CN109717988A - 心脏瓣膜置换装置和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请涉及心脏瓣膜置换装置和方法,并提供一种置换心脏瓣膜的系统和方法。可扩张的螺旋状锚定物形成为支持瓣膜假体的多个线圈。线圈中的至少一个在来自锚定物内部的施力之后可扩大到第二更大的直径。缝隙在相邻的线圈之间被限定,足以防止相邻的线圈中的至少一个与固有心脏瓣膜的啮合。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体被提供和配置以被递送到锚定物中并在线圈内部扩展成啮合。这使线圈从第一直径进展到第二直径,同时将锚定物和假体固定在一起。该系统进一步包括可扩张心脏瓣膜假体上的密封物,其被配置以啮合螺旋状锚定物和在螺旋状锚定物中的心脏瓣膜假体的植入之后防止越过心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
Description
本申请是于2014年8月14日提交的名称为“心脏瓣膜置换装置和方法”的中国专利申请201480056659.7(PCT/US2014/051095)的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2013年8月14日提交的美国临时申请序号61/865,657(在审)、2014年2月20日提交的美国临时申请序号61/942,300(在审)和2014年2月21日提交的美国临时申请序号61/943,125(在审)的优先权,其公开内容在此通过引用被并入本文。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及关于心脏瓣膜的医学程序和设备如置换技术和装置。更具体地,本发明涉及具有各种畸形和功能障碍的心脏瓣膜的置换。
背景技术
已知控制血流从人心脏左心房进入左心室的二尖瓣的并发症引起致命的心力衰竭。在发达国家,瓣膜性心脏疾病最常见的形式之一是二尖瓣漏,也称作二尖瓣反流,其被表征为通过二尖瓣来自左心室和回到左心房的血液的异常渗漏。这最常在以下疾病之后:多发性梗塞、原发性和高血压性心肌病——其中左心室扩大,并具有小叶和索畸形,如变性疾病引起的那些,当二尖瓣的小叶不再接触或正确地关闭时,由于缺血性心脏病而发生。
除了二尖瓣反流,二尖瓣变窄或狭窄也是风湿性疾病最经常的结果。虽然这实际上已在发达国家消除,但是它在生活标准不那么高的地方仍然常见。
与二尖瓣并发症相似的是主动脉瓣并发症,主动脉瓣控制从左心室进入主动脉的血流。例如,许多老年患者发生主动脉瓣狭窄。历史上,传统治疗是通过大型心脏直视操作(open heart procedure)的瓣膜置换。该操作耗费大量痊愈时间,因为它是那么高度侵害性的。幸运地,在最近十年,在用导管操作替换这种心脏直视手术操作方面取得了重大进展,导管操作可以很快地进行而无外科切口或无需心肺机在心脏停跳时支持循环。利用导管,将瓣膜固定在支架或支架样结构上,支架或支架样结构被压缩并通过血管被递送到心脏。然后将支架扩张,并且瓣膜开始起作用。患病的瓣膜不被移除,取而代之,它被含有新瓣膜的支架挤压或变形。变形的组织用于帮助锚定新的假体瓣膜。
瓣膜的递送可从在患者中可容易进入的动脉来完成。这最经常地从股动脉和髂动脉可被导管插入的腹股沟进行。还利用肩区域,其中还可进入锁骨下动脉和腋动脉。从该操作的恢复显著地快。
不是所有的患者可适用纯粹的导管操作。在一些情况中,动脉太小以至于不允许到心脏的导管的通过,或动脉太不健全或扭曲。在这些情况中,外科医生可以制造小的胸部切口(胸廓切开术),然后将这些基于导管的装置直接布置到心脏中。通常,荷包口缝术在左心室的顶点进行,并将递送系统通过心脏的顶点布置。然后将瓣膜递送到它的最终位置。这些递送系统还可用于从主动脉自身进入主动脉瓣。一些外科医生在开放性手术时直接在主动脉中引入主动脉瓣递送系统。瓣膜差异相当大。存在常常是支架形式的固定结构。假体小叶被携载到安装和保持结构上的支架内部。通常,这些小叶由用于传统外科瓣膜的生物学材料制成。瓣膜可以是来自动物的真实的心脏瓣膜组织,或更经常,小叶由来自母牛、猪或马的心包组织制成。处理这些小叶以减少它们的免疫原性和提高它们的耐久性。已发展了许多组织加工技术用于该目的。在将来,可利用生物工程组织,或聚合物或其它非生物学材料可用于瓣膜小叶。所有这些可被并入本公开描述的发明中。
实际上,具有二尖瓣疾病的患者较主动脉瓣疾病的更多。在前十年期间,许多公司已成功创造导管或微创可植入的主动脉瓣,但是二尖瓣的植入比较困难,迄今为止,尚没有好的解决办法。患者将通过由利用小切口的外科操作而植入装置或通过如从腹股沟的导管植入而受益。从患者的角度,导管操作是非常有吸引力的。现在没有商业上可用的方法来用导管操作置换二尖瓣。许多需要二尖瓣置换的患者年纪大,并且心脏直视操作疼痛、危险并恢复费时。一些患者由于进展的年龄和虚弱甚至不是外科手术的候选者。因此,对于远距离布置的二尖瓣置换装置存在特别需求。
虽然先前认为二尖瓣置换比起瓣膜修复与二尖瓣疾病患者的更负面(消极,negative)的长期预后有关,但是,这种观念已被质疑。现在认为不论瓣膜被修复或置换,具有二尖瓣漏或反流的患者的后果几乎相等。并且,二尖瓣手术修复的持久性现在正遭到质疑。许多已经历修复的患者在若干年里复发了渗漏。由于这些患者中的许多人年纪大,所以在老年患者中的反复干预不受患者或医生欢迎。
导管二尖瓣置换的最突出的阻碍是将瓣膜保持在合适的位置。二尖瓣经受大的循环负荷。左心室中的压力在收缩之前接近于零,然后上升到收缩压(或如果存在主动脉狭窄就更高),并且如果患者具有收缩期高血压,那么这可以是非常高的。瓣膜上的负荷通常是150mmHg或更大。由于心脏在其跳动是运动的,所以运动和负荷可联合以移动(dislodge)瓣膜。并且,运动和有节律的负荷可使材料疲劳,其导致材料破裂。因此,存在与锚定瓣膜相关的主要问题。
关于建立导管递送型二尖瓣置换的另一个问题是大小。植入物必须具有强的保持和渗漏避免特性,并且它必须含有瓣膜。分开的假体可有助于通过首先布置锚定物或停靠处(dock),然后其次植入瓣膜而解决该问题。然而,在这种情况中,患者必须在锚定物或停靠处的植入和瓣膜的植入之间保持稳定。如果锚定物或停靠处使得患者的固有二尖瓣不工作,那么患者可快速变得不稳定,并且操作者可被迫慌忙地植入新的瓣膜或可能通过移除锚定物或停靠处和放弃操作而使患者稳定。
与二尖瓣置换有关的另一个问题是瓣膜周围的渗漏或瓣周漏(paravalvularleak)。如果瓣膜周围没有建立良好的密封,那么血液可漏回到左心房。这将额外的负荷置于心脏上并且当血液通过渗漏的部位以射流经过时可损害血液。如果这发生,那么血红细胞的溶血或破坏是常见的并发症。瓣周漏是当首先将导管上的主动脉瓣植入时遇到的常见问题之一。在外科置换期间,当置换瓣膜时外科医生具有的主要优势是他或她可看见瓣膜缝线外的缝隙并防止或修复它。在导管插入时,这是不可能的。而且,大渗漏可降低患者的存活并可引起限制流动性和致使患者不适(例如,呼吸短促、水肿、疲劳)的症状。因此,关于二尖瓣置换的设备、系统和方法还应并入防止和修复置换瓣膜周围的渗漏的装置。
患者的二尖瓣环还可以相当大。当公司研发外科置换瓣膜时,该问题通过限制生产的实际瓣膜的大小量并然后在瓣膜边缘周围添加更多的织物套囊以增加瓣膜大小而解决。例如,患者可具有45mm瓣膜环。在这种情况中,实际的假体瓣膜直径可以是30mm,并且差异通过在假体瓣膜周围添加较大的织物套囊材料来弥补。然而,在导管操作中,将更多的材料添加到人工瓣膜是有问题的,因为材料必须被压缩并由小的递送系统保持。通常,该方法非常难并且不切实际,所以替代方案是必要的。
由于已针对主动脉位置开发了很多瓣膜,期望避免重复的瓣膜开发和利用现有的瓣膜。这些瓣膜的开发和入市已非常昂贵,所以延长它们的应用可节省大量的时间和金钱。因此,建立针对这样的瓣膜的二尖瓣锚定物或停靠站将是有用的。然后,针对主动脉位置开发的现有瓣膜——或许具有一些修改——可被植入到停靠站。一些先前发展的瓣膜不经修改就可良好地适合,如Edwards SapienTM瓣膜。其他的,如CorevalveTM,可以是可植入的,但是需要针对与锚定物最适啮合的一些修改并适配在心脏内部。
许多进一步的并发症可由不良保持或不良安置的二尖瓣置换假体引起。即,瓣膜可被移入心房或心室中,这对患者可以是致命的。先前的假体锚定物已通过穿刺组织保持假体而减少移动的危险。然而,这是危险的策略,因为穿刺必须由尖锐物体以长距离来完成,导致心脏穿孔和患者损伤的危险。
二尖瓣假体的定向也是重要的。瓣膜必须允许血液容易地从心房流到心室。以一定角度进入的假体可导致差的流动、心脏壁或小叶引起的流动阻塞和差的血液动力学结果。抵靠心室壁的反复收缩还可导致心脏后壁破裂和患者的猝死。
在外科二尖瓣修复或置换时,有时二尖瓣小叶的前面小叶被推进左心室流出的区域,这导致差的左心室流出排空。该综合征被称作左心室流出道梗阻。置换瓣膜本身可引起左心室流出道梗阻,如果它位于接近主动脉瓣的位置。
当植入置换二尖瓣时面对的另一个阻碍是需要患者的固有二尖瓣在假体布置期间继续有规律地起作用,以便患者可保持稳定而无需心肺机来支持循环。
此外,期望提供可在许多种植入方法中被利用的装置和方法。取决于具体的患者的解剖学和临床情况,医学专业人员可希望做出关于最适的植入方法的决定,如在开放性操作(心脏直视手术或微创手术)中直接将置换瓣膜插入心脏或在闭合操作(如基于导管的植入)中将置换瓣膜从静脉和通过动脉插入。优选给予医学专业人员从中选择的多种植入选择。例如,医学专业人员可希望从二尖瓣的心室或从心房侧插入置换瓣膜。
因此,本发明提供解决这些和本领域中其它挑战的装置和方法。
发明内容
在一个示例性实施方式中,本发明提供置换固有心脏瓣膜的系统,包括可扩张的螺旋状锚定物,其形成为适合支持心脏瓣膜假体的多个线圈。线圈中的至少一个通常处于第一直径,并在来自螺旋状锚定物内部的放射状向外的力施用之后可扩大到更大的第二直径。缝隙被限定在相邻的线圈之间,其足以防止相邻线圈中的至少一个与固有心脏瓣膜的啮合。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体被提供和被配置以被递送到螺旋状锚定物中,并在多个线圈内部扩展成与至少一个线圈啮合。这使至少那个线圈从第一直径进展到第二直径,同时将螺旋状锚定物和心脏瓣膜假体固定在一起。系统进一步包括可扩张心脏瓣膜假体上的密封物(seal),其被配置以啮合螺旋状锚定物,和在螺旋状锚定物中的心脏瓣膜假体植入之后防止越过心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
系统可包括一个或多个另外的方面。例如,螺旋状锚定物可包括另一个线圈,当心脏瓣膜假体在多个线圈内部扩张时,该线圈从较大的直径进展为较小的直径。密封物可采取许多可选的形式。例如,密封物可包括在相邻线圈之间延伸的部分,用于防止通过螺旋状锚定物和越过心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。密封物可包括许多不同的可选的材料。密封物可进一步包括在螺旋状锚定物中的心脏瓣膜假体植入之后,在螺旋状锚定物的至少两个线圈之间延伸的膜或板。例如,一个实例是生物学材料。螺旋状锚定物可进一步包括形状记忆材料。心脏瓣膜假体包括血液流入端和血液流出端,并且该端中至少一个的形状可以是无喇叭口的并且大体上圆柱形的。在示例性实施方式中,血液流出端是向外放射状地喇叭口的,并包括缓冲器,用于防止植入之后对心脏中组织结构的损害。缝隙可由与螺旋状锚定物的相邻线圈部分不平行地延伸的螺旋状锚定物的线圈部分形成。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,提供如上面所总体描述的系统,除了密封物可选地或另外地装载在螺旋状锚定物上而不是装载在心脏瓣膜假体上。可包括如本文所描述或并入的任何其它的特征。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,停靠心脏瓣膜假体的系统包括螺旋状锚定物,其形成为适合支持心脏瓣膜假体的多个线圈,其中线圈部分位于心脏瓣膜环之上和/或之下。外部挠性螺旋状管携载螺旋状锚定物的线圈以形成组合体(装配体,assembly)。螺旋状递送工具携载组合体并适合通过固有心脏瓣膜而旋转到适当的位置。可提供另外或任选的特征。例如,心脏瓣膜假体可在多个线圈内部扩张。外部管可由低摩擦力材料形成,所述低摩擦力材料适合在通过固有心脏瓣膜而旋转到适当位置之后从螺旋状锚定物的多个线圈滑脱。外部管可用缝合线或通过任何其它方法固定到螺旋状递送工具。螺旋状递送工具可由多个线圈形成,并且外部管可进一步固定到远端。远端可进一步包括子弹或逐渐变细的形状以辅助递送。远端可进一步包括弹性部件,并且将外部管和螺旋状递送管的远端固定到弹性部件。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,置换固有心脏瓣膜的系统包括螺旋状锚定物,其形成为适合将心脏瓣膜假体支持在固有心脏瓣膜处的多个线圈。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体在该系统中被提供,并能够被递送到螺旋状锚定物中和在多个线圈内部扩张,与至少一个线圈啮合,以将螺旋状锚定物和心脏瓣膜假体固定在一起。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体上的引导结构被配置以当螺旋状锚定物从螺旋状锚定物递送导管被挤出时引导螺旋状锚定物到适当的位置。
引导结构可进一步包括在可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的部分内的开口,如例如,可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的环、管中的开口,或只是支架结构中的开口。开口可被配置以在植入操作期间接收携载螺旋状锚定物的螺旋状锚定物递送导管。开口可位于可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的臂上,并且假体可进一步包括多个臂,其被配置以在固有心脏瓣膜之下啮合。引导结构可进一步包括可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的管状臂。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,提供停靠二尖瓣假体和置换固有的二尖瓣的系统,包括线圈引导导管和适合在线圈引导导管中接收和从其递送的螺旋状锚定物。螺旋状锚定物形成为多个线圈,该多个线圈在从线圈引导导管递送之后具有卷曲结构并适合支持在从线圈引导导管完全递送和植入在固有的二尖瓣处之后的二尖瓣假体。系统进一步包括组织聚集导管,所述组织聚集导管包括环结构,所述环结构被配置以展开以包围和聚集固有的腱索,以允许螺旋状锚定物在左心室中更容易导向。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,停靠心脏瓣膜假体的锚定物包括上面的螺旋状线圈部分、下面的螺旋状线圈部分、和将上面的螺旋状线圈部分固定到下面的螺旋状线圈部分的紧固件。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,在患者心脏中植入心脏瓣膜假体的方法包括将多个线圈形式的螺旋状锚定物保持在外部挠性管内。将外部挠性管和螺旋状锚定物的组合体固定到螺旋状递送工具。将螺旋状递送工具在患者固有心脏瓣膜邻近处旋转以将组合体安置在固有心脏瓣膜的任一侧或两侧上。将组合体从螺旋状递送工具移除,并将外部管从螺旋状锚定物移除。然后将螺旋状锚定物内的心脏瓣膜假体植入。
固定组合体可进一步包括大体上沿着螺旋状递送工具的相邻线圈安置组合体的线圈。移除外部管可进一步包括用推进器部件保持螺旋状锚定物,并将外部管从螺旋状锚定物拉脱。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,在患者心脏中植入可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的方法包括邻近固有心脏瓣膜递送多个线圈形式的可扩张螺旋状锚定物。将可扩张心脏瓣膜假体安置在可扩张螺旋状锚定物的多个线圈内,其中可扩张心脏瓣膜假体和可扩张螺旋状锚定物处于未扩张状态。将可扩张心脏瓣膜假体抵靠可扩张螺旋状锚定物扩张,从而扩张可扩张心脏瓣膜假体,同时将可扩张心脏瓣膜假体固定到可扩张螺旋状锚定物。密封物被装载在螺旋状锚定物上和/或心脏瓣膜假体上,并在至少两个相邻的线圈之间延伸,用于防止通过螺旋状锚定物和越过心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,植入可扩张心脏瓣膜假体以置换患者固有心脏瓣膜的方法包括邻近固有心脏瓣膜递送多个线圈形式的螺旋状锚定物。将可扩张心脏瓣膜假体邻近固有心脏瓣膜递送。利用可扩张心脏瓣膜假体上装载的引导结构,引导螺旋状锚定物大体上围绕可扩张心脏瓣膜假体的外周。将可扩张心脏瓣膜假体抵靠螺旋状锚定物扩展。如上所述,引导结构可采取许多不同的形式。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,在患者中植入用于停靠二尖瓣心脏瓣膜假体的螺旋状锚定物的方法包括利用组织聚集导管聚集腱索。然后邻近固有心脏瓣膜并在聚集的腱索周围将多个线圈形式的螺旋状锚定物递送。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,在患者中植入停靠心脏瓣膜假体的螺旋状锚定物的方法包括将由上面的线圈构成的上面的螺旋状锚定物部分递送到固有心脏瓣膜之上的位置,并将由下面的线圈构成的下面的螺旋状锚定物部分递送到固有心脏瓣膜之下的位置。在每个螺旋状锚定物部分递送之前或之后将上面的螺旋状锚定物部分和下面的螺旋状锚定物部分用紧固件固定在一起。
在另一个示例性实施方式中,置换固有心脏瓣膜的系统被提供,并包括形成为适合支持心脏瓣膜假体的多个线圈的可扩张螺旋状锚定物。线圈中的至少一个通常处于第一直径,并在来自螺旋状锚定物内部的放射状向外的力施用之后可扩大到更大的第二直径。缝隙被限定在相邻的线圈之间,其足以防止相邻的线圈中的至少一个与固有心脏瓣膜的啮合。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体被提供,并能被递送到螺旋状锚定物中,并在多个线圈内部扩展,与至少一个线圈啮合。以该方式,可扩张线圈从第一直径进展到第二直径,同时将螺旋状锚定物和心脏瓣膜假体固定在一起。可扩张心脏瓣膜假体包括流入端和流出端。流入端是无喇叭口的并且大体上圆柱形的,而流出端是沿放射状向外方向的喇叭口的。
多种另外的优势、方法、装置、系统和特征在与附图连起来进行的以下示例性实施方式的详细描述的审度之后对本领域技术人员将变得更显而易见。
附图说明
图1是示意地显示螺旋状锚定物引入到固有二尖瓣的位置的透视图。
图2A是显示图1所示的操作的开始部分的放大横断面视图,但是使用可转向的导管。
图2B是与图2A相似的心脏的横断面视图,但是显示递送导管的偏转和在固有二尖瓣下面螺旋状锚定物的引入。
图3A和3B是显示递送导管的远端和它的转向能力的放大正视图。
图4A和4B是图3A和3B各自的俯视图。
图5A是与图3B相似的侧面正视图,但是显示在递送导管内使用用于转向或操纵远端的金属丝。
图5B是图5A所示的递送导管的横断面俯视图。
图6A是显示螺旋状锚定物和用于辅助螺旋状锚定物递送到固有二尖瓣位置的外部管的组合的透视图。
图6B是图6A所示的外部管内螺旋状锚定物的透视图。
图7A是显示用于将图6B的组合体递送到固有的二尖瓣位置的螺旋状递送工具的正视图。
图7B是显示图6B所示的组合体与图7A所示的螺旋状递送工具附接(attachment)的透视图。
图8A是显示横断面的心脏和用于植入图6B的组合体的螺旋状递送工具的透视图。
图8B至8E是显示植入方法中的另外步骤的透视图。
图8F是显示植入的螺旋状锚定物的透视图。
图8G是显示植入的螺旋状锚定物内的置换心脏瓣膜如支架安装式瓣膜的横断面视图。
图9是显示用于植入螺旋状锚定物的工具和组合体的另一个示例性实施方式的透视图。
图10是显示图9的组合体的部分横断面俯视图。
图11A是螺旋状锚定物和递送导管的可选实施方式的远端的横断面视图。
图11B是螺旋状锚定物和递送导管的另一个实施方式的远端的透视图。
图12是根据另一个示例性实施方式在固有二尖瓣位置处植入的支架安装式置换瓣膜和螺旋状锚定物的横断面视图。
图13是显示支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜的另一个示例性实施方式的放大横断面视图。
图13A是显示图13所示的置换心脏瓣膜的流出端的非喇叭口实施方式的放大横断面视图。
图14A是显示螺旋状锚定物内固定的置换心脏瓣膜的另一个示例性实施方式的横断面视图。
图14B是图14A所示的置换瓣膜的放大横断面视图。
图15A是显示横断面的心脏和递送导管最初引入到二尖瓣位置的示意图。
图15B是显示在支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜和螺旋状锚定物一起引入中的进一步步骤的心脏放大横断面视图。
图15C至15F是与图15B相似的视图,但是显示在固有二尖瓣位置引入螺旋状锚定物和支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜的方法中逐步地进一步步骤。
图16A和16B是显示利用支架瓣膜上的带环臂,支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜和螺旋状锚定物同时展开的示意性正视图。
图17A和17B与图16A和16B相似,但是显示另一个实施方式。
图18A、18B和18C是与图16A和16B相似的视图,然而,这些视图逐步地显示展开螺旋状锚定物和支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜的方法的另一个实施方式。
图19A是根据另一个示例性实施方式构建的螺旋状锚定物的侧面正视图。
图19B是沿着图19A的线19B-19B截取的横断面视图。
图20是显示递送螺旋状锚定物的另一个可选系统的示意性透视图。
图21A是显示可选的螺旋状锚定物的最初递送的示意性透视图。
图21B是完全递送的图21A的螺旋状锚定物的示意性透视图。
图22A是显示包括密封物的螺旋状锚定物的另一个示例性实施方式的横断面视图。
图22B是与图22A相似的横断面视图,但是显示在固有二尖瓣位置处植入的螺旋状锚定物和螺旋状锚定物内保持的可扩张支架安装式置换瓣膜。
图23A是显示在用气囊导管扩张之前螺旋状锚定物的另一个示例性实施方式的示意性正视图。
图23B是与图23A相似的正视图,但是显示通过气囊导管扩张期间的螺旋状锚定物。
具体实施方式
将理解的是遍及本说明书和附图,同样的指代编号通常指同样的结构和功能部件。实施方式之间的差异根据附图和/或根据描述和/或不同图中不同指代编号的使用将是明显的。为了清楚和简要,遍及说明书,相同部件的描述将不再重复。
首先参考图1连同图2A和2B,如先前在申请人的PCT申请序号PCT/US2013/024114——其公开通过引用被全部并入本文——中所描述的,可转向导管10使螺旋状锚定物12的植入容易得多。导管10的可转向尖端10a辅助螺旋状锚定物12啮合固有二尖瓣16的接合处(commissure)14,如图1所示。导管10的尖端10a可被设计和配置以便它可向着二尖瓣16的固有小叶18、20向下弯曲。一旦将导管10的尖端10a大体地布置在接合处14之上,如图2A所示,则尖端或远端10a可向下弯曲,然后它相对容易地将螺旋状锚定物12推出或挤出远端10a并通过二尖瓣16向下,如图2B所示。
现在参考图3A、3B、4A、4B、5A和5B,可转向导管、或锚定物递送导管10可在许多不同的点或位置处是可转向的。向外转向导管尖端10a以增加递送导管尖端10a的半径可以是非常有益的,如图3A、3B和4A、4B所示,其显示转向远端10a的“之前”和“之后”效果。以该方式转向导管10将给予螺旋状锚定物12更大直径的起始线匝(turn)或线圈22。作为实例,螺旋状锚定物12的这种线匝或线圈22可通常地是25mm,但是以这种方式操作导管10的远端10a可将直径扩大到30mm。以这种方式打开螺旋状锚定物12的第一线匝或线圈22将帮助螺旋状锚定物12在螺旋状锚定物12被引入时捕获所有的索24和小叶18、20,如上面结合图1和图2A和2B所总体讨论的。当螺旋状锚定物12前进时,递送导管10的远端10a还可向内转向,以帮助螺旋状锚定物12捕获在相对接合处的所有索24。当螺旋状锚定物12被基本上螺旋或旋转进入和通过固有二尖瓣16时,将递送导管10的远端10a从一侧到另一侧移动基本上如同用线匝或线圈22导向(track)递送导管10。然而,在这种情况中,递送导管10是静止的,因为只有尖端10a随着线圈22移动。远端10a在任何方向的可转向性可通过埋入沿递送导管10长度延伸(run)的金属丝26来实现。当拉动金属丝26时,递送导管尖端10a转向并变形成操作中所期望或需要的各种形状。
现在将结合图6A、6B、7A、7B和8A至8C描述引入或植入螺旋状锚定物12的操作。包括线圈31的螺旋状递送工具30用于递送包含在外部管32内部的螺旋状锚定物12,所述外部管32例如由Goretex或其它低摩擦力材料如PTFE形成。缝合线34用于将外部管32和螺旋状锚定物12的组合或组合体固定在螺旋状递送工具30的线圈31上的合适位置。凹槽(未显示)可在螺旋状工具30中形成以便它为缝合线提供的固定座(seat)。另外的缝合线36用于通过螺旋状递送工具30末端的环38来系住外部管32的引导端。将螺旋状递送工具30和外部管/螺旋状锚定物组合32,12转入心脏40,如所显示的通过二尖瓣16,并且剪掉缝合线34——例如,用手术刀42(图8B)。一对镊子44用于使工具30转入通过固有二尖瓣16稍微更多,并且这使缝合线36断开(图8C)。然后将螺旋状工具30以相反的方向转动并从心脏40移除,在心脏40中留下与外部管32组合的螺旋状锚定物12,如所显示的。将具有杯状末端52的推杆50插入进外部管32的尾端(图8D)。然后将外部管32向后拉,留下螺旋状锚定物12处于合适的位置同时移除外部管32。由于外部管32的低摩擦力材料,其容易从螺旋状锚定物12滑脱。图8F和8G分别显示螺旋状锚定物12的这种实施方式和固定在螺旋状锚定物12内并牢固地抵靠螺旋状锚定物12的置换心脏瓣膜60的完全植入。置换瓣膜60包括小叶62、64和主体66,主体66可以具有任何合适的设计,如可扩张支架设计。
在图9和10中显示的另一个实施方式中,在螺旋状工具30上提供子弹形头部70。子弹形头部70上有裂缝72,其与邻近头部70的螺旋状金属丝或线圈22平行延伸。子弹形头部70由例如弹性聚合物形成,并且裂缝72通过这种弹性打开和关闭。再次,将外部管32用缝合线(未显示)固定到螺旋状递送工具30。将外部管32的引导端32a插入子弹形头部70——例如,用镊子44。在该实施方式中,由于它逐渐变细的形状,子弹形头部70提供更容易的插入。
图11A和11B显示在展开之前递送导管10与内部螺旋状锚定物12组合的另外的示例性实施方式。递送导管10的远端10a包括锥形体(taper),其可逐渐变细,如图11A所示,或较为圆润,如图11B所示。在每种情况中,远端10a的构型允许更顺利、更容易递送到固有二尖瓣位置,并可通过组织结构,如固有组织,在心脏40内操作。例如,递送导管10的远端10a可被导向通过二尖瓣16,并可需要部分或完全环绕索24(图1)。如图11A所示,螺旋状锚定物12可用内部的金属丝线圈12a和外部的覆盖物或外衣12b如织物构造,并可包括软的尖端12c,如由聚合物形成,以避免递送期间对心脏组织的损伤和实现更容易的递送。
图12是显示在固有二尖瓣16位置处停靠在螺旋状锚定物12中的示例性支架安装式置换心脏瓣膜或假体60的横断面视图。在该实施方式中,“缓冲器”结构80已被添加到在瓣膜60的流出端处的环状边缘。该缓冲器结构80可,例如,由泡沫82形成,泡沫82由密封材料84如织物或另外的合适材料或外衣覆盖。该密封层84在瓣膜60的开放支架结构86之上向上延伸,以防止越过瓣膜60和通过螺旋状锚定物12的线圈22的血液渗漏。
图13是与图12所示的瓣膜相似的置换心脏瓣膜60的放大视图,但是显示向外放射状喇叭口的流入和流出端。
图13A是放大的断面图,其显示没有向外放射状喇叭口的大体上圆柱形的流出端。
图14A和14B显示本发明的另一个示例性实施方式,包括停靠或安装置换支架瓣膜60的螺旋状锚定物12,并包括生物学组织密封物90,如心包组织或其它动物组织,其用在缓冲器80的位置以覆盖内部泡沫层82,以及为了密封和覆盖开放支架结构86上到约束置换心脏瓣膜60的已有(existing)织物层92的位置。支架瓣膜60上的已有织物层92和约束瓣膜60的下面或流出部分的密封物层90的组合防止血流越过瓣膜60通过支架结构86渗漏。取而代之,血液正如它应该的穿过置换瓣膜60的小叶62、64。如图14A中所进一步显示的,螺旋状锚定物12优选由间隔开的线圈22形成,间隔开的线圈22产生缝隙91,该缝隙91如在先前结合PCT申请序号PCT/US2014/050525讨论的任何实施方式所配置(该PCT申请的公开在此通过引用被全部并入本文),或按照其他需要间隔开或形成。如PCT/US2014/050525中所进一步描述的,螺旋状锚定物12是可通过支架瓣膜60扩张的。
参考图15A-15C,显示根据另一个示例性实施方式的操作的开始部分。在该图中,鞘100和递送导管101已通过外周静脉被推进心脏40的右心房102,跨过房间隔104,到达左心房106。递送导管101的远端10a通过被引导穿过固有二尖瓣16而被定位在左心室108中。该递送导管101含有将被植入在固有二尖瓣16位置处的自扩张式或支架安装式二尖瓣假体或置换瓣膜60。超弹性或形状记忆类型材料,如镍钛诺(Nitinol),通常用于形成自扩张置换瓣膜60的框架结构或主体66,但其它材料可代替使用。框架或主体66包括人工瓣膜小叶18、20,其通常由组织如牛或猪的心包组织形成。小叶18、20可由其它材料,如合成的或其它生物材料,例如,源自小肠粘膜的材料代替形成。如下面所进一步描述的,递送导管101还含有螺旋状锚定物12和递送系统。螺旋状锚定物12可大体上采取本文描述的或先前例如在PCT申请序号PCT/US2014/050525和PCT/IB2013/000593中公开的形式。PCT/IB2013/000593申请的公开内容也通过引用被并入本文。
图15B显示左心室108内部的递送导管101,其远端10a刚好在固有二尖瓣小叶18、20下面。操作已通过递送系统的内含物的暴露开始。
图15C显示图15B以后的操作另一部分,显示假体或置换二尖瓣60已通过导管101的远端10a被部分递送。定位在左心室108中的置换瓣膜60的末端具有臂110,该臂110环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20并用于抵靠固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的边缘牢固地锚定置换瓣膜60。箭头112显示在臂110已从递送导管101挤出或向外张开之后,臂110如何环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的下面的边缘。该置换瓣膜60构造已在上面并入的PCT申请序号PCT/IB2013/000593中显示。当置换瓣膜60被完全定位时这些臂110将有助于防止置换瓣膜60被向上移动进入左心房106,因为臂110在固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的边缘周围钩住。多个臂110可用于提供二尖瓣假体60与固有二尖瓣16附接的下平面。臂110的长度和特征及构造可变化。将理解的是多个臂110用于该实施方式,但是为了说明和简化的目的,只有两个臂110显示在这些图中。臂110之一包括环120以导向或控制含有螺旋状锚定物12的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10。在组合体已被装载到递送鞘100中之前,锚定物递送导管10已被预先装载到环120中。具有环120的臂可具有较其它臂110更重的构造,并且无须与其它臂110相像。臂110具有形状记忆性质,以至于当它们从锚定物导管10挤出或向外张开时,它们环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20。具有环120的臂110环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20,并且附接的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10随其携载以便将索24和固有二尖瓣小叶18、20定位在螺旋状锚定物12的暴露端内部。
当螺旋状锚定物12如图15C最初所示被推进或挤出时,它将环绕腱索24以便所有瓣膜和索将被圈入螺旋状锚定物12内部。环120使螺旋状锚定物递送导管10在固有二尖瓣小叶18、20周围和在索24之上摆动到固有二尖瓣环126之下的优选位置。具有环120的臂110可具有将瓣膜60附接到固有小叶边缘和在螺旋状锚定物12递送期间用于引导的双重功能。环120可以足够大以当系统被展开时允许螺旋状锚定物递送导管10枢转(pivot)或旋转(swivel)。对于螺旋状锚定物12来说重要的是在近乎平行于固有二尖瓣16下面的平面中被挤出。螺旋状锚定物递送导管10还通过环120被对准或定向到该平面。实际上,环120可由短管(未显示)代替所示的丝线来构成。管将驱使螺旋状锚定物递送导管10进入有利的平面和定向。可选地,螺旋状锚定物递送导管10可以是通过可操纵的导管技术以已知的方式之一可操纵的。
其它二尖瓣假体或置换瓣膜可被利用并具有宽范围的环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的附接臂或翼或支架结构。在这样的假体中的臂或其它相似结构可全部装配有环120、或管或其它相似的引导结构,以执行与上面刚刚描述的环120相似的功能。该功能通常涉及导向螺旋状锚定物12的递送。而且,不一定是环120导向螺旋状锚定物递送。例如,置换瓣膜支架结构86的小室或开口也可执行与这些图中显示和描述的环120相同的功能。钩或管也可替代显示的环120而使用。可起到导向螺旋状锚定物12围绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的作用的任何结构可被添加到假体或置换心脏瓣膜60。该结构可以被永久制造成置换瓣膜60的部分或可以是只在操作期间使用的临时结构。例如,缝合线的环(未显示)可用于引导包括与其关联的任何螺旋状锚定物递送导管10的螺旋状锚定物12的递送。在使用缝合之后,可将它从患者撤出。
这些图中显示的臂110非常窄或细长。在实践中,具有由在末端融合的成对(pairs)或三股金属丝构成的臂可以是更有用的。臂110的窄末端促进臂110在腱索24之间在它们的具有固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的自由缘的边缘处——通过,以允许臂110缠绕固有小叶18、20。索24在一些区域紧密堆积,细长的臂110将允许臂110在腱索24之间通过。一旦臂110的细长部分通过,臂110的较厚部分就可在索24之间移动——通过将它们分开。因此,这样的臂110可以是期望的安排:细长的,或由单股金属丝或在尖端处融合的金属丝组成,并且越接近假体或置换瓣膜60的主体越粗或越厚。金属丝或臂110还可比这些示例图中显示的那些短得多。在示例的方法中,螺旋状锚定物12的递送可在任何期望的位置开始,而不必在固有二尖瓣16的接合处14。例如,递送可在固有二尖瓣小叶18或20的中间部分开始。这对于不必精确地定位接合处14以开始操作的外科医生将是有利的,从而极大地简化操作。
图15D显示正在固有二尖瓣小叶18、20下面递送的螺旋状锚定物12。箭头130指示正从固有二尖瓣16下面的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10挤出的螺旋状锚定物12。螺旋状锚定物12的任何数目的线圈或线匝22可被挤出,取决于操作中使用的螺旋状锚定物12的具体构型。螺旋状锚定物12的内径将优选稍微小于完全扩张的二尖瓣假体60的外径,以促进置换二尖瓣60的牢固啮合或锚定。螺旋状锚定物12可由裸金属丝组成,或可具有涂层或覆盖物——基于多种原因,如上面并入的PCT申请中描述的那些。部分递送的二尖瓣假体60起到重要作用以集中螺旋状锚定物12的递送。二尖瓣假体或置换瓣膜60还提供稳定的平台。
图15E显示螺旋状锚定物12的三个线匝22已被布置在固有二尖瓣16下面。这些线匝或线圈22已在螺旋状锚定物12和显示为将要扩张的构型的假体二尖瓣60之间安置固有二尖瓣小叶18、20。一旦置换瓣膜60扩张,这就牢固地安置置换瓣膜60,并通过将固有二尖瓣小叶18、20密封到假体60而防止置换瓣膜60周围的渗漏。置换瓣膜60的递送鞘101已被移除,并且当利用自扩张瓣膜时,在递送鞘101移除之后瓣膜60将弹开。箭头132指示其发生之前的该过程。在该图中,置换瓣膜60仍然处于关闭位置以允许固有二尖瓣16下面的螺旋状锚定物12的线匝或线圈22的清楚可视化。处于该构型,固有二尖瓣16下面存在三个螺旋状锚定物线圈22,然而,任何数目的线圈22可被替代使用。将线圈22抵靠二尖瓣环126的下面和小叶18、20安置,以提供坚固的支持物来将螺旋状锚定物12固定在合适位置,并且防止在有力的左心室108收缩时移进左心房106。当臂110环绕螺旋状锚定物12时,整个结构或组合体被稳定在合适位置。由于锚定物12可在与置换瓣膜60同时递送的事实,该实施方式提供给外科医生或干预者相当量的选择。许多形状记忆框架的假体心脏瓣膜60可被重新装鞘。这表示在操作期间,置换瓣膜60可从导管或鞘101被部分推进并被测试其在心脏40中的配合(适配,fit)。如果在置换瓣膜60的最终释放之前外科医生或干预者不满意置换瓣膜60的定位,那么该瓣膜60可被拉回鞘或导管101中。因此,假体或置换瓣膜60可被最初安置,而螺旋状锚定物12没有在合适的位置。如果随后的锚定呈现牢固而稳定,并且没有移动或渗漏的迹象,那么瓣膜60可被释放。另一方面,如果外科医生或干预者不满意,那么瓣膜60可被拉回鞘101中。螺旋状锚定物12可先被植入,然后瓣膜60可从递送鞘101挤出。这将允许使用者基于固有二尖瓣16下面另外锚定的临床需要做出决定。
图15F显示适当位置中显示的完全植入的可扩张的置换瓣膜60。臂110已环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20以防止置换瓣膜60向上移动进入左心房106。将固有二尖瓣小叶18、20在臂110下面压缩,并已产生非常坚固的机械结构和锚定以防止置换瓣膜60迁移到不希望的位置。螺旋状锚定物12的线匝或线圈22还抵靠假体或置换瓣膜60的主体66压缩,以安置、定向置换瓣膜60和防止置换瓣膜60的运动。因此,螺旋状锚定物12提供置换瓣膜60的摩擦附接,并用于锚定环绕螺旋状锚定物12的臂110。显示固有二尖瓣16的上面部分具有较宽的区域,该区域位于左心房106内部以促进与左心房106的壁的附接。然而,将置换瓣膜60从左心房106移向左心室108的力低,并且置换瓣膜60的该部分可以不是必需的并可从临床假体除去或减少。螺旋状锚定物12的线匝或线圈22是重要的,因为它们可克服患者之间固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的长度和左心室108中腱索24的长度和索24的附接点的多种多样的变化。当利用具有环绕固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的臂110的置换瓣膜60而没有任何螺旋状锚定物12在固有小叶18、20下环绕时,假体二尖瓣60的固定深度可围绕植入的置换瓣膜60的周长而变化。例如,如果附接到后面小叶20中间部分的腱索24非常长或破裂——这是通常情形,那么臂110可不在该位置环绕和啮合固有小叶20。可选地,可存在沿着或处于高得多的平面的非常有限的啮合。置换瓣膜60的该部分将被安置得较高,产生置换瓣膜60的倾斜,以便置换瓣膜60将与通过置换瓣膜60流入血液的平面成角而被安置。当心脏40跳动时,在置换瓣膜60上存在大负荷,它可开始摇摆和移位。心脏40每天跳动差不多100,000次,并且在几天或数周或数月之后,瓣膜60可能移位、运动和/或移动。并且,如果小叶18、20和/或索24非常长,那么可不存在与臂110的接触。由于缺少置换瓣膜60与固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的啮合,这可导致大的瓣周漏。固有二尖瓣小叶18、20下面的锚定物12将抵靠置换瓣膜60压缩固有小叶组织,和防止该问题。螺旋状锚定物12将被安置在一个平面中和防止与患者解剖结构变化相关的问题。
在临床实践中,实际上在固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的大小、固有二尖瓣小叶18、20的特征、索长度和索24的附接以及二尖瓣环126的直径方面存在无限的变化。固有小叶18、20下面的螺旋状锚定物12或其它锚定结构的使用抵消这些变量中的许多,因为可将臂110的固定点定为螺旋状锚定物12的最低线圈22。该位置还可通过选择螺旋状锚定物12中线圈22的数目以及螺旋状锚定物12中线圈22的厚度而预先确定,以匹配置换瓣膜60最低部分上的臂110的转折点(turning point)。因此,固有二尖瓣环126下递送的螺旋状锚定物12的重要特征是它可产生锚定置换瓣膜60的臂110的通用和预定的平面。在上面描述的索24中的一些被拉伸的情形中,置换瓣膜60的该区域中的附接可附接至螺旋状锚定物12。这将产生针对置换瓣膜60上的最低点的通用平面。为了保证瓣膜60遍及它的周长在通用最低平面锚定,可将另外的线圈22添加到螺旋状锚定物12,或可使线圈22的直径制得较大。另外的选择是,例如,可将波或波动(undulation)添加到螺旋状锚定物12的线圈22,以扩大螺旋状锚定物12的总高度。螺旋状锚定物12因此通过为置换瓣膜60的臂环绕提供锚定点或位置而提高置换瓣膜60的稳定性,同时,螺旋状锚定物12可沿着它的长度捕捉置换瓣膜60的周长。这些特征的组合为置换瓣膜60提供增加的稳定性,并且还可抵靠固有二尖瓣16密封置换瓣膜60以防止血流的瓣周漏。如所提到的,患者的固有二尖瓣和心脏结构有许多变化和组合。制造者制造不同长度和深度的锚定臂110是不实际的,并且使用者将这些产品最适地针对每种情况递送到合适的位置也是不实际的。相反,通过将螺旋状锚定物12布置在固有二尖瓣16下和利用这来产生臂110锚定抵靠的最低平面来针对这些变化进行调节则更实际的多。螺旋状锚定物12的递送系统可以是任何递送或部署系统,例如,上面并入的PCT申请中描述的。将理解,这样的部署方法和装置可用于递送螺旋状锚定物12,以便锚定物12只安置在固有二尖瓣16下面,如本文所示。
图16A和16B显示另一个实施方式,其中环120设在引导螺旋状锚定物递送导管10的置换瓣膜60上的臂110的远端。该环120允许递送导管10在移动到合适的位置时旋转。在该实施方式中,螺旋状锚定物递送导管10穿过置换瓣膜60或,换言之,在置换瓣膜主体66内通过,然而,它可以以所示方式以外的方式而被导向,并且螺旋状锚定物递送导管10可用于沿着该路径的另外的引导,如通过在通过较图16A和16B中所示更远的环120被导向之后是可操纵的,用于螺旋状锚定物12的递送。
图17A和17B显示另一个实施方式,其中螺旋状锚定物递送管140已被并入置换瓣膜60来代替先前描述的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10。在该实施方式中,实际上,置换瓣膜60的一个臂是管140,其负载有并且携载螺旋状锚定物12。当管状臂140环绕固有二尖瓣小叶(未显示)时,螺旋状锚定物12被携载到正确的位置和正确的递送平面。可引导用于递送的螺旋状锚定物12的、置换瓣膜60的臂110之一上的任何结构或置换瓣膜60的任何部分可被替代使用。在图17B中,螺旋状锚定物12已从管状臂140挤出了几乎一个完整线圈(turn)或旋转(rotation)。如先前所描述的,螺旋状锚定物12的多个线匝或线圈22可以以该方式展开,用于最终总体如上所述在固有二尖瓣16位置处固定置换瓣膜60。与该实施方式的主要区别是不需要螺旋状锚定物递送导管10。
图18A至18C显示置换瓣膜和螺旋状锚定物部署和植入的另一个实施方式。在这点上,螺旋状锚定物递送导管10和置换瓣膜60基本上并排(side by side)递送。图18A显示递送鞘101外面或从递送鞘101挤出的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10,递送鞘101还递送置换瓣膜60。螺旋状锚定物递送导管10穿过置换瓣膜60的臂110之一中的环120。箭头150指示螺旋状锚定物12将从螺旋状锚定物递送导管10末端挤出。如图18B所示,螺旋状锚定物递送导管10末端远端仍然在环120中,螺旋状锚定物12的几乎一个完整的线匝或线圈22已在固有二尖瓣(未显示)下面被递送。图18C显示植入过程期间另外的点,其中螺旋状锚定物12的大约三个线匝或线圈22已在固有二尖瓣16的平面152下面被递送。在该图中,递送置换瓣膜60的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10和鞘101已被移除。当置换瓣膜60由自扩张支架一起成形时,瓣膜60的主体66将在递送鞘101被移除时弹开。为了清楚和说明的目的,瓣膜60仍然显示处于关闭或未扩张的状态——仅为了清楚。然而,一般而言,完全植入的系统或组合体将与图15F中显示的相似。
图19A和19B显示螺旋状锚定物12的另一个实施方式。在该实施方式中,在线圈22的间距和大小方面,螺旋状锚定物12的构型可变化。横断面构造包括织物覆盖物160,其例如可以是具有0.008+/-0.002英寸的厚度、2.12+/-0.18盎司/码2(72+/-6克/m2)的重量、40+/-5的棱纹/英寸、90+/-10的线径/英寸的PET。泡沫层162例如可以是2mm厚的聚氨酯片材。泡沫可利用PTFE缝合线以轻直针脚附接到织物160。织物160和泡沫162然后可在螺旋状锚定物12的线圈22的中心金属丝部分22a周围折叠和利用纤维缝合线以十字形针法缝到金属丝部分22a。
图20显示另一个系统,其可包括螺旋状锚定物12的上述递送,如上面所列出的和/或上面并入的PCT申请中所列出的。然而,根据该实施方式,另外的组织聚集装置170被包括在递送系统中。装置170递送临时环(ring or loop)172——其可将腱索24的束聚集或围到较小的区域中。这可促进更容易的螺旋状锚定物12的放置,而没有与腱索24的纠缠或阻碍。并且,该图中显示的是引入器鞘100、递送导管101以及可操纵的螺旋状锚定物递送导管10,所有的都大体上如先前所描述的。
图21A和21B显示另一个螺旋状锚定物装置或组合体12。组合体12包括上面的或心房的螺旋状锚定物部分180以及下面的或心室的螺旋状锚定物部分182。这些螺旋状锚定物部分180、182通过从螺旋状锚定物递送导管10挤出而被同时递送。下面的锚定物部分182通过固有小叶18、20之间的二尖瓣16而被递送。上面和下面的锚定物部分180、182可连结在一起——例如,通过卷曲连接184。上面的锚定物部分180在左心房106中的固有二尖瓣16之上部署(图20)。上面和下面的锚定物部分180、182可交错,以便下面的锚定物部分182最初被导向到接合处14中并且通过固有二尖瓣16。如所显示的,上面和下面的螺旋状锚定物部分180、182以相反的方向盘绕或旋转,然后如所显示的,可卷曲在一起,或可在装载导管10之前预卷曲或以其他方式附接。
图22A和22B显示与结合上面并入的PCT申请序号PCT/US2014/050525讨论的那些相似的螺旋状锚定物和置换瓣膜系统的另一个实施方式。然而,在该实施方式中,螺旋状锚定物12的构型显示为具有在至少上面的线圈22a和固有二尖瓣16之间的缝隙200。如在上面并入的PCT申请中,螺旋状锚定物12包括任何期望构型的环形密封物202,其纵长地穿过锚定物12或以其他方式沿着锚定物12的长度延伸。在该实施方式中,板或膜密封物202显示为从线圈22a之一向下延伸并覆盖支架安装式置换瓣膜60的部分——否则,由于支架结构86,该部分将是开放的。密封物202因此防止经过置换瓣膜60的血液通过开放的支架结构86渗漏。如图22A和22B所示的组合体的所有其它方面如本文所描述的,并可包括本文或另外(例如,上面并入的PCT申请中)描述的选择或特征中的任何一个。缝隙200由与相邻的线圈部分22a、22c不平行延伸的线圈部分22b形成。
图23A和23B显示再次与上面并入的PCT申请序号PCT/US2014/050525相似的螺旋状锚定物12的另一个实施方式。该实施方式和上面并入的PCT申请中显示的实施方式之间的区别是已在锚定物12的其中两个中部线圈22a、22c之间产生缝隙200。这两个图显示螺旋状锚定物12的特征,其中当可扩张的锚定物12通过,例如,气囊导管210扩张时,线圈22将移动或旋转。如先前所描述的,在相邻的线圈22a、22c之间形成的缝隙200可用于确保固有二尖瓣组织不被相邻的线圈22a、22c捕捉或啮合。缝隙200由与相邻的线圈部分22a、22c不平行延伸的线圈部分22b形成。
虽然本发明已通过优选实施方式的描述而被说明,并且虽然这些实施方式已被详细描述,但是申请人的意图不是将所附权利要求的范围限制或以任何方式限制到这样的细节。本领域技术人员将容易想到另外的优势和修改。发明的多种特征和思路可单独或以任何组合而使用,这取决于操作者的需要和偏爱。这已是本发明的描述,连同目前已知的实施本发明的优选方法。然而,本发明自身应只由所附权利要求限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种置换固有心脏瓣膜的系统,所述系统包括:
可扩张的螺旋状锚定物,其形成为适合支持心脏瓣膜假体的多个线圈,所述线圈中的至少一个通常处于第一直径,并在施加来自所述螺旋状锚定物内的放射状的向外的力之后可扩大到更大的第二直径,其中缝隙被限定在相邻的线圈之间,所述缝隙足以防止所述相邻的线圈中的至少一个与所述固有心脏瓣膜的啮合;
可扩张心脏瓣膜假体,其能被递送到所述螺旋状锚定物中并在所述多个线圈内部扩展,与所述至少一个线圈啮合,以使所述至少一个线圈从所述第一直径进展到所述第二直径,同时将所述螺旋状锚定物和所述心脏瓣膜假体固定在一起;和
所述可扩张心脏瓣膜假体上的密封物,其被配置以啮合所述螺旋状锚定物和防止在所述螺旋状锚定物中的所述心脏瓣膜假体植入之后越过所述心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述螺旋状锚定物包括另一线圈,当所述心脏瓣膜假体在所述多个线圈内部扩张时,所述另一线圈从较大的直径进展为较小的直径。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述密封物包括在相邻线圈之间延伸的部分,用于防止通过所述螺旋状锚定物和越过所述心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述密封物进一步包括生物学材料。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述螺旋状锚定物进一步包括形状记忆材料。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述密封物进一步包括膜或板,所述膜或板在所述螺旋状锚定物中的所述心脏瓣膜假体植入之后,在所述螺旋状锚定物的至少两个线圈之间延伸。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述心脏瓣膜假体包括血液流入端和血液流出端,所述端中至少一个的形状是无喇叭口的并且大体上圆柱形的。
8.如权利要求7所述的系统,其中所述血液流出端是向外放射状地喇叭口的,并包括缓冲器,用于防止植入之后对心脏中组织结构的损害。
9.如权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述缝隙由与所述螺旋状锚定物的相邻线圈部分非平行地延伸的所述螺旋状锚定物的线圈部分形成。
10.一种置换固有心脏瓣膜的系统,所述系统包括:
可扩张的螺旋状锚定物,其形成为适合支持心脏瓣膜假体的多个线圈,所述线圈中的至少一个通常处于第一直径,并在施加来自所述螺旋状锚定物内的放射状的向外的力之后可扩大到更大的第二直径,其中缝隙被限定在相邻的线圈之间,所述缝隙足以防止所述相邻的线圈中的至少一个与所述固有心脏瓣膜的啮合;
可扩张心脏瓣膜假体,其能被递送到所述螺旋状锚定物中并在所述多个线圈内部扩展,与所述至少一个线圈啮合,以使所述至少一个线圈从所述第一直径进展到所述第二直径,同时将所述螺旋状锚定物和所述心脏瓣膜假体固定在一起;和
密封物,其在所述螺旋状锚定物上,并且被配置以啮合所述螺旋状锚定物和在所述螺旋状锚定物中的所述心脏瓣膜假体植入之后防止越过所述心脏瓣膜假体的血液渗漏。
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