a naked seed way to form a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling stalk lesion caused by strong illumination after 12 noon;

secondly, interplanting is carried out in M ridges within 2M under the forest, no forest is covered, a refraction illumination growth mode is formed, and the occurrence of light-blocking lesions of the leaf crown of the forest is prevented and controlled;

thirdly, interplanting the fruits in the forest orchard in the middle of the row spacing of the fruits to form an M-ridge refraction illumination mode which does not damage the root systems of the fruits, preventing, controlling, sowing, managing, digging and digging the damaged roots of the fruits to cause lesion;

net box type cultivation, wherein a sunshade net covers furrows and two sides of ridge surfaces to form a refraction illumination mode, and the occurrence of pathological changes of stems due to strong light sunburn in the afternoon is prevented and controlled;

fifthly, interplanting bare seeds and making water and fertilizer into a whole, preventing the stems from being damaged by pressure and falling down through hilling management;

interplanting the big leaf plants (castor-oil plants) and the big leaf forest orchards (walnuts), pruning to build a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling diseases caused by big leaf coverage;

and seventhly, managing water and fertilizer in proportion nodes in the three-dimensional interplanting base to prevent and control diseases caused by water and fertilizer shortage of soil.

The invention at least comprises the following beneficial effects:

according to the scientific cultivation method for planting the konjak integrated with the water and fertilizer, an industrial base is built by integrating the water and fertilizer, the ridge is ploughed and ridged firstly, then a water supply facility is installed, the later fresh seeds are transplanted, the water supply soil is organically combined with the transplanted water supply soil, the high-stem plants are interplanted on the west side of the ridge before the clearness is realized, the soil is applied and the grass is covered by node cultivation, the water supply is performed at the node, the chemical prevention is performed at the node, the node additional fertilizer is applied, and the like, so that the technology for creating the environment suitable for natural growth of the konjak is an innovative cultivation management technology, and the technology for planting the konjak integrated with the water and fertilizer can be used by farmers for realizing the fantasting.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example (b):

the invention provides a scientific cultivation method for planting konjak integrated with water and fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:

1) and constructing a water and fertilizer integrated industry:

the method comprises the following steps of (A) constructing an industrial base by site selection of a water source site:

the method comprises the following steps of firstly, taking subtropical climate as a suitable growing area, selecting a site with water conservancy building conditions, taking soil with a pH value of 6.00-7.50 and 20% of sand as a suitable growing area, and building a garden on a large scale for production;

secondly, a large-scale industrial base is built according to high-standard basic farmland, and water and fertilizer are produced integrally;

thirdly, strong acid soil with the soil quality lower than 5.00 and strong base soil with the soil quality higher than 8.00 are not suitable, and soil with sand content higher than 40% is not suitable for being free of sand plate soil.

(II) cross-year garden building production, the method is as follows:

planning autumn harvest of the lunar calendar, and constructing a garden to produce in a cross-year manner;

autumn ploughing and ridging winter seeds, picking and digging butt-jointed commercial taros, preserving and protecting fresh seeds, classifying the winter seeds in an industrial period, overwintering by using white mulching films before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and installing water replenishing facilities in spring;

thirdly, winter ploughing and ridging of spring seeds, when the temperature of a spring-entering area is more than 5 ℃, fresh seeds are cultivated in a fresh-keeping protective mode, and water supply facilities are installed.

(III) industrial cycle production, the method is as follows:

the production can be planned in the industrial period in the region below-10 ℃;

secondly, in the area with the temperature of more than 10 ℃ below zero, the current-year industrial planning production is implemented;

thirdly, planning the industrial cycle production, namely planting the first generation of the taros (the whips and the young taros), and producing the taros in three years; the second generation of the seed taro below 200 g is produced in two years in production period; more than 200 g of second-generation taro seeds or commercial taro seeds are produced in a production period of one year;

fourthly, the production base in the same year performs seeding when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃, the planting base digs and transplants the thermal insulation big fence to live through the winter when the temperature after autumn is less than 15 ℃, and the planting base transplants when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃; in a commercial taro base, after autumn, when the temperature is reduced to below 15 ℃, harvesting, breeding seed taros, transplanting a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

and fifthly, industrial period production, namely, the first generation of seed taro is produced in three years, the seed taro is bred in the industrial period, the seed taro is transplanted according to the grade of the seed taro in the industrial period, after three years, the seed taro is produced and sold in year, and the seed taro is produced and sold in year in an expanded way, so that the high-yield and high-efficiency industrial planning is realized.

2) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode:

the fresh-keeping protective cultivation method of the taro comprises the following steps:

firstly, purchasing or digging base seeds on the basis of pre-ploughing and ridging, and carrying out fresh-keeping protective cultivation on fresh seeds;

secondly, digging the seed taro or the commercial taro in the industrial period from two sides of the ridge, wherein digging is not damaged, and digging is not damaged;

thirdly, the specially-assigned person digs and wears gloves to sort and sort the taros, digs the damaged taros, insect pests and diseased bulbs, and the taros are all used as the commodity taros and bagged; other corms are put on the ridge surface according to the grade of the planted taro, and are bagged after soil is removed and about 5 percent of the ridge surface is naturally dehydrated;

when classified basket loading, the grass is poured, the wool is loosened, the corn stalks are kneaded and torn and the basket is loaded in layers, and 5Cm is left on the loaded basket (the basket is not filled);

loading and transporting, budgeting the number of each section according to the standard of the carriage, loading the sections from the front section to the rear section, fixing the sections by using clamping plates, covering the sections by using a roof during transportation, and keeping the height of the side roof at 1m on two sides of the large carriage for ventilation;

sixthly, under the conditions of air temperature within 20 ℃, ventilation, layered straw bedding and basket loading, and single-basket storage, the preservation period of the first generation seeds is about 15 days, and the preservation period of the second generation seeds is about one week;

seventhly, when seeding is carried out, the whole basket is conveyed to a planting area, and a professional puts seeds on gloves, so that the seeds cannot be scratched and bruised.

Secondly, field planting, flat land ridge planting and slope land transverse ridge planting are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

in the field, a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode of ridging, interplanting ridge west and land is adopted in the flat land;

bare seeds are planted in the sloping field, and a transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode is adopted;

thirdly, interplanting under the forest, namely, forming a cultivation mode of root ridge walking under the tree, konjak ridge growing and water and fertilizer integration by adopting transverse accumulated humus soil to form ridges;

interplanting is carried out on the hillside fields and the orchards, and a cultivation mode of transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integration is adopted in the middle of transverse row spacing of the orchards;

interplanting in field and flat forest orchard in a row spacing without damaging the roots of the forest fruits, and forming ridges in the middle of the row spacing, wherein the cultivation mode is a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode.

(III) deep-ploughing shallow-planting M-ridge concave cultivation, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, soil humidity is about 30%, deep ploughing soil is about 25Cm, thinning treatment is carried out, ridge width is 160Cm and furrow width is 40Cm are demarcated by a scale, and mechanical ridging is carried out on the ridges and furrows after the ridges and furrows are marked by lime;

secondly, mechanically ridging, reserving ridges and furrows with the depth of about 25Cm, automatically forming high-middle-low concave type bodies on two sides on the ridge surface, and forming M ridge modes by the concave type bodies and the furrows;

thirdly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, the standard of 10cm of planting surface ridging is adopted, and the konjak is not suitable for deep sowing;

(IV) wide-ridge narrow-seed cultivation and seed-fertilizer separation cultivation, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, a 160Cm wide M-ridge concave ridge surface with the middle 60Cm is used as a konjak seeding area, and double-row cultivation is carried out according to the row spacing of 60Cm and the plant spacing of 40Cm to form a wide-ridge narrow-seed mode;

secondly, digging a pit by 10Cm deep for the first generation of seeds; the second generation seeds determine the depth of digging a pit according to the size of the seed ball, and the thickness of the seed surface seed fertilizer is 10cm as a standard;

thirdly, after sowing, fertilizing after 5cm of ridging of the seed surface, ridging 5cm of fertilizing, and covering with fertilizer to form a seed-fertilizer separation cultivation mode.

(V) net box type cultivation, the method is as follows:

firstly, setting 2m high cement piles at intervals of 5m, fixing the high cement piles with the transverse vertical piles on the ridge surface, and fixing the high cement piles at the top ends of the cement rods by using steel pipes or steel wires;

and secondly, reserving a 55-type sun-shading net according to the conditions that 40m ten furrows (45 Cm and 45Cm on two sides of each ridge surface) are 130Cm, aligning, fixing and pulling the 55-type sun-shading net on a support, and leaving a 60 Cm-middle konjak growing area for natural growth to form a net box type cultivation mode.

(VI) a three-dimensional interplanting cultivation mode, which comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps that firstly, bare seeds are planted on the west edge of a ridge surface and at the joint of a furrow and the ridge surface, a deep pit is dug, shallow sowing is carried out, and topdressing, ridging and lodging resistance are achieved;

interplanting corn, wherein the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 40 Cm;

thirdly, castor bean is interplanted, the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 2 m;

and fourthly, under the forest, under the orchard, ridging and interplanting are carried out, and a three-dimensional interplanting mode is automatically formed.

3) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation technology:

the method for cultivating the improved variety by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, deeply ploughing 25cm of soil, finely treating weeds and sundries, leveling the soil, then, using a fixed scale rod, using lime to demarcate 160cm as a ridge surface and 40cm as a furrow, and mechanically or manually ridging the ridge surface of the furrow soil ridging, wherein the furrow depth is 25 cm;

secondly, after the preparation and ridging, installing double-drip irrigation water replenishing facilities corresponding to ridge surfaces;

the taro planting base is protectively excavated without falling, classified sorting is not scratched, layered auxiliary baskets are filled without being damaged, ventilation transportation is carried out, accumulated temperature burn is avoided during storage, scratching is avoided when the taro planting base is lightly taken and sowed, and fresh-keeping cultivation of fresh seeds is improved seed cultivation;

when sowing, taking 60cm in the middle of the ridge surface as a sowing area, producing double-row sowing in an industrial period, wherein the depth of digging pits is determined according to the size of the seed taro, and keeping the standard of 10cm of ridging on the seed surface;

fifthly, arranging the seeds of the calathea, enabling the buds of the calathea to be parallel to the ground, arranging the seeds of the calathea, inclining the buds of the calathea by 45 degrees, and fixing the buds with soil;

sixthly, finishing seed arrangement, earthing up 5cm on the seed surface, applying base fertilizer and stopping insects, and earthing up 5cm and covering fertilizer;

seventhly, after seeding is finished, flood irrigation is carried out for 60 minutes, or water is supplemented to the ridge surface to regulate and control the soil humidity to be about 70%, so that the soil is organically combined.

(II) physically preventing and controlling the occurrence of diseases, and carrying out water and fertilizer integrated cultivation, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, performing agricultural cleaning management on soil before preparation ploughing, and preventing and controlling solid weeds and residual pollutants from causing diseases;

pumping the ditch to drain water, and ploughing and ridging and sowing with the soil humidity of about 40%;

supplementing water to regulate and control the soil humidity after sowing, and combining soil;

fourthly, in the growth period, the soil humidity is not lower than 30 percent;

growing leaf surfaces, expanding, and supplementing water on ridge surfaces at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days and rains, and maintaining the humidity of the soil surface layer between 40 and 50 percent;

sixthly, applying fertilizer for a plurality of times by using the nodes, separating the fertilizer and the seed fertilizer, applying additional fertilizer to the covered edge of the leaf crown without applying fertilizer;

the sowing depth is based on the standard of 10cm of seed surface ridging, the excessive depth expansion coefficient is low, the commodity taro is easy to rot due to high humidity, the seed taro is easy to rot in the industrial period, and the excessive superficial influence on rooting is easy to cause soft rot.

And (III) constructing a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation environment for the natural growth of the konjak, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be not less than 30% and not more than 60%;

adopting three-dimensional interplanting and net-box type cultivation to regulate and control the ground temperature to be not more than 32 ℃;

and thirdly, before the Qingming festival, corn and castor are interplanted.

(IV) the integrated cultivation of water and fertilizer production in the industrial period comprises the following steps:

firstly, autumn harvesting, ploughing and ridging, picking and digging commercial taros, and classifying fine varieties to produce water and fertilizer integrally according to an industrial period;

secondly, in the no-tillage industrial cycle, the temperature is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, the expansion period is finished, the soil humidity is about 30%, seedlings are removed, the weeding and ridging are carried out, the soil is planted in winter, 1m of white mulching film is covered on the ridge surface before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and the drip irrigation pipeline is used for overwintering; in the area above 0 ℃ in winter, seedlings are removed, weeding and ridging are carried out to cover the area, and the area naturally overwinter;

restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces after the membrane removal medicine is removed to prevent weeds when the spring entering temperature is above 5 ℃, and performing water and fertilizer integrated management;

fourthly, finishing the harvesting base of the industrial period, and filling green manure such as straws, weeds and the like in the furrows; secondly, killing insects on the green manure; thirdly, moving a water replenishing pipeline; fourthly, the soil on the surface of the drug ridge; fifthly, restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces by ridge-furrow interconversion; and sixthly, circularly producing according to the industrial period.

And (V) cultivating spring seeds in autumn by the following steps:

firstly, ploughing in winter, forming ridges, resisting in winter, and performing protective cultivation and water and fertilizer integrated production on fresh seeds when the temperature is more than 5 ℃ in spring;

secondly, when the temperature of the taro base is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, seedlings are protectively picked and transported, the taro is transplanted to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering, the humidity of the soil for transplanting the large grid is about 30%, and the temperature is 0-5 ℃, so that water accumulation and soaking are prevented;

digging the commercial taro base before frost, selling the commercial taro, breeding the seed taro, transplanting the seed taro to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

digging the commercial taros to automatically form M ridge concave type ridge surfaces for winter resistance;

fifthly, when the temperature is over 5 ℃ in spring, the thermal-insulation large-grid planted taro is moved out for transplantation.

Sixthly, integrally installing water and fertilizer, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting the highest point of an industrial base, building a water storage tower with the highest point drop of about 3m or installing 5 to 10 tons of water storage tanks;

secondly, a water supply pipeline is buried in the extraction groove of 20 cm; a switch is installed on the layering fall to control water and supplement water;

thirdly, according to the area of the base, a main water tower is branched with a plurality of water storage tanks for supplying water;

fourthly, drip irrigation pipelines are arranged corresponding to the ridge surfaces, each ridge is provided with two pipelines, and two sides of the konjak planting rows are placed;

fifthly, water can be introduced into the tower through filtration, and water can also be pumped into the tower;

sixthly, a switch water supply pipeline is arranged on the main pipeline branch of the riverside ground of the river channel, and the pumping pressurization water supplement is carried out.

4) And integrally managing the water and the fertilizer:

the method for managing the garden building of the water and fertilizer integrated industry comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a proper place of a river ditch and a river edge, introducing water or pumping water into a tower, and building a garden for production;

constructing a water storage pool in mountainous and sloping fields, and introducing water or pumping water into a tower to build a garden for production;

thirdly, storing water in towers according to the area of the base, and building a garden to produce.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated cultivation management, the method comprises the following steps:

regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be about 30 percent for alternate tillage, ridging and sowing;

secondly, after sowing, the soil is watered by about 70 percent, the taro planting soil is used for improving sleep, and the soil is used for regulating and controlling the soil humidity by 30 percent in the rooting and sprouting period;

and thirdly, in the period of dormancy improvement and rooting and sprouting, the taro planting soil is subjected to sealing-free and root-rot-free herbicide, and the recurrent complete solid weeds are removed while the joint pesticide is used for preventing.

(III) water and fertilizer integrated seedling management, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, entering a seedling stage, sowing one inch of weeds, and taking out furrows to ripen soil to cultivate soil and cover the weeds;

secondly, after emergence of scattered leaves, chemical prevention of diseases is carried out;

thirdly, after the seedlings are bred and the leaves are scattered, the medicines are crossed to prevent the diseases for the second time;

fourthly, after the water seedlings are scattered, topdressing 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate high nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer per mu;

after seedlings emerge and leaves are scattered, regularly replenishing water on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days or rains, wherein the water replenishing time is 6-8 points in the morning;

sixthly, after emergence of scattered leaves, the pathological change condition is checked alternately at intervals of 48 hours, and withered pathological change plants are treated;

seventhly, interplanting corn and castor-oil plant, fertilizing, earthing up, ridging and lodging prevention, removing lower angle leaves below the height of the stem of the konjak from the corn, and pruning and shearing branches and stems below 150cm by using mulberry leaves of the castor-oil plant;

managing ridge and furrow walking without treading on ridge surfaces, preventing animals from entering the garden and preventing interplanting branches from lodging;

ninthly, preventing the soaking in heavy rain and the soaking in reverse flow of river water.

(IV) managing the water and fertilizer integrated expansion period, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, after the autumn rain comes, artificial mowing management is firstly carried out, then topdressing management is carried out on 40 kg/mu potassium sulfate high-nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer, and water replenishing management is carried out on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours;

sixthly, the components are the same as the components (III) and (III);

thirdly, when the temperature is within 30 ℃, big leaves of castor-oil plant are trimmed, corn stalks are cut off, and furrows are arranged.

(V) cyclic overwintering management of the water and fertilizer integrated industry period, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, continuously cropping land in an industrial period, after expansion is finished, removing seedlings and weeding on the ridge surface, backfilling green manure into M ridge grooves, ridging, forming convex ridges, enabling the green manure to enter the winter, and cooling by 0 ℃ to enable white mulching films to overwinter;

secondly, the mulching film overwintering, namely, the two sides of the mulching film are earthed and fixed; secondly, transverse ridging and fixing at intervals of 1m along the mulching film; thirdly, the mulching film is prevented from being scratched by people and animals;

and thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch, preventing water accumulation and soaking, and preventing soil from freezing and rotting seeds.

Sixthly, water and fertilizer integrated soil obstacle repair management, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, digging and interplanting straws and cutting off weeds to fill furrows before digging in an industrial period production base; secondly, 1000 g/mu of the fortunate is braked and the green manure surface is scattered; thirdly, 60 g/mu of potassium permanganate is diluted by 60 kg of water mist to spray the ridge surface;

digging inwards from two sides of the ridge surface during digging, namely filling the konjak stems in furrows; secondly, digging and fixing the weeds while moving out of the growing area; thirdly, covering the ripe soil on the straws to automatically form an M-ridge concave mode and a furrow-alternative stubble-reversing rotation mode; fourthly, the harvested and dug taros are protected, sorted, planted and bagged for storage; fifthly, bagging, processing and treating the lost, aged and diseased corms;

thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch; secondly, spraying potassium permanganate on the ridge surface by using secondary mist; thirdly, the stored seed taros are classified according to grades, are circularly transplanted according to an industrial period, enter the winter after the water supplementing ridge surface and the soil are organically combined, and are subjected to mulching film overwintering before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃;

fourthly, under the orchard, before digging, after chemical control, digging by the same method, removing solid weeds, and mechanically or manually re-digging M ridges for concave cultivation after roots are removed;

and fifthly, the water replenishing drip irrigation pipeline automatically recovers to the middle of the M ridges.

5) And water and fertilizer integrated disease prevention and control:

the method for preventing and controlling diseases by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a water source site to construct an industrial base, selecting west and east, and selecting east river ditches; selecting low and high, selecting thick and thin; selecting mud without selecting sand, wherein the selected mud contains sand slightly; physically regulating and controlling a production environment suitable for the growth of the fertile soil and the water content;

finely processing soil, ridging for seed treatment, protectively digging fresh seeds, preserving and protectively cultivating; firstly, physically preventing and controlling soil germs, and then cultivating improved varieties;

executing a wide ridge and narrow seed mode, and forming an anti-sunning ridge cutting moisture-preserving body and an industrial cycle propagation derived long body by physical regulation;

seed fertilizer separation is carried out, no additional fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the bulbs and the root system are not damaged by the decomposition of fertility, and the root system is soaked under the fertility to absorb the growth environment;

performing soil node water supplement, and physically preventing and controlling the soil surface layer from being lack of moisture, so that the root growth and the water and fertilizer supply insufficiency are influenced;

sixthly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, and node earthing, grass covering and fertilizer covering are carried out, so that the physical prevention and control of weed attack, insufficient fertility attack, and surface layer mellow soil loss and root system damage attack are formed;

seventhly, managing physical prevention and control are performed, root breaking and disease occurrence are avoided by treading the ridge surface, and root, stem, rod and leaf diseases are avoided;

executing standardized physical prevention and control production, reducing varieties and increasing yield, and compositely developing the konjak planting industry with high yield and high efficiency.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated chemical prevention of diseases, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, carrying out preparation tillage and seeding with soil humidity of about 40%;

preparing and ploughing soil, realizing overwintering soil in an industrial period, circulating soil in the industrial period, and executing potassium permanganate sterilization medicine to prevent soil;

thirdly, sowing water supplement is carried out, soil and fertilizer are organically combined, and insect killing and bacterium killing pesticide and soil are organically combined to grow the body;

fourthly, executing the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings and the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings with the head replaced, and carrying out chemical prevention 48 hours after rain and before 10 am;

executing high temperature period, before 8 o' clock in the morning, node furrow water leakage cooling and ridge surface water replenishing cooling management.

(III) the water and fertilizer integrated three-dimensional interplanting prevention and control of diseases are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, interplanting M ridges on west sides in a naked seed way to form a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling stalk lesion caused by strong illumination after 12 noon;

secondly, interplanting is carried out in M ridges within 2M under the forest, no forest is covered, a refraction illumination growth mode is formed, and the occurrence of light-blocking lesions of the leaf crown of the forest is prevented and controlled;

thirdly, interplanting the fruits in the forest orchard in the middle of the row spacing of the fruits to form an M-ridge refraction illumination mode which does not damage the root systems of the fruits, preventing, controlling, sowing, managing, digging and digging the damaged roots of the fruits to cause lesion;

net box type cultivation, wherein a sunshade net covers furrows and two sides of ridge surfaces to form a refraction illumination mode, and the occurrence of pathological changes of stems due to strong light sunburn in the afternoon is prevented and controlled;

fifthly, interplanting bare seeds and making water and fertilizer into a whole, preventing the stems from being damaged by pressure and falling down through hilling management;

interplanting the big leaf plants (castor-oil plants) and the big leaf forest orchards (walnuts), pruning to build a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling diseases caused by big leaf coverage;

and seventhly, managing water and fertilizer in proportion nodes in the three-dimensional interplanting base to prevent and control diseases caused by water and fertilizer shortage of soil.

The specific use mode and function of the embodiment are as follows:

according to the method, the industrial cycle planting production is established according to the growth cycle of the konjak, and the water and fertilizer integrated management method is established according to the growth rule; selecting water source areas to construct industrial bases in different areas and different sea levels, and constructing the same environment suitable for the natural growth of the konjak; along with the growth of the industrial period, the corms expand, the number of propagules increases, the stem height increases, the required water and fertilizer is increased in proportion, and a water and fertilizer integrated management scheme of the industrial period is formulated; uniformly executing a planting route of first preparing for ploughing and ridging, then installing water supplement facilities and then performing fine variety cultivation; introducing a generation of fine varieties, producing commercial taros in an industrial period of three years, breeding the fine varieties in the industrial period, circularly producing the commercial taros and breeding the seed taros by the fine varieties according to the industrial period, and forming a high-yield and high-efficiency konjac planting industrial model with commercial taros selling and seed taros radiation development every year when digging the commercial taros after three years.

The invention is not described in detail, but is well known to those skilled in the art.

The embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Claims (1)

1. A scientific cultivation method for planting konjak integrating water and fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps: the scientific cultivation method for planting the konjac integrated with water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

1) and constructing a water and fertilizer integrated industry:

the method comprises the following steps of (A) constructing an industrial base by site selection of a water source site:

the method comprises the following steps of firstly, taking subtropical climate as a suitable growing area, selecting a site with water conservancy building conditions, taking soil with a pH value of 6.00-7.50 and 20% of sand as a suitable growing area, and building a garden on a large scale for production;

secondly, a large-scale industrial base is built according to high-standard basic farmland, and water and fertilizer are produced integrally;

thirdly, strong acid soil with the soil quality lower than 5.00 and strong base soil with the soil quality higher than 8.00 are not suitable, and soil with sand content higher than 40% is not suitable for being free of sand plate soil.

(II) cross-year garden building production, the method is as follows:

planning autumn harvest of the lunar calendar, and constructing a garden to produce in a cross-year manner;

autumn ploughing and ridging winter seeds, picking and digging butt-jointed commercial taros, preserving and protecting fresh seeds, classifying the winter seeds in an industrial period, overwintering by using white mulching films before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and installing water replenishing facilities in spring;

thirdly, winter ploughing and ridging of spring seeds, when the temperature of a spring-entering area is more than 5 ℃, fresh seeds are cultivated in a fresh-keeping protective mode, and water supply facilities are installed.

(III) industrial cycle production, the method is as follows:

the production can be planned in the industrial period in the region below-10 ℃;

secondly, in the area with the temperature of more than 10 ℃ below zero, the current-year industrial planning production is implemented;

thirdly, planning the industrial cycle production, namely planting the first generation of the taros (the whips and the young taros), and producing the taros in three years; the second generation of the seed taro below 200 g is produced in two years in production period; more than 200 g of second-generation taro seeds or commercial taro seeds are produced in a production period of one year;

fourthly, the production base in the same year performs seeding when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃, the planting base digs and transplants the thermal insulation big fence to live through the winter when the temperature after autumn is less than 15 ℃, and the planting base transplants when the spring-in temperature is more than 5 ℃; in a commercial taro base, after autumn, when the temperature is reduced to below 15 ℃, harvesting, breeding seed taros, transplanting a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

and fifthly, industrial period production, namely, the first generation of seed taro is produced in three years, the seed taro is bred in the industrial period, the seed taro is transplanted according to the grade of the seed taro in the industrial period, after three years, the seed taro is produced and sold in year, and the seed taro is produced and sold in year in an expanded way, so that the high-yield and high-efficiency industrial planning is realized.

2) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode:

the fresh-keeping protective cultivation method of the taro comprises the following steps:

firstly, purchasing or digging base seeds on the basis of pre-ploughing and ridging, and carrying out fresh-keeping protective cultivation on fresh seeds;

secondly, digging the seed taro or the commercial taro in the industrial period from two sides of the ridge, wherein digging is not damaged, and digging is not damaged;

thirdly, the specially-assigned person digs and wears gloves to sort and sort the taros, digs the damaged taros, insect pests and diseased bulbs, and the taros are all used as the commodity taros and bagged; other corms are put on the ridge surface according to the grade of the planted taro, and are bagged after soil is removed and about 5 percent of the ridge surface is naturally dehydrated;

when classified basket loading, the grass is poured, the wool is loosened, the corn stalks are kneaded and torn and the basket is loaded in layers, and 5Cm is left on the loaded basket (the basket is not filled);

loading and transporting, budgeting the number of each section according to the standard of the carriage, loading the sections from the front section to the rear section, fixing the sections by using clamping plates, covering the sections by using a roof during transportation, and keeping the height of the side roof at 1m on two sides of the large carriage for ventilation;

sixthly, under the conditions of air temperature within 20 ℃, ventilation, layered straw bedding and basket loading, and single-basket storage, the preservation period of the first generation seeds is about 15 days, and the preservation period of the second generation seeds is about one week;

seventhly, when seeding is carried out, the whole basket is conveyed to a planting area, and a professional puts seeds on gloves, so that the seeds cannot be scratched and bruised.

Secondly, field planting, flat land ridge planting and slope land transverse ridge planting are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

in the field, a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode of ridging, interplanting ridge west and land is adopted in the flat land;

bare seeds are planted in the sloping field, and a transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode is adopted;

thirdly, interplanting under the forest, namely, forming a cultivation mode of root ridge walking under the tree, konjak ridge growing and water and fertilizer integration by adopting transverse accumulated humus soil to form ridges;

interplanting is carried out on the hillside fields and the orchards, and a cultivation mode of transverse ridging and water and fertilizer integration is adopted in the middle of transverse row spacing of the orchards;

interplanting in field and flat forest orchard in a row spacing without damaging the roots of the forest fruits, and forming ridges in the middle of the row spacing, wherein the cultivation mode is a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode.

(III) deep-ploughing shallow-planting M-ridge concave cultivation, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, soil humidity is about 30%, deep ploughing soil is about 25Cm, thinning treatment is carried out, ridge width is 160Cm and furrow width is 40Cm are demarcated by a scale, and mechanical ridging is carried out on the ridges and furrows after the ridges and furrows are marked by lime;

secondly, mechanically ridging, reserving ridges and furrows with the depth of about 25Cm, automatically forming high-middle-low concave type bodies on two sides on the ridge surface, and forming M ridge modes by the concave type bodies and the furrows;

thirdly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, the standard of 10cm of planting surface ridging is adopted, and the konjak is not suitable for deep sowing;

(IV) wide-ridge narrow-seed cultivation and seed-fertilizer separation cultivation, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, a 160Cm wide M-ridge concave ridge surface with the middle 60Cm is used as a konjak seeding area, and double-row cultivation is carried out according to the row spacing of 60Cm and the plant spacing of 40Cm to form a wide-ridge narrow-seed mode;

secondly, digging a pit by 10Cm deep for the first generation of seeds; the second generation seeds determine the depth of digging a pit according to the size of the seed ball, and the thickness of the seed surface seed fertilizer is 10cm as a standard;

thirdly, after sowing, fertilizing after 5cm of ridging of the seed surface, ridging 5cm of fertilizing, and covering with fertilizer to form a seed-fertilizer separation cultivation mode.

(V) net box type cultivation, the method is as follows:

firstly, setting 2m high cement piles at intervals of 5m, fixing the high cement piles with the transverse vertical piles on the ridge surface, and fixing the high cement piles at the top ends of the cement rods by using steel pipes or steel wires;

and secondly, reserving a 55-type sun-shading net according to the conditions that 40m ten furrows (45 Cm and 45Cm on two sides of each ridge surface) are 130Cm, aligning, fixing and pulling the 55-type sun-shading net on a support, and leaving a 60 Cm-middle konjak growing area for natural growth to form a net box type cultivation mode.

(VI) a three-dimensional interplanting cultivation mode, which comprises the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps that firstly, bare seeds are planted on the west edge of a ridge surface and at the joint of a furrow and the ridge surface, a deep pit is dug, shallow sowing is carried out, and topdressing, ridging and lodging resistance are achieved;

interplanting corn, wherein the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 40 Cm;

thirdly, castor bean is interplanted, the row spacing is 2m, and the plant spacing is 2 m;

and fourthly, under the forest, under the orchard, ridging and interplanting are carried out, and a three-dimensional interplanting mode is automatically formed.

3) And a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation technology:

the method for cultivating the improved variety by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, deeply ploughing 25cm of soil, finely treating weeds and sundries, leveling the soil, then, using a fixed scale rod, using lime to demarcate 160cm as a ridge surface and 40cm as a furrow, and mechanically or manually ridging the ridge surface of the furrow soil ridging, wherein the furrow depth is 25 cm;

secondly, after the preparation and ridging, installing double-drip irrigation water replenishing facilities corresponding to ridge surfaces;

the taro planting base is protectively excavated without falling, classified sorting is not scratched, layered auxiliary baskets are filled without being damaged, ventilation transportation is carried out, accumulated temperature burn is avoided during storage, scratching is avoided when the taro planting base is lightly taken and sowed, and fresh-keeping cultivation of fresh seeds is improved seed cultivation;

when sowing, taking 60cm in the middle of the ridge surface as a sowing area, producing double-row sowing in an industrial period, wherein the depth of digging pits is determined according to the size of the seed taro, and keeping the standard of 10cm of ridging on the seed surface;

fifthly, arranging the seeds of the calathea, enabling the buds of the calathea to be parallel to the ground, arranging the seeds of the calathea, inclining the buds of the calathea by 45 degrees, and fixing the buds with soil;

sixthly, finishing seed arrangement, earthing up 5cm on the seed surface, applying base fertilizer and stopping insects, and earthing up 5cm and covering fertilizer;

seventhly, after seeding is finished, flood irrigation is carried out for 60 minutes, or water is supplemented to the ridge surface to regulate and control the soil humidity to be about 70%, so that the soil is organically combined.

(II) physically preventing and controlling the occurrence of diseases, and carrying out water and fertilizer integrated cultivation, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, performing agricultural cleaning management on soil before preparation ploughing, and preventing and controlling solid weeds and residual pollutants from causing diseases;

pumping the ditch to drain water, and ploughing and ridging and sowing with the soil humidity of about 40%;

supplementing water to regulate and control the soil humidity after sowing, and combining soil;

fourthly, in the growth period, the soil humidity is not lower than 30 percent;

growing leaf surfaces, expanding, and supplementing water on ridge surfaces at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days and rains, and maintaining the humidity of the soil surface layer between 40 and 50 percent;

sixthly, applying fertilizer for a plurality of times by using the nodes, separating the fertilizer and the seed fertilizer, applying additional fertilizer to the covered edge of the leaf crown without applying fertilizer;

the sowing depth is based on the standard of 10cm of seed surface ridging, the excessive depth expansion coefficient is low, the commodity taro is easy to rot due to high humidity, the seed taro is easy to rot in the industrial period, and the excessive superficial influence on rooting is easy to cause soft rot.

And (III) constructing a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation environment for the natural growth of the konjak, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be not less than 30% and not more than 60%;

adopting three-dimensional interplanting and net-box type cultivation to regulate and control the ground temperature to be not more than 32 ℃;

and thirdly, before the Qingming festival, corn and castor are interplanted.

(IV) the integrated cultivation of water and fertilizer production in the industrial period comprises the following steps:

firstly, autumn harvesting, ploughing and ridging, picking and digging commercial taros, and classifying fine varieties to produce water and fertilizer integrally according to an industrial period;

secondly, in the no-tillage industrial cycle, the temperature is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, the expansion period is finished, the soil humidity is about 30%, seedlings are removed, the weeding and ridging are carried out, the soil is planted in winter, 1m of white mulching film is covered on the ridge surface before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃, and the drip irrigation pipeline is used for overwintering; in the area above 0 ℃ in winter, seedlings are removed, weeding and ridging are carried out to cover the area, and the area naturally overwinter;

restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces after the membrane removal medicine is removed to prevent weeds when the spring entering temperature is above 5 ℃, and performing water and fertilizer integrated management;

fourthly, finishing the harvesting base of the industrial period, and filling green manure such as straws, weeds and the like in the furrows; secondly, killing insects on the green manure; thirdly, moving a water replenishing pipeline; fourthly, the soil on the surface of the drug ridge; fifthly, restoring M ridge concave ridge surfaces by ridge-furrow interconversion; and sixthly, circularly producing according to the industrial period.

And (V) cultivating spring seeds in autumn by the following steps:

firstly, ploughing in winter, forming ridges, resisting in winter, and performing protective cultivation and water and fertilizer integrated production on fresh seeds when the temperature is more than 5 ℃ in spring;

secondly, when the temperature of the taro base is reduced below 15 ℃ after autumn, seedlings are protectively picked and transported, the taro is transplanted to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering, the humidity of the soil for transplanting the large grid is about 30%, and the temperature is 0-5 ℃, so that water accumulation and soaking are prevented;

digging the commercial taro base before frost, selling the commercial taro, breeding the seed taro, transplanting the seed taro to a heat-preservation large grid for overwintering;

digging the commercial taros to automatically form M ridge concave type ridge surfaces for winter resistance;

fifthly, when the temperature is over 5 ℃ in spring, the thermal-insulation large-grid planted taro is moved out for transplantation.

Sixthly, integrally installing water and fertilizer, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting the highest point of an industrial base, building a water storage tower with the highest point drop of about 3m or installing 5 to 10 tons of water storage tanks;

secondly, a water supply pipeline is buried in the extraction groove of 20 cm; a switch is installed on the layering fall to control water and supplement water;

thirdly, according to the area of the base, a main water tower is branched with a plurality of water storage tanks for supplying water;

fourthly, drip irrigation pipelines are arranged corresponding to the ridge surfaces, each ridge is provided with two pipelines, and two sides of the konjak planting rows are placed;

fifthly, water can be introduced into the tower through filtration, and water can also be pumped into the tower;

sixthly, a switch water supply pipeline is arranged on the main pipeline branch of the riverside ground of the river channel, and the pumping pressurization water supplement is carried out.

4) And integrally managing the water and the fertilizer:

the method for managing the garden building of the water and fertilizer integrated industry comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a proper place of a river ditch and a river edge, introducing water or pumping water into a tower, and building a garden for production;

constructing a water storage pool in mountainous and sloping fields, and introducing water or pumping water into a tower to build a garden for production;

thirdly, storing water in towers according to the area of the base, and building a garden to produce.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated cultivation management, the method comprises the following steps:

regulating and controlling the soil humidity to be about 30 percent for alternate tillage, ridging and sowing;

secondly, after sowing, the soil is watered by about 70 percent, the taro planting soil is used for improving sleep, and the soil is used for regulating and controlling the soil humidity by 30 percent in the rooting and sprouting period;

and thirdly, in the period of dormancy improvement and rooting and sprouting, the taro planting soil is subjected to sealing-free and root-rot-free herbicide, and the recurrent complete solid weeds are removed while the joint pesticide is used for preventing.

(III) water and fertilizer integrated seedling management, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, entering a seedling stage, sowing one inch of weeds, and taking out furrows to ripen soil to cultivate soil and cover the weeds;

secondly, after emergence of scattered leaves, chemical prevention of diseases is carried out;

thirdly, after the seedlings are bred and the leaves are scattered, the medicines are crossed to prevent the diseases for the second time;

fourthly, after the water seedlings are scattered, topdressing 30 kilograms of potassium sulfate high nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer per mu;

after seedlings emerge and leaves are scattered, regularly replenishing water on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours after sunny days or rains, wherein the water replenishing time is 6-8 points in the morning;

sixthly, after emergence of scattered leaves, the pathological change condition is checked alternately at intervals of 48 hours, and withered pathological change plants are treated;

seventhly, interplanting corn and castor-oil plant, fertilizing, earthing up, ridging and lodging prevention, removing lower angle leaves below the height of the stem of the konjak from the corn, and pruning and shearing branches and stems below 150cm by using mulberry leaves of the castor-oil plant;

managing ridge and furrow walking without treading on ridge surfaces, preventing animals from entering the garden and preventing interplanting branches from lodging;

ninthly, preventing the soaking in heavy rain and the soaking in reverse flow of river water.

(IV) managing the water and fertilizer integrated expansion period, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, after the autumn rain comes, artificial mowing management is firstly carried out, then topdressing management is carried out on 40 kg/mu potassium sulfate high-nitrogen potassium compound fertilizer, and water replenishing management is carried out on the ridge surface at intervals of 48 hours;

sixthly, the components are the same as the components (III) and (III);

thirdly, when the temperature is within 30 ℃, big leaves of castor-oil plant are trimmed, corn stalks are cut off, and furrows are arranged.

(V) cyclic overwintering management of the water and fertilizer integrated industry period, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, continuously cropping land in an industrial period, after expansion is finished, removing seedlings and weeding on the ridge surface, backfilling green manure into M ridge grooves, ridging, forming convex ridges, enabling the green manure to enter the winter, and cooling by 0 ℃ to enable white mulching films to overwinter;

secondly, the mulching film overwintering, namely, the two sides of the mulching film are earthed and fixed; secondly, transverse ridging and fixing at intervals of 1m along the mulching film; thirdly, the mulching film is prevented from being scratched by people and animals;

and thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch, preventing water accumulation and soaking, and preventing soil from freezing and rotting seeds.

Sixthly, water and fertilizer integrated soil obstacle repair management, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, digging and interplanting straws and cutting off weeds to fill furrows before digging in an industrial period production base; secondly, 1000 g/mu of the fortunate is braked and the green manure surface is scattered; thirdly, 60 g/mu of potassium permanganate is diluted by 60 kg of water mist to spray the ridge surface;

digging inwards from two sides of the ridge surface during digging, namely filling the konjak stems in furrows; secondly, digging and fixing the weeds while moving out of the growing area; thirdly, covering the ripe soil on the straws to automatically form an M-ridge concave mode and a furrow-alternative stubble-reversing rotation mode; fourthly, the harvested and dug taros are protected, sorted, planted and bagged for storage; fifthly, bagging, processing and treating the lost, aged and diseased corms;

thirdly, dredging the drainage ditch; secondly, spraying potassium permanganate on the ridge surface by using secondary mist; thirdly, the stored seed taros are classified according to grades, are circularly transplanted according to an industrial period, enter the winter after the water supplementing ridge surface and the soil are organically combined, and are subjected to mulching film overwintering before the temperature is reduced by 0 ℃;

fourthly, under the orchard, before digging, after chemical control, digging by the same method, removing solid weeds, and mechanically or manually re-digging M ridges for concave cultivation after roots are removed;

and fifthly, the water replenishing drip irrigation pipeline automatically recovers to the middle of the M ridges.

5) And water and fertilizer integrated disease prevention and control:

the method for preventing and controlling diseases by integrating water and fertilizer comprises the following steps:

firstly, selecting a water source site to construct an industrial base, selecting west and east, and selecting east river ditches; selecting low and high, selecting thick and thin; selecting mud without selecting sand, wherein the selected mud contains sand slightly; physically regulating and controlling a production environment suitable for the growth of the fertile soil and the water content;

finely processing soil, ridging for seed treatment, protectively digging fresh seeds, preserving and protectively cultivating; firstly, physically preventing and controlling soil germs, and then cultivating improved varieties;

executing a wide ridge and narrow seed mode, and forming an anti-sunning ridge cutting moisture-preserving body and an industrial cycle propagation derived long body by physical regulation;

seed fertilizer separation is carried out, no additional fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the bulbs and the root system are not damaged by the decomposition of fertility, and the root system is soaked under the fertility to absorb the growth environment;

performing soil node water supplement, and physically preventing and controlling the soil surface layer from being lack of moisture, so that the root growth and the water and fertilizer supply insufficiency are influenced;

sixthly, deep ploughing and shallow planting are carried out, and node earthing, grass covering and fertilizer covering are carried out, so that the physical prevention and control of weed attack, insufficient fertility attack, and surface layer mellow soil loss and root system damage attack are formed;

seventhly, managing physical prevention and control are performed, root breaking and disease occurrence are avoided by treading the ridge surface, and root, stem, rod and leaf diseases are avoided;

executing standardized physical prevention and control production, reducing varieties and increasing yield, and compositely developing the konjak planting industry with high yield and high efficiency.

(II) water and fertilizer integrated chemical prevention of diseases, the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, carrying out preparation tillage and seeding with soil humidity of about 40%;

preparing and ploughing soil, realizing overwintering soil in an industrial period, circulating soil in the industrial period, and executing potassium permanganate sterilization medicine to prevent soil;

thirdly, sowing water supplement is carried out, soil and fertilizer are organically combined, and insect killing and bacterium killing pesticide and soil are organically combined to grow the body;

fourthly, executing the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings and the leaf scattering period of the leaf seedlings with the head replaced, and carrying out chemical prevention 48 hours after rain and before 10 am;

executing high temperature period, before 8 o' clock in the morning, node furrow water leakage cooling and ridge surface water replenishing cooling management.

(III) the water and fertilizer integrated three-dimensional interplanting prevention and control of diseases are carried out, and the method comprises the following steps:

firstly, interplanting M ridges on west sides in a naked seed way to form a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling stalk lesion caused by strong illumination after 12 noon;

secondly, interplanting is carried out in M ridges within 2M under the forest, no forest is covered, a refraction illumination growth mode is formed, and the occurrence of light-blocking lesions of the leaf crown of the forest is prevented and controlled;

thirdly, interplanting the fruits in the forest orchard in the middle of the row spacing of the fruits to form an M-ridge refraction illumination mode which does not damage the root systems of the fruits, preventing, controlling, sowing, managing, digging and digging the damaged roots of the fruits to cause lesion;

net box type cultivation, wherein a sunshade net covers furrows and two sides of ridge surfaces to form a refraction illumination mode, and the occurrence of pathological changes of stems due to strong light sunburn in the afternoon is prevented and controlled;

fifthly, interplanting bare seeds and making water and fertilizer into a whole, preventing the stems from being damaged by pressure and falling down through hilling management;

interplanting the big leaf plants (castor-oil plants) and the big leaf forest orchards (walnuts), pruning to build a refraction illumination mode, and preventing and controlling diseases caused by big leaf coverage;

and seventhly, managing water and fertilizer in proportion nodes in the three-dimensional interplanting base to prevent and control diseases caused by water and fertilizer shortage of soil.