CN106212143B - Early-bearing walnut and other outer seedlings cultivation method - Google Patents
Early-bearing walnut and other outer seedlings cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106212143B CN106212143B CN201610308195.5A CN201610308195A CN106212143B CN 106212143 B CN106212143 B CN 106212143B CN 201610308195 A CN201610308195 A CN 201610308195A CN 106212143 B CN106212143 B CN 106212143B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation technology of good-variety strong seedlings of early-bearing walnut grafted seedlings, which comprises the following steps: selecting outer seedlings such as early-bearing walnut grafted seedlings and the like, lifting, grading and heeling in; deeply ploughing and fertilizing the nursery land; before planting, trimming the outer seedling root system after temporary planting, and soaking the outer seedling root system in clear water and rooting powder; ridging, cultivating, watering, cutting, selecting and reserving trunks, topdressing, and performing pest control treatment. The early bearing walnuts and other external nursery lands are managed in a centralized mode, the original method that the early bearing walnuts and other external nursery lands are left in the nursery lands for decentralized cultivation and centralized management is eliminated, the utilization efficiency of land is improved, and the land income per unit area is increased. Aiming at the problems of inferior grafted and surviving seedlings and the like, grading treatment is carried out during soil preparation and planting, and various technical measures are combined, so that the quality of improved seedlings of early bearing walnuts can be obviously improved, and the method is favorable for culturing high-quality walnut seedlings with regular and consistent growth vigor and high lignification degree. Simple steps, convenient operation and strong practicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation of nursery stocks outside economic forests and the like, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of improved variety strong seedlings of early bearing walnut grafted seedlings.
Background
The walnut is an important dry fruit tree species, has high nutritive value and high medical and health care functions, and the dry fruit or processed products thereof are short in supply and are popular with people for a long time. The early bearing walnut branches have short internodes and compact tree bodies and often have the phenomena of secondary growth and secondary flowering and fruiting. The branches have strong branching force, side bud mixed buds (the next year of blossoming and bearing female flowers) are more, the side branch bearing rate is high, and the side branch bearing seedlings are main cultivated varieties in China due to early bearing and high yield, and the walnut varieties such as 'Xiangling', 'Liaohe Ke No. 1' and 'Zhonglin No. 1' are all good varieties of early bearing walnuts. The improved walnut seedling strengthening is an important prerequisite for walnut orchard establishment, and has been shown by investigation: the survival rate of the planted seedlings with low lignification degree or weak seedlings of the walnuts is 30-65%, and the survival rate of the planted seedlings with high lignification degree or strong seedlings is 80-95%; poor seedling quality (seedling diseases, small root system, large wound surface of roots, low lignification degree of seedlings, dry from top to bottom and the like) easily causes death of walnut orchard establishment, 70% of dead seedlings in walnut orchard establishment are caused by poor seedling quality, unnecessary losses of fruit growers are caused, and the development of the current walnut industry is limited.
In the existing method, because the wood quantity of the seedlings outside the waiting area is poor, the survival rate is low, and the cultivation cost is high, the seedlings are generally directly abandoned or directly cultivated in the original nursery land, and the waste of land resources is objectively caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects, the invention provides a cultivation method of improved variety strong seedlings of early-bearing walnut grafted seedlings, which aims at the problems of low-grade and poor-quality seedlings of current walnuts, improves the quality of early-bearing walnut seedlings through a series of measures, can generate higher economic benefit, and provides improved variety seedling method support for the development of walnut industry.
On the basis of analyzing the growth vigor of seedlings outside the stem cutting period and the like and the influence of stem cutting treatment on the growth vigor of the seedlings, the invention provides the following steps: in the stem cutting treatment, firstly, the branches are subjected to short cutting, and 2-3 plump buds are reserved above a grafting opening; after culturing for a period of time, selecting the branches with vigorous growth as the main stems of the good seedlings of the walnuts for culturing. The results show that: the quality of the good-quality seedlings of early-bearing walnuts is obviously improved, the growth vigor of the seedlings is uniform and consistent, the lignification degree is high, and the planting survival rate of young seedlings or weak seedlings reaches about 80-95%.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for cultivating improved variety strong seedlings of early bearing walnuts comprises the following steps:
selecting early bearing walnuts and other outer seedlings, lifting, grading and heeling in;
deeply ploughing and fertilizing the nursery land;
pruning the roots of the temporary planted seedlings, and soaking the roots in clear water and rooting powder;
ridging, cultivating and watering; cutting the branch short, and reserving 2-3 plump buds above a grafting opening; after culturing for a period of time, selecting the branches with vigorous growth as the trunks of the peach seedlings for culturing, and wiping off other new shoots; and (5) topdressing, and performing pest control treatment.
Preferably, the specific operation steps of the short section are as follows: cutting at a position 10-15 cm above the grafting opening.
Preferably, the 'cultivation period' is determined when the length of the new sprout above the retained grafted opening is 20 cm-30 cm.
Preferably, the selection of the branches with vigorous growth as the trunks of the peach seedlings is preferably performed by selecting young shoots close to the ground.
Also occasionally found in plantations: for early bearing walnuts and other outer seedlings, compared with the conventional root system pruning method, when the main roots are heavily pruned, the number of lateral roots (the diameter >0.2 mm) is kept between 4 and 5, and the root length is 15 to 20cm, the root system of the nursery stock is easy to grow new roots, and the survival rate of the nursery stock can be improved by 3.5 to 5.1 percent.
Therefore, the preferred pruning treatment steps of the root system are as follows: the main root is heavily pruned, 4-5 lateral roots are reserved (the diameter is more than 0.2mm), and the length of the root is 15-20 cm.
Preferably, the rooting powder is one or more of alpha-naphthylacetic acid, indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid or ABT rooting powder.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the rooting powder to the clear water is 1: 1-2.4 x 105.
Preferably, the seedling lifting time is autumn;
preferably, when the temporary planting is carried out, all the seedlings are buried in the soil or sand.
Preferably, the specific dosage of the fertilizer application is 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure applied per 666.7m 2;
preferably, the ridge forming height of the ridge forming cultivation is 10-15 cm, and the distance between ridges is 50 cm.
Preferably, the additional fertilization treatment comprises the following specific steps: topdressing is carried out for 2-3 times in the growth period, the 1 st time and the 2 nd time are carried out in 6-7 months, shallow trench fertilization is carried out on two sides of seedlings, compound fertilizer is applied in the 3 rd time at the beginning of 8 months, and 50-75 kg of fertilizer is applied to 2 every 666.7 m.
The invention also provides a better method for cultivating early bearing walnuts and other outer seedlings, which comprises the following steps:
1) grafted seedling lifting: and selecting outer seedlings such as early bearing walnuts and the like which are grafted to survive in a nursery garden, and taking seedlings in autumn, wherein the roots are protected during seedling taking. Grafting seedlings are advocated for walnut garden building, and early bearing walnut seedlings can be applied and produced only by grafting.
2) Storing grafted seedlings: after seedling raising, selecting low-grade walnut seedlings, marking the seedlings according to the varieties, grading the seedlings according to the root quality of the stock seedlings, and then respectively heeling the seedlings in winter for a long time, wherein the whole seedlings are buried in soil or sand during heeling, so that the water loss of the seedlings is prevented.
3) Soil preparation and base fertilizer, namely planting the seedlings outside in spring of the next year, deeply turning over the nursery lands, and applying 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure every 666.7m 2.
4) The planting method comprises the following steps: ridging cultivation is adopted, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, the distance between ridges is 50cm, partial pruning is carried out on the roots of the planted walnut seedlings, and the walnut seedlings are soaked in clear water and rooting powder for 5-8 hours.
5) Planting time: after soil preparation and after the air temperature is warmed up in spring, the air temperature reaches 18 ℃, and the walnut seedlings can be planted in the germination period of the walnut planted in the field, and the planting distance between the planted seedlings and the ridge is 30 cm.
6) Planting water for nursery stocks: after the outer seedlings are planted, the seedlings are watered thoroughly, so that the growth of the seedlings is facilitated.
7) Cutting the grafted seedling: after walnut grafted seedlings are planted and watered, 2-3 plump buds are left on a grafting opening, and the walnut grafted seedlings are cut short at 10-15 cm.
8) Selecting and reserving a main stem: generally, after a grafted seedling is cut to be dry, the sprouting young shoots above a grafting opening are reserved, all the sprouting young shoots below the grafting opening are removed, when the young shoots above the grafting opening are 20-30 cm long, one young shoot (preferably a young shoot close to the ground) with vigorous growth potential is selected as a main stem of the walnut seedling for cultivation, and the rest of the young shoots are removed to promote the growth of the walnut seedling.
9) And (3) fertilizer and water management: and (3) topdressing in time, topdressing is performed for 2-3 times in the growth period, the 1 st and 2 nd times are performed in 6-7 months, shallow trenches are opened on two sides of the seedlings for fertilization, and compound fertilizers are applied in the 3 rd time at the beginning of 8 months, wherein 50-75 kg of fertilizers are applied to 2 every 666.7 m. Watering in time according to soil moisture content, and paying attention to water drainage in rainy season to prevent water from accumulating in the nursery.
10) And (3) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, and attention is paid to the prevention and control of walnut powdery mildew, brown spot, black spot, chafer and acromythic moth.
The invention has the advantages of
(1) The early bearing walnuts and other external nursery lands are managed in a centralized mode, the original method that the early bearing walnuts and other external nursery lands are left in the nursery lands for decentralized cultivation and centralized management is eliminated, the utilization efficiency of land is improved, and the land income per unit area is increased.
(2) The walnut seedlings are treated by rooting powder before being planted, so that the survival of the planted seedlings and the growth of root systems are facilitated.
(3) The stem cutting and root system pruning treatment is adopted, so that early bearing walnut branches are prevented, nutrition is concentrated, overground part of the stems and underground part of the root systems are stimulated to grow, and high-quality early bearing walnut seedlings are cultured.
(4) Aiming at the problems of inferior grafted and surviving seedlings and the like, grading treatment is carried out during soil preparation and planting, and various measures are combined, so that the quality of good-quality seedlings of early bearing walnuts can be obviously improved, and the high-quality walnut seedlings with regular and consistent growth vigor and high lignification degree can be cultured.
(5) The method has simple steps, convenient operation and strong practicability.
Detailed Description
The features of the present invention and other related features are further described in detail below by way of examples to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art:
example 1
Test walnut grafting and seedling test:
in 2014 2015, grafting and breeding test of improved walnut seedlings is carried out in Taishan district of Taian city, Shandong province, wherein the seedling variety is 'Xianglingi', the test area is 1.0 mu, and 3700 plants are grafted each time (once in 2014 2015)
The specific operation is as follows:
1) grafted seedling lifting: and selecting outer seedlings such as 'Xiangling' walnuts and the like which are grafted to survive in a nursery garden, and taking seedlings in autumn, wherein the roots are protected during seedling taking.
2) Storing grafted seedlings: after seedling raising, selecting low-grade walnut seedlings, marking the seedlings according to the varieties, grading the seedlings according to the root quality of the stock seedlings, and then respectively heeling the seedlings in winter for a long time, and during heeling, paying attention to the fact that the seedlings are completely buried in soil or sand to prevent the water of the seedlings from losing.
3) Soil preparation and base fertilizer, namely planting the seedlings outside in spring of the next year, deeply turning over the nursery lands, and applying 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure every 666.7m 2.
4) The planting method comprises the following steps: ridging cultivation is adopted, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, the distance between ridges is 50cm, partial pruning is carried out on the roots of the planted walnut seedlings, and the walnut seedlings are soaked in clear water and rooting powder for 5-8 hours.
5) Planting time: after soil preparation and after the air temperature is warmed up in spring, the air temperature reaches 18 ℃, and the walnut seedlings can be planted in the germination period of the walnut planted in the field, and the planting distance between the planted seedlings and the ridge is 30 cm.
6) Planting water for nursery stocks: after the outer seedlings are planted, the seedlings are watered thoroughly, so that the growth of the seedlings is facilitated.
7) Cutting the grafted seedling: after walnut grafted seedlings are planted and watered, 2-3 plump buds are left on a grafting opening, and the position of the bud is cut short at 5-15 cm.
8) Selecting and reserving a main stem: generally, after a grafted seedling is cut to be dry, the sprouting young shoots above a grafting opening are reserved, all the sprouting young shoots below the grafting opening are removed, when the young shoots above the grafting opening are about 20cm long, one young shoot (preferably a young shoot close to the ground) with vigorous growth potential is selected as a main stem of the walnut seedling for cultivation, and the rest of the young shoots are removed to promote the growth of the walnut seedling.
9) And (3) fertilizer and water management: and (3) topdressing in time, topdressing is performed for 2-3 times in the growth period, the 1 st and 2 nd times are performed in 6-7 months, shallow trenches are opened on two sides of the seedlings for fertilization, and compound fertilizers are applied in the 3 rd time at the beginning of 8 months, wherein 50-75 kg of fertilizers are applied to 2 every 666.7 m. Watering in time according to soil moisture content, and paying attention to water drainage in rainy season to prevent water from accumulating in the nursery.
10) And (3) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, and attention is paid to the prevention and control of walnut powdery mildew, brown spot, black spot, chafer and acromythic moth.
As a result: the seedlings grafted in 2014 and 2015 are 3207 and 3319 respectively, the survival rate of the grafted seedlings is 86.68%, the maximum height of the grafted seedlings is 2.21m when measuring 89.70%, and the emergence rates of the average first-stage seedlings and second-stage seedlings (the first-stage seedlings are more than 1.0m high, the second-stage seedlings are more than 0.78m and have developed root systems) are 40.2% and 39.1%.
Example 2
A better method for cultivating early bearing walnut and other outer seedlings, wherein the seedling variety is 'Yuanlin', comprises the following steps:
1) grafted seedling lifting: and selecting outer seedlings such as 'Yuan forest' walnuts and the like which are grafted to survive in a nursery garden, and taking seedlings in autumn, wherein the roots are protected during seedling taking.
2) Storing grafted seedlings: after seedling raising, selecting low-grade walnut seedlings, marking the seedlings according to the varieties, grading the seedlings according to the root quality of the stock seedlings, and then respectively heeling the seedlings in winter for a long time, and during heeling, paying attention to the fact that the seedlings are completely buried in soil or sand to prevent the water of the seedlings from losing.
3) Soil preparation and base fertilizer, namely planting the seedlings outside in spring of the next year, deeply turning over the nursery lands, and applying 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure every 666.7m 2.
4) The planting method comprises the following steps: ridging cultivation is adopted, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, the distance between ridges is 50cm, partial pruning is carried out on the roots of the planted walnut seedlings, and the walnut seedlings are soaked in clear water and rooting powder for 5-8 hours.
5) Planting time: after soil preparation and after the air temperature is warmed up in spring, the air temperature reaches 18 ℃, and the walnut seedlings can be planted in the germination period of the walnut planted in the field, and the planting distance between the planted seedlings and the ridge is 30 cm.
6) Planting water for nursery stocks: after the outer seedlings are planted, the seedlings are watered thoroughly, so that the growth of the seedlings is facilitated.
7) Cutting the grafted seedling: after walnut grafted seedlings are planted and watered, 2-3 plump buds are left on a grafting opening, and the position of the bud is cut short at 5-15 cm.
8) Selecting and reserving a main stem: generally, after a grafted seedling is cut to be dry, the sprouting young shoots above a grafting opening are reserved, all the sprouting young shoots below the grafting opening are removed, when the young shoots above the grafting opening are about 20cm long, one young shoot (preferably a young shoot close to the ground) with vigorous growth potential is selected as a main stem of the walnut seedling for cultivation, and the rest of the young shoots are removed to promote the growth of the walnut seedling.
9) And (3) fertilizer and water management: and (3) topdressing in time, topdressing is performed for 2-3 times in the growth period, the 1 st and 2 nd times are performed in 6-7 months, shallow trenches are opened on two sides of the seedlings for fertilization, and compound fertilizers are applied in the 3 rd time at the beginning of 8 months, wherein 50-75 kg of fertilizers are applied to 2 every 666.7 m. Watering in time according to soil moisture content, and paying attention to water drainage in rainy season to prevent water from accumulating in the nursery.
10) And (3) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, and attention is paid to the prevention and control of walnut powdery mildew, brown spot, black spot, chafer and acromythic moth.
Example 3
A better method for cultivating early bearing walnut and other outer seedlings, wherein the seedling variety is 'green fragrant', comprises the following steps:
1) grafted seedling lifting: and selecting outer seedlings such as 'green and fragrant' walnuts which are grafted to survive in a nursery garden, and taking seedlings in autumn, wherein the roots are protected during seedling taking.
2) Storing grafted seedlings: after seedling raising, selecting low-grade walnut seedlings, marking the seedlings according to the varieties, grading the seedlings according to the root quality of the stock seedlings, and then respectively heeling the seedlings in winter for a long time, and during heeling, paying attention to the fact that the seedlings are completely buried in soil or sand to prevent the water of the seedlings from losing.
3) Soil preparation and base fertilizer, namely planting the seedlings outside in spring of the next year, deeply turning over the nursery lands, and applying 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure every 666.7m 2.
4) The planting method comprises the following steps: ridging cultivation is adopted, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, the distance between ridges is 50cm, partial pruning is carried out on the roots of the planted walnut seedlings, and the walnut seedlings are soaked in clear water and rooting powder for 5-8 hours.
5) Planting time: after soil preparation and after the air temperature is warmed up in spring, the air temperature reaches 18 ℃, and the walnut seedlings can be planted in the germination period of the walnut planted in the field, and the planting distance between the planted seedlings and the ridge is 30 cm.
6) Planting water for nursery stocks: after the outer seedlings are planted, the seedlings are watered thoroughly, so that the growth of the seedlings is facilitated.
7) Cutting the grafted seedling: after walnut grafted seedlings are planted and watered, 2-3 plump buds are left on a grafting opening, and the position of the bud is cut short at 5-15 cm.
8) Selecting and reserving a main stem: generally, after a grafted seedling is cut to be dry, the sprouting young shoots above a grafting opening are reserved, all the sprouting young shoots below the grafting opening are removed, when the young shoots above the grafting opening are about 20cm long, one young shoot (preferably a young shoot close to the ground) with vigorous growth potential is selected as a main stem of the walnut seedling for cultivation, and the rest of the young shoots are removed to promote the growth of the walnut seedling.
9) And (3) fertilizer and water management: and (3) topdressing in time, topdressing is performed for 2-3 times in the growth period, the 1 st and 2 nd times are performed in 6-7 months, shallow trenches are opened on two sides of the seedlings for fertilization, and compound fertilizers are applied in the 3 rd time at the beginning of 8 months, wherein 50-75 kg of fertilizers are applied to 2 every 666.7 m. Watering in time according to soil moisture content, and paying attention to water drainage in rainy season to prevent water from accumulating in the nursery.
10) And (3) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, and attention is paid to the prevention and control of walnut powdery mildew, brown spot, black spot, chafer and acromythic moth.
And (4) conclusion:
the cultivation results show that: by adopting the technical scheme of the embodiment 1-3 to plant the young or weak seedlings of the early bearing walnut variety, the survival rate can reach 80-95 percent.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents can be made in the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalents thereof. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A method for cultivating early bearing walnuts and other outer seedlings is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) grafted seedling lifting: selecting outer seedlings such as grafted and alive early bearing walnuts and the like in a nursery garden, lifting the seedlings in autumn, and paying attention to protect root systems during lifting the seedlings;
(2) storing grafted seedlings: after seedling raising, selecting low-grade walnut seedlings, marking the seedlings according to different varieties, grading the seedlings according to the quality of root systems of the stock seedlings, and then respectively heeling the seedlings in winter for a long time, wherein during heeling, the whole seedlings are buried in soil or sand completely to prevent the water loss of the seedlings;
(3) land preparation and base fertilizer: in spring of the next year, planting seedlings outside, turning over the nursery deeply, and turning over every 666.7m2Applying 1000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure;
(4) the planting method comprises the following steps: ridging cultivation is adopted, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, the distance between ridges is 50cm, partial pruning is carried out on the root systems of the planted walnut seedlings, and the walnut seedlings are soaked in clear water and rooting powder for 5-8 hours; the root system trimming treatment comprises the following steps: carrying out heavy pruning on the main roots, wherein 4-5 lateral roots with the diameter larger than 0.2mm are reserved, and the root length is 15-20 cm;
(5) planting time: after soil preparation, after the air temperature is warmed up in spring, the air temperature reaches 18 ℃, the method can be specifically carried out by referring to the germination period of the walnut planted in the field, and the seedlings are planted on the ridges and the planting distance is 30 cm;
(6) planting water for nursery stocks: after the outer seedlings are planted, watering is conducted thoroughly so as to be beneficial to the growth of the seedlings;
(7) cutting the grafted seedling: after walnut grafted seedlings are planted and watered, 2-3 full buds are left on a grafting opening, and the cutting is performed at a position of 10-15 cm;
(8) selecting and reserving a main stem: after the grafted seedlings are cut to be dry, the germinated young shoots above the grafting opening are reserved, the germinated young shoots below the grafting opening are all erased, when the young shoots above the grafting opening are 20-30 cm long, one young shoot with vigorous growth potential is selected, the young shoots close to the ground are selected as the main stem of the walnut seedling to be cultured, and the rest of the young shoots are erased to promote the growth of the walnut seedling;
(9) and (3) fertilizer and water management: topdressing in time, topdressing for 2-3 times in growth period, fertilizing for 1 st and 2 th times in 6-7 months, shallow ditch fertilizing at two sides of seedling, and applying compound fertilizer at early 8 months for 3 rd time, wherein the fertilizer is applied every 666.7m2Applying 50-75 kg of fertilizer; watering in time according to soil moisture content, and meanwhile paying attention to water drainage in rainy season to prevent water from accumulating in the nursery;
(10) and (3) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, and the prevention and control of walnut powdery mildew, brown spot, black spot, chafer and crinis bilineata tsingtauica are paid attention to;
the rooting powder is one or a combination of a plurality of alpha-naphthylacetic acid, indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acid or ABT rooting powder;
the mass ratio of the rooting powder to the clear water is 1: 1-2.4 multiplied by 105。
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