CN110352725B - Grafted prune and breeding method thereof - Google Patents
Grafted prune and breeding method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110352725B CN110352725B CN201910757569.5A CN201910757569A CN110352725B CN 110352725 B CN110352725 B CN 110352725B CN 201910757569 A CN201910757569 A CN 201910757569A CN 110352725 B CN110352725 B CN 110352725B
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention provides a grafted prune and a breeding method thereof, relating to the technical field of grafting, wherein the breeding method of the grafted prune comprises the steps of connecting an intermediate stock with a base stock, and connecting the prune with the intermediate stock to obtain the grafted prune; wherein the base stock comprises wild peaches, and the intermediate stock comprises smoked plums. According to the breeding method, the wild peaches are used as the base stocks, the smoked plums are used as the intermediate stocks, and the grafted prunes obtained by breeding have the advantages of strong stress resistance, developed root systems, reasonable crown size, strong young shoot branching capability, difficulty in root shoot seedling growth, and medium tree life or early fruiting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of grafting, in particular to a grafted prune and a breeding method thereof.
Background
The prune is a European plum species of Prunus of Rosaceae, and is called third generation functional fruit. The seedling breeding of the prune seedlings mainly adopts grafting as a main part, the scion grafting and the bud grafting are mostly adopted, the wild peach is generally used as a stock, the cultivated nursery stock has strong stress resistance, developed root system and long service life, but the new shoot has strong uprightness, the crown expands, the fruit is late, and the prune with better performance cannot be obtained.
In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for breeding grafted prunes, which takes wild peaches as base stocks and sour plums as intermediate stocks, and the grafted prunes obtained by breeding have the advantages of strong stress resistance, developed root systems, reasonable crown size, strong young shoot branching capability, difficult root shoot seedling growth, medium tree life or early fruiting.
The breeding method of grafted prunes provided by the invention comprises the following steps: connecting an intermediate stock with an anvil stock, and connecting the prune with the intermediate stock to obtain the grafted prune; wherein the base stock comprises wild peaches and the intermediate stock comprises smoked plums;
preferably, the wild peaches comprise wild peaches.
Furthermore, the connection mode of the intermediate anvil and the base anvil comprises at least one of tongue joint, cleft joint, cutting joint, web joint and bark insertion joint;
preferably, the prune is connected with the intermediate stock in a manner of at least one of inlay budding, "t" budding, mantle budding and square budding.
Further, the base stock is bred by the following method:
sowing the wild peach seeds 5-9 days before winter irrigation in the first year, and cutting off the wild peach seedlings 20-30 cm away from the ground within 5-9 days before sprouting in the third year to obtain the foundation stocks;
preferably, when the wild peaches are cut off, the relative water content of the soil for planting the wild peaches is 73-77%, and the air temperature is 10-15 ℃;
preferably, the relative water content of the soil for planting the wild peaches is not lower than 50% between 8 and 10 days of the second year.
Further, selecting the plum as an intermediate stock after winter in the second year, wherein the length of the intermediate stock is 15-20 cm;
preferably, the current-year plum branches are selected as the interstock;
preferably, the intermediate anvil is soaked in paraffin and stored in a cellar.
Further, connecting the intermediate anvil with the base anvil;
preferably, the diameter of the anvil is 1-3 cm at the junction of the anvil and the intermediate anvil.
Further, after the new shoots grow on the intermediate anvil, keeping 3-5 new shoots close to one end far away from the base anvil, and removing the rest new shoots;
preferably, the relative moisture content of the soil in which the foundation is planted is not less than 55% between when young shoots are removed and 5 months of bottom.
Further, watering the soil for planting the prunes once at the bottom of 5 months in the third year, and selecting current-year branches of the prunes when the relative water content of the soil is reduced to 74-76%;
preferably, the prune is connected with the intermediate stock by means of bud grafting;
preferably, 3-4 plump buds of the prune are grafted on each intermediate stock in different directions, and the vertical distance between every two adjacent plump buds is 3-4 cm;
preferably, the monopotassium phosphate with the mass concentration of 0.1-0.3% is sprayed on the leaves every 5-7 days when the prunes grow new;
preferably, the spraying of the monopotassium phosphate is performed 8 to 10 times.
Further, before connecting the intermediate anvil with the prune, the method further comprises: leaving leaf stalks on the current-year branches of the prunes, and storing the prunes at 15-20 ℃ after leaf blades are subtracted;
preferably, the storage time is 0 to 36 hours.
Furthermore, the relative water content of soil for planting wild peaches is not lower than 50% from 8 to 10 months of the third year;
preferably, in the last 10 th month, the soil for planting wild peaches is fertilized and then watered;
preferably, thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizer is used for fertilizing, and the fertilizing amount of each seedling is preferably 2-4 kg;
preferably, water is poured once in the soil for planting the wild peaches in winter irrigation in the third year, and seedlings are transplanted in the fourth year.
The grafted prune is obtained by breeding through the breeding method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can at least obtain the following beneficial effects:
the grafted prune tree obtained only by taking the wild peaches as the stocks has the characteristics of strong disease resistance and cold resistance, long service life and the like, but has the defects of vigorous growth, enlarged crown, strong uprightness of new shoots, weak branching capability, slow fruiting entering period and the like, so that the labor input for shaping and pruning is large and the fruit harvesting is inconvenient; although the grafted prune tree obtained by only taking the prune as the stock is weak in growth vigor, the bearing branch forming capability of the young shoot branch is strong, the crown is short, the pruning and harvesting are convenient, the fruiting period can be quickly reached, the resistance is weak, the service life is short, the root system is shallow, the soil fixing property is also poor, and the root system is injured in the soil loosening, weeding, ditching and fertilizing processes, so that a plurality of root-tillering seedlings are generated, the elimination is not easy, and the nutrient loss and the labor force increase are caused. According to the method, the wild peaches are used as the base stocks, the smoked plums are used as the middle stocks, the excellent characteristics of the two stocks are organically coincided, the advantages are gained and the shortages are compensated, the grafted prune which has strong stress resistance, developed root system, reasonable crown size, strong young shoot branching capability, difficulty in growing root shoot seedlings and medium tree body life is cultivated, the grafted prune can easily reach the balance point between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, the fruiting period is early, the labor input amount of shaping and trimming and the nutrients consumed by the root shoot seedlings can be reduced, the labor and the time are saved, and the purposes of quality improvement and efficiency increase are achieved.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In one aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a breeding method of grafted prunes, comprising: connecting an intermediate stock with an anvil stock, and connecting the prune with the intermediate stock to obtain the grafted prune; wherein the base stock comprises wild peaches, and the intermediate stock comprises smoked plums.
According to the method, the wild peaches are used as the base stocks, the smoked plums are used as the middle stocks, the excellent characteristics of the two stocks are organically coincided, the advantages are gained and the shortages are compensated, the grafted prune which has strong stress resistance, developed root system, reasonable crown size, strong young shoot branching capability, difficulty in growing root shoot seedlings and medium tree body life is cultivated, the grafted prune can easily reach the balance point between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, the fruiting period is early, the labor input amount of shaping and trimming and the nutrients consumed by the root shoot seedlings can be reduced, the labor and the time are saved, and the purposes of quality improvement and efficiency increase are achieved.
The grafted prune tree obtained only by taking the wild peaches as the stocks has the characteristics of strong disease resistance and cold resistance, long service life and the like, but has the defects of vigorous growth, enlarged crown, strong uprightness of new shoots, weak branching capability, slow fruiting entering period and the like, so that the labor input for shaping and pruning is large and the fruit harvesting is inconvenient; although the grafted prune tree obtained by only taking the prune as the stock is weak in growth vigor, the bearing branch forming capability of the young shoot branch is strong, the crown is short, the pruning and harvesting are convenient, the fruiting period can be quickly reached, the resistance is weak, the service life is short, the root system is shallow, the soil fixing property is also poor, and the root system is injured in the soil loosening, weeding, ditching and fertilizing processes, so that a plurality of root-tillering seedlings are generated, the elimination is not easy, and the nutrient loss and the labor force increase are caused. The plum trees are used as the foundation stocks, and the wild peaches are used as the intermediate stocks, so that the germination rate of the root tillering seedlings of the foundation stocks is high, the labor investment for cutting off the root tillering seedlings is large, the root systems are less developed, the utilization rate of soil nutrients is low, and the crowns are large, so that the underground part and the overground part of the tree body are unbalanced; moreover, the young shoots have high germination rate and strong uprightness, and a large amount of labor is needed for shaping and trimming. Compared with the breeding method using the smoked plum as the base stock and the wild peach as the intermediate stock, the method has the advantages that the obtained grafted prune has developed root system, reasonable crown size, strong young shoot branching capability, difficult root shoot seedling growth, and medium tree life, easily reaches the balance point between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, can reduce the labor input amount of shaping and trimming and the nutrients consumed by the root shoot seedling, and is labor-saving, labor-saving and time-saving.
In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the wild peaches comprise wild peaches. Therefore, the wild peach has stronger stress resistance, and is beneficial to obtaining the grafted prune with better performance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the connection manner of the intermediate stock and the base stock includes at least one of a tongue grafting, a cleft grafting, a cut grafting, a web grafting and a bark grafting (for example, may include a tongue grafting, a cleft grafting, a cut grafting, a web grafting or a bark grafting, and may also include two or more of a tongue grafting, a cut grafting, a web grafting and a bark grafting), and the connection manner of the prune and the intermediate stock includes at least one of a nested bud grafting, a t-shaped bud grafting, a nested bud grafting and a block bud grafting (for example, may include any two or more of a nested bud grafting, a t-shaped bud grafting, a nested bud grafting and a block bud grafting).
In some embodiments of the invention, the anvil is bred by: sowing the wild peach seeds 5-9 days (for example, 5 days, 7 days or 9 days and the like) before winter irrigation in the first year, and cutting the wild peach seedlings 20-30 centimeters (for example, 20 centimeters, 25 centimeters or 30 centimeters and the like) away from the ground within 5-9 days (for example, 5 days, 7 days or 9 days and the like) before germination in the third year to obtain the base stock.
It should be noted that the time of winter irrigation is generally 5 ℃ of the average ground temperature of 5cm soil layer, and the air temperature is 3 ℃; the sprouting period refers to the period that leaf buds or flower buds begin to expand and open or bud, and the temperature in the period is 10-15 ℃; the distance between the peach seedlings and the ground is 20-30 cm in the vertical direction of the ground.
In some embodiments of the invention, the relative moisture content of the soil (which may be used interchangeably with the moisture content of the soil) is 73-77% (e.g., 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, etc.) and the air temperature is 10-15 ℃ (e.g., 10 ℃, 11 ℃, 12 ℃, 13 ℃, 14 ℃, 15 ℃, etc.) when cutting the peaches. Therefore, the temperature is proper, the wild peach starts to sprout, and the interface is easy to heal after the intermediate stock is grafted on the base stock. If the air temperature is too low, the time required for the healing of the base stock and the intermediate stock is prolonged, and the risk that the grafting cannot survive is higher. If the air temperature is too high, the base stock can sprout early, and part of nutrients stored in the tree body are transported to the cut branches, so that part of nutrients are wasted, and the quick healing of the base stock and the intermediate stock is not facilitated.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the relative moisture content of the soil in which the wild peaches are planted is not less than 50% (e.g., may be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.) between 8 and 10 months of the second year. Therefore, the development of the root system of the rootstock and the lignification and maturity of the young shoots are facilitated. If the relative water content of the soil is lower than 50%, the growth and development of the foundation stocks are drought, and the trees are weakened.
It should be noted that, the relative water content of the soil for planting the wild peaches is detected between 8 and 10 months of the next year, and if the relative water content of the soil is lower than 50%, watering (such as horse race water) is performed in time, and the soil humidity is supplemented in time to ensure that the relative water content of the soil is not lower than 50%.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the plum is selected as an intermediate anvil after winter of the second year, and the length of the intermediate anvil is 15-20 cm (for example, 15cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, 20cm, etc.). In the length range, when the length of the intermediate anvil is too long, the intermediate anvil resources are wasted, more new shoots grow on the intermediate anvil, the labor input amount is increased in later management, in addition, the surface of evaporated moisture is larger before the wound is healed, the dry and death is easily caused, and when the length of the intermediate anvil is too short, the grafting operation is inconvenient.
In some embodiments of the invention, current-year plum shoots are selected as the interstock.
In some embodiments of the invention, the interstock soaked paraffin is stored in a cellar. Thereby, retention of moisture in the intermediate anvil is facilitated.
In some embodiments of the invention, the intermediate anvil is connected to the base anvil. Therefore, the time for cutting off the base stock is spring, the base stock and the intermediate stock are connected in spring, survival of the intermediate stock is facilitated, and the grafting survival rate is improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, the diameter of the anvil is 1-3 cm (e.g., may be 1 cm, 2 cm, 3cm, etc.) where the anvil joins the intermediate anvil. Compared with the diameter range, when the diameter of the base stock is too large, the matching degree of the base stock and the intermediate stock is poor, the grafting survival rate is influenced, more time is needed for grafting removal, when the diameter of the base stock is too small, the root system of the base stock is relatively underdeveloped, the growth vigor is weak, the diameter of the base stock is required to be close to that of the intermediate stock during grafting, and if the diameter of a branch of the intermediate stock is too small, the bud of the intermediate stock is relatively unsaturated, and the survival rate and the growth vigor are influenced.
In some embodiments of the invention, after the young tips are grown on the intermediate anvil, 3-5 young tips (e.g., 3, 4, or 5, etc.) near the end away from the anvil are retained, and the rest of the young tips are removed. Thereby, it is advantageous to ensure that the intermediate anvil has sufficient vigor.
In some embodiments of the invention, the relative moisture content of the soil in which the anvil is planted is not less than 55% (e.g., may be 55%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%, etc.) between when young shoots are removed and 5 months of bottom. Therefore, the development of the root system of the rootstock and the lignification and maturity of the young shoots are facilitated.
It should be noted that the relative water content of the soil of the planting foundation is detected between the young sprout removal and the bottom of 5 months, and if the relative water content of the soil is lower than 55%, watering (such as horse race water) is performed in time, and the soil humidity is supplemented in time to ensure that the relative water content of the soil of the planting foundation is not lower than 55%.
In some embodiments of the invention, water is poured once in the soil for planting prunes at the end of 5 months in the third year, and the current-year branches of prunes are selected when the relative water content of the soil is reduced to 74-76% (e.g., 74%, 75%, 76%, etc.). Therefore, the survival rate of the grafted prune is improved.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the prune is connected to the interstock by means of budding. Therefore, the time for connecting the prune and the intermediate stock is summer, and the survival rate of the grafted prune is improved.
The grafting mode of connecting the base stock and the intermediate stock in spring and connecting the prune and the intermediate stock in summer is adopted, so that the seedling raising time can be shortened, the soil utilization rate is improved, the fruit can be put in advance, and the economic income can be generated in advance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, each of the interstocks is grafted with 3-4 of the plump buds of prune in different directions, and the vertical distance between two adjacent plump buds is 3-4 cm. Therefore, the survival rate of the grafted prune is improved. It should be noted that the vertical distance refers to the distance between two adjacent plump buds along the gravity direction, and since the cross section of the intermediate anvil is similar to a circle, the different directions refer to different directions along the circumferential direction of the intermediate anvil.
In some embodiments of the present invention, before connecting the intermediate anvil to the prune, the method further comprises: the prune is stored under conditions of 15-20 deg.C (such as 15 deg.C, 17 deg.C, 19 deg.C or 20 deg.C) after leaf stalk and leaf are removed from the current-year branch. Therefore, the storage temperature is proper, and the vitality of the prune branches is favorably maintained.
In some embodiments of the invention, the storage time is from 0 to 36 hours. Therefore, the vitality of the prune branches can be maintained within the above time range.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the monopotassium phosphate with a concentration of 0.1-0.3% (e.g., 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, etc.) is sprayed on the leaves every 5-7 days (e.g., 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, etc.) and the number of times the monopotassium phosphate is sprayed is 8-10 times. Therefore, the monopotassium phosphate is a foliar fertilizer, can provide nutrients for trees, strengthens the tree vigor, and is beneficial to realizing rapid growth and development within a limited time.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the relative moisture content of the soil in which the wild peaches are planted is not less than 50% (e.g., may be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.) from late 8 to late 10 of the third year. Therefore, the development of the root system of the rootstock and the lignification and maturity of the young shoots are facilitated.
It should be noted that, the relative water content of the soil for planting wild peaches is detected from the last 8 th to the last 10 th of the third year, and if the relative water content of the soil is lower than 50%, watering (such as horse race water) is performed in time to supplement the soil humidity in time so as to ensure that the relative water content of the soil for planting wild peaches is not lower than 50%.
It should be noted that the description "last ten days" in this document refers to any one of days 1 to 10, for example, the description is given by taking last 8 th of month as an example, and may be 8 th of month 1, 8 th of month 2, 8 th of month 4, 8 th of month 6, 8 th of month 8, or 8 th of month 10, and the like, and the rest of months may be selected according to this, and will not be described in too much detail herein; the description "last ten days" herein refers to any one of days from 21 st to the last day of the month (for example, 30 th or 31 th), for example, the description is given by taking the last ten days of 10 months as an example, and may be No. 10 months 21, No. 10 months 22, No. 10 months 24, No. 10 months 26, No. 10 months 28, No. 10 months 30, or No. 10 months 31, and the like, and the rest of months may be selected according to this, and will not be described in detail herein.
In some embodiments of the invention, the soil in which the wild peaches are planted is fertilized and then watered in the last 10 months; the fertilizer is applied by thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer applied to each seedling is preferably 2-4kg (for example, 2kg, 3kg or 4 kg). Therefore, the soil fertility or the nutrient content in the soil is improved, so that the growth and development of the seedlings are promoted, the moisture retention capacity of the soil can be improved, and the healthy growth of the seedlings is promoted.
In some embodiments of the invention, water is poured once in the soil for planting the wild peaches in winter irrigation in the third year, and seedlings are transplanted in the fourth year. Therefore, the survival rate of the grafted prune is improved.
It can be understood that when the base stock is bred, the wild peaches are planted in the soil, and when the intermediate stock is grafted to the base stock, the wild peaches after the grafting of the intermediate stock are still planted in the soil for planting the wild peaches; the prune is grafted to the intermediate stock, and the prune is still planted and grafted in the soil for planting the wild peaches.
According to the breeding method of the base stock, the base stock and the intermediate stock are connected in spring, the intermediate stock and the prune are connected in summer in the same year as the connection of the base stock and the intermediate stock, the breeding time of the grafted prune can be shortened, and the survival rate of the grafted prune is improved.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the grafted prune breeding method comprises the following steps:
a. selecting wild peach as a basic stock seedling, selecting a nursery land with sandy loam soil, applying mature farmyard manure 5 tons and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer 150kg as standard fertilizers in a broadcasting method per mu one week before watering in winter in the first year (10 late ten days to 11 early ten days), turning over the land by 40cm, leveling the land, then carrying out field wide and narrow row drill seeding on the prepared wild peach seeds (the depth of a ditch is 5-8 cm, the wide and narrow row spacing is 60cm multiplied by 20cm), and watering in winter in time. Thinning the wild peach seeds (the seedling distance is 10-15 cm) when 4-5 leaves grow after the wild peach seeds germinate in the next year, and cutting the roots of the stock seedlings when the stock seedlings grow to be more than 30cm to promote the lateral roots to be developed. Then, watering once every 15 days to 20 days from the beginning of the germination water, applying 0.2kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant, watering once in the last ten days of 8 months, pinching the base stock seedlings, and not watering until the last ten days of 10 months (but the relative water content of soil is not lower than 50%), promoting the maturity and the root system development of the base stock seedlings, and watering the nursery land once in winter before the base stock seedlings fall off leaves;
b. after the fallen leaves of the interstock dark plum enter the winter in the second year, selecting the mature current-year branches which are strong, free of freezing and insect diseases from the dark plum cutting orchard, cutting the parts with full buds by taking the length of 15-20 cm as a standard, and soaking paraffin in the parts for moisture preservation and storage in a cellar for later use of interstock grafting;
c. and irrigating the nursery land of the wild peach trees with the foundation stock once for sprouting in the third year to ensure that the soil has enough relative water content, and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each seedling in a standard of 0.2kg before watering. Cutting off each wild peach at a position 20-30 cm away from the ground within one week before germination (when the relative water content of soil is reduced to about 75% and the air temperature is 10-15 ℃), taking a stock seedling, selecting a stock with a thickness basically close to that of a stock nursery stock interface from prepared plum scions, grafting the stock onto a stock by a tongue grafting method, and tightly holding the stock with a special plastic bandage;
d. and after the peach in the third year enters the sprouting period, observing whether sprouting tillers exist on the grafted base stock once every 3-5 days, if the sprouting period is found, reducing the loss of nutrients in the base stock in time, and ensuring that the intermediate stock can rapidly provide enough nutrients. After growing new shoots on the intermediate anvil, selecting 3 new shoots on the upper part of the intermediate anvil (close to the top or the end far away from the base anvil) as far as possible, erasing all the other new shoots, ensuring that the whole intermediate anvil has enough activity, irrigating once at intervals of 10-15, ensuring that the relative water content of soil cannot be lower than 55%, and performing topdressing by using a standard of 0.2kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per plant before watering;
e. and (3) irrigating water once at the end of 5 months in the third year, and when the relative water content of the soil is reduced to 75% (in the last ten days of 6 months), shearing the current-year-old branches which are strong and have no diseases or insect pests from the prune scion nursery, leaving 30 leaves on the branches, cutting off the leaf stalks, binding the leaves together, placing the branches in a cold place (the temperature is 15-20 ℃) and waiting for grafting (after the prune scions are collected, the shorter the storage time is, the better the storage time is, and the storage time cannot exceed 36 hours). Before grafting, firstly, completely removing sprouts growing on a base stock and an intermediate stock, then cutting full buds (preferably with the length of 2-3 cm) with xylem on scion branches to perform bud-grafting on the upper part of the intermediate stock, generally grafting 3-4 full buds on each intermediate stock in different directions, controlling the vertical distance of each bud grafting part at 3-4 cm, and tightly holding the buds by using a special plastic bandage;
f. observing whether sprouts grow on the grafted base stock and the middle stock at one time every 3-5 days, if the sprouts grow, removing in time to reduce nutrient loss, and in combination with watering and top application of 0.2kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per plant each time, promoting the rapid growth of prune buds;
g. after the prune buds grafted on the intermediate stock grow new shoots, the plastic bandage between the base stock and the intermediate stock is timely loosened, the stick is bound to avoid the grafted part from being broken by wind, and monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.2% is sprayed on the leaves once every 5-7 days to promote the fast growth of the prune new shoots. When the prune young shoots growing to about 30cm on the intermediate stock, timely pinching is carried out so as to promote the young shoots to branch and mature, and after two months of budding, the plastic shed belt for budding is loosened. Watering once in the last ten days of 8 months, then watering until the last ten days of 10 months (but the relative water content of the soil cannot be lower than 50%), promoting lignification of new shoots, applying 3kg of thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizers to each seedling before watering in the last ten days of 10 months, watering, and watering for winter once before entering winter. Transplanting seedlings can emerge in the next year.
The secondary grafting technology taking the wild peach as the base stock and the dark plum as the intermediate stock organically combines the advantages of the wild peach and the dark plum, has complementary defects, and the cultivated grafted dark plum has moderate growth vigor, easily reaches the balance point between vegetative growth and reproductive growth and has early fruiting period; the crown is medium in size, so that fruits are easy to harvest; the branch capability of the young shoots growing short fruit branches is strong, and the labor investment of shaping and pruning is saved; the root system is developed, the nutrient absorption capacity is strong, the root is damaged, the tillering seedlings are not easy to grow, the nutrient loss is reduced, the labor force for cutting the tillering seedlings is reduced, and the labor is saved; strong stress resistance such as cold resistance, disease resistance, drought resistance and the like, and long life in full fruit period. In addition, the method is characterized in that the method comprises the steps of carrying out tongue grafting (which can be used interchangeably with a cross-grafting method) on annual wild peach seedlings by using scions of pickled plums in spring, carrying out embedded bud grafting on excellent prune varieties in the last 6 th month of the year, completing secondary grafting within one year, meeting the technical requirements of grafting and a management technology after grafting, and improving the grafting survival rate.
In another aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a grafted prune obtained by breeding according to the aforementioned breeding method.
Examples
Example 1
The breeding method for grafting prunes comprises the following steps:
a. selecting wild peach as basic stock seedlings (the number of the basic stock seedlings is 100), selecting nursery lands with sandy loam soil, applying mature farmyard manure of 5 tons and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer of 150kg as standard fertilizers by a broadcasting method per mu one week before watering in winter in the first year, turning over the land by 40cm, leveling the land, then carrying out field wide-narrow row drill seeding on prepared wild peach seeds (the depth of a ditch is 8cm, and the row spacing between wide and narrow rows is 60cm multiplied by 20cm), and watering in winter in time. Thinning the wild peach seeds (the seedling distance is 10-15 cm) when 4-5 leaves grow after the wild peach seeds germinate in the next year, and cutting the roots of the stock seedlings when the stock seedlings grow to be more than 30cm to promote the lateral roots to be developed. Then, watering once every 15 days from the beginning of the germination water, applying 0.2kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each plant, watering once in the last ten days of 8 months, pinching the base stock seedlings, and not watering until the last 10 months (but the relative water content of soil is not lower than 50%), promoting the maturity and the root system development of the base stock seedlings, and watering the nursery land for one time for watering in winter after the leaves of the base stock seedlings fall;
b. after the fallen leaves of the interstock dark plum enter the winter in the second year, selecting the mature current-year branches which are strong, free of freezing and insect diseases from the dark plum cutting orchard, cutting the parts with full buds by taking the length of 15cm as a standard, and soaking paraffin in the parts for moisture preservation and storage in a cellar for later use by interstock grafting;
c. and irrigating the nursery land of the wild peach trees with the foundation stock once for sprouting in the third year to ensure that the soil has enough relative water content, and applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer to each seedling in a standard of 0.2kg before watering. Cutting off each wild peach seedling at a position 30cm away from the ground within one week before germination (when the relative water content of soil is reduced to about 75% and the air temperature is 15 ℃), taking a stock seedling, selecting a stock with a thickness basically close to that of a stock family interface from prepared plum scions, grafting the stock onto a stock by a tongue grafting method, and tightly holding the stock with a special plastic bandage;
d. and after the peach in the third year enters the sprouting period, observing whether sprouting occurs on the grafted base stock once every 4 days, if the sprouting is found, reducing the loss of nutrients in the base stock in time, and ensuring that the intermediate stock can rapidly provide enough nutrients. After new shoots grow on the intermediate anvil, selecting 3 new shoots on the upper part of the intermediate anvil (close to the top or the end far away from the base anvil) as far as possible, erasing all the other new shoots, ensuring that the whole intermediate anvil has enough activity, irrigating once every 15 days, ensuring that the relative water content of soil cannot be lower than 55%, and performing topdressing by using a standard of 0.2kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium per plant before watering;
e. and (3) irrigating water once at the bottom of 5 months in the third year, and when the relative water content of the soil is reduced to 75% (last 6 months), shearing the current-year-old branches which are strong and have no diseases or insect pests from the branches in the plum scion cutting garden, leaving 30 leaves on the branches, cutting off the leaf stalks, binding the leaves together, placing the branches in a cold place (the temperature is 20 ℃) and waiting for grafting (after the plum scions are collected, the shorter the storage time is, the longer the storage time cannot exceed 36 hours). Before grafting, firstly, completely removing sprouts growing on a base stock and an intermediate stock, then cutting full buds (the length is 3cm is proper) with xylem on a scion branch to perform bud grafting on the upper part of the intermediate stock, generally grafting 4 full buds on each intermediate stock in different directions, controlling the vertical distance of each bud grafting part at 4cm, and tightly holding the buds by using a special plastic bandage;
f. observing whether sprouts grow on the grafted base stock and the middle stock at one time every 3-5 days, if the sprouts grow, removing in time to reduce nutrient loss, and in combination with watering and top application of 0.2kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per plant each time, promoting the rapid growth of prune buds;
g. after the prune bud grafted on the intermediate stock grows a new shoot, the plastic bandage between the base stock and the intermediate stock is timely loosened, the stick is bound to avoid the grafted part from being broken by wind, and monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.2% is sprayed on the leaves once every 6 days to promote the rapid growth of the prune new shoot. When the prune young shoots growing to about 30cm on the intermediate stock, timely pinching is carried out so as to promote the young shoots to branch and mature, and after two months of budding, the plastic shed belt for budding is loosened. Watering once in the last ten days of 8 months, then watering until the last ten days of 10 months (but the relative water content of the soil cannot be lower than 50%), promoting lignification of new shoots, applying 3kg of thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizers to each seedling before watering in the last ten days of 10 months, watering, and watering for winter once before entering winter. Transplanting seedlings can emerge in the next year.
Example 2
The grafted prune breeding method is the same as example 1, except that the length of the intermediate stock is 18 cm.
Example 3
The grafted prune breeding method is the same as example 1, except that the length of the intermediate stock is 20 cm.
Example 4
The grafted prune breeding method is the same as example 1, except that the length of the intermediate stock is 10 cm.
Example 5
The grafted prune breeding method is the same as example 1, except that the length of the intermediate stock is 30 cm.
Example 6
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that the wild peaches are cut off 20cm away from the ground within one week before sprouting in the third year.
Example 7
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that the wild peaches are cut off 25 cm away from the ground within one week before sprouting in the third year.
Example 8
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that the wild peaches are cut off at a position 10 centimeters away from the ground within one week before sprouting in the third year.
Example 9
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that the wild peaches are cut off at a place 40cm away from the ground within one week before sprouting in the third year.
Comparative example 1
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the embodiment 1, except that the stock is the dark plum, the intermediate stock is the wild peach, and the breeding method of the dark plum adopts the breeding method of the wild peach in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 2
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that only a base stock is used, the base stock is wild peach, and the prunes are grafted on the base stock.
Comparative example 3
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the embodiment 1, except that only the base stock is adopted, and the breeding method of the prunes adopts the breeding method of the wild peach in the embodiment 1 to graft the prunes on the base stock.
Comparative example 4
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the embodiment 1, except that the apricot tree is used as a base stock, and the breeding method of the apricot tree adopts the breeding method of the wild peach in the embodiment 1.
Comparative example 5
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that apricot branches are used as interstocks.
Comparative example 6
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the embodiment 1, except that the prunus tomentosa is used as an anvil cell, and the wild prunus tomentosa breeding method in the embodiment 1 is adopted.
Comparative example 7
The grafted prune breeding method is the same as the example 1, and is different in that the prunus tomentosa branches are used as interstocks.
Comparative example 8
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the example 1, except that the prunes are used as the base stock, and the breeding method of the prunes adopts the breeding method of the wild peach in the example 1.
Comparative example 9
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in example 1, except that the prune branch is used as an intermediate stock.
Comparative example 10
The breeding method of grafted prunes is the same as that in the embodiment 1, except that the prunes are used as basal stocks, the prunus tomentosa branches are used as intermediate stocks, and the breeding method of the prunes adopts the breeding method of the wild prunus persica in the embodiment 1.
The survival rates of the grafted prunes of examples 1-9 and comparative examples 1-10 can be seen in table 1:
TABLE 1
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (19)
1. The breeding method for grafting prunes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
connecting an intermediate stock with an anvil stock, and connecting the prune with the intermediate stock to obtain the grafted prune;
wherein the base stock is wild peach, and the intermediate stock is plum;
the base stock is obtained by breeding according to the following method:
sowing wild peach seeds 5-9 days before winter irrigation in the first year, and cutting the wild peach seedlings 20-30 cm away from the ground within 5-9 days before sprouting in the third year to obtain the foundation stocks;
when the wild peaches are cut off, the relative water content of the soil for planting the wild peaches is 73-77%, and the air temperature is 10-15 ℃;
in the second year, the relative water content of soil for planting wild peaches is not lower than 50% between 8 and 10 days;
selecting the smoked plums as an intermediate stock after winter entry in the second year, wherein the length of the intermediate stock is 15-20 cm;
selecting the current-year plum branches as the interstock;
and (5) soaking the intermediate anvil in paraffin, and storing in a cellar.
2. The breeding method of claim 1, wherein the wild peaches comprise wild peaches.
3. The breeding method of claim 1, wherein the intermediate stock is connected to the base stock in a manner that includes at least one of tongue grafting, cleft grafting, cutback grafting, belly grafting, and bark grafting.
4. The breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the prune is connected to the interstock by at least one of a budding, a T-bud, a budding in a nested shape, and a budding in a square shape.
5. The breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the anvil is 1-3 cm at the junction of the anvil and the intermediate anvil.
6. The breeding method according to claim 5, wherein after the young shoots have grown on the intermediate anvil, 3-5 young shoots are retained from the end of the intermediate anvil, and the remaining young shoots are removed.
7. The breeding method according to claim 6, wherein the relative water content of the soil for planting the rootstock is not less than 55% between the time of young shoot removal and the bottom of 5 months.
8. The breeding method of claim 7, wherein water is poured once in the soil for planting the prune at the end of 5 months in the third year, and the current-year shoots of the prune are selected when the relative water content of the soil is reduced to 74-76%.
9. The breeding method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the prune is connected with the intermediate stock by means of bud grafting.
10. The breeding method as claimed in claim 9, wherein each intermediate stock has 3-4 plump buds of prune grafted thereto in different directions, and the vertical distance between two adjacent plump buds is 3-4 cm.
11. The breeding method as claimed in claim 10, wherein monopotassium phosphate with mass concentration of 0.1-0.3% is sprayed on leaves every 5-7 days after the prunes grow new.
12. The breeding method according to claim 11, wherein the spraying of monopotassium phosphate is carried out 8-10 times.
13. The breeding method of claim 8, further comprising, prior to connecting the intermediate anvil to the prune: the prune is stored at 15-20 deg.C after leaving the leaf stalk and subtracting the leaf from the current-year shoot.
14. The breeding method of claim 13, wherein the storage time is 0-36 hours.
15. The breeding method according to any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein the relative water content of the soil in which the wild peaches are planted is not less than 50% from 8 to 10 months of the third year.
16. The breeding method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the soil for growing wild peaches is fertilized and then watered in the last 10 months.
17. The breeding method of claim 16, wherein the fertilizer is applied using a thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer applied per plant is 2-4 kg.
18. The breeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein water is poured once in the soil for planting wild peaches in winter irrigation in the third year, and seedlings are transplanted in the fourth year.
19. A grafted prune produced by breeding according to the breeding method of any one of claims 1 to 18.
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| CN101946671A (en) * | 2010-09-09 | 2011-01-19 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Method for controlling crown growth of peach tree by using inter stocks |
| CN102835256A (en) * | 2012-07-27 | 2012-12-26 | 蓟县国营小屯苗圃 | Plum tree crown-control high yielding method |
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| CN101946671A (en) * | 2010-09-09 | 2011-01-19 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Method for controlling crown growth of peach tree by using inter stocks |
| CN102835256A (en) * | 2012-07-27 | 2012-12-26 | 蓟县国营小屯苗圃 | Plum tree crown-control high yielding method |
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