CN111543234A - Method for cultivating high-stock branch seedlings - Google Patents
Method for cultivating high-stock branch seedlings Download PDFInfo
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- CN111543234A CN111543234A CN202010370621.4A CN202010370621A CN111543234A CN 111543234 A CN111543234 A CN 111543234A CN 202010370621 A CN202010370621 A CN 202010370621A CN 111543234 A CN111543234 A CN 111543234A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation method of high stock branch seedlings, which is implemented according to the following steps: selecting cold-resistant, drought-resistant and root-developed rootstocks, planting the rootstocks according to an opportune machine in the breeding process, planting the rootstocks into robust seedlings with the height of 1.2m and the stem thickness of 1.0-1.2cm in the current year in a fixed planting mode, grafting the seedlings by adopting a tongue grafting mode in the spring of the next year, wherein the grafting height is 70cm away from the ground, watering by micro-spraying after grafting to ensure the water content of soil and the relative humidity of air in a nursery, binding and supporting new tips of the scions by using a vertical frame to prevent the scions from splitting, promoting branching by using a half-leaf method, continuously performing 3-4 times in one year and ensuring more than 5 new tips. The technical measures adopted by the invention realize the breeding of the branched big seedlings which have the height of the seedling emergence more than 1.5m, the thickness of the scion more than 1cm, more than 8 effective branches, developed and robust root systems and the seedling flowering proportion of more than 20 percent and are suitable for intensive cultivation in the dry regions of mountainous regions within 2 years. When the nursery stock is applied to building a garden, the tree body is early formed, fruits appear in 2 years, and the yield is high in 3 years.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a modern orchard construction method for apples in mountainous dry areas, and particularly relates to a semi-dwarf and vigorous branch seedling cultivation method suitable for areas with arid climate, poor soil and insufficient irrigation water source.
Background
At present, the traditional apple industry in China encounters development bottlenecks, firstly, along with the transfer of rural labor force to cities, the rural labor force is obviously insufficient, the shortage of green and strong labor force for apple production is gradually increased, and the orchard is mechanized and labor-saving; secondly, the contradiction between the production input and the output of the apples is increasingly prominent, the cultivation technology needs to be broken through urgently, and early blossoming, high quality and yield, cost saving and efficiency improvement are inevitable choices; and thirdly, fruit growers operate dispersedly, the scale degree is low, and standardized production, intensive operation and social service are the basic requirements for the development of the modern apple industry. The traditional mountainous dry area orchard establishment method adopts low-stock single-trunk branch-free nursery stocks, the trees occupy large space after the orchard establishment and need much fertilizer and water, the trees are easy to block in the orchard during the full bearing period, the ventilation and the light transmission are poor, and the high-quality fruit rate is low; orchard machinery such as a mower, a fertilizer applicator, a mist sprayer and the like cannot be applied, the management is time-consuming and labor-consuming, and intensive cultivation is not facilitated; the flower formation is difficult, the fruiting is late, the early yield is low, the management technologies such as shaping and pruning are complex, the labor-saving cultivation is not easy to realize, and the orchard benefit is poor. The modern mountain orchard construction of apples needs cold-resistant drought-resistant branch seedlings.
The prior art already has a method for cultivating the big branch seedlings, but the technology is only suitable for cultivating the dwarf self-rooted rootstock big branch seedlings, and the seedlings cultivated by the technology are only suitable for building gardens in regions with flat terrain and good water and fertilizer conditions. Due to the limitation of land resources, more than 80% of apples in China need to be planted in hilly and mountainous regions with barren soil, short water resources, poor irrigation conditions or no irrigation conditions, and at present, branches and large seedlings suitable for the region are still blank. Aiming at the situation, a branch large seedling cultivation method suitable for intensive cultivation and orchard establishment of apples in mountainous dry areas is developed and provided.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of nursery stock supply for intensive cultivation and garden building of apples in hilly and mountainous areas in China, the invention provides a cultivation method of high-stock branch large seedlings, which comprises the following steps:
step 1) selecting a stock with strong cold resistance and drought resistance, wherein the suitable variety mainly comprises Malus hupehensis Chun, Malus spectabilis Chun, Liaoning stock 106 and the like; the rootstock has the thickness of 0.5cm-0.7cm and the height of 50cm-70cm, the root system is developed and robust, and no quarantine pest and disease damage exists;
step 2), the row spacing of the rootstock planting plants is 30cm multiplied by 100 and 110 cm; the planting time is after soil is unfrozen in spring and before rootstock sprouts;
step 3) irrigating the rootstocks in time after field planting, and keeping the soil moisture content at about 60%; when the young shoots grow to 15cm, removing side branches and young shoots which are below 70cm from the ground surface; the rest young shoots are completely reserved, and the growth of seedlings is promoted; attention is paid to preventing and controlling diseases and insect damages such as aphids, leaf rollers, early defoliation and the like;
step 4) selecting a proper variety for grafting in spring of the next year, wherein the grafting time is generally from late 3 months to middle 4 months; the grafting method adopts a single-bud tongue grafting mode, namely 1 robust and plump bud is reserved above a connector; the grafting height is required to be about 70cm away from the ground, and the thickness of the stock at the position is not less than 1 cm;
step 5), preserving soil moisture by micro-spray irrigation after grafting; micro-sprinkling irrigation equipment is installed in the whole nursery, a micro-sprinkling belt is arranged in every two rows, after grafting, the scion sprouts, and micro-sprinkling irrigation is carried out for 1 time every 3 days, so that the water content of the soil and the relative humidity of air in the nursery are ensured; in the later stage, irrigation is carried out in due time according to the growth and development requirements of the nursery stocks;
step 6) after seedling grafting, erecting a whole nursery land to prevent scion splitting, erecting a thick bamboo rod or a metal rod every 15m along the row direction, reserving 1.2m of height on the ground, pulling a nylon wire at positions 85cm and 115cm away from the ground respectively, binding and supporting a scion young sprout, keeping the young sprout to grow vertically and preventing the scion young sprout from being blown and split by wind;
step 7), promoting branching by adopting a half-leaf method; when the scion young shoots grow to about 8cm, carrying out one-time bud picking on the stock section part; when 8-10 leaves grow on the scion young shoot, branch is promoted by using a half-leaf method, the growing point of the young shoot at the top is prevented from being damaged, and the process is carried out once again every 8-10 new leaves grow later, and is continuously carried out for 3-4 times a year, so that more than 5 new shoots are ensured.
Step 8) treating the young shoots of the scions by a half-leaf method every 667m210kg of urea is applied, and water is filled in time after the application, and the annual usage amount is not more than 30kg; spraying 0.3% monopotassium phosphate once a month after 8 months, and spraying 3-4 times in the whole year;
and 9) mechanically lifting the grafted seedlings after dropping leaves and before the autumn soil is frozen or before the next spring soil is thawed and before sprouting, wherein the damage to the root system is reduced as much as possible in the seedling lifting process.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: grafting Fuji variety, with seedling height greater than 1.5m, scion thickness greater than 1cm, effective branch number more than 8, developed and robust root system, and seedling flower forming ratio of 20%; grafting golden crown, Gala, Wanglin, Yueyuan and other varieties, wherein the height of the nursery stock is not less than 1.5m, the thickness of the scion is more than 1cm, the number of effective branches is more than 8, the root system is developed and robust, and the flowering proportion of the nursery stock is more than 30%. The method can meet the requirement of nursery stock supply for intensive cultivation and orchard establishment of apples in mountainous dry areas, realizes the effects of early fruiting, high yield and intensive and efficient cultivation, and has strong practicability.
Detailed Description
The existing apple branch and large seedling raising technology only has the cultivation of dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings, is suitable for the stocks of nutrition systems cultivated in layering or cutting modes, has shallow root systems and poor drought resistance, and is only suitable for building gardens in regions with flat terrain and good water and fertilizer conditions. The seed stock which is required for deep root system, cold resistance and drought resistance in hilly and mountain lands with barren soil, water resource shortage, poor irrigation condition or no irrigation condition and has branch and large seedlings is still blank in China. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
Selecting Malus hupehensis Rehd as stock, wherein the thickness of the stock is 0.5cm-0.7cm, the height is 50cm-70cm, the root system is developed and robust, and no quarantine pest and disease damage exists; planting at 2016 for 3 months and 25 days at plant spacing and row spacing of 30cm × 100 cm. After the rootstock is fixedly planted, micro-spraying irrigation is adopted, the irrigation time is respectively 3 months and 25 days, 3 months and 28 days and 3 months and 31 days, the initial irrigation time is 1h, and the rest is 0.5 h. And 4, 7 days, raking the seedlings in rows by using a small orchard raker. The survival rate of the nursery stock is 99.5 percent by investigation in 15 days after 4 months.
Removing side branches and new young shoots below 70cm from the ground surface when young shoots grow to 15cm in 6 months and 15 days, and keeping the rest young shoots; spraying a pesticide for preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as aphids, leaf rollers, early-stage defoliation and the like on the nursery stocks in the middle 7 th and 8 th months respectively once; 11, survey in the middle ten days of the month, wherein the average height of the seedlings is 1.2m, and the thickness of the seedlings is 1.1cm at a position 70cm away from the ground surface.
In 2017, from 25 days in 3 months to 5 days in 4 months, two varieties of Yueyuan and Yueyanghong are selected for grafting, and the grafting method adopts a single-bud tongue grafting mode, namely 1 robust and plump bud is reserved above a connector; the grafting height is 65-70cm from the ground. After grafting, micro-sprinkling irrigation is adopted, micro-sprinkling irrigation equipment is installed in the whole nursery, and a micro-sprinkling belt is arranged in every two lines. And 4, 5 days at 4 months to 25 days at 4 months, slightly irrigating for 1 time every 3 days, surveying for 30 days at 4 months, and enabling all seedlings to survive. And irrigating water for 4 times at the later stage according to the growth and development requirements of the seedlings.
And (3) after 5 months and 1 day to 5 months, erecting a whole nursery land stand to prevent scion splitting, erecting a thick bamboo rod every 15m along the row, keeping the height of 1.2m on the ground, and pulling a nylon wire at positions 85cm and 115cm away from the ground respectively for binding and supporting the young shoots of the scions, keeping the young shoots to grow vertically and preventing the young shoots of the scions from being blown and split by wind. The time for tying and strengthening the young sprout is 5 months and 25 days and 6 months and 15 days respectively.
Performing one-time bud picking on the stock section when the young shoot of the scion grows to about 8cm in 6 months and 9 days; when 8-10 leaves grow out from the scion young shoots in 12 days in 6 months, branches are promoted by using a half-leaf method without damaging the growing points of the top young shoots, the branching is performed every 15-20 days later, the branching is continuously performed for 3 times in the whole year, and meanwhile, the pinching treatment is performed on the over-thick secondary shoots once.
15 days in 6 months, 30 days in 6 months and 20 days in 7 months, and treating young shoots of scions by using a half-leaf method for 3 days, wherein each 667m210kg, 10kg and 6kg of urea are respectively applied, and water is timely irrigated after application. Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate once each for 8 months, 15 days, 9 months, 10 days, and 10 months, 5 days.
And 3, lifting the seedlings by using a seedling lifting machine in 2018, 3, 28 days, wherein the roots are not damaged in the seedling lifting process, and the quality of the seedlings is investigated after the seedlings are lifted. Yueyanghong variety, the average height of nursery stock is 1.55m, the thickness of scion is 1.1cm, the number of effective branches is 8.5, the root system is developed and robust, and the flower forming proportion of nursery stock is 32%; yuanguan variety, height of nursery stock of 1.65m, thickness of scion of 1.2cm, effective number of branches of 10.2, developed and robust root system, and the percentage of flowers forming of nursery stock of 35%.
Example 2
Selecting Malus spectabilis and Liaoning stock 106 as stock, wherein the thickness of the nursery stock is 0.6-0.7 cm, the height is 55-70 cm, the root system is developed and robust, and no quarantine pest and disease damage exists; planting in 2017, 3, 28 months and at row spacing of 30cm × 110 cm. After the rootstock is fixedly planted, micro-spraying irrigation is adopted, the irrigation time is respectively 3 months and 28 days, 3 months and 31 days, and 4 months and 3 days, the initial irrigation time is 1h, and the rest two times are 0.5 h. And 4, harrowing the seedlings in rows by using a small harrowing machine for the orchard within 10 days after 4 months. The survival rate of the nursery stock is 99.7 percent after investigation in 18 days after 4 months.
Removing side branches and new young shoots below 70cm from the ground surface when young shoots grow to 15cm in day 16/6, and keeping the rest young shoots; spraying the insecticidal bactericide for preventing and controlling diseases and insect damages such as aphids, leaf rollers, early defoliation and the like once on the nursery stocks in the middle 7 th month, the middle 8 th month and the last 9 th month; the average height of the seedlings is 1.32m, and the thickness of the seedlings is 1.2cm at a position 70cm away from the ground surface by 11 ten days of the middle of the month.
In 2018, 3, 28 days to 4, 2 days, selecting two varieties of Wangshan red (Fuji excellent bud variation variety) and Wanglin for grafting, wherein the grafting method adopts a single-bud tongue grafting mode, namely 1 robust and full bud is reserved above a joint; the grafting height is 65-70cm from the ground. After grafting, micro-sprinkling irrigation is adopted, micro-sprinkling irrigation equipment is installed in the whole nursery, and a micro-sprinkling belt is arranged in every two lines. Micro-spraying water for 1 time every 3 days for 0.5h from 4 months and 2 days to 4 months and 22 days. Investigation is carried out for 4 months and 30 days, and all the seedlings survive. And irrigating water for 5 times according to the growth and development requirements of the seedlings in the later stage.
And (3) after 5 months and 1 day to 5 months, erecting a whole nursery land stand to prevent scion splitting, erecting a metal rod every 15m along the row, keeping the height of the metal rod at 1.2m on the ground, and pulling a nylon wire at positions 85cm and 120cm away from the ground respectively for binding and supporting the young tips of the scions, keeping the young tips to grow vertically and preventing the young tips of the scions from being blown and split by wind. The time for tying and strengthening the young sprout is 5 months and 25 days and 6 months and 14 days respectively.
Performing one-time bud picking on the stock section when the young shoot of the scion grows to about 8cm in 6 months and 7 days; when 8-10 leaves grow out from the scion young shoots in 6 months and 10 days, the branch is promoted by using a half-leaf method without damaging the growing points of the top young shoots, the process is carried out every 15-20 days later, the process is continuously carried out for 4 times all year round, and the process of pinching the over-thick secondary shoots is carried out once in the period.
15 days in 6 months, 30 days in 6 months, 15 days in 7 months and 30 days in 7 months, and treating young shoots of scions by using a half-leaf method for 3 days every 667m210kg, 7kg, 6kg and 5kg of urea are respectively applied, and water is timely irrigated after application. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% respectively for 8 months, 15 days, 9 months, 10 days, and 10 months, 3 days.
And 3, lifting seedlings by using a seedling lifting machine in 2019, 3, 25 and no damage is caused to root systems in the seedling lifting process, and investigating the quality of the seedlings after lifting the seedlings. The average height of the seedlings of the Wangshan red variety is 1.85m, the thickness of the scion is 1.3cm, the number of effective branches is 9.5, the root system is developed and robust, and the flower forming ratio of the seedlings is 22%; the average height of seedlings of the queen forest variety is 1.68m, the average thickness of scions is 1.2cm, the number of effective branches is 9.8, the root system is developed and robust, and the ratio of the seedlings to flowers is 33%.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (4)
1. A method for cultivating high stock branch seedlings is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1) selecting a stock with strong cold resistance and drought resistance, wherein the thickness of the stock is 0.5cm-0.7cm, the height of the stock is 50cm-70cm, the root system is developed and robust, and no quarantine insect pest exists;
step 2), the row spacing of the rootstock planting plants is 30cm multiplied by 100 and 110 cm; the planting time is after soil is unfrozen in spring and before rootstock sprouts;
step 3) irrigating the rootstocks in time after field planting, and keeping the soil moisture content at about 60%; when the young shoots grow to 15cm, removing side branches and young shoots which are below 70cm from the ground surface; the rest young shoots are completely reserved, and the growth of seedlings is promoted; attention is paid to preventing and controlling diseases and insect damages such as aphids, leaf rollers, early defoliation and the like;
step 4) selecting a proper variety for grafting in spring of the next year, wherein the grafting time is generally from late 3 months to middle 4 months;
step 5), preserving soil moisture by micro-spray irrigation after grafting; micro-sprinkling irrigation equipment is installed in the whole nursery, a micro-sprinkling belt is arranged in every two rows, after grafting, the scion sprouts, and micro-sprinkling irrigation is carried out for 1 time every 3 days, so that the water content of the soil and the relative humidity of air in the nursery are ensured; irrigating water in due time according to the growth and development requirements of the seedlings at the later stage;
step 6) after seedling grafting, erecting a whole nursery land to prevent scion splitting, erecting a thick bamboo rod or a metal rod every 15m along the row direction, reserving 1.2m of height on the ground, pulling a nylon wire at positions 85cm and 115cm away from the ground respectively, binding and supporting a scion young sprout, keeping the young sprout to grow vertically and preventing the scion young sprout from being blown and split by wind;
step 7), promoting branching by adopting a half-leaf method;
step 8) treating the young shoots of the scions by a half-leaf method every 667m210kg of urea is applied, and water is timely poured after the urea is applied, wherein the annual usage amount is not more than 30 kg; spraying 0.3% monopotassium phosphate once a month after 8 months, and spraying 3-4 times in the whole year;
and 9) mechanically lifting the grafted seedlings after dropping leaves and before the autumn soil is frozen or before the next spring soil is thawed and before sprouting, wherein the damage to the root system is reduced as much as possible in the seedling lifting process.
2. The method for cultivating high stock branch seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the suitable varieties with strong cold resistance and drought resistance in the step (1) mainly comprise Malus hupehensis, Malus octrae, Liaoyu 106, and the like.
3. The method for cultivating high stock branched seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the grafting method in the step (4) adopts a single-bud tongue grafting mode, namely 1 robust and plump bud is reserved above the interface; the grafting height is required to be about 70cm away from the ground, and the thickness of the stock at the position is not less than 1 cm.
4. The method for cultivating high-rootstock branched seedlings according to claim 1, wherein the operation in the step (7) is specifically as follows: when the scion young shoots grow to about 8cm, carrying out one-time bud picking on the stock section part; when 8-10 leaves grow on the scion young shoot, branch is promoted by using a half-leaf method, the growing point of the young shoot at the top is prevented from being damaged, and the process is carried out once again every 8-10 new leaves grow later, and is continuously carried out for 3-4 times a year, so that more than 5 new shoots are ensured.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114009279A (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2022-02-08 | 周凯 | Organic vegetable planting method |
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Application publication date: 20200818 |