CN110019752B - 多方向对话 - Google Patents

多方向对话 Download PDF

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CN110019752B
CN110019752B CN201910013706.4A CN201910013706A CN110019752B CN 110019752 B CN110019752 B CN 110019752B CN 201910013706 A CN201910013706 A CN 201910013706A CN 110019752 B CN110019752 B CN 110019752B
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natural language
dialog
user
intent
language input
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CN110019752A (zh
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N·A·格鲁佩恩
M·E·奥斯丁
M·S·伊法提
K·H·莱昂
S·F·沃伦
P·T·威廉姆斯
M·亨德森
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Apple Inc
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    • G06F16/90332—Natural language query formulation or dialogue systems
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0487—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser
    • G06F3/0488—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/16—Sound input; Sound output
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
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    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
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    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/30—Semantic analysis
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    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N20/00—Machine learning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
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    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
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    • H04M3/493—Interactive information services, e.g. directory enquiries ; Arrangements therefor, e.g. interactive voice response [IVR] systems or voice portals
    • H04M3/4936—Speech interaction details
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    • G10L2015/228—Procedures used during a speech recognition process, e.g. man-machine dialogue using non-speech characteristics of application context

Abstract

本公开涉及多方向对话。提供了用于提供多方向对话的系统和过程。一个示例方法包括，在具有一个或多个处理器的电子设备处：接收第一自然语言输入；基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图，基于所述第一意图识别第一对话流，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出，接收第二自然语言输入；确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准，并且根据确定所述第二自然语言输入满足所述对话标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。

Description

多方向对话
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年1月8日提交的名称为“MULTI-DIRECTIONAL DIALOG”的美国临时专利申请No.62/614,907以及于2018年4月5日提 交的名称为“MULTI-DIRECTIONALDIALOG”的美国专利申请No. 15/946,517的优先权，它们的整个公开通过引用并入本文用于所有用途。
技术领域
本发明整体涉及数字助理，并且更具体地讲，涉及用户与数字助理之 间的多方向对话。
背景技术
智能自动化助理(或数字助理)可在人类用户与电子设备之间提供有 利界面。此类助理可允许用户使用自然语言以语音形式和/或文本形式与设 备或系统进行交互。例如，用户可向正在电子设备上运行的数字助理提供 包含用户请求的语音输入。数字助理可从该语音输入解译用户意图并且将 用户意图操作化成任务。随后可通过执行电子设备的一项或多项服务来执 行这些任务，并且可将响应于用户请求的相关输出返回给用户。在一些情 况下，还期望允许用户使用自然语言对话与数字助理进行交互。然而，当 代的对话框架往往缺乏灵活性，需要过于线性的对话序列。
发明内容
本文公开了示例方法。一个示例方法包括：在具有一个或多个处理器 的电子设备处，接收第一自然语言输入，基于该第一自然语言输入确定第 一意图，基于该第一意图识别第一对话流，输出与第一对话流相关联的自 然语言输出，接收第二自然语言输入，确定该第二自然语言输入是否满足 与第一对话流相关联的对话标准，并且根据确定该第二自然语言输入满足 该对话标准，输出与第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。
本文公开了示例非暂态计算机可读介质。一种示例非暂态计算机可读 存储介质存储一个或多个程序。所述一个或多个程序包括指令，这些指令 当由电子设备的一个或多个处理器执行时使得该电子设备：接收第一自然 语言输入，基于该第一自然语言输入确定第一意图，基于该第一意图识别 第一对话流，输出与第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出，接收第二自然语 言输入，确定该第二自然语言输入是否满足与第一对话流相关联的对话标 准，并且根据确定该第二自然语言输入满足该对话标准，输出与第一对话 流相关联的第二自然语言输出。
本文公开了示例电子设备。一种示例电子设备包括一个或多个处理 器；存储器；以及一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程序存储在存储 器中并且被配置为由所述一个或多个处理器执行，所述一个或多个程序包 括用于执行以下操作的指令：接收第一自然语言输入；基于该第一自然语 言输入确定第一意图，基于该第一意图识别第一对话流，输出与第一对话 流相关联的自然语言输出，接收第二自然语言输入，确定该第二自然语言输入是否满足与第一对话流相关联的对话标准，并且根据确定该第二自然 语言输入满足该对话标准，输出与第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输 出。
示例电子设备包括以下装置：用于接收第一自然语言输入的装置，用 于基于该第一自然语言输入确定第一意图的装置，用于基于该第一意图识 别第一对话流的装置，用于输出与第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出的装 置，用于接收第二自然语言输入的装置，用于确定该第二自然语言输入是 否满足与第一对话流相关联的对话标准的装置，以及用于根据确定该第二 自然语言输入满足该对话标准而输出与第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言 输出的装置。
如本文所述，多方向对话在用户与电子设备的数字助理之间提供直观 且灵活的对话框架。凭借实现多方向对话，用户可与数字助理进行通信， 而不承受传统上僵硬的线性对话序列的负担，这种线性对话序列无法提供 期望水平的句法灵活性。
附图说明
图1是示出根据各种示例的用于实现数字助理的系统和环境的框图。
图2A是示出根据各种示例的实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的便携式 多功能设备的框图。
图2B是示出根据各种示例的用于事件处理的示例性部件的框图。
图3示出了根据各种示例的实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的便携式多 功能设备。
图4是根据各种示例的具有显示器和触敏表面的示例性多功能设备的 框图。
图5A示出了根据各种示例的便携式多功能设备上的应用程序的菜单 的示例性用户界面。
图5B示出了根据各种示例的具有与显示器分开的触敏表面的多功能设 备的示例性用户界面。
图6A示出了根据各种示例的个人电子设备。
图6B是示出根据各种示例的个人电子设备的框图。
图7A是示出根据各种示例的数字助理系统或其服务器部分的框图。
图7B示出了根据各种示例的图7A所示的数字助理的功能。
图7C示出了根据各种示例的知识本体的一部分。
图8示出了根据各种示例的用于提供多方向对话的过程。
具体实施方式
在对示例的以下描述中将引用附图，在这些附图中以例示的方式示出 了可被实践的特定示例。应当理解，在不脱离各个示例的范围的情况下， 可使用其他示例并且可作出结构性变更。
尽管以下描述使用术语“第一”、“第二”等来描述各种元件，但这 些元件不应受所述术语的限制。这些术语只是用于将一个元件与另一元件 区分开。例如，在不脱离各种所述示例的范围的情况下，第一输入可被称 为第二输入，并且类似地，第二输入可被称为第一输入。第一输入和第二 输入均为输入，并且在一些情况下为独立且不同的输入。
在本文中对各种所述示例的描述中所使用的术语仅仅是出于描述特定 示例的目的，而并非旨在进行限制。如在对各种所述示例的描述和所附权 利要求书中所使用的那样，单数形式“一个(“a”，“an”)”和“该” 旨在也包括复数形式，除非上下文另外明确地指示。还将理解的是，本文 中所使用的术语“和/或”是指并且涵盖相关联的所列出的项目中的一个或 多个项目的任何和全部可能的组合。还将理解的是，术语“包括” (“includes”、“including”、“comprises”和/或“comprising”)在本 说明书中使用时是指定存在所陈述的特征、整数、步骤、操作、元件和/或 部件，但是并不排除存在或添加一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操 作、元件、部件和/或其分组。
根据上下文，术语“如果”可被解释为意指“当...时”或“在...时”或 “响应于确定...”或“响应于检测到...”。类似地，根据上下文，短语“如 果确定...”或“如果检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]”可被解释为意指“在确 定...时”或“响应于确定...”或“在检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]时”或 “响应于检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]”。
1.系统和环境
图1示出了根据各种示例的系统100的框图。在一些示例中，系统100 实现数字助理。术语“数字助理”、“虚拟助理”、“智能自动化助理” 或“自动数字助理”是指解译口头形式和/或文本形式的自然语言输入来推 断用户意图，并且基于推断出的用户意图来执行动作的任何信息处理系 统。例如，为了作用于推断出的用户意图，系统执行下述步骤中的一个或 多个：识别具有设计用于实现推断出的用户意图的步骤和参数的任务流， 根据推断出的用户意图将特定要求输入到任务流中；通过调用程序、方 法、服务、API等执行任务流；以及以可听(例如，语音)和/或可视形式 来生成对用户的输出响应。
具体地讲，数字助理能够接受至少部分地为自然语言命令、请求、声 明、讲述和/或询问的形式的用户请求。通常，用户请求要么寻求数字助理 作出信息性回答，要么寻求数字助理执行任务。对用户请求的令人满意的 响应包括提供所请求的信息性回答、执行所请求的任务或这两者的组合。 例如，用户向数字助理提出问题，诸如“我现在在哪里？”。基于用户的当 前位置，数字助理回答“你在中央公园西门附近。”用户还请求执行任 务，例如“请邀请我的朋友们下周来参加我女朋友的生日聚会。”作为响 应，数字助理可通过讲出“好的，马上”来确认请求，然后代表用户将合 适的日历邀请发送到用户电子通讯录中列出的用户朋友中的每位朋友。在 执行所请求的任务期间，数字助理有时在很长时间段内在涉及多次信息交 换的持续对话中与用户进行交互。存在与数字助理进行交互以请求信息或执行各种任务的许多其他方法。除提供言语响应并采取经编程的动作之 外，数字助理还提供其他视频或音频形式的响应，例如作为文本、警报、 音乐、视频、动画等。
如图1所示，在一些示例中，根据客户端-服务器模型来实现数字助 理。数字助理包括在用户设备104上执行的客户端侧部分102(后文称作 “DA客户端102”)以及在服务器系统108上执行的服务器侧部分106 (后文称作“DA服务器106”)。DA客户端102通过一个或多个网络110 与DA服务器106通信。DA客户端102提供客户端侧功能，诸如面向用户 的输入和输出处理，以及与DA服务器106通信。DA服务器106为各自位 于相应用户设备104上的任意数量的DA客户端102提供服务器侧功能。
在一些示例中，DA服务器106包括面向客户端的I/O接口112、一个 或多个处理模块114、数据与模型116以及到外部服务的I/O接口118。面 向客户端的I/O接口112有利于DA服务器106的面向客户端的输入和输出 处理。一个或多个处理模块114利用数据与模型116来处理语音输入，并 基于自然语言输入来确定用户意图。此外，一个或多个处理模块114基于 推断出的用户意图来执行任务执行。在一些示例中，DA服务器106通过一 个或多个网络110与外部服务120通信以完成任务或采集信息。到外部服 务的I/O接口118促成此类通信。
用户设备104可以是任何合适的电子设备。在一些示例中，用户设备 是便携式多功能设备(例如，下面参考图2A描述的设备200)、多功能设 备(例如，下面参考图4描述的设备400)或个人电子设备(例如，下面参 考图6A至图6B描述的设备600)。便携式多功能设备是例如还包含诸如 PDA和/或音乐播放器功能的其他功能的移动电话。便携式多功能设备的特 定示例包括来自Apple Inc.(Cupertino,California)的Apple
Figure BDA0001938282320000051
Figure BDA0001938282320000052
iPod
Figure BDA0001938282320000053
和
Figure BDA0001938282320000054
设备。便携式多功能设备的其他示例包括但 不限于耳塞式耳机/头戴式耳机、扬声器以及膝上型电脑或平板电脑。此 外，在一些示例中，用户设备104是非便携式多功能设备。具体地讲，用 户设备104是台式计算机、游戏机、扬声器、电视或电视机顶盒。在一些 示例中，用户设备104包括触敏表面(例如，触摸屏显示器和/或触控 板)。此外，用户设备104任选地包括一个或多个其他物理用户接口设 备，诸如物理键盘、鼠标和/或操纵杆。下文更详细地描述了电子设备诸如 多功能设备的各种示例。
一个或多个通信网络110的示例包括局域网(LAN)和广域网(WAN)， 例如互联网。一个或多个通信网络110使用任何已知的网络协议来实现， 包括各种有线或无线协议，诸如以太网、通用串行总线(USB)、火线 (FIREWIRE)、全球移动通信系统(GSM)、增强型数据GSM环境(EDGE)、 码分多址(CDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、蓝牙、Wi-Fi、互联网协议语音(VoIP)、Wi-MAX或任何其他合适的通信协议。
服务器系统108在一个或多个独立式数据处理装置或分布式计算机网 络上实现。在一些示例中，服务器系统108还采用第三方服务提供方(例 如，第三方云服务提供方)的各种虚拟设备和/或服务来提供服务器系统 108的潜在计算资源和/或基础结构资源。
在一些示例中，用户设备104经由第二用户设备122与DA服务器106 进行通信。第二用户设备122与用户设备104相似或相同。例如，第二用 户设备122类似于下文参考图2A、图4和图6A至图6B描述的设备200、 设备400或设备600。用户设备104被配置为经由直接通信连接诸如蓝牙、 NFC、BTLE等或者经由有线或无线网络诸如局域Wi-Fi网络而通信耦接到第二用户设备122。在一些示例中，第二用户设备122被配置为充当用户设 备104与DA服务器106之间的代理。例如，用户设备104的DA客户端 102被配置为经由第二用户设备122向DA服务器106传输信息(例如，在 用户设备104处接收的用户请求)。DA服务器106处理该信息，并经由第 二用户设备122将相关数据(例如，响应于用户请求的数据内容)返回到 用户设备104。
在一些示例中，用户设备104被配置为将针对数据的缩略请求传送到 第二用户设备122，以减少从用户设备104传输的信息量。第二用户设备 122被配置为确定添加到缩略请求的补充信息，以生成完整的请求来传输到 DA服务器106。该系统架构可有利地通过使用具有较强通信能力和/或电池 电力的第二用户设备122(例如，移动电话、膝上型计算机、平板电脑等) 作为到DA服务器106的代理，允许具有有限通信能力和/或有限电池电力 的用户设备104(例如，手表或类似的紧凑型电子设备)访问DA服务器 106提供的服务。虽然图1中仅示出两个用户设备104和122，但应当理 解，在一些示例中，系统100可包括在此代理配置中被配置为与DA服务 器系统106通信的任意数量和类型的用户设备。
尽管图1所示的数字助理包括客户端侧部分(例如，DA客户端102) 和服务器侧部分(例如，DA服务器106)两者，但在一些示例中，数字助 理的功能被实现为安装在用户设备上的独立式应用程序。此外，数字助理 的客户端部分与服务器部分之间的功能划分在不同的具体实施中可变化。 例如，在一些示例中，DA客户端为仅提供面向用户的输入和输出处理功 能，并将数字助理的所有其他功能委派给后端服务器的瘦客户端。
2.电子设备
现在将注意力转至用于实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的电子设备的实 施方案。图2A是示出根据一些实施方案的具有触敏显示器系统212的便携 式多功能设备200的框图。触敏显示器212有时为了方便被叫做“触摸 屏”，并且有时被称为或被叫做“触敏显示器系统”。设备200包括存储 器202(其任选地包括一个或多个计算机可读存储介质)、存储器控制器 222、一个或多个处理单元(CPU)220、外围设备接口218、RF电路208、音 频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、输入/输出(I/O)子系统206、其他输 入控制设备216和外部端口224。设备200任选地包括一个或多个光学传感 器264。设备200任选地包括用于检测设备200(例如，设备200的触敏表 面诸如触敏显示器系统212)上的接触的强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器 265。设备200任选地包括用于在设备200上生成触觉输出的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267(例如，在触敏表面诸如设备200的触敏显示器系统212 或设备400的触控板455上生成触觉输出)。这些部件任选地通过一条或 多条通信总线或信号线203进行通信。
如在本说明书和权利要求书中所使用的那样，触敏表面上的接触的 “强度”这一术语是指触敏表面上的接触(例如，手指接触)的力或压力 (每单位面积的力)，或者是指触敏表面上的接触的力或压力的替代物 (代用物)。接触的强度具有值范围，该值范围包括至少四个不同的值并 且更典型地包括上百个不同的值(例如，至少256个)。接触的强度任选地使用各种方法和各种传感器或传感器的组合来确定(或测量)。例如， 在触敏表面下方或相邻于触敏表面的一个或多个力传感器任选地用于测量 触敏表面上的不同点处的力。在一些具体实施中，来自多个力传感器的力 测量值被组合(例如，加权平均)以确定所估计的接触力。类似地，触笔 的压敏顶端任选地用于确定触笔在触敏表面上的压力。另选地，在触敏表 面上检测到的接触区域的大小和/或其变化、接触附近的触敏表面的电容和/ 或其变化以及/或者接触附近的触敏表面的电阻和/或其变化任选地被用作触 敏表面上的接触的力或压力的替代物。在一些具体实施中，接触力或压力 的替代物测量直接用于确定是否已经超过强度阈值(例如，强度阈值以对 应于替代物测量的单位来描述)。在一些具体实施中，接触力或压力的替 代物测量被转换成估计的力或压力，并且估计的力或压力用于确定是否已 超过强度阈值(例如，强度阈值是以压力的单位进行测量的压力阈值)。 使用接触的强度作为用户输入的属性，从而允许用户访问用户在实地面积 有限的尺寸更小的设备上本来不可访问的附加设备功能，该尺寸更小的设 备用于(例如，在触敏显示器上)显示示能表示和/或接收用户输入(例 如，经由触敏显示器、触敏表面或物理控件/机械控件，诸如旋钮或按 钮)。
如本说明书和权利要求书中所使用的那样，术语“触觉输出”是指将 由用户通过用户的触摸感检测到的设备相对于设备的先前位置的物理位 移、设备的部件(例如，触敏表面)相对于设备的另一个部件(例如，外 壳)的物理位移或部件相对于设备的质心的位移。例如，在设备或设备的 部件与用户对触摸敏感的表面(例如，手指、手掌或用户手部的其他部 分)接触的情况下，通过物理位移生成的触觉输出将由用户解释为触感， 该触感对应于设备或设备的部件的物理特征的所感知的变化。例如，触敏 表面(例如，触敏显示器或触控板)的移动任选地由用户解释为对物理致 动按钮的“按下点击”或“松开点击”。在一些情况下，用户将感觉到触 感，诸如“按下点击”或“松开点击”，即使在通过用户的移动而物理地 被按压(例如，被移位)的与触敏表面相关联的物理致动按钮没有移动 时。又如，即使在触敏表面的光滑度无变化时，触敏表面的移动也会任选 地由用户解释或感测为触敏表面的“粗糙度”。虽然用户对触摸的此类解 释将受到用户的个体化感官知觉的限制，但是对触摸的许多感官知觉是大 多数用户共有的。因此，当触觉输出被描述为对应于用户的特定感官知觉 (例如，“按下点击”、“松开点击”、“粗糙度”)时，除非另外陈 述，否则所生成的触觉输出对应于设备或其部件的物理位移，该物理位移 将会生成典型(或普通)用户的所述感官知觉。
应当理解，设备200仅为便携式多功能设备的一个示例，并且设备 200任选地具有比所示出的更多或更少的部件，任选地组合两个或更多个部 件，或者任选地具有这些部件的不同配置或布置。图2A所示的各种部件以 硬件、软件或硬件与软件两者的组合来实现，包括一个或多个信号处理和/ 或专用集成电路。
存储器202包括一个或多个计算机可读存储介质。这些计算机可读存 储介质例如为有形的和非暂态的。存储器202包括高速随机存取存储器， 并且还包括非易失性存储器，诸如一个或多个磁盘存储设备、闪存存储器 设备或其他非易失性固态存储器设备。存储器控制器222控制设备200的 其他部件访问存储器202。
在一些示例中，存储器202的非暂态计算机可读存储介质用于存储指 令(例如，用于执行下文所述的过程的各方面)以供指令执行系统、装置 或设备诸如基于计算机的系统、包含处理器的系统或可从指令执行系统、 装置或设备取出指令并执行指令的其他系统使用或与其结合使用。在其他 示例中，指令(例如，用于执行下文描述的过程的各方面)存储在服务器 系统108的非暂态计算机可读存储介质(未示出)上，或在存储器202的 非暂态计算机可读存储介质与服务器系统108的非暂态计算机可读存储介 质之间划分。
外围设备接口218用于将设备的输入和输出外围设备耦接到CPU 220 和存储器202。所述一个或多个处理器220运行或执行存储器202中所存储 的各种软件程序和/或指令集以执行设备200的各种功能并处理数据。在一 些实施方案中，外围设备接口218、CPU220和存储器控制器222在单个芯 片诸如芯片204上实现。在一些其他实施方案中，它们在独立的芯片上实 现。
RF(射频)电路208接收和发送也被称为电磁信号的RF信号。RF电 路208将电信号转换为电磁信号/将电磁信号转换为电信号，并且经由电磁 信号与通信网络及其他通信设备进行通信。RF电路208任选地包括用于执 行这些功能的熟知的电路，包括但不限于天线系统、RF收发器、一个或多 个放大器、调谐器、一个或多个振荡器、数字信号处理器、编解码芯片 组、用户身份模块(SIM)卡、存储器等等。RF电路208任选地通过无线通 信与网络以及其他设备进行通信，这些网络为诸如互联网(也被称为万维 网(WWW))、内联网和/或无线网络(诸如蜂窝电话网络、无线局域网 (LAN)和/或城域网(MAN))。RF电路208任选地包括用于诸如通过近程通 信无线电部件来检测近场通信(NFC)场的熟知的电路。无线通信任选地使用 多种通信标准、协议和技术中的任一种，包括但不限于全球移动通信系统 (GSM)、增强型数据GSM环境(EDGE)、高速下行链路分组接入(HSDPA)、 高速上行链路分组接入(HSUPA)、演进、纯数据(EV-DO)、HSPA、 HSPA+、双小区HSPA(DC-HSPDA)、长期演进(LTE)、近场通信(NFC)、 宽带码分多址(W-CDMA)、码分多址(CDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、蓝牙、 蓝牙低功耗(BTLE)、无线保真(Wi-Fi)(例如，IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g、IEEE802.11n和/或IEEE 802.11ac)、互联网协议 语音(VoIP)、Wi-MAX、电子邮件协议(例如，互联网消息访问协议(IMAP) 和/或邮局协议(POP))、即时消息(例如，可扩展消息处理和存在协议 (XMPP)、用于即时消息和存在利用扩展的会话发起协议(SIMPLE)、即时消 息和存在服务(IMPS))和/或短消息服务(SMS)，或者任何其他适当的通信 协议，包括在本文档提交日期时尚未开发出的通信协议。
音频电路210、扬声器211和麦克风213提供用户与设备200之间的音 频接口。音频电路210从外围设备接口218接收音频数据，将音频数据转 换为电信号，并将电信号传输到扬声器211。扬声器211将电信号转换为人 耳可听见的声波。音频电路210还接收由麦克风213根据声波转换来的电 信号。音频电路210将电信号转换为音频数据，并将音频数据传输到外围 设备接口218以进行处理。音频数据通过外围设备接口218检索自和/或传 输至存储器202和/或RF电路208。在一些实施方案中，音频电路210还包 括耳麦插孔(例如，图3中的312)。该耳麦插孔提供音频电路210与可移 除的音频输入/输出外围设备之间的接口，该可移除的音频输入/输出外围设 备为诸如仅输出的耳机或者具有输出(例如，单耳耳机或双耳耳机)和输 入(例如，麦克风)两者的耳麦。
I/O子系统206将设备200上的输入/输出外围设备诸如触摸屏212和 其他输入控制设备216耦接到外围设备接口218。I/O子系统206任选地包 括显示控制器256、光学传感器控制器258、强度传感器控制器259、触觉 反馈控制器261，以及用于其他输入或控制设备的一个或多个输入控制器 260。所述一个或多个输入控制器260从其他输入控制设备216接收电信号/ 将电信号发送到所述其他输入控制设备。所述其他输入控制设备216任选 地包括物理按钮(例如，下压按钮、摇臂按钮等)、拨号盘、滑动开关、 操纵杆、点击轮等。在一些另选实施方案中，一个或多个输入控制器260 任选地耦接到以下各项中的任一者(或不耦接到以下各项中的任一者)： 键盘、红外线端口、USB端口以及指针设备诸如鼠标。所述一个或多个按 钮(例如，图3中的308)任选地包括用于扬声器211和/或麦克风213的 音量控制的增大/减小按钮。所述一个或多个按钮任选地包括下压按钮(例 如，图3中的306)。
快速按压下压按钮会解除对触摸屏212的锁定或者开始使用触摸屏上 的手势来对设备进行解锁的过程，如于2005年12月23日提交的名称为 “Unlocking a Device byPerforming Gestures on an Unlock Image”的美国专 利申请11/322,549(即美国专利No.7,657,849)中所述的那样，该专利据此 全文以引用方式并入。较长地按下下压按钮(例如，306)使设备200开机 或关机。用户能够自定义一个或多个按钮的功能。触摸屏212用于实现虚 拟按钮或软按钮以及一个或多个软键盘。
触敏显示器212提供设备与用户之间的输入接口和输出接口。显示控 制器256从触摸屏212接收电信号和/或将电信号发送至该触摸屏。触摸屏 212向用户显示视觉输出。视觉输出包括图形、文本、图标、视频及其任何 组合(统称为“图形”)。在一些实施方案中，一些视觉输出或全部视觉 输出对应于用户界面对象。
触摸屏212具有基于触觉和/或触感接触来接受来自用户的输入的触敏 表面、传感器或传感器组。触摸屏212和显示控制器256(与存储器202中 的任何相关联的模块和/或指令集一起)检测触摸屏212上的接触(和该接 触的任何移动或中断)，并且将所检测到的接触转换为与被显示在触摸屏 212上的用户界面对象(例如，一个或多个软键、图标、网页或图像)的交 互。在示例性实施方案中，触摸屏212与用户之间的接触点对应于用户的 手指。
触摸屏212使用LCD(液晶显示器)技术、LPD(发光聚合物显示 器)技术或LED(发光二极管)技术，但是在其他实施方案中可使用其他 显示技术。触摸屏212和显示控制器256使用目前已知或以后将开发的多 种触摸感测技术中的任何技术，以及其他接近传感器阵列或用于确定与触 摸屏212接触的一个或多个点的其他元件来检测接触及其任何移动或中 断，所述多种触摸感测技术包括但不限于电容式、电阻式、红外和表面声 波技术。在一个示例性实施方案中，使用投射式互电容感测技术，诸如在 来自Apple Inc.(Cupertino,California)的
Figure BDA0001938282320000121
和iPod
Figure BDA0001938282320000122
中使用的技 术。
在一些实施方案中，触摸屏212的触敏显示器类似于以下美国专利中 描述的多点触敏触控板：6,323,846(Westerman等人)、6,570,557 (Westerman等人)和/或6,677,932(Westerman)和/或美国专利公开 2002/0015024A1，上述每个专利据此全文以引用方式并入。然而，触摸屏 212显示来自设备200的视觉输出，而触敏触控板不提供视觉输出。
在一些实施方案中，触摸屏212的触敏显示器如以下申请中所述：(1) 2006年5月2日提交的名称为“Multipoint Touch Surface Controller”的美 国专利申请No.11/381,313；(2)2004年5月6日提交的名称为“Multipoint Touchscreen”的美国专利申请No.10/840,862；(3)2004年7月30日提交的 名称为“Gestures For Touch Sensitive InputDevices”的美国专利申请No. 10/903,964；(4)2005年1月31日提交的名称为“GesturesFor Touch Sensitive Input Devices”的美国专利申请No.11/048,264；(5)2005年1月 18日提交的名称为“Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive InputDevices”的美国专利申请No.11/038,590；(6)2005年9月 16日提交的名称为“VirtualInput Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface”的美国专利申请No.11/228,758；(7)2005年9月16日提交的名 称为“Operation Of A Computer With A TouchScreen Interface”的美国专利 申请No.11/228,700；(8)2005年9月16日提交的名称为“Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard”的美国专利申请No.11/228,737；以及(9)2006年3月3日提交的名称为“Multi-Functional Hand- HeldDevice”的美国专利申请No.11/367,749。所有这些申请全文以引用方 式并入本文。
触摸屏212例如具有超过100dpi的视频分辨率。在一些实施方案中， 触摸屏具有约160dpi的视频分辨率。用户使用任何合适的对象或附加物诸 如触笔、手指等与触摸屏212进行接触。在一些实施方案中，将用户界面 设计为主要通过基于手指的接触和手势来工作，由于手指在触摸屏上的接 触区域较大，因此这可能不如基于触笔的输入精确。在一些实施方案中， 设备将基于手指的粗略输入转化为精确的指针/光标位置或命令以用于执行 用户所期望的动作。
在一些实施方案中，除触摸屏之外，设备200还包括用于激活或去激 活特定功能的触控板(未示出)。在一些实施方案中，触控板是设备的触 敏区域，与触摸屏不同，该触敏区域不显示视觉输出。触控板是与触摸屏 212分开的触敏表面，或者是由触摸屏形成的触敏表面的延伸。
设备200还包括用于为各种部件供电的电力系统262。电力系统262包 括电力管理系统、一个或多个电源(例如，电池、交流电(AC))、再充电 系统、电力故障检测电路、功率转换器或逆变器、电力状态指示器(例 如，发光二极管(LED))和与便携式设备中电力的生成、管理和分配相关联 的任何其他部件。
设备200还包括一个或多个光学传感器264。图2A示出了耦接到I/O 子系统206中的光学传感器控制器258的光学传感器。光学传感器264包 括电荷耦合器件(CCD)或互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)光电晶体管。光学 传感器264从环境接收通过一个或多个透镜而投射的光，并且将光转换为 表示图像的数据。结合成像模块243(也叫做相机模块)，光学传感器264 捕获静态图像或视频。在一些实施方案中，光学传感器位于设备200的后 部，与设备前部的触摸屏显示器212相背对，使得触摸屏显示器被用作用 于静态图像和/或视频图像采集的取景器。在一些实施方案中，光学传感器 位于设备的前部，使得在用户在触摸屏显示器上查看其他视频会议参与者 的同时获取该用户的图像以用于视频会议。在一些实施方案中，光学传感 器264的位置可由用户改变(例如，通过旋转设备外壳中的透镜和传感器)，使得单个光学传感器264与触摸屏显示器一起使用以用于视频会议 和静态图像和/或视频图像采集两者。
设备200任选地还包括一个或多个接触强度传感器265。图2A示出了 耦接到I/O子系统206中的强度传感器控制器259的接触强度传感器。接触 强度传感器265任选地包括一个或多个压阻应变仪、电容式力传感器、电 气力传感器、压电力传感器、光学力传感器、电容式触敏表面或其他强度 传感器(例如，用于测量触敏表面上的接触的力(或压力)的传感器)。 接触强度传感器265从环境接收接触强度信息(例如，压力信息或压力信 息的代用物)。在一些实施方案中，至少一个接触强度传感器与触敏表面 (例如，触敏显示器系统212)并置排列或邻近。在一些实施方案中，至少 一个接触强度传感器位于设备200的与位于设备200的前部上的触摸屏显 示器212相背对的后部上。
设备200还包括一个或多个接近传感器266。图2A示出了耦接到外围 设备接口218的接近传感器266。另选地，接近传感器266耦接到I/O子系 统206中的输入控制器260。接近传感器266如以下美国专利申请中所述的 那样执行：No.11/241,839，名称为“ProximityDetector In Handheld Device”；No.11/240,788，名称为“Proximity Detector InHandheld Device”；No.11/620,702，名称为“Using Ambient Light Sensor To AugmentProximity Sensor Output”；No.11/586,862，名称为“Automated Response To AndSensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”；以及No. 11/638,251，名称为“Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals”，这些美国专利申请据此全文以引用方式并入本文。在一些实 施方案中，当多功能设备被置于用户的耳朵附近时(例如，当用户正在进 行电话呼叫时)，接近传感器关闭并且禁用触摸屏212。
设备200任选地还包括一个或多个触觉输出发生器267。图2A示出了 耦接到I/O子系统206中的触觉反馈控制器261的触觉输出发生器。触觉输 出发生器267任选地包括一个或多个电声设备诸如扬声器或其他音频部 件，和/或将能量转换为线性运动的机电设备诸如电机、螺线管、电活性聚 合器、压电致动器、静电致动器或其他触觉输出生成部件(例如，将电信 号转换为设备上的触觉输出的部件)。接触强度传感器265从触觉反馈模 块233接收触觉反馈生成指令，并且在设备200上生成能够由设备200的 用户感觉到的触觉输出。在一些实施方案中，至少一个触觉输出发生器与 触敏表面(例如，触敏显示器系统212)并置排列或邻近，并且任选地通过 竖直地(例如，向设备200的表面内/外)或侧向地(例如，在与设备200 的表面相同的平面中向后和向前)移动触敏表面来生成触觉输出。在一些 实施方案中，至少一个触觉输出发生器传感器位于设备200的与位于设备 200的前部上的触摸屏显示器212相背对的后部上。
设备200还包括一个或多个加速度计268。图2A示出了耦接至外围设 备接口218的加速度计268。另选地，加速度计268耦接至I/O子系统206 中的输入控制器260。加速度计268如以下美国专利公开中所述那样执行： 美国专利公开20050190059，“Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices”和美国专利公开20060017692，“Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based OnAn Accelerometer”， 这两个美国专利公开全文以引用方式并入本文。在一些实施方案中，基于 对从一个或多个加速度计接收的数据的分析来在触摸屏显示器上以纵向视 图或横向视图显示信息。设备200任选地除了加速度计268之外还包括磁 力仪(未示出)和GPS(或GLONASS或其他全球导航系统)接收器(未 示出)，以用于获取关于设备200的位置和取向(例如，纵向或横向)的 信息。
在一些实施方案中，存储在存储器202中的软件部件包括操作系统 226、通信模块(或指令集)228、接触/运动模块(或指令集)230、图形模 块(或指令集)232、文本输入模块(或指令集)234、全球定位系统(GPS) 模块(或指令集)235、数字助理客户端模块229以及应用程序(或指令 集)236。此外，存储器202存储数据与模型，诸如用户数据与模型231。 此外，在一些实施方案中，存储器202(图2A)或470(图4)存储设备/ 全局内部状态257，如图2A和图4所示。设备/全局内部状态257包括以下 各项中的一者或多者：活动应用程序状态，其指示哪些应用程序(如果有 的话)当前是活动的；显示状态，其指示什么应用、视图或其他信息占据 触摸屏显示器212的各个区域；传感器状态，其包括从设备的各个传感器 和输入控制设备216获取的信息；以及关于设备的位置和/或姿态的位置信 息。
操作系统226(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、OS X、 iOS、WINDOWS或嵌入式操作系统诸如VxWorks)包括用于控制和管理 一般系统任务(例如，存储器管理、存储设备控制、功率管理等)的各种 软件部件和/或驱动器，并且促进各种硬件部件和软件部件之间的通信。
通信模块228有利于通过一个或多个外部端口224来与其他设备进行 通信，并且还包括用于处理由RF电路208和/或外部端口224所接收的数 据的各种软件部件。外部端口224(例如，通用串行总线(USB)、火线等) 适于直接耦接到其他设备，或间接地通过网络(例如，互联网、无线LAN 等)进行耦接。在一些实施方案中，外部端口是与
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接触/运动模块230任选地检测与触摸屏212(结合显示控制器256) 和其他触敏设备(例如，触控板或物理点击式转盘)的接触。接触/运动模 块230包括各种软件部件以用于执行与接触检测相关的各种操作，诸如确 定是否已发生接触(例如，检测手指按下事件)、确定接触强度(例如， 接触的力或压力，或者接触的力或压力的替代物)、确定是否存在接触的 移动并跟踪在触敏表面上的移动(例如，检测一个或多个手指拖动事 件)，以及确定接触是否已停止(例如，检测手指抬起事件或接触断 开)。接触/运动模块230从触敏表面接收接触数据。确定接触点的移动任 选地包括确定接触点的速率(量值)、速度(量值和方向)和/或加速度 (量值和/或方向的改变)，所述接触点的移动由一系列接触数据表示。这 些操作任选地被应用于单点接触(例如，单指接触)或者多点同时接触 (例如，“多点触摸”/多个手指接触)。在一些实施方案中，接触/运动模 块230和显示控制器256检测触控板上的接触。
在一些实施方案中，接触/运动模块230使用一组一个或多个强度阈值 来确定操作是否已由用户执行(例如，来确定用户是否已“点击”图 标)。在一些实施方案中，根据软件参数来确定强度阈值的至少一个子集 (例如，强度阈值不是由具体物理致动器的激活阈值来确定的，并且可在 不改变设备200的物理硬件的情况下被调节)。例如，在不改变触控板或 触摸屏显示器硬件的情况下，触控板或触摸屏的鼠标“点击”阈值可被设 定成预定义的阈值的大范围中的任一个阈值。另外，在一些具体实施中， 向设备的用户提供用于调节一组强度阈值中的一个或多个强度阈值(例 如，通过调节各个强度阈值和/或通过利用对“强度”参数的系统级点击来 一次调节多个强度阈值)的软件设置。
接触/运动模块230任选地检测用户的手势输入。触敏表面上的不同手 势具有不同的接触模式(例如，所检测到的接触的不同运动、计时和/或强 度)。因此，任选地通过检测特定接触模式来检测手势。例如，检测手指 轻击手势包括检测手指按下事件，然后在与手指按下事件相同的位置(或 基本上相同的位置)处(例如，在图标的位置处)检测手指抬起(抬离) 事件。作为另一个示例，在触敏表面上检测手指轻扫手势包括检测手指按 下事件，然后检测一个或多个手指拖动事件，并且随后检测手指抬起(抬 离)事件。
图形模块232包括用于在触摸屏212或其他显示器上呈现和显示图形 的各种已知的软件部件，包括用于改变所显示的图形的视觉冲击(例如， 亮度、透明度、饱和度、对比度或其他视觉属性)的部件。如本文所用， 术语“图形”包括可被显示给用户的任何对象，非限制性地包括文本、网 页、图标(诸如，包括软键的用户界面对象)、数字图像、视频、动画 等。
在一些实施方案中，图形模块232存储表示要使用的图形的数据。每 个图形任选地被分配有对应的代码。图形模块232从应用程序等接收用于 指定待显示的图形的一个或多个代码，在必要的情况下还一起接收坐标数 据和其他图形属性数据，并且然后生成屏幕图像数据，以输出至显示控制 器256。
触觉反馈模块233包括用于生成指令的各种软件部件，这些指令由一 个或多个触觉输出发生器267使用以便响应于用户和设备200的交互而在 设备200上的一个或多个位置处产生触觉输出。
在一些示例中作为图形模块232的部件的文本输入模块234提供用于 在各种应用程序(例如，联系人237、电子邮件240、IM 241、浏览器247 和需要文本输入的任何其他应用程序)中输入文本的软键盘。
GPS模块235确定设备的位置，并提供该信息以供在各种应用程序中 使用(例如，提供至电话238以供在基于位置的拨号中使用；提供至相机 243作为图片/视频元数据；以及提供给提供基于位置的服务的应用，诸如 天气桌面小程序、本地黄页桌面小程序和地图/导航桌面小程序)。
数字助理客户端模块229包括各种客户端侧数字助理指令，以提供数 字助理的客户端侧功能。例如，数字助理客户端模块229能够通过便携式 多功能设备200的各种用户接口(例如，麦克风213、加速度计268、触敏 显示器系统212、光学传感器229、其他输入控制设备216等)接受声音输 入(例如，语音输入)、文本输入、触摸输入和/或手势输入。数字助理客 户端模块229还能够通过便携式多功能设备200的各种输出接口(例如， 扬声器211、触敏显示器系统212、触觉输出生成器267等)提供音频形式 的输出(例如，语音输出)、视觉形式的输出和/或触觉形式的输出。例 如，将输出提供为语音、声音、警报、文本消息、菜单、图形、视频、动 画、振动和/或以上两者或更多者的组合。在操作期间，数字助理客户端模 块229使用RF电路208与DA服务器106通信。
用户数据与模型231包括与用户相关联的各种数据(例如，用户特定 的词汇数据、用户偏好数据、用户指定的名称发音、来自用户电子通讯录 的数据、待办事项、购物清单等)以提供数字助理的客户端侧功能。此 外，用户数据与模型231包括用于处理用户输入并且确定用户意图的各种 模型(例如，语音识别模型、统计语言模型、自然语言处理模型、知识本 体、任务流模型、服务模型等)。
在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229利用便携式多功能设备200 的各种传感器、子系统和外围设备来从便携式多功能设备200的周围环境 采集另外信息，以建立与用户、当前用户交互和/或当前用户输入相关联的 上下文。在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229将上下文信息或其子集 与用户输入一起提供至DA服务器106以帮助推断用户意图。在一些示例 中，数字助理还使用上下文信息来确定如何准备输出并将其传送给用户。 上下文信息被称为上下文数据。
在一些示例中，伴随用户输入的上下文信息包括传感器信息，例如照 明、环境噪声、环境温度、周围环境的图像或视频等。在一些示例中，上 下文信息还可包括设备的物理状态，例如设备取向、设备位置、设备温 度、功率电平、速度、加速度、运动模式、蜂窝信号强度等。在一些示例 中，将与DA服务器106的软件状态相关的信息(例如，运行过程、已安 装程序、过去和当前的网络活动、后台服务、错误日志、资源使用等)和 与便携式多功能设备200的软件状态相关的信息作为与用户输入相关联的 上下文信息提供至DA服务器106。
在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229响应于来自DA服务器106 的请求而选择性地提供存储在便携式多功能设备200上的信息(例如，用 户数据231)。在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229还在DA服务器 106请求时引出来自用户经由自然语言对话或其他用户接口的附加输入。数 字助理客户端模块229将该附加输入传送至DA服务器106，以帮助DA服 务器106进行意图推断和/或满足在用户请求中表达的用户意图。
下文参考图7A-C对数字助理进行更详细的描述。应当认识到，数字 助理客户端模块229可包括下文所述的数字助理模块726的任意数量的子 模块。
应用程序236包括以下模块(或指令集)或者其子集或超集：
●联系人模块237(有时称为通讯录或联系人列表)；
●电话模块238；
●视频会议模块239；
●电子邮件客户端模块240；
●即时消息(IM)模块241；
●健身支持模块242；
●用于静态图像和/或视频图像的相机模块243；
●图像管理模块244；
●视频播放器模块；
●音乐播放器模块；
●浏览器模块247；
●日历模块248；
●桌面小程序模块249，其在一些示例中包括以下各项中的一者或多 者：天气桌面小程序249-1、股票桌面小程序249-2、计算器桌面小 程序249-3、闹钟桌面小程序249-4、词典桌面小程序249-5和用户 获取的其他桌面小程序以及用户创建的桌面小程序249-6；
●用于形成用户创建的桌面小程序249-6的桌面小程序创建器模块 250；
●搜索模块251；
●视频和音乐播放器模块252，其合并视频播放器模块和音乐播放器 模块；
●记事本模块253；
●地图模块254；和/或
●在线视频模块255。
存储在存储器202中的其他应用程序236的示例包括其他文字处理应 用程序、其他图像编辑应用程序、绘图应用程序、呈现应用程序、支持 JAVA的应用程序、加密、数字版权管理、语音识别和语音复制。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 和文本输入模块234，联系人模块237用于管理通讯录或联系人列表(例 如，存储在存储器202或存储器470中的联系人模块237的应用程序内部 状态292中)，包括：将一个或多个姓名添加到通讯录；从通讯录删除一 个或多个姓名；将电话号码、电子邮件地址、物理地址或其他信息与姓名 关联；将图像与姓名关联；对姓名进行归类和分类；提供电话号码或电子 邮件地址来发起和/或促进通过电话238、视频会议模块239、电子邮件240 或IM 241的通信；等等。
结合RF电路208、音频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、触摸屏 212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232和文本输入模块 234，电话模块238用于输入对应于电话号码的字符序列、访问联系人模块 237中的一个或多个电话号码、修改已经输入的电话号码、拨打相应的电话 号码、进行会话以及当会话完成时断开或挂断。如上所述，无线通信使用 多种通信标准、协议和技术中的任一种。
结合RF电路208、音频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、触摸屏 212、显示控制器256、光学传感器264、光学传感器控制器258、接触/运 动模块230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234、联系人模块237和电话模 块238，视频会议模块239包括根据用户指令来发起、进行和终止用户与一 个或多个其他参与者之间的视频会议的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232和文本输入模块234，电子邮件客户端模块240包括响 应于用户指令来创建、发送、接收和管理电子邮件的可执行指令。结合图 像管理模块244，电子邮件客户端模块240使得非常容易创建和发送具有由 相机模块243拍摄的静态图像或视频图像的电子邮件。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232和文本输入模块234，即时消息模块241包括用于以下 操作的可执行指令：输入与即时消息对应的字符序列、修改先前输入的字 符、传输相应的即时消息(例如，使用短消息服务(SMS)或多媒体消息服务 (MMS)协议以用于基于电话的即时消息，或者使用XMPP、SIMPLE或 IMPS以用于基于互联网的即时消息)、接收即时消息以及查看所接收的即 时消息。在一些实施方案中，所传输和/或接收的即时消息包括图形、照 片、音频文件、视频文件和/或如MMS和/或增强型消息服务(EMS)中支持 的其他附件。如本文所用，“即时消息”是指基于电话的消息(例如，使 用SMS或MMS发送的消息)和基于互联网的消息(例如，使用XMPP、 SIMPLE或IMPS发送的消息)两者。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234、GPS模块235、地图模块254和音 乐播放器模块，健身支持模块242包括用于以下操作的可执行指令：创建 健身(例如，具有时间、距离和/或卡路里燃烧目标)；与健身传感器(运 动设备)进行通信；接收健身传感器数据；校准用于监视健身的传感器； 为健身选择和播放音乐；以及显示、存储和传输健身数据。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、一个或多个光学传感器264、光学 传感器控制器258、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232和图像管理模块 244，相机模块243包括用于以下操作的可执行指令：捕获静态图像或视频 (包括视频流)并且将它们存储到存储器202中、修改静态图像或视频的 特征，或从存储器202删除静态图像或视频。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块 232、文本输入模块234和相机模块243，图像管理模块244包括用于以下 操作的可执行指令：排列、修改(例如，编辑)或以其他方式操控、加标 签、删除、展示(例如，在数字幻灯片或相册中)，以及存储静态图像和/ 或视频图像。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232和文本输入模块234，浏览器模块247包括根据用户指 令来浏览互联网(包括搜索、链接至、接收和显示网页或其部分，以及链 接至网页的附件和其他文件)的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234、电子邮件客户端模块240和浏览 器模块247，日历模块248包括用于根据用户指令来创建、显示、修改和存 储日历以及与日历相关联的数据(例如，日历条目、待办事项等)的可执 行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234和浏览器模块247，桌面小程序模 块249是可由用户下载并使用的微型应用程序(例如，天气桌面小程序 249-1、股市桌面小程序249-2、计算器桌面小程序249-3、闹钟桌面小程序 249-4和词典桌面小程序249-5)或由用户创建的微型应用程序(例如，用 户创建的桌面小程序249-6)。在一些实施方案中，桌面小程序包括HTML (超文本标记语言)文件、CSS(层叠样式表)文件和JavaScript文件。在 一些实施方案中，桌面小程序包括XML(可扩展标记语言)文件和 JavaScript文件(例如，Yahoo！桌面小程序)。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234和浏览器模块247，桌面小程序创 建器模块250被用户用于创建桌面小程序(例如，将网页的用户指定部分 转变为桌面小程序)。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 和文本输入模块234，搜索模块251包括用于根据用户指令来搜索存储器 202中的匹配一个或多个搜索条件(例如，一个或多个用户指定的搜索词) 的文本、音乐、声音、图像、视频和/或其他文件的可执行指令。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块 232、音频电路210、扬声器211、RF电路208和浏览器模块247，视频和 音乐播放器模块252包括允许用户下载和回放以一种或多种文件格式(诸 如，MP3或AAC文件)存储的所录制的音乐和其他声音文件的可执行指 令，以及用于显示、展示或以其他方式回放视频(例如，在触摸屏212上 或在经由外部端口224连接的外部显示器上)的可执行指令。在一些实施 方案中，设备200任选地包括MP3播放器，诸如iPod(Apple Inc.的商标) 的功能性。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 和文本输入模块234，记事本模块253包括用于根据用户指令来创建和管理 记事本、待办事项等的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234、GPS模块235和浏览器模块247， 地图模块254用于根据用户指令接收、显示、修改和存储地图以及与地图 相关联的数据(例如，驾驶方向、与特定位置处或附近的商店及其他兴趣 点有关的数据，以及其他基于位置的数据)。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块 232、音频电路210、扬声器211、RF电路208、文本输入模块234、电子 邮件客户端模块240和浏览器模块247，在线视频模块255包括允许用户访 问、浏览、接收(例如，通过流式传输和/或下载)、回放(例如，在触摸 屏上或在经由外部端口224连接的外部显示器上)、发送具有至特定在线视频的链接的电子邮件，以及以其他方式管理一种或多种文件格式(诸 如，H.264)的在线视频的指令。在一些实施方案中，使用即时消息模块 241而不是电子邮件客户端模块240来发送至特定在线视频的链接。在线视 频应用程序的其他描述可在于2007年6月20日提交的名称为“Portable Multifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface forPlaying Online Videos”的美国临时专利申请60/936,562和于2007年12月31日提交的名称为“Portable Multifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface forPlaying Online Videos”的美国专利申请11/968,067中找到，这两个专利申 请的内容据此全文以引用方式并入本文。
上述模块和应用程序中的每一者与用于执行上文描述的一种或多种功 能以及在本申请中描述的方法(例如，本文所述的计算机实现的方法和其 他信息处理方法)的一组可执行指令对应。这些模块(例如，指令集)不 必被实现为独立的软件程序、过程或模块，并因此在各种实施方案中可组 合或以其他方式重新布置这些模块的各种子集。例如，视频播放器模块可 与音乐播放器模块组合成单个模块(例如，图2A中的视频和音乐播放器模 块252)。在一些实施方案中，存储器202存储上述模块和数据结构的子 组。此外，存储器202存储上文未描述的另外的模块和数据结构。
在一些实施方案中，设备200是唯一地通过触摸屏和/或触控板来执行 其上预定义的一组功能的操作的设备。通过使用触摸屏和/或触控板作为用 于设备200的操作的主要输入控制设备，减少设备200上的物理输入控制 设备(诸如下压按钮、拨盘等)的数量。
唯一地通过触摸屏和/或触控板执行的该预定义的一组功能任选地包括 用户界面之间的导航。在一些实施方案中，该触控板当被用户触摸时将设 备200从显示在设备200上的任何用户界面导航到主菜单、home菜单或根 菜单。在此类实施方案中，使用触摸板来实现“菜单按钮”。在一些其他 实施方案中，菜单按钮是物理下压按钮或者其他物理输入控制设备，而不 是触摸板。
图2B是示出根据一些实施方案的用于事件处理的示例性部件的框图。 在一些实施方案中，存储器202(图2A)或存储器470(图4)包括事件分 类器270(例如，在操作系统226中)以及相应的应用程序236-1(例如， 前述应用程序237至251、255、480至490中的任一个应用程序)。
事件分类器270接收事件信息并确定要将事件信息递送到的应用程序 236-1和应用程序236-1的应用程序视图291。事件分类器270包括事件监 视器271和事件分配器模块274。在一些实施方案中，应用程序236-1包括 应用程序内部状态292，该应用程序内部状态指示当应用程序是活动的或正 在执行时被显示在触敏显示器212上的当前应用程序视图。在一些实施方 案中，设备/全局内部状态257被事件分类器270用于确定哪个(哪些)应 用程序当前是活动的，并且应用程序内部状态292被事件分类器270用于 确定要将事件信息递送到的应用程序视图291。
在一些实施方案中，应用程序内部状态292包括另外的信息，诸如以 下各项中的一者或多者：当应用程序236-1恢复执行时将被使用的恢复信 息、指示正被应用程序236-1显示的信息或准备好用于被该应用程序显示的 信息的用户界面状态信息、用于使得用户能够返回到应用程序236-1的前一 状态或视图的状态队列，以及用户采取的先前动作的重复/撤销队列。
事件监视器271从外围设备接口218接收事件信息。事件信息包括关 于子事件(例如，作为多点触摸手势的一部分的触敏显示器212上的用户 触摸)的信息。外围设备接口218传输其从I/O子系统206或传感器诸如接 近传感器266、加速度计268和/或麦克风213(通过音频电路210)接收的 信息。外围设备接口218从I/O子系统206接收的信息包括来自触敏显示器 212或触敏表面的信息。
在一些实施方案中，事件监视器271以预先确定的间隔将请求发送到 外围设备接口218。作为响应，外围设备接口218传输事件信息。在其他实 施方案中，外围设备接口218仅当存在显著事件(例如，接收到高于预先 确定的噪声阈值的输入和/或接收到超过预先确定的持续时间的输入)时才 传输事件信息。
在一些实施方案中，事件分类器270还包括命中视图确定模块272和/ 或活动事件识别器确定模块273。
当触敏显示器212显示多于一个视图时，命中视图确定模块272提供 用于确定子事件已在一个或多个视图内的什么地方发生的软件过程。视图 由用户能够在显示器上看到的控件和其他元素构成。
与应用程序相关联的用户界面的另一方面为一组视图，本文中有时也 称为应用程序视图或用户界面窗口，在其中显示信息并且发生基于触摸的 手势。在其中检测到触摸的(相应应用程序的)应用程序视图对应于应用 程序的程序化分级结构或视图分级结构内的程序化水平。例如，在其中检 测到触摸的最低水平视图被称为命中视图，并且被认为是正确输入的事件 集至少部分地基于初始触摸的命中视图来确定，该初始触摸开始基于触摸 的手势。
命中视图确定模块272接收与基于触摸的手势的子事件相关的信息。 当应用程序具有在分级结构中组织的多个视图时，命中视图确定模块272 将命中视图识别为应对子事件进行处理的分级结构中的最低视图。在大多 数情况下，命中视图是发起子事件(例如，形成事件或潜在事件的子事件 序列中的第一子事件)在其中发生的最低水平视图。一旦命中视图被命中 视图确定模块272识别，命中视图便通常接收与被识别为命中视图的同一 触摸或输入源相关的所有子事件。
活动事件识别器确定模块273确定视图分级结构内的哪个或哪些视图 应当接收特定的子事件序列。在一些实施方案中，活动事件识别器确定模 块273确定仅命中视图才应接收特定子事件序列。在其他实施方案中，活 动事件识别器确定模块273确定包括子事件的物理位置的所有视图都是活 跃参与的视图，并且由此确定所有活跃参与的视图都应接收特定子事件序 列。在其他实施方案中，即使触摸子事件完全被局限到与一个特定视图相 关联的区域，分级结构中的较高视图将仍然保持为活跃参与的视图。
事件分配器模块274将事件信息分配到事件识别器(例如，事件识别 器280)。在包括活动事件识别器确定模块273的实施方案中，事件分配器 模块274将事件信息递送到由活动事件识别器确定模块273确定的事件识 别器。在一些实施方案中，事件分配器模块274在事件队列中存储事件信 息，该事件信息由相应事件接收器282进行检索。
在一些实施方案中，操作系统226包括事件分类器270。另选地，应 用程序236-1包括事件分类器270。在另一个实施方案中，事件分类器270 为独立模块，或者为被存储在存储器202中的另一个模块(诸如接触/运动 模块230)的一部分。
在一些实施方案中，应用程序236-1包括多个事件处理程序290以及 一个或多个应用程序视图291，其中每个应用程序视图包括用于处理发生在 应用程序的用户界面的相应视图内的触摸事件的指令。应用程序236-1的每 个应用程序视图291包括一个或多个事件识别器280。通常，相应应用程序 视图291包括多个事件识别器280。在其他实施方案中，事件识别器280中 的一个或多个事件识别器是独立模块的一部分，该独立模块为诸如用户界 面工具包(未示出)或应用程序236-1从中继承方法和其他属性的较高级别 的对象。在一些实施方案中，相应事件处理程序290包括以下各项中的一 者或多者：数据更新器276、对象更新器277、GUI更新器278和/或从事件 分类器270接收的事件数据279。事件处理程序290利用或调用数据更新器 276、对象更新器277或GUI更新器278来更新应用程序内部状态292。另 选地，应用程序视图291中的一个或多个应用程序视图包括一个或多个相 应的事件处理程序290。另外，在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276、对象 更新器277和GUI更新器278中的一个或多个包括在相应的应用程序视图 291中。
相应的事件识别器280从事件分类器270接收事件信息(例如，事件 数据279)，并且从该事件信息识别事件。事件识别器280包括事件接收器 282和事件比较器284。在一些实施方案中，事件识别器280还包括元数据 283和事件传递指令288(其包括子事件传递指令)的至少一个子集。
事件接收器282从事件分类器270接收事件信息。事件信息包括关于 子事件例如触摸或触摸移动的信息。根据子事件，事件信息还包括附加信 息，诸如子事件的位置。当子事件涉及触摸的运动时，事件信息还包括子 事件的速率和方向。在一些实施方案中，事件包括设备从一个取向旋转到 另一取向(例如，从纵向取向旋转到横向取向，或反之亦然)，并且事件 信息包括关于设备的当前取向(也被称为设备姿态)的对应信息。
事件比较器284将事件信息与预定义的事件或子事件定义进行比较， 并且基于该比较来确定事件或子事件，或者确定或更新事件或子事件的状 态。在一些实施方案中，事件比较器284包括事件定义286。事件定义286 包含事件的定义(例如，预定义的子事件序列)，例如事件1(287-1)、事 件2(287-2)以及其他事件。在一些实施方案中，事件(287)中的子事件包括 例如触摸开始、触摸结束、触摸移动、触摸取消和多点触摸。在一个示例 中，事件1(287-1)的定义是在所显示对象上的双击。例如，双击包括所显 示对象上的预先确定时长的第一次触摸(触摸开始)、预先确定时长的第 一次抬离(触摸结束)、所显示对象上的预先确定时长的第二次触摸(触 摸开始)以及预先确定时长的第二次抬离(触摸结束)。在另一个示例 中，事件2(287-2)的定义是在所显示对象上的拖动。例如，拖动包括所显 示对象上的预先确定时长的触摸(或接触)、触摸在触敏显示器212上的 移动，以及触摸的抬离(触摸结束)。在一些实施方案中，事件还包括用 于一个或多个相关联的事件处理程序290的信息。
在一些实施方案中，事件定义287包括用于相应用户界面对象的事件 的定义。在一些实施方案中，事件比较器284执行命中测试，以确定哪个 用户界面对象与子事件相关联。例如，在触敏显示器212上显示三个用户 界面对象的应用程序视图中，当在触敏显示器212上检测到触摸时，事件 比较器284执行命中测试，以确定这三个用户界面对象中的哪一个用户界 面对象与该触摸(子事件)相关联。如果每个所显示对象与相应的事件处 理程序290相关联，则事件比较器使用该命中测试的结果，以确定哪个事 件处理程序290应当被激活。例如，事件比较器284选择与子事件和触发 该命中测试的对象相关联的事件处理程序。
在一些实施方案中，相应事件(287)的定义还包括延迟动作，该延迟动 作延迟事件信息的递送，直到已经确定子事件序列是对应于还是不对应于 事件识别器的事件类型。
当相应事件识别器280确定子事件串不与事件定义286中的任何事件 匹配时，相应事件识别器280进入事件不可能、事件失败或事件结束状 态，在此之后不理会基于触摸的手势的后续子事件。在这种情况下，对于 命中视图保持活动的其他事件识别器(如果有的话)继续跟踪并处理持续 进行的基于触摸的手势的子事件。
在一些实施方案中，相应事件识别器280包括元数据283，该元数据 具有指示事件递送系统应该如何执行对活跃参与的事件识别器的子事件递 送的可配置属性、标记和/或列表。在一些实施方案中，元数据283包括指 示事件识别器彼此如何交互或如何能够进行交互的可配置属性、标志和/或 列表。在一些实施方案中，元数据283包括指示子事件是否被递送到视图 或程序化分级结构中的不同层级的可配置属性、标志和/或列表。
在一些实施方案中，当事件的一个或多个特定子事件被识别时，相应 事件识别器280激活与事件相关联的事件处理程序290。在一些实施方案 中，相应事件识别器280将与事件相关联的事件信息递送到事件处理程序 290。激活事件处理程序290不同于将子事件发送(和延期发送)到相应命 中视图。在一些实施方案中，事件识别器280发出与所识别的事件相关联 的标志，并且与该标志相关联的事件处理程序290获取该标志并执行预定 义的过程。
在一些实施方案中，事件递送指令288包括递送关于子事件的事件信 息而不激活事件处理程序的子事件递送指令。相反，子事件递送指令将事 件信息递送到与子事件序列相关联的事件处理程序或者递送到活跃参与的 视图。与子事件序列或与活跃参与的视图相关联的事件处理程序接收事件 信息并执行预先确定的过程。
在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276创建和更新在应用程序236-1中 使用的数据。例如，数据更新器276对联系人模块237中所使用的电话号 码进行更新，或者对视频播放器模块中所使用的视频文件进行存储。在一 些实施方案中，对象更新器277创建并更新在应用程序236-1中所使用的对 象。例如，对象更新器277创建新用户界面对象或更新用户界面对象的位 置。GUI更新器278更新GUI。例如，GUI更新器278准备显示信息，并 且将显示信息发送到图形模块232用以显示在触敏显示器上。
在一些实施方案中，事件处理程序290包括数据更新器276、对象更 新器277和GUI更新器278，或具有对该数据更新器、对象更新器和GUI 更新器的访问权限。在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276、对象更新器277 和GUI更新器278被包括在相应应用程序236-1的单个模块或被包括在应 用程序视图291中。在其他实施方案中，它们被包括在两个或更多个软件 模块中。
应当理解，上述关于触敏显示器上的用户触摸的事件处理的讨论还适 用于利用输入设备来操作多功能设备200的其他形式的用户输入，并不是 所有用户输入都是在触摸屏上发起的。例如，任选地与单次或多次键盘按 下或按住协作的鼠标移动和鼠标按钮按下；触控板上的接触移动，诸如轻 击、拖动、滚动等；触笔输入；设备的移动；口头指令；检测到的眼睛移 动；生物特征输入；和/或它们的任何组合任选地被用作对应于限定要识别 的事件的子事件的输入。
图3示出了根据一些实施方案的具有触摸屏212的便携式多功能设备 200。触摸屏任选地在用户界面(UI)300内显示一个或多个图形。在本实施 方案中以及在下文描述的其他实施方案中，用户能够通过例如利用一个或 多个手指302(在附图中没有按比例绘制)或者利用一个或多个触笔303 (在附图中没有按比例绘制)在图形上做出手势来选择这些图形中的一个 或多个图形。在一些实施方案中，当用户中断与一个或多个图形的接触 时，将发生对一个或多个图形的选择。在一些实施方案中，手势任选地包 括一次或多次轻击、一次或多次轻扫(从左向右、从右向左、向上和/或向 下)和/或已与设备200发生接触的手指的滚动(从右向左、从左向右、向 上和/或向下)。在一些具体实施中或在一些情况下，不经意地与图形接触 不会选择图形。例如，当与选择对应的手势是轻击时，在应用程序图标上方扫动的轻扫手势任选地不会选择对应的应用程序。
设备200还包括一个或多个物理按钮，诸如“home”或菜单按钮 304。如前所述，菜单按钮304用于导航到在设备200上执行的一组应用程 序中的任何应用程序236。另选地，在一些实施方案中，菜单按钮被实现为 被显示在触摸屏212上的GUI中的软键。
在一个实施方案中，设备200包括触摸屏212、菜单按钮304、用于使 设备开机/关机和用于锁定设备的下压按钮306、一个或多个音量调节按钮 308、用户身份模块(SIM)卡槽310、耳麦插孔312和对接/充电外部端口 224。下压按钮306任选地用于通过压下该按钮并且将该按钮保持在压下状 态持续预定义的时间间隔来对设备进行开/关机；通过压下该按钮并在该预 定义的时间间隔过去之前释放该按钮来锁定设备；和/或对设备进行解锁或发起解锁过程。在另选的实施方案中，设备200还通过麦克风213接受用 于激活或去激活某些功能的语音输入。设备200还任选地包括用于检测触 摸屏212上的接触的强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器265，和/或用于为 设备200的用户生成触觉输出的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267。
图4是根据一些实施方案的具有显示器和触敏表面的示例性多功能设 备的框图。设备400不必为便携式的。在一些实施方案中，设备400为膝 上型计算机、台式计算机、平板电脑、多媒体播放器设备、导航设备、教 育设备(诸如儿童学习玩具)、游戏系统、或控制设备(例如，家用控制 器或工业用控制器)。设备400通常包括一个或多个处理单元(CPU)410、一个或多个网络或其他通信接口460、存储器470和用于使这些部件互连的 一条或多条通信总线420。通信总线420任选地包括使系统部件互连并且控 制系统部件之间的通信的电路(有时被称为芯片组)。设备400包括具有 显示器440的输入/输出(I/O)接口430，该显示器通常是触摸屏显示器。I/O 接口430还任选地包括键盘和/或鼠标(或其他指向设备)450以及触控板 455、用于在设备400上生成触觉输出的触觉输出发生器457(例如，类似 于以上参考图2A所述的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267)、传感器459 (例如，光学传感器、加速度传感器、接近传感器、触敏传感器，和/或类 似于以上参考图2A所述的一个或多个接触强度传感器265的接触强度传感 器)。存储器470包括高速随机存取存储器，诸如DRAM、SRAM、DDR RAM或其他随机存取固态存储器设备；并且任选地包括非易失性存储器， 诸如一个或多个磁盘存储设备、光盘存储设备、闪存存储器设备或其他非 易失性固态存储设备。存储器470任选地包括远离一个或多个CPU 410定 位的一个或多个存储设备。在一些实施方案中，存储器470存储与便携式 多功能设备200(图2A)的存储器202中存储的程序、模块和数据结构类 似的程序、模块和数据结构或其子集。此外，存储器470任选地存储在便 携式多功能设备200的存储器202中不存在的附加程序、模块和数据结 构。例如，设备400的存储器470任选地存储绘图模块480、呈现模块 482、文字处理模块484、网站创建模块486、盘编辑模块488和/或电子表 格模块490，而便携式多功能设备200(图2A)的存储器202任选地不存储这些模块。
在一些示例中，图4中的上述元件中的每一者均存储在先前提到的存 储器设备中的一者或多者中。上述模块中的每个模块对应于用于执行上述 功能的指令集。上述模块或程序(例如，指令集)不必被实现为独立的软 件程序、过程或模块，因此这些模块的各种子集在各种实施方案中组合或 以其他方式重新布置。在一些实施方案中，存储器470存储上述模块和数 据结构的子组。此外，存储器470存储上文未描述的另外的模块和数据结 构。
现在将注意力转到可在例如便携式多功能设备200上实现的用户界面 的实施方案。
图5A示出了根据一些实施方案的便携式多功能设备200上的应用程序 的菜单的示例性用户界面。类似的用户界面在设备400上实现。在一些实 施方案中，用户界面500包括以下元件或者其子集或超集：
用于一种或多种无线通信(诸如蜂窝信号和Wi-Fi信号)的一个或多 个信号强度指示器502；
●时间504；
●蓝牙指示器505；
●电池状态指示器506；
●具有常用应用程序的图标的托盘508，常用应用程序图标诸如：
○电话模块238的被标记为“电话”的图标516，该图标任选地包 括未接来电或语音留言的数量的指示符514；
○电子邮件客户端模块240的被标记为“邮件”的图标518，该图 标任选地包括未读电子邮件的数量的指示符510；
○浏览器模块247的被标记为“浏览器”的图标520；以及
○视频和音乐播放器模块252(也称为iPod(Apple Inc.的商标)模 块252)的被标记为“iPod”的图标522；以及
●其他应用程序的图标，诸如：
○IM模块241的被标记为“消息”的图标524；
○日历模块248的被标记为“日历”的图标526；
○图像管理模块244的被标记为“照片”的图标528；
○相机模块243的被标记为“相机”的图标530；
○在线视频模块255的被标记为“在线视频”的图标532；
○股市桌面小程序249-2的被标记为“股市”的图标534；
○地图模块254的被标记为“地图”的图标536；
○天气桌面小程序249-1的被标记为“天气”的图标538；
○闹钟桌面小程序249-4的被标记为“时钟”的图标540；
○健身支持模块242的被标记为“健身支持”的图标542；
○记事本模块253的被标记为“记事本”的图标544；以及
○用于设置应用程序或模块的被标记为“设置”的图标546，该图 标提供对设备200及其各种应用程序236的设置的访问。
应当指出的是，图5A中示出的图标标签仅为示例性的。例如，视频 和音乐播放器模块252的图标522任选地被标记为“音乐”或“音乐播放 器”。对于各种应用程序图标任选地使用其他标签。在一些实施方案中， 相应应用程序图标的标签包括与该相应应用程序图标对应的应用程序的名 称。在一些实施方案中，特定应用程序图标的标签不同于与该特定应用程 序图标对应的应用程序的名称。
图5B示出了具有与显示器550(例如，触摸屏显示器212)分开的触 敏表面551(例如，图4的平板或触控板455)的设备(例如，图4的设备 400)上的示例性用户界面。设备400还任选地包括用于检测触敏表面551 上的接触的强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器(例如，传感器457中的一 个或多个传感器)和/或用于为设备400的用户生成触觉输出的一个或多个 触觉输出发生器459。
尽管将参考触摸屏显示器212(其中组合了触敏表面和显示器)上的 输入给出随后的示例中的一些示例，但在一些实施方案中，设备检测与显 示器分开的触敏表面上的输入，如图5B所示。在一些实施方案中，触敏表 面(例如，图5B中的551)具有与显示器(例如，550)上的主轴(例 如，图5B中的553)对应的主轴(例如，图5B中的552)。根据这些实施 方案，设备检测在与显示器上的相应位置对应的位置(例如，在图5B中， 560对应于568并且562对应于570)处的与触敏表面551的接触(例如， 图5B中的560和562)。这样，在触敏表面(例如，图5B中的551)与多 功能设备的显示器(例如，图5B中的550)分开时，由设备在触敏表面上 检测到的用户输入(例如，接触560和562以及它们的移动)被该设备用 于操纵显示器上的用户界面。应当理解，类似的方法任选地用于本文所述 的其他用户界面。
另外，虽然主要是参考手指输入(例如，手指接触、手指轻击手势、 手指轻扫手势)来给出下面的示例，但是应当理解，在一些实施方案中， 这些手指输入中的一个或多个由来自另一个输入设备的输入(例如，基于 鼠标的输入或触笔输入)替换。例如，轻扫手势任选地由鼠标点击(例 如，而不是接触)，之后是光标沿着轻扫的路径的移动(例如，而不是接触的移动)替代。又如，轻击手势任选地由在光标位于轻击手势的位置上 方时的鼠标点击(例如，代替对接触的检测，之后是停止检测接触)替 代。类似地，当同时检测到多个用户输入时，应当理解的是，多个计算机 鼠标任选地被同时使用，或鼠标和手指接触任选地被同时使用。
图6A示出了示例性个人电子设备600。设备600包括主体602。在一 些实施方案中，设备600包括相对于设备200和400(例如，图2A-图4) 所述的特征中的一些或全部特征。在一些实施方案中，设备600具有在下 文中称为触摸屏604的触敏显示屏604。作为触摸屏604的替代或补充，设 备600具有显示器和触敏表面。与设备200和400的情况一样，在一些实施方案中，触摸屏604(或触敏表面)具有用于检测正在施加的接触(例 如，触摸)的强度的一个或多个强度传感器。触摸屏604(或触敏表面)的 一个或多个强度传感器提供表示触摸的强度的输出数据。设备600的用户 界面基于触摸强度来对触摸作出响应，这意味着不同强度的触摸可调用设 备600上的不同的用户界面操作。
用于检测和处理触摸强度的技术可例如在以下相关申请中找到：于 2013年5月8日提交的名称为“Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Displaying UserInterface Objects Corresponding to an Application”的国际 专利申请序列号PCT/US2013/040061，以及于2013年11月11日提交的名 称为“Device,Method,and GraphicalUser Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display OutputRelationships”的国际专利申请序列号 PCT/US2013/069483，这两个专利申请中的每个专利申请据此全文以引用方 式并入。
在一些实施方案中，设备600具有一个或多个输入机构606和608。输 入机构606和608(如果包括的话)是物理形式的。物理输入机构的示例包 括下压按钮和可旋转机构。在一些实施方案中，设备600具有一个或多个 附接机构。此类附接机构(如果包括的话)可允许将设备600与例如帽 子、眼镜、耳环、项链、衬衣、夹克、手镯、表带、手链、裤子、皮带、 鞋子、钱包、背包等附接。这些附接机构允许用户穿戴设备600。
图6B描绘了示例性个人电子设备600。在一些实施方案中，设备600 包括相对于图2A、图2B和图4所述的部件中的一些或全部部件。设备600 具有总线612，该总线将I/O部分614与一个或多个计算机处理器616和存 储器618操作性地耦接。I/O部分614被连接到显示器604，该显示器可具 有触敏部件622并且任选地还具有触摸强度敏感部件624。此外，I/O部分 614与通信单元630连接，以用于使用Wi-Fi、蓝牙、近场通信(NFC)、蜂 窝和/或其他无线通信技术来接收应用程序和操作系统数据。设备600包括 输入机构606和/或608。例如，输入机构606是可旋转输入设备或者可按 压输入设备以及可旋转输入设备。在一些示例中，输入机构608是按钮。
在一些示例中，输入机构608为麦克风。个人电子设备600包括例如 各种传感器，诸如GPS传感器632、加速度计634、定向传感器640(例 如，罗盘)、陀螺仪636、运动传感器638和/或它们的组合，所有这些设 备均可操作性连接到I/O部分614。
个人电子设备600的存储器618为用于存储计算机可执行指令的非暂 态计算机可读存储介质，该指令当由一个或多个计算机处理器616执行时 例如使得计算机处理器执行下述技术和过程。该计算机可执行指令也例如 在任何非暂态计算机可读存储介质内进行存储和/或传送，以供指令执行系 统、装置或设备诸如基于计算机的系统、包含处理器的系统或可从指令执 行系统、装置或设备获取指令并执行指令的其他系统使用或与其结合。个人电子设备600不限于图6B的部件和配置，而是可包括多种配置的其他部 件或附加部件。
如本文所用，术语“示能表示”是指例如在设备200、400和/或600 (图2A、图3、图4和图6A至图6B)的显示屏上显示的用户交互式图形 用户界面对象。例如，图像(例如，图标)、按钮和文本(例如，超链 接)各自构成示能表示。
如本文所用，术语“焦点选择器”是指指示用户界面中用户正与之进 行交互的当前部分的输入元件。在包括光标或其他位置标记的一些具体实 施中，光标充当“焦点选择器”，使得当光标在特定用户界面元素(例 如，按钮、窗口、滑块或其他用户界面元素)上方时在触敏表面(例如， 图4中的触摸板455或图5B中的触敏表面551)上检测到输入(例如，按压输入)的情况下，该特定用户界面元素根据所检测到的输入而被调节。 在包括能够实现与触摸屏显示器上的用户界面元素的直接交互的触摸屏显 示器(例如，图2A中的触敏显示器系统212或图5A中的触摸屏212)的 一些具体实施中，触摸屏上的所检测到的接触充当“焦点选择器”，使得 当在触摸屏显示器上在特定用户界面元素(例如，按钮、窗口、滑块或其 他用户界面元素)的位置处检测到输入(例如，由接触进行的按压输入) 时，该特定用户界面元素根据所检测到的输入而被调节。在一些具体实施 中，焦点从用户界面的一个区域移动到用户界面的另一个区域，而无需光 标的对应移动或触摸屏显示器上的接触的移动(例如，通过使用制表键或 箭头键将焦点从一个按钮移动到另一个按钮)；在这些具体实施中，焦点 选择器根据焦点在用户界面的不同区域之间的移动而移动。不考虑焦点选 择器所采取的具体形式，焦点选择器通常是由用户控制的以便递送与用户 界面的用户预期的交互(例如，通过向设备指示用户界面的用户期望与其 进行交互的元素)的用户界面元素(或触摸屏显示器上的接触)。例如， 在触敏表面(例如，触摸板或触摸屏)上检测到按压输入时，焦点选择器 (例如，光标、接触或选择框)在相应按钮上方的位置将指示用户期望激活相应按钮(而不是设备显示器上示出的其他用户界面元素)。
如说明书和权利要求中所使用的那样，接触的“特征强度”这一术语 是指基于接触的一个或多个强度的接触的特征。在一些实施方案中，特征 强度基于多个强度样本。特征强度任选地基于相对于预定义事件(例如， 在检测到接触之后，在检测到接触抬离之前，在检测到接触开始移动之前 或之后，在检测到接触结束之前，在检测到接触的强度增大之前或之后和/ 或在检测到接触的强度减小之前或之后)而言在预先确定的时间段(例 如，0.05秒、0.1秒、0.2秒、0.5秒、1秒、2秒、5秒、10秒)期间采集的 预定义数量的强度样本或一组强度样本。接触的特征强度任选地基于以下 各项中的一者或多者：接触强度的最大值、接触强度的均值、接触强度的 平均值、接触强度的前10％处的值、接触强度的半最大值、接触强度的 90％最大值等。在一些实施方案中，在确定特征强度时使用接触的持续时 间(例如，在特征强度是接触的强度在时间上的平均值时)。在一些实施 方案中，将特征强度与一组一个或多个强度阈值进行比较，以确定用户是 否已执行操作。例如，该组一个或多个强度阈值包括第一强度阈值和第二 强度阈值。在该示例中，特征强度未超过第一阈值的接触导致第一操作， 特征强度超过第一强度阈值但未超过第二强度阈值的接触导致第二操作，而特征强度超过第二阈值的接触导致第三操作。在一些实施方案中，使用 特征强度与一个或多个阈值之间的比较来确定是否要执行一个或多个操作 (例如，是执行相应操作还是放弃执行相应操作)，而不是用于确定执行 第一操作还是第二操作。
在一些实施方案中，识别手势的一部分以用于确定特征强度。例如， 触敏表面接收连续的轻扫接触，该连续的轻扫接触从起始位置过渡并到达 结束位置，在该结束位置处，接触的强度增加。在该示例中，接触在结束 位置处的特征强度仅基于连续轻扫接触的一部分，而不是整个轻扫接触 (例如，仅轻扫接触在结束位置处的部分)。在一些实施方案中，在确定 接触的特征强度之前向轻扫手势的强度应用平滑化算法。例如，平滑化算 法任选地包括以下各项中的一种或多种：不加权滑动平均平滑化算法、三 角平滑化算法、中值滤波器平滑化算法和/或指数平滑化算法。在一些情况 下，这些平滑化算法消除了轻扫接触的强度中的窄的尖峰或凹陷，以实现 确定特征强度的目的。
相对于一个或多个强度阈值(诸如，接触检测强度阈值、轻按压强度 阈值、深按压强度阈值和/或一个或多个其他强度阈值)来表征触敏表面上 的接触的强度。在一些实施方案中，轻按压强度阈值对应于这样的强度： 在该强度下设备将执行通常与点击物理鼠标或触摸板的按钮相关联的操 作。在一些实施方案中，深按压强度阈值对应于这样的强度：在该强度下 设备将执行与通常与点击物理鼠标或触控板的按钮相关联的操作不同的操作。在一些实施方案中，当检测到特征强度低于轻按压强度阈值(例如， 并且高于标称接触检测强度阈值，比标称接触检测强度阈值低的接触不再 被检测到)的接触时，设备将根据接触在触敏表面上的移动来移动焦点选 择器，而不执行与轻按压强度阈值或深按压强度阈值相关联的操作。一般 来讲，除非另有陈述，否则这些强度阈值在不同组的用户界面附图之间是 一致的。
接触的特征强度从低于轻按压强度阈值的强度增大到介于轻按压强度 阈值与深按压强度阈值之间的强度有时被称为“轻按压”输入。接触特征 强度从低于深按压强度阈值的强度增大到高于深按压强度阈值的强度有时 被称为“深按压”输入。接触特征强度从低于接触检测强度阈值的强度增 大到介于接触检测强度阈值与轻按压强度阈值之间的强度有时被称为检测 到触摸表面上的接触。接触特征强度从高于接触检测强度阈值的强度减小 到低于接触检测强度阈值的强度有时被称为检测到接触从触摸表面抬离。 在一些实施方案中，接触检测强度阈值为零。在一些实施方案中，接触检 测强度阈值大于零。
在本文所述的一些实施方案中，响应于检测到包括相应按压输入的手 势或响应于检测到利用相应接触(或多个接触)执行的相应按压输入来执 行一个或多个操作，其中至少部分地基于检测到该接触(或多个接触)的 强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值而检测到相应按压输入。在一些实施方 案中，响应于检测到相应接触的强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值(例 如，相应按压输入的“向下冲程”)来执行相应操作。在一些实施方案 中，按压输入包括相应接触的强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值以及该接 触的强度随后减小到低于按压输入强度阈值，并且响应于检测到相应接触 的强度随后减小到低于按压输入阈值(例如，相应按压输入的“向上冲 程”)来执行相应操作。
在一些实施方案中，设备采用强度滞后以避免有时被称为“抖动”的 意外输入，其中设备限定或选择与按压输入强度阈值具有预定义关系的滞 后强度阈值(例如，滞后强度阈值比按压输入强度阈值低X个强度单位， 或者滞后强度阈值为按压输入强度阈值的75％、90％或某个合理比例)。 因此，在一些实施方案中，按压输入包括相应接触的强度增大到高于按压 输入强度阈值以及该接触的强度随后减小到低于对应于按压输入强度阈值的滞后强度阈值，并且响应于检测到相应接触的强度随后减小到低于滞后 强度阈值(例如，相应按压输入的“向上冲程”)来执行相应操作。类似 地，在一些实施方案中，仅在设备检测到接触强度从等于或低于滞后强度 阈值的强度增大到等于或高于按压输入强度阈值的强度并且任选地接触强 度随后减小到等于或低于滞后强度的强度时才检测到按压输入，并且响应 于检测到按压输入(例如，根据环境，接触强度增大或接触强度减小)来 执行相应操作。
为了便于解释，任选地，响应于检测到以下各种情况中的任一种情况 而触发对响应于与按压输入强度阈值相关联的按压输入或响应于包括按压 输入的手势而执行的操作的描述：接触的强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈 值、接触的强度从低于滞后强度阈值的强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值 的强度、接触的强度减小到低于按压输入强度阈值和/或接触的强度减小到 低于与按压输入强度阈值对应的滞后强度阈值。另外，在将操作描述为响 应于检测到接触的强度减小到低于按压输入强度阈值而执行的示例中，任 选地响应于检测到接触的强度减小到低于对应于并且小于按压输入强度阈 值的滞后强度阈值来执行操作。
3.数字助理系统
图7A示出了根据各种示例的数字助理系统700的框图。在一些示例 中，数字助理系统700在独立式计算机系统上实现。在一些示例中，数字 助理系统700跨多个计算机分布。在一些示例中，数字助理的模块和功能 中的一些被划分成服务器部分和客户端部分，其中客户端部分位于一个或 多个用户设备(例如，设备104、设备122、设备200、设备400或设备 600)上并通过一个或多个网络与服务器部分(例如，服务器系统108)通 信，例如，如图1中所示。在一些示例中，数字助理系统700是图1中所 示的服务器系统108(和/或DA服务器106)的具体实施。应当指出，数字 助理系统700仅为数字助理系统的一个示例，且该数字助理系统700具有 比所示更多或更少的部件、组合两个或更多个部件，或者可具有部件的不 同配置或布局。图7A中所示的各种部件在硬件、用于由一个或多个处理器 执行的软件指令、固件(包括一个或多个信号处理集成电路和/或专用集成 电路)，或它们的组合中实现。
数字助理系统700包括存储器702、一个或多个处理器704、输入/输 出(I/O)接口706以及网络通信接口708。这些部件可通过一条或多条通信总 线或信号线710彼此通信。
在一些示例中，存储器702包括非暂态计算机可读介质，诸如高速随 机存取存储器和/或非易失性计算机可读存储介质(例如，一个或多个磁盘 存储设备、闪存存储器设备或其他非易失性固态存储器设备)。
在一些示例中，I/O接口706将数字助理系统700的输入/输出设备716 (诸如，显示器、键盘、触摸屏和麦克风)耦接到用户界面模块722。I/O 接口706，与用户界面模块722结合，接收用户输入(例如，语音输入、键 盘输入、触摸输入等)并相应地对这些输入进行处理。在一些示例中，例 如，当数字助理在独立式用户设备上实现时，数字助理系统700包括相对 于图2A、图4、图6A至图6B中各自的设备200、设备400或设备600所 描述的部件和I/O通信接口中的任一者。在一些示例中，数字助理系统700 代表数字助理具体实施的服务器部分，并且可通过位于用户设备(例如， 设备104、设备200、设备400或设备600)上的客户端侧部分与用户进行 交互。
在一些示例中，网络通信接口708包括一个或多个有线通信端口712 以及/或者无线传输和接收电路714。一个或多个有线通信端口经由一个或 多个有线接口例如以太网、通用串行总线(USB)、火线等接收和发送通信信 号。无线电路714从通信网络及其他通信设备接收RF信号和/或光学信号 以及将RF信号和/或光学信号发送至通信网络及其他通信设备。无线通信 使用多种通信标准、协议和技术中的任一种，诸如GSM、EDGE、 CDMA、TDMA、蓝牙、Wi-Fi、VoIP、Wi-MAX、或任何其他合适的通信 协议。网络通信接口708使数字助理系统700通过网络，诸如互联网、内 联网和/或无线网络诸如蜂窝电话网络、无线局域网(LAN)和/或城域网 (MAN)，与其他设备之间的通信成为可能。
在一些示例中，存储器702或存储器702的计算机可读存储介质存储 程序、模块、指令和数据结构，其包括以下内容中的全部或其子集：操作 系统718、通信模块720、用户界面模块722、一个或多个应用程序724和 数字助理模块726。具体地讲，存储器702或存储器702的计算机可读存储 介质存储用于执行上述过程的指令。一个或多个处理器704执行这些程 序、模块和指令，并从数据结构读取数据或将数据写到数据结构。
操作系统718(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、iOS、OS X、WINDOWS或嵌入式操作系统诸如VxWorks)包括用于控制和管理一 般系统任务(例如，存储器管理、存储设备控制、电源管理等)的各种软 件部件和/或驱动器，并且促进各种硬件、固件和软件部件之间的通信。
通信模块720促进数字助理系统700与其他设备之间通过网络通信接 口708进行的通信。例如，通信模块720与电子设备诸如分别在图2A、图 4、图6A至图6B中所示的设备200,400或600的RF电路208通信。通信 模块720还包括各种部件，用于处理由无线电路714和/或有线通信端口 712所接收的数据。
用户界面模块722经由I/O接口706接收来自用户(例如，来自键 盘、触摸屏、指向设备、控制器和/或麦克风)的命令和/或输入，并且在显 示器上生成用户界面对象。用户界面模块722还准备输出(例如，语音、声 音、动画、文本、图标、振动、触觉反馈、光照等)并将其经由I/O接口 706(例如，通过显示器、音频通道、扬声器、触控板等)传送给用户。
应用程序724包括被配置为由一个或多个处理器704执行的程序和/或 模块。例如，如果数字助理系统在独立式用户设备上实施，则应用程序724 包括用户应用程序，诸如游戏、日历应用程序、导航应用程序或邮件应用 程序。如果数字助理系统700在服务器上实现，则应用程序724包括例如 资源管理应用程序、诊断应用程序、或调度应用程序。
存储器702还存储数字助理模块726(或数字助理的服务器部分)。 在一些示例中，数字助理模块726包括以下子模块或者其子集或超集：输 入/输出处理模块728、语音转文本(STT)处理模块730、自然语言处理模块 732、对话流处理模块734、任务流处理模块736、服务处理模块738和语 音合成处理模块740。这些模块中的每一者均具有对以下数字助理模块726 的系统或数据与模型中的一者或多者或者其子集或超集的访问权限：知识 本体760、词汇索引744、用户数据748、任务流模型754、服务模型756 和ASR系统758。
在一些示例中，使用在数字助理模块726中实现的处理模块、数据和 模型，数字助理可执行以下中的至少一些：将语音输入转换为文本；识别 在从用户接收的自然语言输入中表达的用户意图；主动引出并获得完全推 断用户意图所需的信息(例如，通过消除字词、姓名、意图的歧义等)； 确定用于满足推断出的意图的任务流；以及执行该任务流以满足推断出的 意图。
在一些示例中，如图7B所示，I/O处理模块728可通过图7A中的I/O 设备716与用户进行交互或者通过图7A中的网络通信接口708与用户设备 (例如，设备104、200、400或600)进行交互，以获取用户输入(例如， 语音输入)并提供对用户输入的响应(例如，作为语音输出)。I/O处理模 块728随同接收到用户输入一起或在接收到用户输入之后不久任选地获得与来自用户设备的用户输入相关联的上下文信息。上下文信息包括特定于 用户的数据、词汇，和/或与用户输入相关的偏好。在一些示例中，该上下 文信息还包括在接收到用户请求时的用户设备的软件状态和硬件状态，和/ 或在接收到用户请求时与用户的周围环境相关的信息。在一些示例中，I/O 处理模块728还向用户发送与用户请求有关的跟进问题，并从用户接收回 答。在用户请求被I/O处理模块728接收且用户请求包括语音输入时，I/O 处理模块728将语音输入转发至STT处理模块730(或语音识别器)以进 行语音文本转换。
STT处理模块730包括一个或多个ASR系统758。该一个或多个ASR 系统758可处理通过I/O处理模块728接收到的言语输入，以产生识别结 果。每个ASR系统758可包括前端言语预处理器。前端语音预处理器从语 音输入中提取代表性特征。例如，前端语音预处理器对语音输入执行傅里 叶变换，以提取表征语音输入的光谱特征作为代表性多维向量的序列。另 外，每个ASR系统758包括一个或多个言语识别模型(例如，声学模型和/ 或语言模型)并且实现一个或多个言语识别引擎。语音识别模型的示例包 括隐马尔可夫模型、高斯混合模型、深层神经网络模型、n元语言模型以及 其他统计模型。语音识别引擎的示例包括基于动态时间规整的引擎和基于 加权有限状态变换器(WFST)的引擎。使用一个或多个语音识别模型和一个 或多个语音识别引擎来处理前端语音预处理器的所提取的代表性特征以产 生中间识别结果(例如，音素、音素串和子字词)，并且最终产生文本识 别结果(例如，字词、字词串、或符号序列)。在一些示例中，语音输入 至少部分地由第三方服务处理或在用户的设备(例如，设备104、设备 200、设备400或设备600)上处理，以产生识别结果。一旦STT处理模块 730产生包含文本串(例如，字词，或字词的序列，或符号序列)的识别结 果，识别结果即被传送至自然语言处理模块732以供意图推断。在一些示 例中，STT处理模块730产生言语输入的多个候选文本表示。每个候选文 本表示是与语音输入对应的字词或符号的序列。在一些示例中，每个候选 文本表示与言语识别置信度得分相关联。基于语音识别置信度得分，STT 处理模块730对候选文本表示进行排序并将n个最佳(例如，n个排名最高)候选文本表示提供给自然语言处理模块732以供意图推断，其中n为 大于零的预先确定的整数。例如，在一个示例中，仅将排名最高的(n＝1)候 选文本表示递送至自然语言处理模块732以供意图推断。又如，将5个排 名最高的(n＝5)候选文本表示传递给自然语言处理模块732以供意图推断。
有关语音转文本处理的更多细节在于2011年9月20日提交的名称为“Consolidating Speech Recognition Results”的美国实用新型专利申请序列 号13/236,942中有所描述，其全部公开内容以引用方式并入本文。
在一些示例中，STT处理模块730包括可识别字词的词汇并且/或者经 由语音字母转换模块731访问该词汇。每个词汇字词与语音识别语音字母 表中表示的字词的一个或多个候选发音相关联。具体地讲，可识别字词的 词汇包括与多个候选发音相关联的字词。例如，该词汇包括与
Figure BDA0001938282320000421
和
Figure BDA0001938282320000422
的候选发音相关联的字词“tomato”。另外，词汇字词与基于来 自用户的先前语音输入的自定义候选发音相关联。此类自定义候选发音存 储在STT处理模块730中，并且经由设备上的用户配置文件与特定用户相 关联。在一些示例中，字词的候选发音基于字词的拼写以及一个或多个语 言学和/或语音学规则确定。在一些示例中，候选发音手动生成，例如，基 于已知的标准发音而手动生成。
在一些示例中，基于候选发音的普遍性来对候选发音进行排名。例 如，候选语音
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000014
的排序高于
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000015
因为前者是更常用的发音 (例如，在所有用户中，对于特定地理区域的用户而言，或者对于任何其 他合适的用户子集而言)。在一些示例中，基于候选发音是否为与用户相 关联的自定义候选发音来对候选发音进行排序。例如，自定义候选发音的 排名高于标准候选发音。这可用于识别具有偏离规范发音的独特发音的专 有名词。在一些示例中，候选发音与一个或多个语音特征(诸如地理起 源、或国家)相关联。例如，候选发音
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000016
与美国相关联，而候选发 音
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000011
与英国相关联。此外，候选发音的排序基于存储在设备上的用 户配置文件中的用户的一个或多个特征(例如，地理起源、国家等)。例 如，可从用户配置文件确定该用户与美国相关联。基于用户与美国相关联，候选发音
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000021
(与美国相关联)可比候选发音
Figure RE-GDA0003951760470000022
(与英 国相关联)排名更高。在一些示例中，经排序的候选发音中的一个可被选 作预测发音(例如，最可能的发音)。
当接收到语音输入时，STT处理模块730被用来(例如，使用声音模 型)确定对应于该语音输入的音素，然后尝试(例如，使用语言模型)确 定匹配该音素的字词。例如，如果STT处理模块730首先识别对应于该语 音输入的一部分的音素序列
Figure BDA0001938282320000434
那么它随后可基于词汇索引744确 定该序列对应于字词“tomato”。
在一些示例中，STT处理模块730使用模糊匹配技术来确定话语中的 字词。因此，例如，STT处理模块730确定音素序列
Figure BDA0001938282320000435
对应于字词 “tomato”，即使该特定音素序列不是该字词的候选音素序列。
数字助理的自然语言处理模块732(“自然语言处理器”)获取由 STT处理模块730生成的n个最佳候选文本表示(“字词序列”或“符号 序列”)，并且尝试将每个候选文本表示与由数字助理所识别的一个或多 个“可执行意图”相关联。“可执行意图”(或“用户意图”)表示可由 数字助理执行并且可具有在任务流模型754中实现的相关联的任务流的任 务。相关联任务流是数字助理为了执行任务而采取的一系列经编程的动作 和步骤。数字助理的能力范围取决于已在任务流模型754中实现并存储的 任务流的数量和种类，或换言之，取决于数字助理所识别的“可执行意 图”的数量和种类。然而，数字助理的有效性还取决于助理从以自然语言 表达的用户请求中推断出正确的“一个或多个可执行意图”的能力。
在一些示例中，除从STT处理模块730获取的字词或符号的序列之 外，自然语言处理模块732还例如从I/O处理模块728接收与用户请求相关 联的上下文信息。自然语言处理模块732任选地使用上下文信息来明确、 补充和/或进一步限定在从STT处理模块730接收的候选文本表示中包含的 信息。上下文信息包括例如用户偏好，用户设备的硬件和/或软件状态，在 用户请求之前、期间或之后不久收集的传感器信息，数字助理与用户之间 的先前交互(例如，对话)，等等。如本文所述，在一些示例中，上下文 信息是动态的，并且随对话的时间、位置、内容、以及其他因素而变化。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理基于例如知识本体760。知识本体760 为包含许多节点的分级结构，每个节点表示“可执行意图”或与“可执行 意图”或其他“属性”中的一者或多者相关的“属性”。如上所述，“可 执行意图”表示数字助理能够执行的任务，即，该任务为“可执行的”或 可被进行的。“属性”代表与可执行意图或另一属性的子方面相关联的参数。知识本体760中可执行意图节点与属性节点之间的连接定义由属性节 点表示的参数如何从属于由可执行意图节点表示的任务。
在一些示例中，知识本体760由可执行意图节点和属性节点组成。在 知识本体760内，每个可执行意图节点直接连接至或通过一个或多个中间 属性节点连接至一个或多个属性节点。类似地，每个属性节点直接连接至 或通过一个或多个中间属性节点连接至一个或多个可执行意图节点。例 如，如图7C所示，知识本体760包括“餐厅预订”节点(即，可执行意图 节点)。属性节点“餐厅”、“日期/时间”(针对预订)和“派对人数”均 直接连接至可执行意图节点(即，“餐厅预订”节点)。
此外，属性节点“菜系”、“价格范围”、“电话号码”和“位置” 是属性节点“餐厅”的子节点，并且各自通过中间属性节点“餐厅”链接 至“餐厅预订”节点(即，可执行意图节点)。又如，如图7C所示，知识 本体760还包括“设定提醒”节点(即，另一个可执行意图节点)。属性节点 “日期/时间”(针对设定提醒)和“主题”(针对提醒)均连接至“设定 提醒”节点。由于属性“日期/时间”与进行餐厅预订的任务和设定提醒的 任务二者相关，因此属性节点“日期/时间”连接至知识本体760中的“餐 厅预订”节点和“设定提醒”节点二者。
可执行意图节点连同其链接的属性节点一起被描述为“域”。在本讨 论中，每个域与相应的可执行意图相关联，并涉及与特定可执行意图相关 联的一组节点(以及这些节点之间的关系)。例如，图7C中示出的知识本 体760包括在知识本体760内的餐厅预订域762的示例以及提醒域764的 示例。餐厅预订域包括可执行意图节点“餐厅预订”、属性节点“餐厅”、“日期/时间”和“派对人数”以及子属性节点“菜系”、“价格范 围”、“电话号码”和“位置”。提醒域764包括可执行意图节点“设定 提醒”和属性节点“主题”和“日期/时间”。在一些示例中，知识本体 760由多个域组成。每个域与一个或多个其他域共享一个或多个属性节点。 例如，除了餐厅预订域762和提醒域764之外，“日期/时间”属性节点还 与许多不同域(例如，行程安排域、旅行预订域、电影票域等)相关联。
虽然图7C示出了知识本体760内的两个示例域，但其他域包括例如 “查找电影”、“发起电话呼叫”、“查找方向”、“安排会议”、“发 送消息”以及“提供问题的回答”、“阅读列表”、“提供导航指令”、 “提供针对任务的指令”等。“发送消息”域与“发送消息”可执行意图节点相关联，并且进一步包括属性节点诸如“一个或多个接收人”、“消 息类型”和“消息正文”。属性节点“接收人”进一步例如由子属性节点 诸如“接收人姓名”和“消息地址”来限定。
在一些示例中，知识本体760包括数字助理能够理解并对其起作用的 所有域(因而包括可执行意图)。在一些示例中，知识本体760诸如通过 添加或移除整个域或节点，或者通过修改知识本体760内的节点之间的关 系进行修改。
在一些示例中，将与多个相关可执行意图相关联的节点群集在知识本 体760中的“超级域”下。例如，“旅行”超级域包括与旅行相关的属性 节点和可执行意图节点的群集。与旅行相关的可执行意图节点包括“机票 预订”、“酒店预订”、“汽车租赁”、“获取路线”、“寻找兴趣 点”，等等。同一超级域(例如，“旅行”超级域)下的可执行意图节点 具有多个共用的属性节点。例如，针对“机票预订”、“酒店预订”、 “汽车租赁”、“路线规划”和“寻找感兴趣的点”的可执行意图节点共 享属性节点“起始位置”、“目的地”、“出发日期/时间”、“到达日期/ 时间”和“派对人数”中的一者或多者。
在一些示例中，知识本体760中的每个节点与和由节点表示的属性或 可执行意图相关的一组字词和/或短语相关联。与每个节点相关联的相应组 的字词和/或短语是所谓的与节点相关联的“词汇”。将与每个节点相关联 的相应组的字词和/或短语存储在与由节点所代表的属性或可执行意图相关 联的词汇索引744中。例如，返回图7B，与“餐厅”属性的节点相关联的 词汇包括字词诸如“美食”、“酒水”、“菜系”、“饥饿”、“吃”、 “披萨”、“快餐”、“膳食”等。又如，与“发起电话呼叫”可执行意 图的节点相关联的词汇包括字词和短语诸如“呼叫”、“打电话”、“拨 打”、“与……通电话”、“呼叫该号码”、“打电话给”等。词汇索引 744任选地包括不同语言的字词和短语。
自然语言处理模块732接收来自STT处理模块730的候选文本表示 (例如，一个或多个文本字符串或一个或多个符号序列)，并且针对每个 候选表示，确定候选文本表示中的字词涉及哪些节点。在一些示例中，如 果发现候选文本表示中的字词或短语(经由词汇索引744)与知识本体760 中的一个或多个节点相关联，则所述字词或短语“触发”或“激活”这些 节点。基于已激活节点的数量和/或相对重要性，自然语言处理模块732选 择可执行意图中的一个可执行意图作为用户意图使数字助理执行的任务。 在一些示例中，选择具有最多“已触发”节点的域。在一些示例中，选择 具有最高置信度(例如，基于其各个已触发节点的相对重要性)的域。在 一些示例中，基于已触发节点的数量和重要性的组合来选择域。在一些示 例中，在选择节点的过程中还考虑附加因素，诸如数字助理先前是否已正 确解译来自用户的类似请求。
用户数据748包括特定于用户的信息，诸如特定于用户的词汇、用户 偏好、用户地址、用户的默认语言和第二语言、用户的联系人列表以及每 位用户的其他短期或长期信息。在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732使 用特定于用户的信息来补充用户输入中所包含的信息以进一步限定用户意 图。例如，针对用户请求“邀请我的朋友参加我的生日派对”，自然语言 处理模块732能够访问用户数据748以确定“朋友”是哪些人以及“生日 派对”将于何时何地举行，而不需要用户在其请求中明确地提供此类信 息。
应当认识到，在一些示例中，利用一个或多个机器学习机构(例如， 神经网络)来实现自然语言处理模块732。具体地，一个或多个机器学习机 构被配置为接收候选文本表示和与候选文本表示相关联的上下文信息。基 于候选文本表示和相关联的上下文信息，一个或多个机器学习机构被配置 为基于一组候选可执行意图确定意图置信度得分。自然语言处理模块732 可基于所确定的意图置信度得分从一组候选可执行意图中选择一个或多个 候选可执行意图。在一些示例中，还利用知识本体(例如，知识本体760)从 一组候选可执行意图中选择一个或多个候选可执行意图。
基于符号串搜索知识本体的其他细节在于2008年12月22日提交的名 称为“Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology”的美 国实用新型专利申请序列号12/341,743中有所描述，其全部公开内容以引 用方式并入本文。
在一些示例中，一旦自然语言处理模块732基于用户请求识别出可执 行意图(或域)，自然语言处理模块732便生成结构化查询以表示所识别 的可执行意图。在一些示例中，结构化查询包括针对可执行意图的域内的 一个或多个节点的参数，并且所述参数中的至少一些参数填充有用户请求 中指定的特定信息和要求。例如，用户说“帮我在寿司店预订晚上7点的 座位。”在这种情况下，自然语言处理模块732能够基于用户输入将可执 行意图正确地识别为“餐厅预订”。根据知识本体，“餐厅预订”域的结 构化查询包括参数诸如{菜系}、{时间}、{日期}、{派对人数}等。在一些 示例中，基于语音输入和使用STT处理模块730从语音输入得出的文本， 自然语言处理模块732针对餐厅预订域生成部分结构化查询，其中部分结 构化查询包括参数{菜系＝“寿司类”}以及{时间＝“晚上7点”}。然而， 在该示例中，用户话语包含不足以完成与域相关联的结构化查询的信息。 因此，基于当前可用信息，在结构化查询中未指定其他必要参数诸如{派对 人数}和{日期}。在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732用所接收的上下文 信息来填充结构化查询的一些参数。例如，在一些示例中，如果请求“附 近的”寿司店，自然语言处理模块732用来自用户设备的GPS坐标来填充结构化查询中的{位置}参数。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732识别针对从STT处理模块730 接收的每个候选文本表示的多个候选可执行意图。另外，在一些示例中， 针对每个所识别的候选可执行意图生成相应的结构化查询(部分地或全部 地)。自然语言处理模块732确定针对每个候选可执行意图的意图置信度 得分，并基于意图置信度得分对候选可执行意图进行排序。在一些示例 中，自然语言处理模块732将所生成的一个或多个结构化查询(包括任何 已完成的参数)传送至任务流处理模块736(“任务流处理器”)。在一些 示例中，针对m个最佳(例如，m个排名最高的)候选可执行意图的一个 或多个结构化查询被提供给任务流处理模块736，其中m为预先确定的大 于零的整数。在一些示例中，将针对m个最佳候选可执行意图的一个或多 个结构化查询连同对应的候选文本表示提供给任务流处理模块736。
基于根据语音输入的多个候选文本表示确定的多个候选可执行意图来 推断用户意图的其他细节在于2014年6月6日提交的名称为“System and Method for InferringUser Intent From Speech Inputs”的美国实用新型专利申 请序列号14/298,725中有所描述，其全部公开内容以引用方式并入本文。
任务流处理模块736被配置为接收来自自然语言处理模块732的一个 或多个结构化查询，在必要时完成结构化查询，以及执行“完成”用户最 终请求所需的动作。在一些示例中，完成这些任务所必需的各种过程在任 务流模型754中提供。在一些示例中，任务流模型754包括用于获取来自 用户的附加信息的过程，以及用于执行与可执行意图相关联的动作的任务 流。
如上所述，为了完成结构化查询，任务流处理模块736需要发起与用 户的附加对话，以便获取附加信息和/或弄清可能有歧义的话语。当有必要 进行此类交互时，任务流处理模块736调用对话流处理模块734来参与同 用户的对话。在一些示例中，对话流处理器模块734确定如何(和/或何 时)向用户请求附加信息，并且接收和处理用户响应。通过I/O处理模块 728将问题提供给用户并从用户接收回答。在一些示例中，对话处理模块 734经由音频和/或视频输出向用户呈现对话输出，并接收经由口头或物理 (例如，点击)响应的来自用户的输入。继续上述示例，在任务流处理模 块736调用对话流处理模块734来确定针对与域“餐厅预订”相关联的结 构化查询的“派对人数”和“日期”信息时，对话流处理模块734生成诸 如“一行几位？”和“预订哪天？”之类的问题传递给用户。一旦收到来自 用户的回答，对话流处理模块734就用缺失信息填充结构化查询，或将信 息传递给任务流处理模块736以根据结构化查询完成缺失信息。
一旦任务流处理模块736已针对可执行意图完成结构化查询，任务流 处理模块736便着手执行与可执行意图相关联的最终任务。因此，任务流 处理模块736根据结构化查询中包含的特定参数来执行任务流模型中的步 骤和指令。例如，针对可执行意图“餐厅预订”的任务流模型包括用于联 系餐厅并实际上请求在特定时间针对特定派对人数的预订的步骤和指令。 例如，使用结构化查询诸如：餐厅预订、{餐厅＝ABC咖啡馆、日期＝ 3/12/2012、时间＝7pm、派对人数＝5}，任务流处理模块736可执行以下步 骤：(1)登录ABC咖啡馆的服务器或诸如
Figure BDA0001938282320000481
的餐厅预订系统， (2)以网站上的形式输入日期、时间和派对人数信息，(3)提交表单，以及(4) 在用户的日历中形成针对预订的日历条目。
在一些示例中，任务流处理模块736在服务处理模块738(“服务处 理模块”)的辅助下完成用户输入中所请求的任务或者提供用户输入中所 请求的信息性回答。例如，服务处理模块738代表任务流处理模块736发 起电话呼叫、设定日历条目、调用地图搜索、调用用户设备上安装的其他 用户应用程序或与所述其他应用程序进行交互，以及调用第三方服务(例 如，餐厅预订门户网站、社交网站、银行门户网站等)或与第三方服务进 行交互。在一些示例中，通过服务模型756中的相应服务模型指定每项服 务所需的协议和应用程序编程接口(API)。服务处理模块738针对服务访问 适当的服务模型，并依据服务模型根据该服务所需的协议和API生成针对 该服务的请求。
例如，如果餐厅已启用在线预订服务，则餐厅提交服务模型，该服务 模型指定用于进行预订的必要参数以及用于将必要参数的值传送至在线预 订服务的API。在被任务流处理模块736请求时，服务处理模块738可使用 存储在服务模型中的Web地址来建立与在线预订服务的网络连接，并将预 订的必要参数(例如，时间、日期、派对人数)以根据在线预订服务的 API的格式发送至在线预订界面。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732、对话处理模块734以及任务 流处理模块736被共同且反复地使用，以推断并限定用户的意图、获得信 息从而进一步明确并细化用户意图并且最终生成响应(即，输出至用户或 完成任务)以满足用户的意图。所生成的响应是至少部分地满足用户意图 的对语音输入的对话响应。另外，在一些示例中，所生成的响应被输出为 语音输出。在这些示例中，所生成的响应被发送到语音合成处理模块740 (例如，语音合成器)，在语音合成处理模块中，可处理所生成的响应以 将对话响应以语音形式合成。在其他示例中，所生成的响应是与满足语音 输入中的用户请求相关的数据内容。
在任务流处理模块736接收到来自自然语言处理模块732的多个结构 化查询的示例中，任务流处理模块736首先处理所接收的结构化查询的第 一结构化查询以尝试完成第一结构化查询和/或执行由第一结构化查询表示 的一个或多个任务或动作。在一些示例中，第一结构化查询对应于排名最 高的可执行意图。在其他示例中，第一结构化查询选自基于对应的语音识 别置信度得分和对应的意图置信度得分的结合所接收的结构化查询。在一 些示例中，如果任务流处理模块736在第一结构化查询的处理期间(例如， 由于无法确定必要的参数)遇到错误，任务流处理模块736可继续选择和处 理所接收结构化查询的与排名较低的可执行意图对应的第二结构化查询。 例如基于对应候选文本表示的语音识别置信度得分、对应候选可执行意图 的意图置信度得分、第一结构化查询中的缺失必要参数或它们的任何组合 来选择第二结构化查询。
语音合成模块740被配置为合成用于呈现给用户的语音输出。语音合 成处理模块740基于数字助理提供的文本来合成语音输出。例如，所生成 的对话响应是文本串的形式。语音合成处理模块740将文本串转换成可听 语音输出。语音合成处理模块740使用任何适当语音合成技术，以便从文 本生成语音输出，包括但不限于：拼接合成、单元选择合成、双音素合 成、特定于域的合成、共振峰合成、发音合成、基于隐马尔可夫模型 (HMM)的合成以及正弦波合成。在一些示例中，语音合成处理模块740被 配置为基于对应于这些字词的音素串来合成各个字词。例如，音素串与所 生成的对话响应中的字词相关联。音素串存储在与字词相关联的元数据 中。语音合成处理模块740被配置为直接处理元数据中的音素串，以合成 语音形式的字词。
在一些示例中，替代使用语音合成模块740(或除此之外)，在远程 设备(例如，服务器系统108)上执行语音合成，并且将合成的语音发送至 用户设备以输出给用户。例如，这可发生在一些具体实施中，其中在服务 器系统处生成数字助理的输出。而且由于服务器系统通常比用户设备具有 更强的处理能力或更多的资源，其有可能获得比客户端侧合成将实现的质 量更高的语音输出。
有关数字助理的另外细节在以下相关申请中找到：于2011年1月10 日提交的名称为“Intelligent Automated Assistant”的美国实用新型专利申请 No.12/987,982和于2011年9月30日提交的名称为“Generating and Processing Task Items That RepresentTasks to Perform”的美国实用新型专利 申请No.13/251,088，这两个专利申请的全部公开内容以引用方式并入本 文。
4.用于提供多方向对话的过程
图8示出了根据各种示例的用于提供多方向对话的过程800。例如使 用实现数字助理的一个或多个电子设备来执行过程800。在一些示例中，使 用客户端-服务器系统(例如，系统100)来执行过程800，并且在服务器 (例如，DA服务器106)和客户端设备之间以任何方式来划分过程800的 框。在其他示例中，在服务器和多个客户端设备(例如，移动电话和智能 手表)之间划分过程800的框。因此，虽然过程800的部分在本文中被描 述为由客户端-服务器系统的特定设备执行，但应当理解，过程800不限于 此。在其他示例中，使用仅客户端设备(例如，用户设备104)或仅多个客 户端设备来执行过程800。在过程800中，一些框被任选地组合，一些框的 次序被任选地改变，并且一些框被任选地省略。在一些示例中，可结合过 程800来执行附加步骤。
一般来讲，可例如使用电子设备实现过程800以提供多方向对话。根 据本公开的示例，多方向对话是在用户与电子设备之间交换的对话，并且 在一些示例中，是在电子设备的用户与数字助理之间交换的对话。在一些 示例中，使用一个或多个对话流来采用多方向对话。在一些示例中，对话 流可以是一组预先确定的状态，电子设备在该组预先确定的状态之间转变 以与用户交换对话。如将在下文更详细说明的，对话流的每个状态可指定用于转变为新状态的标准(不同的标准可与到不同状态的转变相关联)。
以举例的方式，响应于初始用户输入，电子设备选择对话流。例如， 可基于与输入相关联的意图来选择该对话流。然后，电子设备以该对话流 指定的方式对用户输入进行响应。该对话流可例如指定电子设备执行一个 或多个任务并且/或者向用户提供特定的自然语言输出。此后，电子设备根 据对话流和/或电子设备的上下文来与用户交换对话。
在一些示例中，在实现对话流的过程中，电子设备在相应组状态之间 转变。这样，电子设备在用户与电子设备之间交换的对话的每次迭代之后 转变为新状态。如将要描述的，电子设备转变状态的方式基于是否满足各 组标准。
在示例操作中，电子设备接收来自电子设备的用户的第一自然语言输 入，并且基于第一自然语言输入确定第一意图。然后，电子设备基于第一 意图识别第一对话流并且提供(例如，输出)与第一对话流相关联的自然 语言输出。电子设备进一步接收第二自然语言输入，并且如果第二自然语 言输入满足与第一对话流相关联的对话标准，则电子设备提供与第一对话 流相关联的第二自然语言输出。如果第二自然语言输入不满足对话标准， 则电子设备提供与第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出，或提供与第二 对话流相关联的自然语言输出。
在框805处，电子设备接收自然语言输入。在一些示例中，电子设备 为电子设备104(图1)。自然语言输入可包括语音输入(例如，口头话 语)或文本输入。在一些示例中，自然语言输入包括使电子设备和/或另一 设备执行任务的请求。例如，在用户表述“我想要买iPhone X”的示例 中，自然语言输入包括使电子设备并且任选地使电子设备的数字助理协助 用户购买设备的请求。在一些示例中，自然语言输入可进一步为所请求的 任务指定一个或多个参数。例如，自然语言输入“iPhone X”的叙述部分可 指定设备的型号。在一些情况下，自然语言输入是否涉及特定任务可由电 子设备确定，例如，通过基于另一输入和/或基于电子设备的上下文信息来 消除参数的歧义。
在框810处，电子设备基于自然语言输入来确定意图。在一些示例 中，电子设备使用机器学习系统确定意图。机器学习系统可例如包括神经 网络，诸如分类网络，可使用监督式和/或非监督式训练来训练该神经网 络。
在一些示例中，机器学习系统接收自然语言输入，并且基于该自然语 言输入为多个意图中的每个意图确定置信度得分。每个置信度得分指示与 该置信度得分相关联的相应意图与该自然语言输入相对应的可能性。将与 最高置信度得分相关联的意图作为基于该自然语言输入确定的意图返回。 在一些示例中，机器学习系统进一步校正自然语言输入的一个或多个方 面。机器学习系统校正例如拼写错误、表情符号以及NL输入的其他杂散部分，诸如被识别为不正确地翻译自文本的字词。以举例的方式，在基于输 入确定意图之前，输入“我想要荬
Figure BDA0001938282320000521
”可被修改为“我想要买 iPhone”。
在框815处，电子设备基于所确定的意图识别第一对话流。在一些示 例中，每个意图与相应的对话流相关联，并且电子设备识别与在框810处 确定的意图相关联的对话流。
在其他示例中，多个对话流与每个意图相关联，并且电子设备基于自 然语言输入和/或电子设备的上下文来选择对话流。以举例的方式，基于自 然语言输入“我想要买iPhone X”，电子设备可确定与该自然语言输入相 关联的意图是“产品购买”。如果多个对话流与意图“产品购买”相关联 (例如，针对可供购买的每个产品各有一个对话流)，则电子设备识别与 “iPhone X”产品相关联的“产品购买”对话流。又如，基于自然语言输入 “我想要修我的电话”，电子设备可确定与该自然语言输入相关联的意图 是“产品修复”。如果多个对话流与意图“产品修复”相关联，则电子设 备识别用户电话的型号和与用户电话的型号相关联的“产品修复”对话 流。
在框820处，电子设备输出与第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出。在 一些示例中，自然语言输出为视觉输出(例如，显示在电子设备的显示器 上)和/或听觉输出。
如所描述的，在一些示例中，对话流指示电子设备响应的方式。因 此，电子设备提供由第一对话流指定的自然语言输出。以举例的方式，响 应于自然语言输入“我想要修我的电话”，所选择的对话流可使得电子设 备提供自然语言输出“好的。您想要修什么？”
在框825处，电子设备接收另一(例如，第二)自然语言输入。自然 语言输入可包括语音输入或文本输入。在一些示例中，自然语言输入包括 使电子设备和/或另一设备执行任务的请求。
在框830处，电子设备确定第二自然语言输入是否满足与所选择的对 话流相关联的对话标准。在一些示例中，确定第二自然语言输入是否满足 对话标准包括确定与第二自然语言输入相关联的意图是否匹配与第一自然 语言输入相关联的意图(回想在框810处确定的意图)。
如果电子设备确定第二自然语言输入满足对话标准，在框835处，电 子设备输出与第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出，并且任选地，执行 该对话流指定的一个或多个任务。例如，考虑以下对话交换：
●用户：“我想要修我的电话”
●电子设备：“好的。您想要修什么？”
●用户：“我的显示器碎了。”
基于此交换，电子设备确定输入“我的显示器碎了”与和输入“我想 要修我的电话”相同的意图(即“产品修复”意图)相关联。因此，电子 设备如所选择的对话流指定的那样进行响应，并且任选地转变为该对话流 指定的下一状态。例如，电子设备可回复“您想要修复还是更换显示器 呢？”并且/或者执行一个或多个任务，诸如检索修复用户电话的显示器和 更换用户电话的显示器的相应成本。
如果电子设备确定第二自然语言输入不满足对话标准，则电子设备放 弃输出与第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。例如，考虑以下对话交 换：
●用户：“我想要修我的电话”
●电子设备：“好的。您想要修什么？”
●用户：“我改变想法了。我想要买个新电话。”
基于此交换，电子设备确定输入“我想要修我的电话”是否与和输入 “我改变想法了。我想要买个新电话。”相同的意图相关联。因为输入 “我想要修我的电话”与意图“产品修复”相关联并且输入“我改变想法 了。我想要买个新电话。”与意图“产品购买”相关联，所以电子设备确 定这两个输入与不同的相应意图相关联。因此，电子设备确定对话标准未被满足并放弃提供第二自然语言输出。
任选地，响应于确定对话标准未被满足，电子设备进一步确定是否满 足对话上下文标准。如果满足对话上下文标准，则电子设备提供与该对话 流相关联的第三自然语言输出。在一些示例中，确定是否满足对话上下文 标准包括确定第二自然语言输入是否与该对话流指定的特定意图相关联。 以举例的方式，在采用针对“产品修复”的对话流时，用户可提供与购买 新产品的意图相关联的输入(例如，“我改变想法了。我想要买个新电 话。”)。针对“产品修复”的对话流可规定：如果电子设备接收到与意 图“产品购买”相关联的输入，则电子设备将向用户提供特定的自然语言 输出，诸如“您确定吗？修复您的设备会比购买新设备便宜。您仍然想要 购买新电话吗？”在一些示例中，如果满足对话上下文标准，则对话流可 进一步使得电子设备执行一个或多个任务。例如，对话流可使得电子设备 检索修复设备的成本和新设备的购价并且/或者向用户呈现(例如，显示) 花费。
在一些示例中，对话上下文标准为特定于状态的(例如，特定于上下 文的)。例如，是否满足对话上下文标准可基于电子设备当前是否处于对 话流的特定状态。考虑以下对话交换：
第一对话交换：
●用户：“我想要修我的电话”
●电子设备：“好的。您想要修什么？”
●用户：我的显示器碎了。
●电子设备：“您想要修复还是更换显示器呢？”
●用户：“我改变想法了。我想要买个新电话。”
●电子设备：“您确定吗？修复您的设备会比购买新设备便宜。您仍 然想要购买新电话吗？”
第二对话交换：
●用户：“我想要修我的电话”
●电子设备：“好的。您想要修什么？”
●用户：“我改变想法了。我想要买个新电话。”
●电子设备：“好的。您想要购买什么类型的电话呢？”
在第一对话交换中，满足对话上下文标准。因此，电子设备提供与该 对话流相关联的自然语言输出“您确定吗？修复您的设备会比购买新设备 便宜。您仍然想要购买新电话吗？”。在第二对话交换中，对话上下文标 准未被满足。因此，电子设备提供自然语言输出“好的。您想要购买什么 类型的电话呢？”，该自然语言输出可例如为与不同对话流相关联的自然 语言输出，如下文进一步详细描述的。
在一些示例中，响应于确定对话标准未被满足(并且任选地，进一步 响应于确定对话上下文标准未被满足)，电子设备选择与第二自然语言输 入的意图相关联的对话流。以举例的方式，电子设备响应于输入“我改变 想法了。我想要买个新电话”而选择与“产品购买”意图相关联的对话流 并且根据“产品购买”对话流来对输入进行响应。例如，电子设备提供自 然语言输出“好的。您想要购买什么类型的电话呢？”此后，操作可根据 新选择的对话流继续。
这样，作为响应，电子设备可在对话流之间转变以为用户提供更灵活 且直观的对话框架。在一些示例中，可将由电子设备的用户和/或上下文提 供的参数应用于新选择的对话框。例如，用户可指示修复他或她的设备的 渴望并且通过这样做来指示要被修复的设备的型号。如果用户随后指示代 替地更换设备的渴望，则电子设备可能不需要询问用户关于要被更换的设 备的型号。
虽然本文对响应于自然语言输入的意图匹配而被满足的对话标准进行 了描述，但是在一些示例中，对话标准还包括已完成一个或多个参数使得 电子设备可转变为对话流中的下一状态的必要条件。例如，用户可指示购 买产品的渴望，并且电子设备继而可要求产品信息以继续销售。因此，在 操作期间，电子设备可调用一个或多个收集功能。收集功能可以是确定输 入是否包括电子设备所需要的任何信息的功能。在一些示例中，收集功能使用模式匹配来确定输入是否包括所需要的信息。因此，电子设备可识别 实体名称和任何已知的同义词两者，从而允许更灵活且准确的对话框架， 这种对话框架避免严格遵守特定术语或名称。
在用户提供输入“我想要买个新的64GB内存的iPhone 8S”的示例 中，电子设备选择“产品购买”对话流，如所描述的。然后，电子设备调 用一个或多个收集功能来确定用户已指定类型(电话)、型号(iPhone 8S)和 存储容量(64GB)，但用户尚未提供设备的颜色。因此，电子设备可向用户 询问所需要的参数(例如，颜色)。
一般来讲，根据一个或多个对话流，电子设备的操作可依赖于预先确 定的(例如，预先录制的)自然语言表达以与用户交换对话。然而，在一 些示例中，通过与实时代理进行通信可更好地服务用户。因此，在一些示 例中，电子设备确定是否已满足服务标准，并且如果是，则(例如，使用 一个或多个API调用)连接到远程服务，使得用户能够与实时代理进行通 信。以举例的方式，如果用户调用“产品购买”对话流并且用户指示他或 她希望在选择产品方面得到帮助(例如，“我应该买32GB的电话还是 64GB的电话呢？”)，则满足服务标准。在另一示例中，如果用户调用 “产品购买”对话流并且电子设备无法理解用户提供的一个或多个自然语 言输入，则满足服务标准。
在一些示例中，电子设备接收与用户相关联的信息，诸如用户的外观 和/或嗓音。在至少一个实施方案中，该信息或情绪数据可用于确定用户的 心情。例如，用户的嗓音可指示用户是否愤怒或焦虑。在一些示例中，电 子设备可基于情绪数据来定制自然语言输出。例如，如果确定用户生气或 沮丧，则电子设备可提供对用户表达更大歉意的自然语言输出。如果确定 用户感到困惑，则电子设备可提供更短和/或简化的自然语言输出。
以上参考图8描述的操作任选地由图1至图4、图6A-B和图7A-C中 所描绘的部件来实现。例如，过程800的操作可由本文所述的任何设备 (或其部件)实现，包括但不限于设备104、200、400和600。本领域的普 通技术人员会清楚地知道如何基于在图1至图4、图6A-B和图7A-C中所 描绘的部件来实现其他过程。
根据一些具体实施，提供一种计算机可读存储介质(例如，非暂态计 算机可读存储介质)，该计算机可读存储介质存储供电子设备的一个或多 个处理器执行的一个或多个程序，该一个或多个程序包括用于执行本文所 述的方法或过程中的任一个的指令。
根据一些具体实施，提供了一种电子设备(例如，便携式电子设 备)，该电子设备包括用于执行本文所述的方法和过程中的任一个的装 置。
根据一些具体实施，提供了一种电子设备(例如，便携式电子设 备)，该电子设备包括处理单元，该处理单元被配置为执行本文所述的方 法和过程中的任一个。
根据一些具体实施，提供了一种电子设备(例如，便携式电子设 备)，该电子设备包括一个或多个处理器和存储用以由一个或多个处理器 执行的一个或多个程序的存储器，该一个或多个程序包括用于执行本文所 述的方法和过程中的任一个的指令。
为了解释的目的，前面的描述是通过参考具体实施方案来进行描述 的。然而，上面的例示性论述并非旨在是穷尽的或将本发明限制为所公开 的精确形式。根据以上教导内容，很多修改形式和变型形式都是可能的。 选择并描述这些实施方案是为了最好地解释这些技术的原理及其实际应 用。本领域的其他技术人员由此能够最好地利用这些技术以及具有适合于 所预期的特定用途的各种修改的各种实施方案。
尽管参照附图对本公开以及示例进行了全面的描述，但应当注意，各 种变化和修改对于本领域内的技术人员而言将变得显而易见。应当理解， 此类变化和修改被认为被包括在由权利要求书所限定的本公开和示例的范 围内。
如上所述，本发明技术的一个方面在于采集和使用得自各种来源的数 据，以改进向用户递送其可能感兴趣的启发内容或任何其他内容。本公开 预期，在一些实例中，这些所采集的数据可包括唯一地识别或可用于联系 或定位特定人员的个人信息数据。此类个人信息数据可包括人口数据、基 于位置的数据、电话号码、电子邮件地址、家庭地址或任何其他识别信 息。
本公开认识到在本发明技术中使用此类个人信息数据可用于使用户受 益。例如，该个人信息数据可用于递送用户较感兴趣的目标内容。因此， 使用此类个人信息数据使得能够对所递送的内容进行有计划的控制。此 外，本公开还预期个人信息数据有益于用户的其他用途。
本公开还设想负责此类个人信息数据的收集、分析、公开、传输、存 储或其他用途的实体将遵守已确立的隐私政策和/或隐私实践。具体地，此 类实体应当实行并坚持使用被公认为满足或超出对维护个人信息数据的隐 私性和安全性的行业或政府要求的隐私政策和实践。例如，来自用户的个 人信息应当被收集用于实体的合法且合理的用途，并且不在这些合法使用 之外共享或出售。另外，此类收集应当仅在用户知情同意之后进行。另外，此类实体应采取任何所需的步骤，以保障和保护对此类个人信息数据 的访问，并且确保能够访问个人信息数据的其他人遵守他们的隐私政策和 程序。另外，这种实体可使其本身经受第三方评估以证明其遵守广泛接受 的隐私政策和实践。
不管前述情况如何，本公开还设想用户选择性地阻止使用或访问个人 信息数据的实施方案。即本公开预期可提供硬件元件和/或软件元件，以防 止或阻止对此类个人信息数据的访问。例如，就广告递送服务而言，本发 明的技术可被配置为在注册服务期间允许用户选择“加入”或“退出”参 与对个人信息数据的收集。又如，用户可选择不为目标内容递送服务提供 位置信息。再如，用户可选择不提供精确的位置信息，但准许传输位置区 域信息。
因此，尽管本公开广泛地覆盖了使用个人信息数据来实现一个或多个 各种所公开的实施方案，但本公开还设想各种实施方案也可在无需访问此 类个人信息数据的情况下被实现。即，本发明技术的各种实施方案不会由 于缺少此类个人信息数据的全部或一部分而无法正常进行。例如，可通过 基于非个人信息数据或绝对最小量的个人信息诸如与用户相关联的设备所 请求的内容、对内容递送服务可用的其他非个人信息或公开可用信息来推 断偏好，从而选择内容并递送至用户。

Claims (28)

1.一种用于提供多方向对话的方法，包括：
在具有一个或多个处理器的电子设备处：
接收第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图；
基于所述第一意图识别第一对话流；
输出与所述第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出；
接收第二自然语言输入；
确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入确定第二意图；以及
确定所述第一意图是否匹配所述第二意图；以及
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入满足所述对话标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准，输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入识别所述第二对话流。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准：
根据确定满足对话上下文标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
确定所述第二自然语言输入的模式是否匹配所述第一对话流指定的模式。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
确定是否满足服务标准；
根据确定已满足所述服务标准，发起所述电子设备与远程服务之间的连接。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图包括：
使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中所述机器学习系统包括分类网络，并且其中使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图包括：
利用所述分类网络接收所述第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定多个意图中的每个意图的置信度得分；以及
选择与最高置信度得分相关联的意图。
9.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出包括：
获取与所述电子设备的用户相关联的情绪数据；以及
基于所述情绪数据输出所述第三自然语言输出。
10.一种电子设备，包括：
一个或多个处理器；
存储器；和
一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程序存储在所述存储器中并且被配置为由所述一个或多个处理器执行，所述一个或多个程序包括用于执行以下操作的指令：
接收第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图；
基于所述第一意图识别第一对话流；
输出与所述第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出；
接收第二自然语言输入；
确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入确定第二意图；以及
确定所述第一意图是否匹配所述第二意图；以及
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入满足所述对话标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。
11.根据权利要求10所述的电子设备，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括用于执行以下操作的指令：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准，输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电子设备，其中输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入识别所述第二对话流。
13.根据权利要求10所述的电子设备，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括用于执行以下操作的指令：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准：
根据确定满足对话上下文标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出。
14.根据权利要求10所述的电子设备，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
确定所述第二自然语言输入的模式是否匹配所述第一对话流指定的模式。
15.根据权利要求10所述的电子设备，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括用于执行以下操作的指令：
确定是否满足服务标准；
根据确定已满足所述服务标准，发起所述电子设备与远程服务之间的连接。
16.根据权利要求10所述的电子设备，其中基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图包括：
使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图。
17.根据权利要求16所述的电子设备，其中所述机器学习系统包括分类网络，并且其中使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图包括：
利用所述分类网络接收所述第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定多个意图中的每个意图的置信度得分；以及
选择与最高置信度得分相关联的意图。
18.根据权利要求13所述的电子设备，其中输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出包括：
获取与所述电子设备的用户相关联的情绪数据；以及
基于所述情绪数据输出所述第三自然语言输出。
19.一种存储一个或多个程序的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，所述一个或多个程序包括指令，所述指令当由第一电子设备的一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述第一电子设备：
接收第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图；
基于所述第一意图识别第一对话流；
输出与所述第一对话流相关联的自然语言输出；
接收第二自然语言输入；
确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入确定第二意图；以及
确定所述第一意图是否匹配所述第二意图；以及
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入满足所述对话标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第二自然语言输出。
20.根据权利要求19所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括指令，所述指令当由所述第一电子设备的所述一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述第一电子设备：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准，输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出。
21.根据权利要求20所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中输出与第二对话流相关联的自然语言输出包括：
基于所述第二自然语言输入识别所述第二对话流。
22.根据权利要求19所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括指令，所述指令当由所述第一电子设备的所述一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述第一电子设备：
根据确定所述第二自然语言输入不满足所述对话标准：
根据确定满足对话上下文标准，输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出。
23.根据权利要求19所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中确定所述第二自然语言输入是否满足与所述第一对话流相关联的对话标准包括：
确定所述第二自然语言输入的模式是否匹配所述第一对话流指定的模式。
24.根据权利要求19所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括指令，所述指令当由所述第一电子设备的所述一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述第一电子设备：
确定是否满足服务标准；
根据确定已满足所述服务标准，发起所述电子设备与远程服务之间的连接。
25.根据权利要求19所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中基于所述第一自然语言输入确定第一意图包括：
使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图。
26.根据权利要求25所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述机器学习系统包括分类网络，并且其中使用机器学习系统确定所述第一意图包括：
利用所述分类网络接收所述第一自然语言输入；
基于所述第一自然语言输入确定多个意图中的每个意图的置信度得分；以及
选择与最高置信度得分相关联的所述意图。
27.根据权利要求22所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中输出与所述第一对话流相关联的第三自然语言输出包括：
获取与所述电子设备的用户相关联的情绪数据；以及
基于所述情绪数据输出所述第三自然语言输出。
28.一种电子设备，包括：
用于执行根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法的装置。
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