CN110234808A - 用于制作由cnt浆料网络限定的结构的系统和方法 - Google Patents
用于制作由cnt浆料网络限定的结构的系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110234808A CN110234808A CN201780070637.XA CN201780070637A CN110234808A CN 110234808 A CN110234808 A CN 110234808A CN 201780070637 A CN201780070637 A CN 201780070637A CN 110234808 A CN110234808 A CN 110234808A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cnt
- slurry
- active material
- network
- cnt slurry
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 174
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 313
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 272
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 272
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 CNT band Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical class [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- PZYDAVFRVJXFHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1C1CCCCC1 PZYDAVFRVJXFHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011115 styrene butadiene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LVUQCTGSDJLWCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 LVUQCTGSDJLWCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 claims 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229910001317 nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- FANANXQSVYPRCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;silicon Chemical compound N.[Si] FANANXQSVYPRCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- JJWLVOIRVHMVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)N JJWLVOIRVHMVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 18
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- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 3
- WFLOTYSKFUPZQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-difluoroethene Chemical group FC=CF WFLOTYSKFUPZQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910020647 Co-O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910020704 Co—O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005321 Li15Si4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010661 Li22Si5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.OC(O)=O SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052961 molybdenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N norethisterone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@@H]2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@](CC4)(O)C#C)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013207 serial dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000352 storage cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
- H01G11/68—Current collectors characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
- H01G11/70—Current collectors characterised by their structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
本文提供用于制作如下这样的结构的产品和方法:其具有由碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络所限定的主体、分散在该主体内的活性材料、以及将该活性材料粘结到主体内的CNT浆料网络的粘结剂材料,该碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络具有超过该结构的逾渗阈值的长程连通性以允许电子在整个结构中传输。
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求2016年11月15日提交的美国实用新型申请号15/351912的权益和优先权,其在此以其全部通过引用结合至本文。
技术领域
领域
本发明涉及用于制作碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络的组合物和方法,并且特别涉及CNT浆料网络限定的结构。
背景技术
背景
诸如锂离子蓄电池组(LiB类)和超级电容器(SC类)的可充电储能装置(ESD类)广泛用于电子装置中。然而,ESD通常是硬质结构,其具有有限的厚度和容量的储能活性材料。此外,LiB阴极中的活性材料通常是具有很少的或没有固有电传导性的金属氧化物。为了在整个阴极活性材料中传输电子,必须采用导电添加剂。现有技术采用某些形式的炭黑(CB)作为导电添加剂,其会限制该阴极活性材料层可用的厚度。通常,较厚的活性材料层需要更多的CB以实现所需的电传导性。然而,如果CB浓度超过约5%重量,则该材料变得机械不稳定,并且在干燥时将泥裂。这限制了阴极层的厚度到小于约100微米,要求许多层以实现用于满电蓄电池(full battery)所需的容量。每个层必须具有隔离件和集流体,这会占据空间并增加重量,而并不有助于储能容量。具有较厚的活性层将减少蓄电池中的层数以及因此的隔离件数目,因而导致整个蓄电池组电池的体积和重量容量增加。
粉末形式的充分分离的、短的(长度<100微米)碳纳米管已经用作LiB阴极中的导电添加剂,并且在约为炭黑三分之一的浓度下实现了活性材料中电子传输的逾渗阈值。然而,这些粉末化CNT不能赋予机械强度的改进。
发明内容
概述
在一些实施方案中,提供一种结构。该结构包括由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络限定的主体,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个结构中传输的量提供。该结构还包括粘结剂材料,其分散在该CNT浆料网络内。该结构还包括活性材料,其分布在整个主体中以用于离子存储。
在一些实施方案中,提供一种用于形成结构的方法。该方法包括使碳纳米管(CNT)浆料与粘结剂、活性材料和溶剂混合以形成分散体。该方法还包括将该分散体施加到基底上。该方法还包括固化该分散体以形成具有在其中形成的CNT浆料网络的结构,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子经由该网络在整个结构中传输的量提供。
在一些实施方案中,提供一种储能装置。该储能装置包括外壳。该储能装置还包括位于外壳中的第一集流体。该储能装置还包括第一结构,其与该第一集流体电连通。该第一结构包括第一主体,其由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料的第一网络限定,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个该第一结构中传输的量提供。该第一结构还包括第一粘结剂材料,其分散在第一CNT浆料网络内。该第一结构还包括第一活性材料,其分布在整个该第一主体中以用于离子存储。
该储能装置还包括位于外壳中的第二集流体。该储能装置还包括第二结构,其与该第二集流体电连通。
该第二结构包括第二主体,其由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料的第二网络限定,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个该第二结构中传输的量传输。该第二结构还包括第二粘结剂材料,其分散在第二CNT浆料网络内。该第二结构还包括第二活性材料,其分布在整个该第二主体中以用于离子存储。该储能装置还包括隔离件,其插在该第一结构和第二结构之间用于抑制该第一和第二结构之间的直接电接触以及用于允许离子在该第一和第二结构之间通过。
在一些实施方案中,提供一种用于在CNT浆料上形成纳米级硅层的方法。该方法包括将一定量的CNT浆料置于化学气相沉积(CVD)反应器中。该方法还包括在该CVD反应器内使硅烷气体在该CNT浆料上流过。该方法还包括加热该CNT浆料以便用纳米级硅层涂覆该CNT浆料。
附图说明
附图的简要说明
将参考附图进一步解释当前公开的实施方案。所示的图不必按比例绘制,而代之以重点通常放在显示当前公开的实施方案的原理上。
图1是显示根据各种实施方案的用于形成由CNT浆料网络限定的结构的方法的流程图。
图2是显示根据各种实施方案的用于直接收集充分缠结的CNT材料网络的系统的图。
图3是显示根据各种实施方案的用于形成CNT浆料的方法的流程图。
图4是根据各种实施方案的由CNT浆料网络限定的结构的一部分的显微镜图像。
图5是显示根据各种实施方案的包括由CNT浆料网络所限定的结构的储能装置的框图。
图6是显示根据各种实施方案的各种磷酸锂铁阴极复合材料的电阻率的绘制图。
图7是显示根据各种实施方案的各种阴极组合物的阴极放电容量的绘制图。
图8是显示根据各种实施方案的各种阴极负载量和组合物的阴极放电容量的绘制图。
图9A是正经历挠曲的传统阴极的图像。
图9B是根据各种实施方案的正经历挠曲的由CNT浆料网络所限定的结构的图像。
图10是显示根据各种实施方案的各种阳极组合物的阳极容量的绘制图。
图11是显示根据各种实施方案的用于形成纳米级硅的方法的流程图。
如讨论中所指出的,虽然如上所述的图阐述了本公开内容,然而也预期了其他实施方案。该公开内容通过代表性而非限制性的方式呈现了示例性的实施方案。本领域技术人员可设想出落入本公开内容的原理的精神和范围内的多种其他改变以及实施方案。
详细说明
根据各种实施方案,提供了用于制作其中具有碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络结构的改进的组合物和方法。根据各种实施方案,该组合物和方法可包括具有由CNT浆料网络限定的主体、活性材料以及将该活性材料与该CNT浆料网络粘结的粘结剂的结构。在一些实施方案中,该结构可通过固化包括分散在活性材料、溶剂和粘结剂中的CNT浆料的分散体来形成。
在一些实施方案中,该结构引入了由充分缠结的CNT的多个束形成的互连网络,其在比CB或粉末化CNT显著更低的浓度下实现了电子在整个活性材料中传输的逾渗阈值。在一些实施方案中,含有长CNT(>1mm)的支化的、成束的和充分分散的CNT浆料的充分缠结的网络可在约为炭黑1/8至1/16的浓度下提供用于LiB所必需的电和离子传导性,并且还提供机械支撑,其能够实现较厚的阴极、柔性蓄电池组以及高级的阳极和阴极化学。
如本文所用,逾渗阈值是指足以在整个结构中提供电和热传导性的导电添加剂(例如炭黑或CNT浆料)的浓度或重量百分比。即,高于该逾渗阈值时,导电添加剂充分连接以在整个结构中提供电和/或热传导性。在电传导性的情况下,互连的导电添加剂允许电子在整个活性材料中传输。相反,低于该逾渗阈值,互连的导电添加剂之间的长程连通性不足以在整个结构中提供传导性并且因而电子传输(如果有的话)被限制到活性材料的小的、局部化部分中。
本公开内容中所述的充分缠结的网络还赋予改进的机械强度,以用于实现较厚的阴极、阳极中纳米级硅添加以及结构的柔性。在一些实施方案中,该结构可包括以下的一种或多种:阴极、阳极、或储能装置ESD如蓄电池或电容器的电极。
现在参见图1,提供一种根据各种实施方案的用于形成结构的方法200。方法200包括将碳纳米管(CNT)浆料与粘结剂和活性材料以及溶剂混合201以形成分散体的步骤。方法200进一步包括将该分散体施加203到基底的步骤。方法200进一步包括固化205该分散体以形成具有在其中形成的CNT浆料网络的结构的步骤,该CNT浆料网络具有超过该结构的逾渗阈值的长程连通性。
混合201的步骤可包括例如使用高剪切混合器(如双非对称离心实验室混合器)将CNT浆料、粘结剂、活性材料和溶剂混合在一起。在一些实施方案中,混合201的步骤可包括单一步骤。在一些实施方案中,混合201的步骤可包括两个步骤。例如根据各种实施方案,混合201的步骤可通过如下方式进行:初始使该CNT浆料与粘结剂和溶剂混合以形成该分散体,并且然后添加活性材料和/或额外的溶剂到该分散体中并再次混合。在一些实施方案中,初始使该CNT浆料与粘结剂和溶剂混合可通过以任何适当的速度运行高剪切混合器如下这样的时间段来进行,该时间段是实现该CNT浆料和粘结剂在整个分散体中基本均匀分布所需的时间段。该CNT浆料、粘结剂和溶剂的分散体可制备成具有任何合适的粘度,包括例如3000厘泊或更高的任何粘度。在一些实施方案中,该分散体可表现出非常高的粘度如约20000-约250000厘泊以便实现良好的分散。这种高粘度可防止固化前长期存储期间该CNT浆料在分散体内结块。因此,在一些实施方案中,由该CNT浆料、粘结剂和溶剂形成并具有这样高粘度的分散体可在稍后的时间(例如在仓库存储和/或运输之后)与活性材料和溶剂合并,并且混合以完成该分散体。
在一些实施方案中,当加入并混合活性材料时,该分散体可被稀释以产生适于施加(203)和固化(205)的粘度的分散体。在一些实施方案中,为了促进该CNT浆料网络的形成并且提供适于施加和固化以形成该结构(例如像施加203和固化205的步骤那样)的下游稠度,该分散体可被稀释成粘度为例如约3000-约6000厘泊的分散体以用于施加和固化。在一些实施方案中,为了保留CNT浆料的基本均匀的分布以及为了保留并促进形成充分缠结的网络,该高粘性分散体可被连续稀释至期望的粘度。即,在一些实施方案中,可加入实现期望粘度(例如3000-6000厘泊之间)所需的总溶剂量的一部分并与该活性材料混合,然后可加入另一部分的溶剂并混合。这种方法可重复直到实现期望的粘度以及因此的期望的分散体。
在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料可包括CNT。当前,存在多种如下这样的方法及其变形:其用于生长纳米管并且形成由这些纳米管制成的纱、片或电缆结构以充当用于浆料的来源材料。它们包括:(1)化学气相沉积(CVD),一种可在接近环境压力或在高压下以及在高于约400℃的温度下发生的常用方法,(2)电弧放电,一种可产生具有高完美度管的高温方法,和(3)激光烧蚀。
在一些实施方案中,CVD法或工业上已知的类似气相热解程序可用于产生适当的纳米结构,包括碳纳米管。用于CVD法的生长温度可相当低,例如约400℃-约1350℃。在一些实施方案中,碳纳米管(CNT)(单壁(SWNT)或多壁(MWNT)二者)可通过在试剂含碳气体(即气态碳源)的存在下曝露纳米级催化剂粒子来生长。特别地,可通过加入现有粒子或通过从金属-有机前体或甚至非金属催化剂原位合成该粒子来将纳米级催化剂粒子引入到试剂含碳气体中。虽然SWNT和MWNT二者都会生长,但是在某些情况中,可选择SWNT,这归因于其相对较高的生长速率以及形成绳状结构的倾向,其可在操作、热传导性、电子性能和强度方面提供优势。
根据本发明所产生的单个碳纳米管的强度可例如为约30GPa或更大。如应当理解的,强度对于缺陷是敏感的。然而,本发明中所制造的碳纳米管的弹性模量可不对缺陷敏感并且可在约1-约1.2TPa变化。此外,这些纳米管的破坏应变(其通常可以是结构敏感参数)在本发明中可为约10%到最大约25%。
此外,本发明的纳米管可具有相对小的直径。在本发明的一种实施方案中,本发明中所制造的纳米管可具有小于1nm至约30nm的范围的直径。应当理解,当与可商购的碳纳米管相比时,根据本发明一种实施方案所制成的碳纳米管可在长度上延伸(即长管)。在本发明的一种实施方案中,本发明所制造的纳米管可具有毫米(mm)范围的长度。
应当注意,虽然整个申请中提及了从碳合成纳米管,但是其他一种或多种化合物如氮化硼、MoS2或其组合可用于与本发明有关的纳米管的合成。例如应当理解,氮化硼纳米管也可生长,但是利用不同的化学前体。另外,应当注意,硼和/或氮也可用于降低单个碳纳米管中的电阻率。此外,其他方法如等离子体CVD等也可用于制造本发明的纳米管。
在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料可包括例如以下参考图3更详细描述所形成的CNT浆料。在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料可包括任何能够形成用于提供导电帮助的三维CNT浆料网络的CNT浆料,该三维CNT浆料网络在整个结构中具有长程电连通性(即超过该结构的逾渗阈值)同时增强该结构的机械性能和稳定性。通常,该CNT浆料可由任何CNT片、CNT条、CNT带、块收集(bulk-collected)的CNT、CNT纱、任何其他合适的充分缠结的CNT材料或其组合形成。
在一些实施方案中,该CNT材料根据各种实施方案可通过悬浮催化剂化学气相沉积(Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition)(FC-CVD)来生产,如美国专利号8999285中所述,其内容以其全部结合至本文。CNT生产的FC-CVD法可导致非常长的纳米管(>100微米),当在气相中它们被生成时变得充分缠结。当该CNT材料离开炉的热区时,纳米管缠结、成束或聚结成互连且支化束的延伸网络,其不能通过其他CNT生产方法来获得。在一些实施方案中,通过FC-CVD所生产的互连的CNT的延伸网络通过制浆方法来保留,因此与传统炭黑和CNT粉末相比,改进了电和机械性能。
在一些实施方案中,现在参见图2,CNT材料可通过收集系统2000从FV-CVD反应器收集。在一些实施方案中,系统2000可偶联至合成室2001。合成室2001通常包括入口端2001a(可向其中供应反应气),热区2002(在这里可发生延伸长度的纳米管的合成)和出口端2001b(反应产物即延伸长度的纳米管和废气可从这里离开并收集)。在一些实施方案中,合成室2001可包括延伸穿过热区2002的石英管2003。虽然通常如图2所示,但是应当理解,其他构造也可用于合成室2001的设计。
在一些实施方案中,系统2000包括外壳2005。如图2中所示,外壳2005可为基本上气密性的,以最小化潜在有害的气载细粒从合成室2001内释放到环境中,并且防止氧气进入系统2000以及到达合成室2001。特别地,合成室2001中氧气的存在可影响完整性并且危害纳米管的生产。
系统2000还可包括外壳2005的入口2005a,以用于以基本上气密的方式接合合成室2001的出口端2001b。在一些实施方案中,当CNT材料离开合成室2001时,纳米管缠结、成束或聚结成互连且支化束的延伸网络。在一些实施方案中,这些延伸网络倾向于形成中空CNT“袋(sock)”,其形状类似于被微风吹胀的风袋。因此,CNT可通过如下方式从合成室2001收集到外壳2005内:将CNT袋2007吸入到旋转的网圆盘2009上(例如通过在圆盘2007的背面上真空抽吸)并且通过解剖刀(scalpel)或“刮刀(doctor)”片(blade)2011从旋转圆盘2009除去CNT,如图2中所示。特别地,当CNT袋2007被吸入到旋转网圆盘2009上时,CNT材料在圆盘2009上形成膜,然后刀片2011刮掉它们并且当CNT袋2007的新的部分被吸入到圆盘2009上时切断。CNT材料然后可落入或传输到收集仓2015或其他收集容器中,以用于随后的制浆。
在一些实施方案中,可以至少一种气体排气2013的一部分的方式提供真空抽吸,通过其气体和热可离开外壳2005。在一种实施方案中,可使从排气2013离开的气体流过液体如水或过滤器,以收集在排气上游2007未聚集的纳米材料。另外,排气可用火焰处理以便使排气的各种组分去能,例如可氧化反应性氢以形成水。
虽然以上描述涉及具有旋转圆盘2009收集机构的收集系统2000,但是考虑到本公开内容显而易见的是,在一些实施方案中,用于从FC-CVD环境收集和除去CNT材料而不破坏充分缠结的CNT网络的任何技术可根据各种实施方案使用。例如在一些实施方案中,收集通过FC-CVD生产的CNT材料可通过形成CNT纱或丝束(例如通过将收集的CNT加捻在一起)和/或CNT片来进行,如在美国专利号7993620和美国专利号8722171中所述,其各自的内容以其全部结合至本文。
在一些实施方案中,该CNT材料可初始包括铁或其他夹杂物。在一些实施方案中,这种夹杂物是不想要的并且可被除去,优选在制浆之前除去。例如在一些实施方案中,铁夹杂物可通过在惰性或还原性气氛中将该CNT材料加热到高温(例如约1800℃)来从该CNT材料中除去。在这种温度下,铁可从该CNT材料中蒸出并且在冷却器表面重新凝固。在一些实施方案中,这种夹杂物的除去可例如在CVD反应器如上述的FV-CVD反应器中,或任何例如在美国专利号8999285和7993620中描述的CVD反应器中进行。
在一些实施方案中,夹杂物例如铁夹杂物可通过将该CNT材料在空气中加热到约500℃并处理来除去。在一些实施方案中,例如可将该CNT材料在空气中在500℃下加热约2小时,然后用盐酸处理以除去铁夹杂物。
在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料可由任何合适的CNT材料如任何CNT片、CNT条、CNT带、块收集的CNT、CNT纱、以上本文中所述的任何CNT材料、任何其他合适的充分缠结的CNT材料或其组合来形成。现在参见图3,提供一种根据各种实施方案的用于形成CNT浆料的方法1100。方法1100包括通过制浆机将以下的一种或多种:CNT片、CNT条、CNT带、块收集的CNT、CNT纱、任何充分缠结的CNT材料或其组合制浆1101,以形成CNT浆料的步骤。该方法还包括在第一研磨机中研磨1103该CNT浆料的至少一部分的步骤。该方法还包括在第二研磨机中解聚1105该CNT浆料的步骤。
根据各种实施方案,制浆1101的步骤可通过将条或片或直接收集的CNT材料置于制浆机中并且对该材料制浆以形成CNT浆料来进行。根据各种实施方案,制浆机可包括例如Hollander打浆机、锥形匀浆机(conical refiner)、捣磨机或任何其他合适的机械制浆装置或其组合。
根据各种实施方案,可测试CNT浆料以确认浆料粒子尺寸,并且然后用户可决定是否继续制浆。在一些实施方案中,通过脱水该CNT浆料以形成例如CNT压饼可制备用于研磨(例如像在研磨1103的步骤中那样)的该CNT浆料。
在一些实施方案中,然后可干燥该CNT浆料以用于进一步加工。干燥可例如通过空气干燥、烘箱干燥、真空烘箱干燥或通过任何其他合适的干燥方法来进行。在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料粒子可在约90℃-约110℃的温度下在烘箱中干燥约4-约12小时。
根据各种实施方案,研磨步骤1103可通过使用研磨机来将该CNT浆料破碎成CNT浆料粒子来进行。在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料的粒子尺寸不由研磨机改变,研磨机将CNT浆料的较大块破碎成组成的CNT浆料粒子以用于随后的干燥。在一些实施方案中,该研磨机可包括例如咖啡研磨机、工业磨谷机(burr mill)、其组合或任何其他合适的研磨装置。
在一些实施方案中,可化学改性和/或涂覆该CNT浆料以增强该CNT浆料的离子传导性。这种化学改性可包括例如聚硅氮烷、聚脲硅氮烷、导电聚合物、多胺、聚噻吩、用聚酰胺渗透、化学改性以引入羧酸盐/酯或胺官能度、任何适于增强离子传导性的改性或其组合。在一些实施方案中,化学改性和/或涂覆可在研磨1103的步骤之后,但是在解聚1105的步骤之前进行。然而,考虑到本公开内容将显而易见的是,化学改性和/或涂覆可在任何时间进行,任何时间包括例如在制浆1101之前,在制浆1101之后但在研磨1103之前,在研磨1103之后但在解聚1105之前,在解聚1105之后或其组合。考虑到本公开内容将进一步显而易见的是,在一些实施方案中,化学改性和/或涂覆可在整个制浆方法中的不同时间点分级进行和/或可应用多个改性和/或涂覆。
在第二研磨机中解聚1105该CNT浆料的步骤可通过将干燥的CNT浆料加入到第二研磨机(例如咖啡研磨机、工业磨谷机、其组合、或任何其他合适的研磨装置)中来进行。在一些实施方案中,解聚1105的步骤还包括研磨干燥的CNT浆料以破碎任何剩余的块或聚集体,由此增加该CNT浆料的体积以形成CNT浆料。在一些实施方案中,解聚1105的步骤可产生具有研磨1103的步骤中所产生的研磨的CNT浆料体积的约5-约15倍的CNT浆料(即该研磨的CNT浆料的密度为解聚的CNT浆料的约5-约15倍)。解聚1105该CNT浆料的步骤有利地为该CNT浆料提供了更大表面积和更好的分散。通过减少或消除聚集,改进了该CNT浆料的分散,并且降低了在该CNT浆料网络形成期间结块的风险。相反,如果该CNT浆料没有充分分散,则纳米管将结块,并且将需要更多的材料来互连活性材料粒子,由此减少了活性材料的量并且因此降低了该结构的性能。
再次参见图1,在一些实施方案中,该粘结剂可包括例如以下的一种或多种:聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)或其组合。更通常地,该粘结剂可为适于在固化的结构中将该CNT浆料粘结到活性材料的任何材料。
在一些实施方案中,该溶剂可包括例如以下的一种或多种:N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、碳酸丙烯酯、水、乙醇、环己基吡咯烷酮(CHP)、1-苄基-2-吡咯烷酮(NBenP)、苯胺、乙腈、二甲基甲酰胺、二氯甲烷或其组合(例如溶剂为水和约5%-约10%乙醇的溶液)。在一些实施方案中,该溶剂可还包括pH缓冲剂,以用于优化由水性分散体制成的阳极中的离子传导性和微结构。更通常地,该溶剂可包括任何用于在其中分散粘结剂、CNT浆料以及活性材料的合适流体。
根据各种实施方案,该分散体可包括CNT浆料、粘结剂材料和溶剂的任何流体混合物。在一些实施方案中,该分散体可包括分散在溶剂中的约0.1%-约2%CNT浆料和约0.4%-约15%粘结剂材料。例如在一些实施方案中,该分散体可包括分散在NMP溶剂中的约0.8%CNT浆料和约4.8%粘结剂。在一些实施方案中,该分散体可包括分散在5%乙醇和水的溶液的溶剂中的约1.0%CNT浆料和约4.5%粘结剂。
合并步骤203可包括例如将活性材料和额外的溶剂与该分散体合并以形成另一分散体。根据各种实施方案,该活性材料可包括使用高剪切混合器(或额外的高剪切混合器)来将额外的溶剂和活性材料与该分散体合并。根据各种实施方案,该合并步骤可通过在任何合适的速度下运行高剪切混合器如下这样的时间段来进行,该时间段是实现该活性材料与该分散体在溶剂中基本均匀合并所需的。在一些实施方案中,该CNT浆料粒子可由此与活性材料粘结和缠绕(intertwine)(例如,如图3中所示以及在以下更详细描述的),由此部分地形成三维CNT浆料网络。
在一些实施方案中,该活性材料可包括例如以下的一种或多种:磷酸锂铁(LFP)、镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)、锂钴氧化物(LCO)、锂锰氧化物(LMO)、纳米级硅、石墨或其组合。更通常地,该活性材料可为适合于维持用于存储电能的正电荷或负电荷的任何材料。
在一些实施方案中,该分散体可包括分散在溶剂中的约0.1%-约2%的CNT浆料、约1%-约5%粘结剂材料和约10%-约50%的活性材料。例如在一些实施方案中,该分散体可包括分散在NMP溶剂中的约0.25%CNT浆料、约1.0%粘结剂和约50%活性材料。在另一实施方案中,该分散体可包括约0.5%CNT浆料、约2.2%粘结剂、约50%活性材料、约5%的乙醇水溶液(缓冲至约pH=3)。
将该分散体施加203到基底上的步骤可例如使用刮刀片、刀片(knife)、泥刀、分配器或其组合中的一种或多种来进行。更通常地,该施加步骤可使用能够将该分散体分布到基底上的任何合适的装置或系统来进行。
根据各种实施方案,该基底可包括任何具有表面且与该分散体化学相容的材料。在一些实施方案中,例如一种或多种的基底可包括集流体、阴极集流体、阳极集流体、铝箔或板、铜箔或板、不锈钢箔或板、任何其他合适金属的丝或箔,CNT片、带、纱、线、石墨烯、石墨形式的碳材料或其任意组合。在一些实施方案中,该基底可代替地包括特氟隆或其他片,该分散体可在其上固化并随后除去。例如在一些实施方案中,阳极或阴极集流体可与阳极或阴极结构整合,以及因此该阳极或阴极结构可在特氟隆或其他可除去的片上固化,并且然后除去以用于随后的加工和使用。
根据各种实施方案,固化205该分散体以形成具有在其中形成的CNT浆料网络的结构的步骤可通过空气干燥或加热该分散体中的一种或多种来进行。在一些实施方案中,该分散体在165℃下于空气中干燥2小时。
根据各种实施方案,一旦固化,则该结构可包括由该CNT浆料网络所限定的主体,其可在整个活性材料中三维延伸,以及粘结剂材料,其将该CNT浆料网络与该活性材料粘结。例如现在参见图4,提供了根据各种实施方案的结构300的扫描电镜图像,结构300包含CNT浆料和粘结剂网络301,粘结活性材料303到该CNT浆料和粘结剂网络301上。
CNT浆料网络301可例如从参考图3更详细描述所生产的CNT浆料形成。通常,该CNT浆料可为任何能够形成用于提供导电帮助的三维CNT浆料网络301的CNT浆料,该三维CNT浆料网络301具有在整个结构中的长程电连通性(即超过该结构的逾渗阈值)同时增强了该结构的机械性能和稳定性。
图4的图像中所示的结构300包括在NMC活性材料中的约0.5%CNT浆料和约3%PVDF粘结剂的重量的特定组合物,然而根据各种实施方案的结构不限于这种组合物。例如本文所述的任何结构可根据各种实施方案使用。此外,考虑到本公开内容显而易见的是,根据各种实施方案,可使用具有任何材料的组合、任何材料的比和/或任何宽度、高度、厚度或形状的任何组合物,只要该CNT浆料网络301的存在量足以超过结构300的逾渗阈值(例如在约0.5%CNT浆料)并且为该结构300提供增强的材料性能。
现在参见图5,根据各种实施方案,储能装置(ESD)100包括与第一活性层101相连的第一集流体102和与第二活性层103相连的第二集流体104,以及在其中插入的隔离件105。
根据各种实施方案,该第一和第二集流体102、104可包括铝箔、铜箔、不锈钢箔、任何其他合适金属的丝或箔,CNT片、带、纱、线、石墨烯、石墨形式的碳材料或其任意组合。在一些实施方案中,可不需要明显分开的集流体,并且该第一和第二集流体102、104中的一个或二者可替代为整合到该第一或第二活性层101、103中。
在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层101可与集流体102相连。该第一活性层101可包括例如活性材料、粘结剂和CNT网络。在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层可还包括一种或多种性能增强材料。在一些实施方案中,性能增强材料可包括但不限于炭黑、石墨、石墨烯、聚合物、粉末纳米管或其任意组合。在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层101可为蓄电池阴极,并且该活性材料可包括但不限于磷酸锂铁(LFP)、锂钴氧化物(LCO)、镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)、硫、包封的硫、聚合物、可存储电荷传输离子的任何其他材料或其组合。
在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层101可为超级电容器或伪电容器(pseudo-capacitor)中的电极,并且该活性材料可包括导电多孔材料如石墨、石墨烯、碳纤维、碳纳米管或其任意组合,以及表现出氧化还原行为的材料如过渡金属氧化物,其可包括但不限于氧化钌、氧化铱或氧化锰或其组合。
在一些实施方案中,该粘结剂可包括但不限于聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)或其他合适的可溶或可分散聚合物或其组合。
在一些实施方案中,隔离件105可防止或抑制两个集流体102、104之间直接的电接触,但是可允许适当离子通过。在一些实施方案中,隔离件可包括但不限于多孔聚乙烯(PE)和多孔聚丙烯(PP)、尼龙、玻璃纤维、氮化硼纳米管或其组合。
在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可与第二集流体104相连。该第二活性层103可包括活性材料、粘结剂和分散的CNT网络。在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103还可包括性能增强材料。在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可包括蓄电池阳极并且该活性材料可包括但不限于石墨、硅、镓、氧化锡、氧化铁、氧化钛或其任意组合。该粘结剂可例如为聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)或其他合适的可分散聚合物或其组合。在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可包括超级电容器或伪电容器中的电极,并且该活性材料可包括导电多孔材料如石墨、石墨烯、碳纤维、碳纳米管或其任意组合。
在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层101可包括根据参考图1的上述方法构建的结构,该第一活性层101具有的重量组成为约0.5%-约20%CNT浆料(例如约1.0%-约2.0%CNT浆料)、约2%-约50%粘结剂(例如约2%-约5%粘结剂)和约30%-约97.5%活性材料。例如在一些实施方案中,该第一活性层101可具有的重量组成为约0.5%CNT浆料、3%PVDF(粘结剂)和约96.5%活性材料。
在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可包括根据参考图1的上述方法构建的结构,该第二活性层103具有的重量组成为约0.5%-约2%CNT浆料、约2%-约5%粘结剂和约10%-约95%纳米级硅。在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可进一步包括石墨,其中该第二活性层103包括约7.5%-约87.5%的石墨。例如在一些实施方案中,该第二活性层103可具有的重量组成为约1%CNT浆料、约4.5%CMC(粘结剂)、约10%纳米级硅和约84.5%石墨。
图6是显示根据各种实施方案的各种磷酸锂铁阴极复合材料的电阻率(以欧姆-厘米表示)的绘制图。特别地,图6比较了如下材料的电阻率:具有分散在磷酸锂铁(LFP)活性材料中的约1%炭黑重量的传统阴极复合材料,具有分散在LFP中的约0.5%和约0.9%CNT粉末的传统阴极复合材料,以及根据本公开内容的具有分散在LFP中的约0.1%-约0.6%CNT浆料的阴极复合材料。如图6中所示,与传统的炭黑和粉末CNT复合材料相比,约0.6%CNT浆料阴极复合材料在较低浓度(约0.6%重量,相较于CNT粉末的约0.9%和炭黑的1%)下表现出显著降低的电阻率(例如约1欧姆-厘米,相较于CNT粉末的约10欧姆-厘米和炭黑的约30欧姆-厘米)。有利地,降低的电阻率允许阴极更快的充放电并且更低浓度的导电助剂允许在阴极中包括额外的活性材料,由此增加阴极容量。
在一些实施方案中,形成该CNT浆料网络的CNT浆料可有利地超过该结构的逾渗阈值。图7显示了根据各种实施方案的各种镍-锰-钴(NMC)阴极组合物的阴极容量(以mAh/g表示)的绘制图。特别地,图7显示了如下材料在各种阴极放电速率下的阴极容量:分散在NMC中的4%炭黑的传统复合材料,在NMC中的约0.25%CNT浆料的复合材料,在NMC中的约0.5%CNT浆料的复合材料以及在NMC中的约0.75%CNT浆料的复合材料。如图7中所示,约0.25%CNT浆料复合材料未达到完全的逾渗阈值并因此在2C放电速率下表现出约50mAh/g的相对低容量。然而,在较低放电速率如C/2和C/10下,约0.25%CNT浆料复合材料能够匹配现有4%炭黑技术的性能。如图7中进一步所示,其他复合材料中的每一个在2C放电速率下表现出约110mAh/g的类似容量,但是约0.5%CNT浆料复合材料和约0.75%CNT浆料复合材料在较低放电速率如C/10下表现出较高的容量(约140mAh,相较于炭黑的约120mAh)。因此,如图7中所示,与传统的炭黑组合物相比,针对2C放电速率(高功率应用),用CNT浆料网络形成的结构可在导电添加剂的1/8浓度(即,约0.5%vs.约4%)下实现逾渗阈值。对于低功率应用而言,1/16的浓度是足够的。
在一些实施方案中,由于该CNT浆料网络赋予阴极改进的机械性能和降低的电阻率,因此可形成具有较高活性材料负载量的阴极。图8是显示根据各种实施方案的各种阴极负载量的阴极容量(以mAh/g表示)的绘制图,该阴极负载量通过以毫克/平方厘米(mg/sqcm)表示的阴极材料密度来指出。特别地,图8表示如下材料在各种阴极放电速率下的阴极容量:活性材料负载量为约21mg/sq cm的分散在NMC中的约2.5%炭黑和约1.5%石墨的传统复合材料,活性材料负载量为约12mg/sq的在NMC中约0.5%CNT浆料的复合材料,以及活性材料负载量为约21mg/sq的NMC中的约0.5%CNT浆料的复合材料。如图8中所示,归因于约2.5%炭黑和约1.5%石墨的传统复合材料的较大厚度,传统复合材料在较高放电速率2C下被击穿至阴极容量为约40mAh/g。相反,较厚的约0.5%CNT浆料复合材料表现出的阴极容量很大程度上与较薄的约0.5%CNT浆料复合材料一致(在放电速率2C下为约110mAh/g,相较于约12mg/sq cm复合材料的约120mAh/g)。
发生阴极性能改进是因为该CNT浆料网络增强了活性材料层的电传导性以及机械稳定性。阴极活性材料(AM)是固有非导电性的,并且需要导电添加剂(CA)以将电荷输入和输出AM。传统CA技术是炭黑(CB)。然而,CB不会赋予材料任何机械强度,因此随着AM变厚,阴极变得不太机械稳定,因为需要更多的CB以达到逾渗阈值,并且在某些时刻阴极活性层脱落。与此相冲突的是,在蓄电池功能中令人期望的是使活性层尽可能厚从而降低电池中被非活性材料如隔离件和集流体所占据的体积。然而,增加CB的量(例如从约4%到约5%CB或归因于增加的厚度)将电极拉伸强度急剧降低到接近零。在高于约5%CB浓度下,阴极材料在干燥时泥裂。有利地,本文公开的CNT浆料网络不仅赋予更好的电传导性以及因此需要较少的导电添加剂,而且还增强了机械稳定性。因此,本公开内容的CNT浆料网络允许更厚的阴极而没有阴极的机械和电破坏。
现在参见图9A-9B,通过该CNT浆料网络赋予的增强的机械稳定性进一步允许阴极和阳极的更大柔性以及因此的使用这种阳极和阴极的任何整体蓄电池的更大柔性。蓄电池柔性可有助于广泛的应用,包括可穿戴电子设备和个人电脑。然而,为了获得蓄电池中真实的柔性,阳极和阴极必须是机械上结实的和柔性的。图9A是具有在LFP中约5%炭黑添加剂的传统阴极的图像,和图9B是本公开内容的具有在LFP中约1%CNT浆料的阴极结构图像。如图9A中所示,传统阴极当围绕2.5cm直径销钉(dowel)缠绕时开裂。相反,如图9B中所示,约1%CNT浆料阴极不开裂,甚至当围绕0.32cm销钉缠绕时也是如此。考虑到本公开内容将显而易见的是,可根据各种实施方案使用包括CNT浆料的任何其他组合物。通常,粘结剂和CNT增加的百分比可提供额外的柔性,虽然很可能在柔性和容量之间存在权衡。然而,在所有组合物中,包含CNT浆料材料可赋予蓄电池活性材料通过传统炭黑或CNT粉末添加剂无法获得的柔性和强度。
在一些实施方案中,可提供具有穿过其中延伸的CNT浆料网络的阳极。图10是显示根据各种实施方案的各种阳极组合物随时间的阳极容量(以mAh/g表示)的绘制图。特别地,图10表示了如下材料随充电/放电循环变化的阳极容量:石墨中约10%纳米级硅(Si)的传统复合材料和根据各种实施方案在石墨中约10%纳米级硅和约1%CNT浆料的复合材料,全石墨阳极和约10%硅纳米材料阳极并列具有最大理论容量。约10%Si阳极的理论容量基于假定的Li15Si4的最大Li-Si化学计量比来计算。如图10中所示,通过在所有11个测试循环内维持较高的阳极容量以及针对约10%硅阳极的在第二周期处甚至接近理论最大阳极容量,包括约1%CNT浆料的阳极胜过无CNT浆料的复合材料。这进一步显示了加入CNT浆料可用于增强涂层的电和机械性能二者,甚至当包括更大表面积纳米粒子如硅时。
作为背景,硅是一种用于在LiB阳极中存储锂金属的吸引人的材料,这归因于其高理论容量:Li22Si5为4200mAh/g,或Li15Si4为3572mAh/g,相较于理论容量仅为372mAh/g的传统阳极技术(即石墨)。然而,关于将硅加入到LiB阳极中的一个持续问题是容量随着充电/放电循环而衰减。该衰减归因于在锂化/脱锂期间3倍至4倍的膨胀/收缩导致的Si的开裂/粉化。这种开裂在利用纳米级Si时不发生,该纳米级硅定义为直径或厚度小于约50纳米的硅。然而,纳米级Si的生产通常非常昂贵、非常困难或二者都有并且在将其引入到可涂覆且随后机械上结实的涂层方面产生归因于其高表面积的挑战。图10中可看出的随循环可见的容量衰减据信归因于存在显著分数的大于约50nm的Si粒子。
现在参见图11,提供化学气相沉积(CVD)方法1200以形成纳米级硅材料。该方法包括将一定量的CNT浆料放置1201于CVD反应器中的步骤。该方法还包括这样的步骤1203:在该CVD反应器内使硅烷气体在CNT浆料上流过。该方法还包括这样的步骤1205:加热该CVD反应器以便用纳米级硅层涂覆该CNT浆料。
将一定量的CNT浆料放置1201于CVD反应器中的步骤可例如通过将如上文所述生产的一定量的CNT浆料或一定量的另一CNT纳米粒子置于CVD反应器中来进行。根据各种实施方案,该CVD反应器可包括以下的一种或多种:冷壁流化床反应器、热壁电阻式加热炉或其组合。
在CVD反应器内使硅烷气体在CNT浆料上流动1203经过的步骤可例如通过供给硅烷气体流(例如经由压缩气体管线、气体瓶或任何其他合适的气体流动机构)到该CVD反应器中来进行。在一些实施方案中,该流动1203的步骤还可包括使硅烷气体与混合物中的一种或多种额外气体一起流动。例如在一些实施方案中,在CVD反应器内可使氢、硅烷和氩的混合物在CNT浆料上流过。
加热该CVD反应器以便用纳米级硅层涂覆该CNT浆料的加热1205的步骤可例如通过感应加热或微波加热来加热冷壁石英炉而进行或通过电阻加热反应器来加热热壁电阻式加热炉而进行。考虑到本公开内容应当理解,根据各种实施方案,期望的涂层厚度和均匀性可通过改变浆料温度、炉压和输入气体组成及流速来控制。
本公开内容的各种方面可单独使用、组合使用,或以前述实施方案中未具体讨论的多种排列方式来使用,并且因此其应用不限于前述说明书所述的或附图所示的组分的细节和排列方式。例如在一种实施方案中描述的方面可以任何方式与其他实施方案所述的方面组合。同样,本文所用的措词和术语是出于说明性的目的,并且不应当被认为是限制性的。
在权利要求中使用序数术语如“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等来改变权利要求要素本身并不隐含一个权利要求要素相比于另一个的任何优先、在先或次序,或方法以时间次序进行,而仅仅是用作区分具有某个名称的一个权利要求要素与具有相同名称的另一要素(然而对于使用顺序术语而言)的标签,以区分该权利要求元素。
Claims (32)
1.一种结构,其包含:
由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料网络限定的主体,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个结构中传输的量提供;
粘结剂材料,其分散在该CNT浆料网络内;和
活性材料,其分布在整个主体中以用于离子存储。
2.权利要求1的结构,其中该CNT浆料网络为该结构的约0.1%-约20.0%重量。
3.权利要求1的结构,其中该粘结剂为该结构的约2%-约50%重量。
4.权利要求1的结构,其进一步包括添加剂,该添加剂包括分散在该主体内的以下的一种或多种:炭黑、石墨、石墨烯、导电聚合物、提供与该CNT浆料网络的协同导电性能的任何导电材料或其组合。
5.权利要求4的结构,其中该添加剂为该结构的约0.5%-约90%重量。
6.权利要求1的结构,其中该粘结剂材料包括以下的一种或多种:聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、能够将该活性材料与该CNT浆料网络粘结的任何粘结剂材料或其组合。
7.权利要求1的结构,该结构具有约12毫克/平方厘米或更大的固体负载量。
8.权利要求1的结构,其中该结构限定了阴极。
9.权利要求8的结构,其中该活性材料包括以下的一种或多种:磷酸锂铁(LFP)、镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)、锂钴氧化物(LCO)、锂锰氧化物(LMO)、硫、包封的硫、任何阴极活性材料或其组合。
10.权利要求1的结构,其中该结构限定了阳极。
11.权利要求10的结构,其中该活性材料包括以下的一种或多种:硅纳米粒子、硅纳米线、纳米级碳上的硅涂层、任何纳米级硅、任何阳极活性材料或其组合,其中该纳米级碳包括以下的一种或多种:碳纳米管、石墨烯、石墨、炭黑、任何纳米级碳或其组合。
12.权利要求11的结构,其中该纳米级硅材料为该结构的约10%-约95%重量。
13.权利要求1的结构,其中该结构限定了电容器、伪电容器或超级电容器中的一种或多种。
14.一种形成结构的方法,其包括:
使碳纳米管(CNT)浆料与粘结剂、活性材料和溶剂混合以形成分散体;
将该分散体施加到基底上;和
固化该分散体以形成具有在其中形成的CNT浆料网络的结构,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子经由该网络在整个结构中传输的量提供。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中该混合的步骤包括:
初始使碳纳米管(CNT)浆料与粘结剂和溶剂混合;和
其后加入活性材料到该CNT浆料、粘结剂和溶剂中以形成该分散体。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中该其后加入的步骤进一步包括用额外的溶剂稀释该分散体以形成分散体。
17.权利要求14的方法,该分散体具有约3000厘泊或更大的粘度。
18.权利要求14的方法,其进一步包括:
通过制浆机将以下的一种或多种:CNT片、CNT条、CNT带、块收集的CNT、CNT纱、任何充分缠结的CNT材料或其组合制浆,以形成CNT浆料;
在第一研磨机中研磨该CNT浆料的至少一部分;和
在第二研磨机中解聚该CNT浆料。
19.权利要求18的方法,其进一步包括化学改性或涂覆该CNT浆料以增强该CNT浆料的离子传导性。
20.权利要求19的方法,该化学改性或涂覆包括以下的一种或多种:聚硅氮烷、聚脲硅氮烷、导电聚合物、多胺、聚噻吩、用聚酰胺渗透、化学改性以引入羧酸盐/酯或胺官能度、用于增强离子传导性的化学改性或其组合。
21.权利要求14的方法,其中该粘结剂材料包括以下的一种或多种:聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、能够将该活性材料与该CNT浆料网络粘结的任何粘结剂材料或其组合。
22.权利要求14的方法,其中该溶剂包括以下的一种或多种:N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)、水、乙醇、环己基吡咯烷酮(CHP)、1-苄基-2-吡咯烷酮(NBenP)、苯胺、乙腈、二甲基甲酰胺、二氯甲烷、pH缓冲剂、能够与该活性材料、粘结剂和CNT浆料形成分散体的任何溶剂或其组合。
23.权利要求14的方法,其中该活性材料包括以下的一种或多种:磷酸锂铁(LFP)、镍锰钴氧化物(NMC)、锂钴氧化物(LCO)、锂锰氧化物(LMO)、硫、包封的硫、硅纳米粒子、硅纳米线、纳米级碳上的硅涂层、任何纳米级硅、任何阴极活性材料、任何阳极活性材料或其组合。
24.一种储能装置,其包括:
外壳;
位于该外壳中的第一集流体;
第一结构,其与该第一集流体电连通,并且包括:
第一主体,其由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料的第一网络限定,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个该第一结构中传输的量提供,
第一粘结剂材料,其分散在第一CNT浆料网络内,和
第一活性材料,其分布在整个该第一主体中以用于离子存储;
位于该外壳中的第二集流体;
第二结构,其与该第二集流体电连通,并且包括:
第二主体,其由互连的碳纳米管(CNT)浆料的第二网络限定,该CNT浆料以足以允许电子在整个该第二结构中传输的量提供,
第二粘结剂材料,其分散在第二CNT浆料网络内,和
第二活性材料,其分布在整个该第二主体中以用于离子存储;和
隔离件,其插在该第一结构和该第二结构之间用于抑制该第一和第二结构之间的直接电接触,以及用于允许离子在该第一和第二结构之间通过。
25.权利要求24的储能装置,其中第一和第二集流体各自包括以下的一种或多种:金属、CNT片、CNT纱、分散的CNT网络、石墨、石墨烯、炭黑、粘结剂或其组合。
26.权利要求24的储能装置,其中该第一结构限定了阴极并且该第二结构限定了阳极。
27.权利要求24的储能装置,其中该第一集流体与该第一结构整体地形成并且该第二集流体与该第二结构整体地形成。
28.一种在CNT浆料上形成纳米级硅层的方法,其包括:
将一定量的CNT浆料置于化学气相沉积(CVD)反应器中;
在该CVD反应器内使硅烷气体在该CNT浆料上流过;和
加热该CNT浆料以便用纳米级硅层涂覆该CNT浆料。
29.权利要求28的方法,其进一步包括在该CVD反应器内使氩气或氢气中的至少一种与硅烷气体在该CNT浆料上流过。
30.权利要求28的方法,其中该纳米级硅层涂层小于50纳米。
31.权利要求28的方法,其中该CVD反应器为热壁电阻式加热炉,并且该加热的步骤进一步包括电阻式加热该CVD反应器。
32.权利要求28的方法,其中该CVD反应器为冷壁流化床反应器,并且该加热该CNT浆料的步骤进一步包括感应加热或微波加热中的至少之一。
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