CN1095651C - 有多区域结构类弹性网膜的可伸长腰部的吸湿用品 - Google Patents
有多区域结构类弹性网膜的可伸长腰部的吸湿用品 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
诸如一次性尿布、失禁者穿的三角裤、尿布护套、运动短裤、妇女卫生巾一类的吸湿用品,具有一个能改善该吸湿用品的动态贴合性能及密封性能的独立的腰部部件。这种吸湿用品包括一个由一个液体可以透过的顶片(24)、一个液体不能透过的底片(26)以及一个位于顶片和底片之间的吸湿芯(28)组成的主体组件(22);一个可伸长的后腰件;以及一套用于将该吸湿用品保持在穿用者身上的封闭组件(40、41)。可伸长的后腰件提供的伸长特性通过先将尿布服贴地贴合在穿用者身上然后再保持这种贴合来产生更为舒适及服贴的感觉。可伸长的后腰件具有一个臀片(38),一个中央腰头片(32)及一对侧片(36)。各片段的力/伸长率特性都经过设计以改进贴合及密封性能。尽管可伸长的后腰件的各个片段可以由多种可伸长的材料制成,但这些片段最好是由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面制成。结构类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面在不采用外加的弹性材料的情况下沿拉伸方向呈现出类似弹性的特性。各片段中的SELF网面的结构都具有特定的特征,以满足每一片段的力/伸长率特性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及如尿布、失禁者穿的三角裤、运动短内裤一类的吸湿用品,特别是涉及具有一个可伸长的腰部部件的吸湿用品,所述的腰部部件动态地贴合在穿用者的身体周围,并且改善了吸湿用品的密封性能。
背景技术
婴儿及其他的失禁者都穿用尿布一类的吸湿用品,利用这类吸湿用品来吸收并容纳尿及其它的身体排泄物。吸湿用品既能容纳排泄物又能将这些排泄物与穿用者的身体以及穿用者的内裤及床单隔开。具有多种不同的基本结构的一次性吸湿用品已被本领域所公知。例如1967年1月31日授予Duncan及Baker的名称为“Disposible Diaper”的美国第Re.26152号专利描述了一种现在已被广泛接受并且获得了商业上的成功的一次性尿布。1975年1月14日授予Buell的名称为“Contractable Side Portion For DisposableDiaper”的美国第3860003号专利描述了一种现在已被广泛接受并且获得了商业上的成功的带有由弹性件制成的腿部收口的一次性尿布。
然而,吸湿用品在穿用过程中容易从穿用者的身上松脱及下滑。这种松脱及下滑是由穿用者呼吸、运动及变换体位时所发生的相对运动、吸湿用品中装了身体排泄物后产生的向下的力以及在承受穿用者的这类运动时吸湿用品本身的材料中的罗纹状部件引起的。吸湿用品的这种松脱及下滑会导致过早泄漏以及该吸湿用品在腰区及腿区不能很好地贴合在穿用者的身上。
为了将吸湿用品更服贴地贴合在穿用者的身上,在某些市售的吸湿用品上已配备了弹性件。1992年9月22日授予Buell,Clear及Falcone的名称为“Absorbent Article With Dynamic Elastic Waist Feature HavingPredisposed Flexural Hinge”的美国第5151092号专利公开了一种具有弹性侧片的一次性尿布。但是,弹性件成本比较高,并且在组装过程中需要一定量的加工处理。此外,尽管弹性件为吸湿用品提供了一定的拉伸性能,但吸湿用品上的供弹性件附着的部件通常不是弹性的,因此,在将弹性件固定到吸湿用品上之前必需将弹性件预拉伸,或者对非弹性部件进行机械拉伸(例如环轧)以使所加上的弹性件能起到弹性作用。否则,所加上的弹性件要受到非弹性部件的限制。
发明内容
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种成本较低、易于生产、在使用过程中能够持续动态地贴合在穿用者身上的吸湿用品。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种最好是不使用弹性件的、具有一个独特的可伸长腰部部件的吸湿用品,由于构成腰部部件的材料凭借其易于伸长的特性而拥有的贴合性能,所述的可伸长腰部部件在使用过程中能够形成持续的动态贴合,并能更有效地防止泄漏。
本发明的又一个目的是在一个吸湿用品上提供一种可伸长的腰部部件,所述的腰部部件在不采用附加的弹性材料的情况下在受力或拉伸的方向上呈现出“类似弹性”的性能。
本发明的又一个目的是在一个吸湿用品上提供一种可伸长的后腰件,通过为所述的后腰件提供多个具有不同的受力/伸长性能的区域或片段,使得在使用过程中作用到后腰件上的力能够更好地分布,同时使得这些区域具有必要的拉伸及伸长特性,由此改善吸湿用品的贴合及密封性能。
在结合附图研读了下面的描述之后,本发明的这些及其它目的将更加易于理解。
本发明提供了如一次性尿布、失禁者穿的三角裤、尿布护套、运动短内裤、妇女卫生巾一类的吸湿用品,本发明的这类用品具有一个能改善吸湿用品的动态贴合及密封性能的可伸长的后腰件。这类吸湿用品包括一个最好是由一个液体可以透过的顶片、一个液体不能透过的底片和一个位于所述的顶片和所述的底片之间的吸湿芯组成的主体组件;一个具有多个片段或区域的可伸长的后腰件;以及一个将该吸湿用品保持在穿用者身上的封闭组件。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,吸湿用品由一个主体组件和一个位于后腰区中的可伸长的后腰件组合成T字形。可伸长的后腰件是一个可伸长的部件,它通过先将尿布合适地贴合到穿用者的身上然后再保持住这种贴合来实现更为舒适及服贴的贴合。这个可伸长的后腰件还产生并维持穿着力(张力),这个穿着力加强了由封闭组件产生并维持的张力。可伸长的后腰件还促成了尿布的更为有效的贴合。这个可伸长的后腰件具有一个中央腰头片,一对侧片,以及一个臀片。所述这些片段中的每一个具有不同的力及伸长特性以使尿布的贴合达到最佳程度。尽管组成可伸长的后腰件的每一个片段可以由多种可伸长的材料制成,但它们最好都由一种结构上类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面制成,因为采用SELF网面可以做到对每一个片段受力/伸长特性可专门设计,并且使材料的用量最小(无需采用常规的弹性材料)。
结构上类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面在不外加弹性材料的条件下在拉伸方向上呈现出类似弹性的性能。SELF网面在沿与预定轴平行的方向上被拉伸时,沿着至少这一个预定轴产生出至少两个大小明显不同的、可控制的抵抗拉伸的力。SELF网面包括一个可伸缩的网状织品,该网状织品具有至少两个彼此相邻截然分开的不同的区域。其中一个区域在受到沿着与一个预定轴平行的方向上的轴向拉伸时,能够在另一个区域的主要部分产生明显的抵抗拉伸的力之前产生抵抗拉伸的阻力。当材料处于非张紧状态时,如果从大体上平行于所述预定轴的方向上测量,至少有一个区域的表面径长大于其它区域的表面径长。具有较长的表面径长的区域包括一个或多个延伸到其它区域的平面之外的罗纹状部件。SELF网面对外加的拉伸先产生一个第一阻力,直到网面伸长到足以使得具有较长表面径长的区域的主要部分进入到外加拉伸的平面中时,该SELF网面对进一步的拉伸产生第二阻力。总的抵抗拉伸的阻力大于由第一区域产生的抵抗拉伸的第一阻力。
附图说明
尽管本说明书的末尾附有特别指出并清楚限定了构成本发明的主题的权利要求,但通过下面结合附图所作的说明,将会对本发明将有更好的理解,在这些附图中,相同的标号用于表示大体上相同的部件,其中:
图1是本发明的一种一次性尿布实施例的平面视图,为了显示内部的结构,已将尿布的若干部分截去,该尿布的外表面朝向读者;
图1A是图1所示的一次性尿布实施例的简化的平面视图,该图描绘了尿布的各个片段;
图2是沿图1中的2-2线剖取的图1所示一次性尿布实施例的横剖视图;
图3是图1所示的一次性尿布实施例因其侧片受到力的作用而处于拉伸状态时的平面视图;
图4是图1所示的一次性尿布的局部放大视图,该图详细显示了可伸长的后腰区的SELF网面以及尿布的各部件的相对位置;
图5是本发明的具有一种可伸长的网状织品的SELF网面的一种优选实施例的平面视图,其中的罗纹状部件朝向读者;
图5A是图5中的SELF网面处于未受拉伸的状态时的片段透视图;
图5B是图5中的SELF网面处于与图6中的力-伸长曲线上的第I段相对应的拉伸状态时的片段透视图;
图5C是图5中的SELF网面处于与图6中的力-伸长曲线上的第II段相对应的拉伸状态时的片段透视图;
图6是将本发明的如图5所示的SELF网面的性能与另一与之相同的、平面形的、由原料聚合物制成的网面的性能相比较的阻力-百分伸长率曲线图;
图7是在使图6中的SELF网面伸长60%并对其进行滞后响应的测试时得到的该网面的弹性滞后性能曲线;
图8是用于形成本发明的那个SELF网面部分的一种优选装置的简化了的侧视图;
图9是图8中的装置的几块相对的啮合板并排放置在一起的平面视图,其啮合表面外露;
图10是用于将原料薄膜的至少一部分制成本发明的SELF网面的静态压力机的简化侧视图;
图11是用于将原料薄膜的几个预定部分制成本发明的SELF网面的连续、动态压力机的简化侧视图;
图12是用于将原料薄膜的至少一部分制成本发明的SELF网面的装置的简化视图;
图13是用于将原料薄膜的至少一部分制成为本发明的SELF网面的另一种装置的简化视图;
图14是将一种可供选择的SELF网面材料的性能与另一与之相同的、未成形的、平面形的原料网面材料的性能相比较的阻力-百分伸长率曲线图,所述的可供选择的SELF网面材料是一种由一层聚合薄膜和一层通过粘结固定的具有本发明的可伸缩网状织物的非织造层组成的叠层;
图15是在使图14中的具有可伸长的网状织物的网面材料伸长60%并对其进行弹性滞后响应的测试时得到的该网面材料的弹性滞后性能曲线;
图16是本发明的一种可供选择的一次性尿布实施例的简化的平面视图,该图从总体上显示了可伸长的后腰区的几个片段的伸缩方向;
图17是本发明的一次性尿布实施例的侧片的一种可供选择的结构的简化了的平面视图;
图18是本发明的又一种可供选择的一次性尿布实施例的平面视图;
图19是图18所示的这种可供选择的一次性尿布实施例的平面视图,该图示出由于侧片和前腰片受到力的作用,尿布处于其伸展状态;
图20是本发明的一种可供选择的具有砂漏形状及由SELF网面构成的可伸长的前腰件的一次性尿布实施例的局部剖开后的平面视图;
图21是本发明的一种可供选择的可伸长前腰片的片段平面视图;
图22是本发明的另一种可供选择的可伸长前腰片的片段平面视图;
图23是本发明的又一种可供选择的可伸长前腰片的片段平面视图;
图24是本发明的又一种可供选择的可伸长前腰片的片段平面视图。
具体实施方式
在本文中,“吸湿用品”一词是指吸收并容纳身体排泄物的用品,更确切地说,是指放置在穿用者身体上或身体附近、用于吸收并容纳从身体中排出的各种排泄物的用品。本文中的“一次性”一词表示不打算对这种吸湿用品进行洗涤或以其它方式回收或作为吸湿用品重新使用(即,这种物品在用过一次后将被丢弃,最好是回收、制成肥料,或以一种与环境相容的方式对它们进行处理)。“一体的”吸湿用品是指这种吸湿用品由一些独立的部件组合在一起形成一个统一的整体,因而不需要独立的护套及衬里一类的独立的手控部件。本发明的吸湿用品的一个优选实施例是如图1所示的一体型一次性吸湿用品,即尿布20。在本文中,“尿布”一词表示通常由婴儿及失禁者穿在其下体周围的一种吸湿用品。但是,应该懂得,本发明也适用于其它一次性吸湿用品,如失禁者穿的三角裤、运动短裤、妇女卫生巾等。
图1是本发明的尿布20处于其展平的、非收缩状态(即,已将由弹性引起的收缩解除)时的平面视图,为了更清楚地显示尿布20的结构,已将其若干部分剖去,并且,使尿布20的与不与穿用者相对的那个部分,即外表面朝向读者。如图1所示,尿布20总体上呈“T字形”,包括一个最好是由一个液体可以透过的顶片24、一个与顶片24相连的液体不能透过的底片26和一个位于顶片24和底片26之间的吸湿芯28组成的主体组件22;一对各自由一片腿部襟片31和一个或多个在拉伸状态下连接到腿部襟片31上的弹性件(松紧带54)构成的可伸长的腿部收口30;一个由一个中央腰头片34、一对侧片36以及一个臀片38组成的可伸长的后腰件32;一个最好是由至少一对舌片40和一个最好是具有一个加强条41的搭接件组成的、用于将尿布固定在穿用者身上的封闭组件;以及一个包括前腰片43的可伸长的前腰件42。
图1A是图1所示的一次性尿布实施例的简化的平面视图,该图描绘了尿布20的各个片段以及它们彼此间的位置关系。尿布20包括一个主体组件或主片22,一对腿部襟片31,一个前腰片43;一个臀片38,一个中央腰头片34以及一对侧片36。主片或主体组件22是尿布的主要部件,其它各片都由它发源。吸湿芯一般都位于主片内部,尽管它也可以伸到尿布的其它片段或区域中。腿部襟片31一般沿着主片22的各纵向边缘23从侧面向外延伸。腿部襟片31构成腿部收口30的至少一个部分。如图1A所示,松紧带54在拉伸状态下被连接到腿部襟片31上以形成一个可伸长的腿部收口30。前腰片43一般是沿着主片22的横向边缘23′,最好是还沿着处在前腰区中的各腿部襟片31朝着纵向向外延伸。前腰片43通常构成尿布的可伸长的前腰件。臀片38一般是沿着主片22的横向边缘23′,最好是还沿着处在后腰区中的各腿部襟片31朝着纵向向外延伸。臀片38构成可伸长的后腰件的一个部分。中央腰头片34通常沿着臀片38朝着纵向向外延伸。中央腰头片34也构成可伸长的后腰件的一部分。每个侧片36通常沿着中央腰头片34以及臀片38的至少一部分朝着横向向外伸出。
如后面所讨论的,每个片段既可以是一个与尿布的总体结构相连的独立部件,也可以由尿布的其它部件(例如顶片、底片或顶片与底片)的延伸部分构成因而与尿布构成一个整体。在图1所示的实施例中,除侧片36以外的所有片段都由顶片24和底片26的延伸部分构成。侧片36是一个与中央腰头片34以及臀片38的至少一部分相连的独立部件。此外,这些片段中的任何一个或者所有这些片段都可以是可伸长的。为了在使用过程中保持吸湿芯28的整体性,主片22通常是不可伸长的,尽管可以例如通过用本文所述的结构上类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面制作主片22来使其变得可以伸长。可伸长的片段最好是由一种SELF网面构成。采用SELF网面可以做到在材料的用量最小(无需采用常规的弹性材料)的情况下为每一个片段专门设计力/伸长特性以使尿布的贴合及密封性能最佳。
图1中的尿布20具有一个内表面(未示出),一个与内表面相背的外表面44(在图1中面对读者),一个前腰区45,一个与前腰区45相对的后腰区46,以及一个由尿布20的外边缘限定的外周,其中,纵向边缘用47表示,底边用48表示。(尽管技术人员会认为尿布20通常被描述成具有一对腰区和一个位于这对腰区之间的裆区,但在本申请中,为了简化术语,将尿布20描述成只具有腰区,每个腰区都包括尿布上的一个通常会被称作裆区的部分。)尿布20的内表面由尿布20的在使用过程中与穿用者的身体相贴的那个部分构成(即,内表面一般由顶片24的至少一部分和与顶片24相连的其它部件构成)。外表面44由尿布20的背朝穿用者的那个部分构成(即,外表面44一般由底片26的至少一部分和与底片26相连的其它部件构成)。前腰区45和后腰区46分别从外周的两条底边48朝着尿布20的横向中线延伸。(横向(X方向或宽度方向)被定义成与尿布20的横向中线49平行的方向;纵向(Y方向或长度方向)被定义成与纵向中线50平行的方向;轴向(Z方向或厚度方向)被定义成通过尿布20的厚度延伸的方向。)
图1示出尿布20的一个优选实施例,其顶片24和底片26的长宽尺寸总体上大于吸湿芯28的长宽尺寸。顶片24和底片26延伸到吸湿芯28的边缘之外,由此形成尿布20的某些片段及部分外周。该外周限定了尿布20的外围,或者说尿布20的边缘。外周包括纵向边缘47和底边48。
图2是沿图1中的2-2线所取的剖视图,示出了图1所示的本发明的尿布实施例。图2示出了主体组件22,它由顶片24的一部分、底片26的一部分以及位于顶片24和底片26之间的吸湿芯28构成。在图2所示的实施例中,臀片38与主体组件22相连并且从主体组件22,最好是从吸湿芯28的腰缘56朝着纵向向外伸出。臀片38与主体组件22一体构成,并且由构成顶片24和底片26的沿纵向伸到腰缘之外的那个部分的结构上类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面构成。因此,不需使用在伸长状态下连接到顶片和底片上的独立的弹性部件就能使臀片具有可伸长性。中央腰头片34与臀片38接合并且从臀片38朝着纵向向外延伸。中央腰头片与臀片、因此在本实施例中也与主体组件组成一个整体,它由构成顶片和底片的有关部分的SELF网面构成。构成中央腰头片的SELF网面的条带64′的宽度(纵向尺寸)最好是大于构成臀片的SELF网面的条带64″的宽度,同时,构成中央腰头片的SELF网面的褶裥66′的宽度最好是大于构成臀片的SELF网面的褶裥66″的宽度。这样,构成中央腰头片的SELF网面的伸长力大于构成臀片的SELF网面的伸长力。
图1和图1A示出,尿布20的主体组件22(主片)构成尿布20的主要部分(主体)。主体组件22包括至少一个吸湿芯,以及最好是由顶片24和底片26组成的外覆盖层。这样,主体组件22构成尿布的主要部分,再加上其它部件,形成复合式的尿布结构。1975年1月14日授予Kenneth B.Buell的美国第3860003号专利描述了本发明采用的一种典型的主体组件,本申请参考了这一专利。
吸湿芯28可以是任何一种能够吸收并保持诸如尿和其它某些身体排泄物一类液体的吸湿品。吸湿芯28具有一个朝向内裤的表面、一个朝向身体的表面、两条侧缘57和两条腰缘56。可以将吸湿芯28制成多种尺寸和形状(例如,矩形、砂漏形、“T”形、不对称形,等等),还可以用多种常用于制造一次性尿布和其它吸湿品的吸液材料(例如统称为气毡的碎木浆)来制造吸湿芯28。其它合适的吸湿材料包括皱状纤维填料;具有coform的熔喷树脂;交联的纤维素纤维;具有织物套和织物叠层的织物;吸湿泡沫;吸湿海绵;超级吸湿聚脂;吸湿性凝胶材料;或任何相当的材料或这些材料的组合。吸湿芯的形状和结构也可以有所不同(例如,吸湿芯可以具有不同的厚度区、亲水梯度、超级吸湿梯度、或低平均密度和低平均单位重量截获区;或者可以具有一层或多层结构)。但是,吸湿芯28的总吸湿容量应当与尿布20的设计负载和预期用途相符。另外,吸湿芯28的尺寸和吸湿容量可以有所不同,以适合从婴儿到成人范围内的各类穿用者。图1示出一种具有矩形吸湿芯的尿布20的优选实施例。
1986年9月9日授予Weisman及Goldman的名称为“High-DensityAbsorbent Structure”的美国第4610678号专利描述了一种已被广泛接受并且获得了商业成功的可用作本发明的吸湿芯28的吸湿结构。还有一些专利也描述了可用于本发明的吸湿结构,这些专利是:1987年6月16日授予Weisman,Houghton及Gellert的名称为“Absorbent Articles WithDual-Layered Cores”的美国第4673402号美国专利;1989年12月19日授予Angstadt的名称为“Absorbent Core Having A Dusting Layer”的美国第4888231号美国专利;1992年9月15日授予Young,LaVon及Taylor的名称为“High Efficiency Absorbent Article For IncontinenceManagement”的第5147345号美国专利;1992年4月7日授予Roe,Lahrman及Berg的名称为“Porous,Absorbent,Polymeric Macrostructures andMethods Of Making the Same”的第5147345号美国专利;以及1989年5月30日授予Alemany及Berg的名称为“High Density Absorbent MembersHaving Lower Density and Lower Basis Weight Acquisition Zones”的美国第4834735号专利。吸湿芯28最好是具有在1993年8月10日授予Alemany及Clear的名称为“Absorbent Article With Elastic WaistFeature and Enhanced Absorbency”的美国第5234423号专利中描述的双层吸湿结构。上述的这些专利都已被本文引作参考文献。
底片26与吸湿芯28的朝向内裤的表面相邻,并且最好是借助于例如本领域公知的固定手段(未示出)接合在吸湿芯28上。例如,可以用一个均匀连续的粘接剂涂层、一个带图案的粘接剂涂层、或由一系列独立的线条、螺旋线、或点组成的粘接剂涂层将底片26固定到吸湿芯28上。业已发现,由H.B.Fuller Company of St.Paul,Minnesota制造的商品名为HL-1258的粘接剂比较令人满意。固定手段最好是如1986年3月4日授予Minetola及Tucker的名称为“Disposable Waste-Containment Garment”的美国第4573986号专利所公开的那种开口丝网形的粘接剂,这篇文献已被本文引用作为参考。一种典型开口丝网形的粘接剂由几条绕成螺旋形的粘接剂丝构成,例如由下述专利所示的装置和方法中公开的那样,这些专利是:1975年10月7日授予Sprague,Jr.的美国第3911173号专利;1978年11月22日授予Ziecker等人的美国第4785996号专利;1989年6月27日授予Werenicz的美国第4842666号专利。上述的这些专利都已被本文引作参考文献。或者,固定手段还可以是热粘接、压力粘接、热/压粘接、超声焊接、动力机械连接、或者其它合适的固定手段或者本领域中公知的这些固定手段的组合。
底片26是液体(例如尿)不能透过的,并且最好是由一层塑料薄膜制成,尽管也可采用其它柔软的不透液材料。在本文中,“柔软的”一词用来形容材料比较柔顺,易于与人体的大体形状及轮廓相贴合。底片26防止吸收并容纳在吸湿芯28中的排泄物弄湿与尿布20接触的物品,如床单和内裤。因此,底片26最好是由织造或非织造的材料、热塑性聚乙烯或聚丙烯薄膜一类的聚合薄膜或者镀膜的非织造材料一类的复合材料制成。比较可取的是,底片是一层厚度在大约0.012mm(0.5mil)至大约0.051mm(2.0mils)之间的热塑性薄膜。底片最好是由一种厚度大约为0.025mm(1.0mils)的聚乙烯混纺薄膜制成,例如由印第安那州Terre Hante的Tredegar公司生产的商品名为P8863的薄膜。
顶片24与吸湿芯28的朝向身体的表面相邻,并且最好是借助于例如本领域公知的固定手段(未示出)接合在吸湿芯28及底片26上。在描述底片26和吸湿芯28的接合时已描述了合适的固定手段。在本文中,“接合”一词强调的是通过将一个部件直接附着在另一个部件上而把该部件直接固定在另一个部件上的结构,以及通过将一个部件附着在一个或几个中间部件上再把中间部件附着在另一个部件上而把该部件间接固定在另一个部件上的结构。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,顶片24和底片26在尿布的周边直接接合在一起,再通过固定手段(未示出)将它们直接接合在吸湿芯28上从而间接地固定在一起。
顶片24摸起来很柔软,并且对穿用者的皮肤无刺激性。并且,顶片24是液体可以透过的,使液体(如尿)能够轻易地透过其整个厚度。很多种材料都可以用于制造合适的顶片,例如多孔泡沫、网状泡沫、多孔塑料薄膜、或者天然纤维(如木纤维或棉纤维)的织造或非织造网面、合成纤维(如聚脂或聚丙烯纤维)、或天然与合成纤维的组合。顶片24最好是由疏水性的材料制成,以便将穿用者的皮肤与透过顶片并容纳在吸湿芯28中的液体隔绝开(即防止再被弄湿)。如果顶片由疏水性的材料制成,那么,至少要将顶片的上表面处理成为亲水性的,以便液体能够更快地穿过顶片。这减小了身体排泄物从顶片流出而不是渗过顶片24并被吸湿芯吸收的可能性。通过用表面活性剂对顶片进行处理可使其表现出亲水性。用表面活性剂对顶片进行处理的方法包括用表面活性剂喷涂顶片材料以及将顶片材料浸入表面活性剂中。1991年1月29日授予Reising等人的名称为“Absorbent ArticleWith Multiple Layer Absorbent Layers”的美国第4988344号专利更详细地讨论了这种处理方法以及亲水性。
有多种可用于制造顶片24的制造技术。例如,顶片24可以是一种非织造的纤维网面。当顶片由一种非织造的网面构成时,该网面可以是纺粘的、粗梳的、湿法成网的、熔喷的、水法交织的,由上述技术组合制成的,等等。一种优选的顶片是用织造领域的技术人员公知的技术粗疏及热粘合成的。一种优选的顶片是由一种大约为2.2旦尼尔的聚丙烯短纤维网面制成的。在本文中,“短纤维”指的是长度至少为大约15.9mm(0.625inchs)的那些纤维。顶片的基重最好在每平方米大约18克至大约25克之间。一种合适的顶片是由马萨诸塞州Walpole的International Paper公司的Veratec分公司生产的P-8牌纤维。
尿布20最好还具有一个可伸长的腿部收口30,其作用是更好地隔离液体和其它身体排泄物。每个可伸长的腿部收口可以有几种不同的减少身体排泄物在腿部的泄漏的实施方式。(腿部收口可以是、并且有时也被称作腿带、腿襟、隔离收口或弹性收口。)1965年1月14日授予Buell的名称为“Contractable Side Portions For a Disposable Diaper”的美国第3860003号专利描述了一种一次性尿布,这种尿布具有一个可收缩的腿部开口,所述的开口具有一个腿襟和一个或多个弹性部件,形成一个用弹性件制成的腿部收口(密封收口)。1990年3月20日授予Aziz及Blaney的名称为“Disposable Absorbent Article Having Elasticized Flap”的美国第4909803号专利描述了一种具有“直立的”弹性护翼(隔离收口)的一次性尿布,其中的弹性护翼改善了腿部的隔离性能。1987年9月22日授予Lawson的名称为“Absorbent Article Having Dual Cuffs”的美国第4695278号专利描述了一种具有包括一个密封收口和一个隔离收口的双重收口的一次性尿布。1987年11月3日授予Buell的名称为“DisposableWaist Comtainment Garment”的美国第4704115号专利公开了一种具有用于容纳内裤中的自由液体的防侧漏凹道的一次性尿布或失禁内裤。1991年7月16日授予Freeland及Allen的名称为“Disposable Absorbent ArticleHaving Improved Leg Cuffs”的美国第5032120号专利公开了一种带腿部收口的吸湿用品,其中的腿部收口例如借助于接触力较小的不均匀材料在达到较高的伸长率时具有较小的极限接触力。1992年2月11日授予Sims的名称为“Absorbent Article Having Inflected Barrier Cuffs”的美国第5087225号专利公开了一种具有反折的隔离收口的吸湿用品,其隔离收口的远边在一个腰区中位于近边的外侧,在另一个腰区中位于近边的内侧,从而围绕着穿用者的臀部形成更好的帖合。这些专利都已被本文引作参考文献。尽管可以将各个可伸长的腿部收口30做成与上述的腿带、腿襟、隔离收口或弹性收口中的任何一个相似的形状,但如图1所示,各可伸长的腿部收口30由从主片22沿横向向外伸出的腿部襟片31、吸湿芯28的侧边57,以及一个或多个在拉伸状态下接合到腿部襟片31上的弹性件(松紧带54)构成,正如上面引用的美国第3860003号专利中所述。
尿布20还带有一个能改善贴合和密封性能的可伸长腰片。可伸长的腰片从主体组件,最好是从吸湿芯28的各个腰缘开始至少沿纵向向外延伸,并且整体地构成尿布20的端缘的至少一部分。因此,在图1所示的实施例中,可伸长的后腰件32构成尿布20上的那个从吸湿芯的处在后腰区46中的腰缘56伸向尿布20的底边48的部分。尽管在本发明的尿布的各个腰区中都有一个可伸长的腰部部件(一个可伸长的后腰件32和一个可伸长的前腰件42),但这里将重点描述具有不同的形状的各个可伸长的腰部部件的尿布。至少,最好是使尿布的两个可伸长的腰部部件中的至少一个,更可取的是至少使可伸长的后腰件32按照本发明所述的方式构成。腰部部件可以是一个接合在主体组件22上的独立部件,也可以是尿布上其它部件延伸而成(即一体型的)。后面将通过几个优选实施例描述几种腰部部件,其中的某些部分或片段由尿布的其它部件,例如底片26、顶片24、或底片26和顶片24的延伸部分构成,其它部分或片段由一个接合到腰部部件的其它部分或片段或尿布的其它片段上的独立部件构成。
可伸长的后腰件32是一个可伸长的部件,它通过先将尿布合适地贴合到穿用者的身上,然后在从开始一直到尿布中容纳了排泄物之后的整个过程中保持住这种贴合来实现更为舒适及服贴的贴合,因为可伸长的后腰件使尿布能够伸张,更可取的是,还能使尿布收缩。而且,这个可伸长的后腰件还产生并维持穿着力(张力),这个穿着力加强了由封闭组件产生并维持的将尿布保持在穿用者的身上的张力,并且促进尿布贴合在穿用者的腰部周围。可伸长的后腰件还促成了尿布的更为有效的贴合,因为即使为穿用者穿尿布的人在为穿用者穿尿布时将可伸长的后腰件的一侧(侧片36)拉得比另一侧更紧(不对称),尿布在穿用过程中也能“自我调节”。
如图1所示,可伸长的后腰件32具有一个中央腰头片34,一对侧片36,以及一个臀片38。在图1所示的实施例中,臀片38位于后腰区46的中部、主体组件22(主片)的纵向外侧,最好是吸湿芯28的腰缘56的纵向外侧;中央腰头片34位于臀片38的纵向外侧;两个侧片36分别位于中央腰头片34以及臀片38的至少一部分的横向外侧。如后面所要讨论的,后腰件的每个片段的具体位置对于后腰件的总体功能是至关重要的。本文中的“片段”一词指的是腰部部件或尿布上的一个区域或部件。(尽管一个片段一般是一个特指的区域或部件,但一个片段也可以或多或少地与一个邻近的片段相交叠。)
后腰件32中的每一个片段都是可以伸长的,因此,它们动态地贴合在穿用者身上,从而形成改进了的贴合及密封。每个片段的力/伸长性能(例如,伸长力,有效伸长(伸长率),以及收缩力)都经过了专门设计,以便随着穿用者的与那个片段相邻的身体部位的运动而动态地伸展及移动,从而加强贴合及密封。如后面所要讨论的,由于每个片段最好都由后面所述的SELF网面构成并且具有特有的及不同的功能,所以要对构成每个片段的SELF网面的形状和材料进行专门的选择,以满足每个片段的不同的力及伸长性能要求,由此加强尿布的功能。
臀片38接合在主体组件22上,并且在纵向上位于中央腰头片34和横向中线49之间,最好是如图1所示那样位于中央腰头片34和吸湿芯28的腰缘56之间,在横向上则位于两个侧片36之间。臀片38在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上、更可取的是在横向上是可伸长的,从而通过在一开始就将尿布合适地贴合在穿用者的臀部上然后在整个穿用过程中保持住这种贴合来围绕着穿用者的臀部形成更为舒适及服贴的贴合,因为该臀片使得尿布的这些部分能够随着身体的运动而与身体一起伸展然后恢复其初始形状。在尿布的中/后部的这种附加的伸长性能使尿布能够更好地包裹在穿用者的臀部周围。其结果,尿布更好地与人体贴合,并减少了松脱及滑落。将臀片设计成比中央腰头片、最好是比两个侧片有较小的伸长力,同时具有较高的伸长性能,伸长率更大。这使得尿布在臀部比在中央腰头片部位贴合的范围更宽,这减少了为实现合适的贴合及覆盖而需要的构成尿布的材料的用量。中央腰头片的伸长力最好是比臀片的伸长力大至少2倍,更可取的是大2至20倍,最可取的是大5至10倍。(臀片的伸长力应尽可能地小。)在一个优选实施例中,在伸长率为50%时,臀片的伸长力小于大约10g/cm,最好是小于大约5g/cm。因此,如图3所示,在尿布被穿上后,臀片38的端部向外张开成喇叭形,使在侧片36中产生的力传递到中央腰头片34上。臀片38还把松紧带54和腰部封闭件结合在一起。
臀片38可以呈多种不同的尺寸和形状。例如,臀片38可以是梯形、拱形或者复杂形状。如图1A所示,为了尽量减少材料用量及降低生产成本,臀片38最好是矩形的。根据其有效伸长,臀片的尺寸也可以有一个较宽的变化范围,只要它在臀部形成贴合及密封即可。在一个供大婴儿(8kg至14kg)使用的尿布的优选实施例中,臀片的典型尺寸为大约65mm长(纵向),180mm宽(横向)。
臀片38在至少一个方向上,可取的是在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上,更可取的是在横向上是可伸长的,以便通过伸长与臀部相适合来实现更好的贴合。但是,应当注意,臀片在其它任何方向上或者在多于一个的方向上也是可伸长的。此外,臀片可以具有一个或多个伸长率不连续的区域。例如,在一个实施例中,臀片可以具有一对可伸长的区域,它们分别位于一个中央不可伸长区或片段的横向外侧。在图1及4所示的实施例中,中央区是可伸长的,而侧边的两个区域是不可伸长的。或者,为了实现本文所预期的功能,使整个臀片都是可伸长的。
臀片38可以具有若干种结构。例如,可以用本领域中公知的多种弹性体材料或弹性体叠层中的任何一种来制作臀片。一种典型的弹性体材料是如上面提到的第5151092号美国专利(授予Buell等)中描述的零应力的拉伸叠层。在一个特别可取的实施例中,臀片由后面描述的SELF网面构成。
臀片38可以是一个附着在主片22和侧片36和/或中央腰头片34上的独立部件,也可以由后腰件或尿布的其它部件(例如底片26或顶片24,最好是顶片26及底片24)的延伸部分构成。在图1所示的本发明的实施例中,臀片38由形成后面所述的SELF网面的顶片24的一部分和底片26的一部分构成。
中央腰头片34是可伸长的后腰件32上的形成腰部贴合及外表面的主要部件。(也可将中央腰头片称作后腰件的腰头或腰片。)中央腰头片34接合在臀片38上,并且位于臀片38的纵向外侧及侧片36的横向内侧,因而贴合在穿用者的上背区或上腰区。将中央腰头片34朝向尿布20的底边48设置以便总体上限定后腰件的“中上段”,最好是如图1所示的那样构成尿布20的底边48的至少一部分。因此,中央腰头片34成为一个维持一定的覆盖面、与穿用者的上背区或上腰区相接触的部件,它最好是在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上可以伸长,更可取的是在横向上可以伸长,以便随着穿用者动态地移动,并与穿用者保持动态贴合。中央腰头片的伸长力必须很大,一般要大于臀片的伸长力,最好是大于侧片的伸长力,以便使尿布特别是在容纳了液体之后不会松垂。(中央腰头片的伸长力最好是侧片的伸长力的1至2倍。)在50%的伸长率下,伸长力一般在10g/cm至30g/cm之间,最好是在15g/cm至20g/cm之间。中央腰头片的较高的伸长力把在尿布的侧片部位的贴合中产生的力的大部分传递到穿用者的腰区及上臀区。这使得尿布可以贴合在穿用者身上的较高部位,并且能够将张力(一条张力主线)引导到穿用者的腰部周围,一般是向下朝着穿用者的腹部皱褶,从而形成一条将尿布保持在穿用者身上的连续的张力基线。较高部位的贴合以及连续的张力基线使尿布能够保持持续的贴合。这种较高部位的贴合还减少了在穿用者的腿部及股部的皮肤压痕。
中央腰头片34可以有多种不同的尺寸及形状。例如,中央腰头片可以是拱形的,使经过中央腰头片的力沿着与穿用者的身体成一定角度的一条线或一个区域传递,以便把尿布贴合到后背的腰曲中,并将张力(张力主线)朝下引导至穿用者的腹部皱褶,以形成一条连续的张力主线。1993年4月7日由New等人提交的名称为“Fitted Belt For Absorbent Garment”的美国第08/044562号专利申请以及1993年6月3日由LaVon等人递交的名称为“Absorbent Articles Providing Sustained Dynamic Fit”的美国第08/072300号专利申请公开了供中央腰头片及后腰件采用的几种复杂形状;这两篇文献都被本文引作参考。在如图1A所示的一个优选实施例中,中央腰头片34是矩形的。中央腰头片的横向宽度一般大于其纵向长度。就一种典型的“大”婴儿(8kg至14kg)用的尿布而言,中央腰头片的尺寸可以例如是:横向大约180mm,纵向大约30mm。
中央腰头片34可以具有若干种结构,并且可以由多种不同材料制成。例如,可以通过将一个弹性件在拉伸状态下接合到中央腰头片上而使其具有弹性,例如1985年5月7日授予Kievit等人的美国第4515595号专利以及1992年9月29日授予Buell等人的美国第5151092号专利所公开的具有弹性的腰头;这两篇文献都已被本文引作参考。因此,中央腰头片可以是一个如美国第5151092号专利(授予Buell等人)中所描述的零应力拉伸叠层那样的拉伸叠层。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,中央腰头片由后面所述的一种SELF网面构成。
中央腰头片34可以是一个附着在侧片36和/或臀片38上的独立部件,也可以由后腰件或尿布的其它部件,例如底片26或顶片24,最好是顶片26及底片24的延伸部分构成。在图1所示的本发明的实施例中,中央腰头片34由形成后面所述的SELF网面的顶片24的一部分和底片26的一部分构成。
中央腰头片34在至少一个方向上,可取的是在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上,更可取的是在横向上是可伸长的,以便实现更好的贴合。但是,应当注意,中央腰头片在其它任何方向上或者在多于一个的方向上也可以是可伸长的。此外,中央腰头片可以具有一个或多个伸长率不连续的区域。例如,如图4所示,中央腰头片34可以具有一对不可伸长的区域,它们分别位于一个中央可伸长区域或片段的横向外侧。或者,为了实现本文所预期的功能,可以使整个中央腰头片都是可伸长的。
侧片36是可伸长的后腰件32上的从中央腰头片34和臀片38的至少一部分沿横向向外伸出的那两个部分。两个侧片36都是可伸长的部件,其主要功能是,在开始穿着时使尿布服贴地贴合在穿用者的身上,接着,在尿布中容纳了排泄物以后的很长一段穿用时间内,通过使尿布两侧的外周变大、使尿布的后腰区附着在前腰区上以保持尿布的完整的密封、以及使力沿着腰部以及两条腿分布并传递以便形成舒适的贴合、不会使两腿或腰部的皮肤受到由过大的力引起的刺激。侧片能产生拉伸,并且,在一些优选实施例中,在伸长之后以及穿好之后,还能产生收缩力。因此,侧片通过使尿布的侧部能够伸缩来实现更为舒适及服贴的贴合。侧片还产生并维持穿着力(张力),并且还能加强由封闭组件产生并维持的张力,从而将尿布保持在穿用者身上并且加强这种贴合。侧片有助于维持由基本紧固组件形成的张力基线;使尿布舒适地贴合在穿用者的动态运动的臀部上,并且,如果尿布上带有侧片,由于为穿用者穿尿布的人在将尿布穿到穿用者身上时一般要拉着侧片,因此当侧片收缩时,张力从侧片通过腰部封闭组件传递到可伸长的前腰件上,因而在一开始就使前腰件得到预拉伸。侧片还促成了尿布的更有效的贴合,因为即使为穿用者穿尿布的人在为穿用者穿尿布时将一片侧片拉得比另一片更紧,尿布在穿用过程中也能够“自我调节”。(在可伸长的后腰件上带有侧片的同时,可伸长的前腰件上也可以带有侧片,最好是如本文所述的可伸长的侧片。)
侧片36可以具有多种不同的尺寸及形状。例如,侧片可以都是拱形的,使得通过侧片传递的力分布在与穿用者的身体成一定角度的一条线或一个区域上,以便将尿布贴合到后背上的腰曲中,使张力(张力主线)朝下指向穿用者的腹部皱褶,以形成一条连续的张力主线。1993年6月3日由LaVon等人递交的名称为“Absorbent Articles Providing SustainedDynamic Fit”的美国第08/072300号美国专利申请以及1993年11月19日由Robles等人递交的名称为“Absorbent Article With Multi-Directional Extensible Side Panels”的美国第08/155048号美国专利申请描述了几种这样的侧片;这两篇文献都已被本文引作参考文献。在图1A所示的优选实施例中,侧片36是矩形的。就一般供“大”(8kg至14kg)婴儿使用的尿布而言,侧片的尺寸可以例如是横向上为大约63mm,纵向上为大约57mm。
侧片36可以具有若干种结构,并且可由多种不同的材料制成。1987年8月15日授予Wood等人的美国第4857067号专利;1983年5月3日授予Sciaffara等人的美国第4381781号专利;1990年7月3日授予Van Gompel等人的美国第4938753号专利以及前面提到的1991年9月21授予Buell等人的美国第5151091号专利都公开了几种带有由弹性件制成的侧片的尿布;这些文献都已被本文引作参考文献。因此,侧片可以由常规的弹性材料或者如零应力的拉伸叠层一类的机械拉伸叠层制成。在本发明的一个优选实施例中,侧片由后面将要描述的SELF网面制成。
侧片36可以是一个在中央腰头片34和臀片38处附着到后腰件32上的独立部件,也可以由后腰件或尿布的其它部件(例如底片26或顶片24,最好是顶片以及底片)的延伸部分构成。在图1所示的本发明的实施例中,侧片36各自由一片接合到后腰件(中央腰头片34和臀片38)上的独立的SELF网面构成。如后面所述,构成侧片的SELF网面最好是由一个包括两层或多层(优选两层)的叠层构成;最为可取的是一种由一层例如由ClopayCorpopation of Cincinnati,Ohio销售的商品名为Clopay1401的聚乙烯混纺薄膜和一层例如前面所述的用作顶片的由P-8材料制成的非织造网面组成的叠层。各侧片在伸长率为50%时的伸长力最好是在大约10g/cm至大约15g/cm之间。
侧片36在至少一个方向上,可取的是在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上,更可取的是在横向上是可伸长的,以便实现更好的贴合。但是,应当注意,侧片在其它任何方向上或者在多于一个的方向上也可以是可伸长的。此外,侧片可以具有一个或多个伸长率不连续的区域。可取的是,为了实现本文所预期的功能,使整个侧片都是可伸长的。
尽管后腰件32上的各片段可以由本领域中公知的多种不同的可拉伸的或弹性的材料制成,但是,从性能和成本的角度考虑,后腰件的各个片段中的一个或多个,最好是每一个最好都由一种结构上类似弹性的薄膜(SELF)网面构成。(本文中的“网面”一词指的是由单层材料或复合材料或由两层或多层组成的叠层构成的片状材料。)
图5示出本发明的一种由单层成形聚合材料构成的SELF网面52的实施例。图示的网面52处在其基本上未拉伸的状态。该网面具有两条中线,即一条第一中线l,(也被称作轴线,直线或方向“l”)以及一条大体上垂直于第一中线的第二线t,(也被称作轴线,直线或方向“t”)。该网面实质上由一层线性低密度的聚乙烯(LLDPE)制成,尽管它也可以由其它聚烯烃类材料制成,如包括低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、超低密度聚乙烯(ULDPE),高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)在内的聚乙烯或者聚丙烯以及/或者上述以及其它材料的混合物。其它合适的聚合材料包括,但不限于,聚酯,聚氨酯,可合成的或生物降解的聚酯,以及透气聚酯。
参见图5及图5A,SELF网面包括一个由不同的区域组成的“可伸缩网织品”。在本文中,“可伸缩网织品”一词用于表示由一些区域组成的互连的及相关的区域群,在先对它进行拉伸、然后又将它松开时,这个区域群在一个预定的方向上可以被拉伸到某一有效的程度,使SELF网面表现出类似弹性的特性。这个可伸缩的网织品至少包括一个第一区64(在本文中一般还称其为条带或凹道)和一个第二区66(在本文中通常还称其为罗纹或褶裥)。该SELF网面52还包括一个位于第一区64和第二区66之间的界面上的过渡区65。过渡区65将呈现第一区及第二区的双重特性。业已认识到,本发明的每一个实施例都将有一个过渡区,但本发明的一些优选实施例将主要是由于第一区64和第二区66的存在而呈现出类似弹性的特性。因此,本发明的以下说明将只涉及在第一区和第二区中的SELF网面的性能,而不是在过渡区中的SELF网面的复合性能。
SELF网面具有一个第一表面和一个与第一表面相背的第二表面。在图5及图5A所示的本发明的优选实施例中,可伸缩的网织品具有若干个第一区64和若干个第二区66。第一区64具有一个第一轴68和一个第二轴69,第一轴68最好比第二轴69长。第一区64的第一轴68基本上平行于SELF网面52的第一轴,而第二轴69基本上平行于SELF网面52的第二轴。第二区66具有一个第一轴70和一个第二轴71。第一轴70基本上平行于SELF网面52的第一轴,而第二轴71基本上平行于SELF网面52的第二轴。在图5所示的优选实施例中,第一区64和第二区66大体上为直线形的,它们沿着一个大体上平行于SELF网面52的第一轴的方向连续地延伸。
第一区64的弹性模量为E1,横截面积为A1。第二区66的弹性模量为E2,横截面积为A2。
在图示的实施例中,SELF网面52被“成形”为这样的形式:当它受到沿大体上平行于SELF网面的第一轴的方向上的轴向拉伸时,该SELF网面52将沿着一条轴(在图示的实施例的情况下该轴大体上平行于SELF网面的第一轴)产生阻力。在此处,“成形”一词表示使SELF网面形成一个所需结构或几何形状的过程,在不受任何外加拉伸或外力的情况下,SELF网面将基本上保持这种所需结构或几何形状。本发明的一种SELF网面包括至少一个第一区和一个第二区,第一区与第二区用肉眼看是不同的。在此处,“用肉眼看是不同的”一词用于形容SELF网面的一些特征,当正常使用SELF网面或带有SELF网面的物品时,用正常的肉眼就能轻易地识别出这些特征。本发明的SELF网面包括一种由连续的,“不同的”,以及“不相似的”区域组成的可伸缩的网织品,这种可伸缩的网织品具有至少一个第一区和一个第二区,如果在材料处于非拉伸状态时沿平行于一个预定轴的方向测量,第一区的“表面径长”比第二区的小。在本文中,“成形部分”表示材料的由所需结构和几何形状的可伸缩网面构成的部分。在本文中,“表面径长”表示在一个平行于预定轴的方向上沿着待测区的外形表面得到的测量值。在本文中,“不同的”或“不相似的”这些词在用于形容区域时,形容处于可伸缩的网织品中的一些区域,当SELF网面处在非张紧状态时,如果在平行于一个预定轴的方向上测量,这些区域具有不同的表面径长测量值。在本文后面的测试方法部分中有对于测量各个区域的表面径长的方法的描述。
使材料成形的方法包括,但不限于,利用压模或压辊来压纹,热成形,高压液压成形,或者铸造成形。尽管在图5及5A所示的实施例中的整个SELF网面都已被成形,但只对其一部分成形也能实现本发明。
在图5及5A所示的本发明的优选实施例中,那些第一区64基本上都是平面型的。即,第一区64中的材料在SELF网面52的成形步骤前后基本上处于同样的状态。第二区66包括一些罗纹状的部分74。这些罗纹状的部分可以是压纹的、压凹陷的或者由这两者组合而成的。
罗纹状的部分74具有一个大体上平行于SELF网面的第二轴的第一轴或长轴76和一个大体上平行于SELF网面52的第一轴的第二轴或短轴77。罗纹状部件74的第一轴76至少等于,最好是长于第二轴77。为提高本发明的尿布的两级阻力-伸长率性能,第一轴76与第二轴77的比例至少为1∶1,最好是2∶1或更大。一般来说,这个比例越大,SELF网面的两级阻力-伸长率性能就越显著。
第一区64和第二区66各自具有一个“投影径长”。在本文中,“投影径长”一词表示将要被平行光投射的一个区域的阴影的长度。第一区64的投影径长与第二区66的投影径长彼此相等。
如果在SELF网面处于非张紧状态时沿一个平行于SELF网面的第一轴的方向进行外形上的测量,可测得第一区64的表面径长L1小于第二区66的表面径长66。为了提高本发明的具有可伸缩网织品的SELF网面的两级阻力-伸长率性能,第二区66的表面径长至少要比第一区的大出大约15%,更可取的是大出大约30%,最可取的是比第一区的表面径长大出大约70%。一般说来,第二区的表面径长越大,SELF网面的伸长率将越大。
SELF网面之所以特别适合于用作尿布的片段、尤其是适于作可伸长的后腰件32,是因为它所呈现出的改进的“Poission横向收缩效应”比具有相同的材料成分的其它相同的原料网面要小。在本文中,“Poission横向收缩效应”表述的是受到外加拉伸时材料的横向收缩性能。在本说明书后面的测试方法部分中可以找到有关测定材料的Poission横向收缩效应的方法的描述。本发明的SELF网面在受到大约为20%的拉伸时,其Poission横向收缩效应最好小于大约0.4。可取的是,SELF网面受到40%,50%甚至60%的拉伸时,其Poission横向收缩效应小于约0.4。更为可取的是,当该网面受到20%、40%、50%或60%的拉伸时,其Poission横向收缩效应小于大约0.3。本发明的SELF网面的Poission横向收缩效应由第一区和第二区各自占用的SELF网面材料的量决定。随着第一区占用的SELF网面的面积增大,Poission横向收缩效应也增加。相反,随着第二区占用的SELF网面的面积增大,Poission横向收缩效应则减小。第一区占用的SELF网面的面积百分比最好是从大约2%至大约90%,更可取的是从大约5%至大约50%。
已有技术中的具有至少一层弹性体薄膜材料的网面材料一般具有较大的Poission横向收缩效应,即,它们在因受到外力而伸长的同时会“颈缩”。本发明的SELF网面即使不能大大地消除已有技术中的以薄膜为原料的弹性体网面的Poission横向收缩效应,也能被设计得比较适中。
就SELF网面52而论,由图5中的箭头80表示的外加轴向拉伸的方向D大体上垂直于罗纹状部件74的第一轴76。由于罗纹状部件74能够在一个大体上垂直于它们的第一轴76的方向上展平或产生几何变形,引起SELF网面52伸长的外加轴向拉伸的方向也大体上垂直于罗纹状部件74的第一轴76。
尽管由箭头80表示的外加轴向拉伸的方向D大体上垂直于罗纹状部件74的第一轴76,但沿第一轴上的分量的外加轴向拉伸也会引起SELF网面52在该外加轴向拉伸的方向上伸长。
图6示出图5所示的本发明的一种成形聚合SELF网面的阻力-伸长率曲线720以及一种具有相同成分的原料薄膜的曲线710。具体地讲,这些试样主要是由大约0.001英寸厚的线性低密度聚乙烯制成的,其名称为Sample1401,可从俄亥俄州Cincinnati的Clopay公司购买到。在本文后面的测试方法部分中可以找到形成阻力-伸长率曲线的方法。请参看力-伸长率曲线720,该曲线上有一个用720a表示的开始基本上呈线性的具有较低的力-伸长率特性的第I段,一个用720b表示的过渡段,以及一个用720c表示的基本上呈线性的第II段,720c显示出比较高的力-伸长率特性。
如图6所示,当受到平行于SELF网面的第一轴的方向上的外加拉伸时,SELF网面呈现出两段不同的伸长率特性。与不呈现这一特性的曲线710相比,曲线720的第I段(720a)和第II段(720c)对于外加拉伸的阻力明显不同。如图6所示,当受到平行于SELF网面的第一轴的方向上的外加拉伸时,SELF网面呈现出两段不同的伸长率特性。由该SELF网面产生的对于外加拉伸的阻力在曲线720的第I段(720a)中明显比在第II段(720c)中小。并且,由曲线720的第I段(720a)描绘出的由该SELF网面产生的对于外加拉伸的阻力中明显小于在第I段的伸长率范围内由曲线710描绘出的由原料网面产生的阻力。当该SELF网面受到进一步的外加拉伸并且进入第II段(720c)中时,由该SELF网面产生的阻力增加,并且接近由原料网面产生的阻力。就第I段(720a)而言,SELF网面的对于外加拉伸的阻力由该SELF网面的第一区中的分子水平的变形和该SELF网面的第二区中的几何变形引起。这与图6中的曲线710描绘出的情况相反,该曲线描绘出的由原料网面产生的对于外加拉伸的阻力由整个网面的分子水平的变形引起。通过调整分别由第一区和第二区组成的网面表面的百分比,可以使本发明的SELF网面材料在第I区中实质上产生任意大小的比原料网面材料的阻力要小的阻力。通过调整原料网面的第一区的宽度、厚度和间隔以及原料网面的组成,可以控制第I段的力-伸长率特性。
现在看图5B,当SELF网面受到一个由图5中的箭头80表示的外加轴向拉伸D时,具有较小的表面径长L1的第一区64由于发生分子水平的变形,对于与第I段相应的外加拉伸产生初始阻力P1中的绝大部分。当处于第I段时,第二区66中的罗纹状部件74正在发生几何变形,或者正在展平,对外加拉伸产生极小的阻力。在第I段和第II段之间的过渡区(720b),罗纹部件74随着外加拉伸而变直。即,第二区正在呈现从几何变形到分子水平变形的变化。这是力的分界的开始。如图5C所示,在第II段,第二区66中的罗纹状部件74已经变得与外加拉伸的平面基本上对齐(第二区已到达其几何变形的极限),开始通过分子水平的变形来抵抗进一步的拉伸。这时,第二区66因发生分子水平的变形而在第II段中产生抵抗进一步拉伸的第二阻力P2。这些抵抗拉伸的阻力组合成一个比第I段所描绘的阻力大的总的阻力PT。因此,第II段中的力-伸长率曲线的总的斜率明显大于第I段中的力-伸长率曲线的总的斜率.
当(L1+D)小于L2时,阻力P1明显大于阻力P2。当(L1+D)小于L2时,第一区64产生一个通常满足以下方程的初始阻力P1: 当(L1+D)大于L2时,第一和第二区对外加拉伸D产生一个通常满足以下方程的组合的总阻力PT:
将在第I段中出现的最大伸长率视作SELF网面的“有效伸长”。有效伸长与第二区经历几何变形的距离相对应。通过查对图6所示的力-伸长率曲线720可以有效地确定有效伸长。与在第I段和第II段之间的过渡区中出现转折处接近的点是“有效伸长”的百分伸长率点。有效伸长的范围可以在10%至100%或更大的范围内变化;业已发现,伸长率的这一范围常常有利于次性吸湿用品,并且可以通过第二区66中的表面径长L2超过第一区64中的表面径长L1的程度以及原料薄膜的特性(成分)来有效地控制。有效伸长这一术语不应对本发明的网面所的伸长形成限制,因为在有些场合下希望伸长率超过有效伸长。要在原料薄膜中达到与SELF网面52中的百分伸长率相当的百分伸长率需要大得多的力。通过在一个未张紧的状态下调整径长L1及L2,可以按需控制第I段中的接近程度。通过调整第一区64的宽度、厚度和距离以及原料薄膜的特性可以控制第I段的力-伸长率性能。
图7中的曲线730和735表示由图5中的SELF网面表现出的弹性滞后效应。该试样与图6中的(Clopay 1401)相同。在60%的伸长率下对该试样的弹性滞后效应进行了检测。曲线730代表在第一次试验中对施加后再解除的拉伸的响应,曲线735代表在第二次试验中对施加后再解除的拉伸的响应。图7示出了在第一次试验中的应力松驰以及永久伸长率732。值得注意的是,在多次试验中,在很小的力下都表现出了显著的可恢复的伸长性,或者说有用的弹性,即,这意味着这种SELF网面可以很容易地伸缩到一个理想的程度。在本文后面的测试方法部分中可以找到有关产生弹性滞后效应的方法的描述。
当SELF网面受到外加拉伸时,该SELF网面呈现出类似弹性的特性,它在外加拉伸的方向上伸长,一旦外加拉伸解除,在不超过屈服点的前提下,它又收缩到其基本上未伸长的状态。这种SELF网面能够经受多次外加拉伸而不丧失其基本上恢复原状的能力。因此,一旦外加拉伸解除,这种SELF网面能够收缩到其基本上未伸长的状态。
虽然SELF网面在一个基本上垂直于罗纹状部件74的第一轴76的方向上可以容易地并且可逆地沿外加轴向拉伸的方向伸长,但这种SELF网面在基本上平行于罗纹状部件的第一轴的方向上不容易伸长。罗纹状部件的形成使得这些罗纹状部件能够在基本上垂直于罗纹状部件的第一轴或主轴的方向上发生几何变形,但要在一个基本上平行于罗纹状部件的第一轴的方向上实现拉伸则需要分子水平的变形。
拉伸SELF网面所需的外力的大小取决于构成SELF网面的原材料的成分及厚度以及第一区的宽度和间距,就一种给定的成分和厚度而言,第一区的宽度越窄、间距越大,达到预期的伸长率所需要的外加拉力就越小。未变形区64的第一轴64(即长度)最好大于第二轴(宽度),最好长宽比是大约5∶1或更大。
也可以通过改变罗纹状部件的厚度及数量来控制伸长力以及本发明的SELF网面的有效伸长。当罗纹状部件的数目给定时,如果这些罗纹状部件的变形高度或程度增加,则有效拉伸或伸长增加。同样,当变形高度或程度给定时,如果罗纹状部件的数目或出现率增加,则有效拉伸或伸长增加。
还有几种功能特性也可以通过应用本发明来控制。其中有SELF网面产生的抵抗外加拉伸的力,以及SELF网面在力的分界出现之前产生的有效拉伸。SELF网面产生的抵抗外加拉伸的力是材料成分及厚度以及SELF网面上的被第一区占据的凸出表面面积的百分率的函数。当材料的成分及厚度给定时,SELF网面上的被第一区覆盖的面积百分率越大,SELF网面产生的抵抗外加拉伸的力就将会越大。SELF网面的第一区覆盖率如果不是完全由第一区的宽度及相邻的第一区之间的间隔决定的话,至少也是部分地由这两个因素决定。
SELF网面的有效伸长由第二区的表面径长决定。这至少是部分地由罗纹状部件的间隔、罗纹状部件的出现率以及从垂直于SELF网面的平面的方向上测得的罗纹状部件的成形深度决定。一般说来,第二区的表面径长越大,SELF网面的有效伸长就越大。
尽管本发明的整个SELF网面可以包括一个由第一区和一些第二区组成的可伸缩的网织物,但也可以通过只使SELF网面的一些特定部分带有由一些第一区和一些第二区组成的可伸缩网织物来实现本发明。例如,如图1及4所示,只有可伸长的后腰区中的中央腰头片和臀片的一些部分由SELF网面构成。中央腰头片和臀片的另一些部分还由本文所述的原料叠层构成。
也可以通过改变第一区和第二区的形状和间隔来改变所得到的SELF网面的特性。例如,第二区可以由一些曲线形的罗纹状部件构成,第一区和第二区可以是曲线形的,或者第一区可以是曲线形的。通过将一些轴线延伸到一个径向、扇形的阵列中,使SELF网面能够沿着这多条轴线呈现出类似弹性的特性,也能使SELF网面沿多条轴线呈现出类似弹性的特性。例如,多条轴线彼此间可以成不同的角度,如45°、90°、135°等等。除了这些不同的方位角度以外,这些区域本身可以是直线形的,曲线形的或由直线形和曲线形组合而成的。第二区中的一些表面径长也能使罗纹状部件的幅度有所不同,使SELF网面具有一些有效伸长不同的区域。也有可能使罗纹状部件在相邻的区域之间变化,以便在这两个相邻的区域中产生不同的有效伸长。第一区的宽度在整个网面中也可以不同,与较宽的第一区产生较高的阻力相比,较窄的第一区对外加拉伸产生较小的阻力。
SELF网面只是在平行于如图1所示的尿布的横向中线的方向上不需要是可伸长的。例如,可以将SELF网面的第一轴和第二轴分别与尿布20的纵向中线和横向中线成一个角度放置。这样,SELF网面能够沿着一条与尿布的横向中线成一个角度的直线轴向地伸长。对本发明的尿布而言,这一角度最好是在大约0°与大约30°之间。此外,SELF网面的各个部分也可以具有不同角度的伸长能力。例如,在侧片中,侧片上的与尿布的底边最接近的部分,即腰片,在一个平行于尿布的横向中线的方向上可以是可伸长的;但是,SELF网面的与横向中线最接近的部分,即大腿片,可以沿不平行于腰片的方向伸长,因而它与横向中线成一角度。这种多向的SELF片能够改善腰部和腿部的贴合性能。
现在看图8,该图示出了一种用于形成图5所示的SELF网面52的装置400。装置400包括两块板401,402。板401,402分别带有一些相互啮合的齿403,404。在压力的作用下,板401,402被压到一起,从而形成原料薄膜406。
现在看图9,可以看到,板401和402各自具有一个第一轴“1”和一个基本上垂直于第一轴的第二轴“t”。板401具有一些带齿的区域407以及一些带槽的区域408,这两个区域都大体上平行于板401的第一轴延伸。在板401的齿区407中有一些齿403。板402带有一些与板401上的齿403啮合的齿404。当原料薄膜406在板401和402之间成形时,原料薄膜406上的处在板401的槽区408中以及板402上的齿404中的部分保持不变形。这些区域与图5所示的SELF网面52的第一区64相对应。原料薄膜的处在板401的齿区407及板402的齿404之间的部分逐渐地并且是塑性地成形,形成SELF网面52的第二区66中的罗纹状部件74。
成形法可以静态模式中实现,在该模式中,一次使原料薄膜的一个独立部分发生变形。图10示出了这种方法的一个例子。静态压力机415带有一个可轴向移动的板或部件420以及一个固定板422。板401和402被分别固定在部件420和422上。当板401和402被分开时,将薄膜406导入板401和402之间。然后,在压力“P”的作用下,两块板被压到一起。然后,将上板401沿轴向从板402上提升开,使成形后的薄膜408可以从板401和402中间移开。
图11示出一种用于间歇性地接触移动中的网面、将原材料406成形为与图5中的SELF网面52相同的成形网面的连续、动态压力机。沿由箭头430表示的方向将聚合薄膜送至板401和402之间。板401被固定到一对以可旋转的方式安装的臂432,434上,臂432,434沿顺时针方向移动,使板401以顺时针运动的方式移动。板402与一对旋转臂436,438相连,臂436,438沿反时针方向运动,带动板402沿反时针方向运动。这样,当网面406在板401和402之间沿箭头430所示的方向运动时,该原料薄膜的处在这两板之间的部分被成形,然后被放开,使板401和402可以返回夹具并且使原料薄膜406的另一部分成形。这种方法的优点在于,实际上能够以一个连续的工序形成任何一种复杂的图案,例如单向的、双向的,以及多向的图案。
图11中的动态压力机可以用于一个已制作好的吸湿用品,将可伸缩的网织品成形到这个制作好的产品上。例如,可将这个已制作好的吸湿用品的全部或一部分放到板401和402之间,以便在该吸湿用品的所有层中形成可伸缩的网织品。
将原材料成形为SELF网面的另一种方法是真空成形法。1983年8月3日授予Radel的美国第4342314号专利公开了一种真空成形方法。或者,还可以按照1986年9月2日授予Curro等人的美国第4609518号专利的方法,用液压成形的方式来形成本发明的SELF网面。上述这些专利已被本文引作参考文献。
图12示出了用于将原料薄膜成形为一种成形SELF网面的另一种装置500。装置500包括一对轧辊502,504。轧辊502带有一些齿状区506和一些与一条贯穿该圆柱形轧辊502的中心的轴基本上平行的凹槽区508。齿状区506中有一些齿507。轧辊504带有一些与轧辊502上的齿507啮合的齿510。当一块原料聚合物薄膜经过彼此啮合的轧辊502和504之间时,凹槽区508将使得薄膜的一部分不发生变形,从而形成SELF网面的第一区64。薄膜的经过齿区506和齿区510之间的部分将分别被齿507和510成形,从而形成SELF网面52的第二区中的罗纹状部件74。
或者,轧辊504可以由一种软橡胶制成。当原料薄膜经过带齿的轧辊502和橡胶轧辊504之间时,将该薄膜被机械成形为带齿的轧辊502上的花纹形式。处在凹槽区508中的薄膜将保持不变形,而处在带齿的区506中的薄膜将被成形,形成第二区中的罗纹状部件。
请参看图13,该图示出用于将原料薄膜成形为本发明的一种SELF网面的另一种装置550。装置550包括一对轧辊552,554。轧辊552和554各自带有一些齿状区556和一些分别围绕着轧辊552和554的外周延伸的凹槽区558。当原料薄膜经过轧辊552和554之间时,凹槽区558将使得薄膜的一些部分不发生变形,而薄膜上的经过齿区556之间的部分将发生变形,形成第二区66中的罗纹状部件74。
尽管SELF网面被描述成由大致为平面形的聚合薄膜的单层原料层构成,但利用其它原材料或利用一些材料的叠层也同样能够很理想地实现本发明。可用于制造本发明的SELF网面的原材料包括两维的多孔薄膜以及大范围扩展的、三维的多孔成形薄膜。1975年12月30日授予Thompson的美国第3929135号专利、1982年4月13日授予Mullane等人的美国第4324246号专利、1982年8月3日授予Radel等人的美国第4324314号专利、1984年7月31日授予Ahr等人的美国第4463045号专利、以及1991年4月9日授予Baird的美国第5006394号专利都描述了几种大范围扩展的、三维的多孔成形薄膜。这些专利都已被本文引作参考文献。其它合适的原材料包括一些聚合薄膜、非织造织物及聚合薄膜与非织造织物的组合结构或叠层。聚合薄膜与非织造织物的叠层还可以由吸湿性的或纤维性的吸湿材料、泡沫或其它组合材料构成。还可以加入一些辅助性的加强材料来提高强度及恢复性能。
也可以采用由多孔薄膜及非织造材料的叠层组成的原料,在形成这些材料的过程中,位于一些非织造纤维之间的连接体被折断,并且稍稍地从多孔薄膜的孔中伸出。
在某些实施例中,可能需要使SELF网面具有一定的蓬松度。将高蓬松度非织造材料加到聚合薄膜的叠层中以及将多层非织造织物加到叠层中都是提高蓬松度的办法。其它产生蓬松度的方法包括先用本发明的方法形成一层聚合薄膜,然后,在该聚合薄膜处于其预拉伸状态时,将非织造材料贴到该聚合薄膜的一侧或两侧。当拉伸松驰下来时,非织造材料形成一些皱褶,这些皱褶增加了该材料的蓬松度。另一种制造蓬松叠层的方法是,先按本发明的方法形成一些独立的聚合薄膜层,然后将多层这样的材料叠到一起。用本文所述的方法形成的三维多孔薄膜也能在一个叠层结构中形成良好的蓬松度。
其它可进行本文所述的变形处理以制造出在拉伸方向上呈现类似弹性性能的材料包括聚合泡沫以及热粘合的气流法纤维状结构。
图14示出一种原料网面830和本发明的成形SELF网面840的力-伸长率特性,这两种网面都包括由一层图6中的Clopay 1401聚乙烯混合薄膜借助可从威斯康星州Wauwautosa的Findley Adhewives公司购买到的热熔胶Sample 2301粘结到一层主要由聚丙烯纤维(例如可以从马萨诸塞州的Walpole的Veratec公司购买到的P-11牌产品)制成的非织造材料上形成的叠层。现在看曲线840,该曲线先有一段由840A表示的大体上为直线形的较低的力-伸长率段I,一段用840B表示的过渡区,以及一段用840C表示的大体上为直线形的第II段。就这种叠层网面而论,可以注意到,与原料网面相比,成形的SELF网面具有明显较低的二级力特性。图15中的曲线850和855表示该成形的SELF网面在伸长率为60%时的滞后特性。曲线850代表其在第一次拉伸过程中对外加拉伸的响应,曲线855代表其在第二次拉伸过程中对外加拉伸的响应。图15示出了在第一次拉伸过程中的拉力伸长851以及永久变形率852。可见,这种叠层网面在一个比较大的伸长范围内呈现出非常明显的弹性恢复性能。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,SELF网面由包括一个内层53和一个外层55的双层叠层构成。内层53最好是一种非织造材料,例如前面描述过的P-8材料。外层55最好是描述图5(Clopay)或底片(Tredegar)时提到的原料聚合薄膜。或者,还可以加一层支持层以形成一个三层的叠层。另外,可以在外层上加一层非织造层,以便使腰部部件的外表面更为柔软。可以利用本领域的技术人员公知的多种粘结方法中的任何一种来组成这些叠层。这些粘结方法包括但不限于热粘结;用粘结剂粘结(用包括但不限于喷涂粘结剂、热熔性粘结剂、胶乳基质的粘结剂一类的多种粘结剂中的一种);声波粘结;以及用挤压的方式制成叠层,利用这种方法,先将一层聚合薄膜直接浇注到一个非织造的基底上,当该聚合薄膜仍处于部分熔融的状态时,粘结到非织造材料的一侧上,或者使一种熔喷的非织造材料直接附着到一个聚合网面上。
图4是本发明的尿布的放大了的平面视图,该图显示了构成尿布的SELF网面的具体结构以及构成尿布的各个片段以及其它部件的相对位置。如上面所讨论的,该SELF网面的条带(凹道或第一区)的宽度(图1中的纵向尺寸)用于控制所形成的SELF网面的伸长力和有效伸长。在图4所示的本发明的优选实施例中,中央腰头片34有四个各为3mm宽的条带64′。还有三条间距为6.35mm的褶裥66′。这样,在伸长率为50%时,中央腰头片的伸长力为大约17g/cm。中央腰头片的有效伸长为大约60%。优选的侧片36由与中央腰头片34相比具有同样的或较低的伸长力以及较高的有效伸长的SELF网面构成。侧片36最好是各包括七个3mm宽的条带64以及六个间距为5.6mm的褶裥66。这样,在伸长率为50%时,各侧片的力/伸长值为大约13g/cm。各侧片的有效伸长为大约110%。尽管各个条带是相同的,但由于原材料的特性不同以及褶裥的宽度不同,侧片与中央腰头片具有不同的力/伸长特性。(侧片中的一层是Clopay1401聚乙烯薄膜,而中央腰头片中的一层是Tredegar P8863聚乙烯薄膜。)臀片38由具有七个1mm宽的条带64″和八个6.35mm宽的褶裥66″的SELF网面构成。在伸长率为50%时,臀片的伸长力为大约3g/cm。臀片的有效伸长约为60%。臀片的力/伸长特性最好是低于侧片,也低于中央腰头片;但是,臀片的伸长量大于中央腰头片。由于条带宽度的影响,臀片的伸长力低于中央腰头片的伸长力。
还发现,可伸长的后腰件及/或尿布的某些部件之间的位置关系与提供伸长的力/伸长性能相结合,进一步加强了尿布的帖合性能。
已经发现,侧片36不仅应该接合在中央腰头片34上,而且还应当接合在臀片38的至少一部分上。这种结构使得因把尿布帖合到穿用者的身上而在侧片中产生的力不仅能够通过中央腰头片传递,而且还能通过臀片上的处在中央腰头片附近的部分传递。因此,臀片通过伸长来调节分布在中央腰头片中的力以减小尿布上的应力及应变,并且随着侧片中的力而扩张,从而更好地适应穿用者的臀部,同时提供附加的伸长性,以便在穿用者移动、行走、站立时能够适应臀部的进一步运动。尽管可以将侧片设置成与整个臀片沿纵向对齐的形式,但最好还是使侧片只与臀片的一部分沿纵向对齐,以便形成一条经过腰头的连续的受力线,从而使臀片的下腰侧的扩张达最大程度。比较可取的是,侧片与臀片彼此交叠,交叠部分的长度是整个侧片长度(纵向尺寸)的10%至大约90%,更为可取的是大约40%至大约60%。在图1所示的实施例中,侧片与臀片交叠大约27mm,臀片伸到侧片外侧大约13mm至大约43mm,最好是大约28mm。
如图4所示,侧片36最好是接合到中央腰头片34及臀片38的一个不可伸长的部分上。这个不可伸长的部分,即桥接件58,使得在将尿布穿上及使用尿布的过程中产生于侧片36中的力能够“分散”或扩散,从而使中央腰头片34和臀片38中的力能够更均匀地分布。尽管可以将侧片接合在一个可伸长的部分上或者使侧片与中央腰头片和臀片上的SELF网面一体构成,但这种结构使得力通过一些特定的点直接传递,从而使力和应力集中,而不是使它们分布在一个较宽的区域上。可以采用本领域中公知的以及前面讨论过的多种方法将侧片接合到其它片段,最好是桥接件58上,这些方法包括粘结剂粘结,热/压粘结,超声焊接或机械结合。最好是通过机械结合的方法将侧片结合到其它片段上。
还发现,腿部弹性件(松紧带54)的有效端55与侧片36的腿缘37之间的相对位置对于优化穿用者腿部的贴合来说是一个重要的参数。尽管松紧带54可以具有任意的长度,只要能形成一个腿部收口即可,但是,业已发现,松紧带54的有效端55最好是延伸到侧片36的腿缘37,以消除腿部松脱的可能性以及在腿的后部造成泄漏的可能性。(“有效端”这一术语,在此处指的是一个部位,在这一部位,松紧带在拉伸状态下接合到腿片上、将腿片收缩或收拢。这样,松紧带的未固定住的部分会伸到此处定义的区域之外,因为它们不对尿布起作用,或者说不起收缩或聚拢的作用。)当松紧带54伸到吸湿芯28的腰缘56之外、伸到臀片38内部时,由于松紧带会随着臀片的伸长而弯曲,并且更好地贴合在穿用者的臀部周围,因而能够使腿后部的泄漏及松脱的情况有所改善。(见图3)。松紧带54的有效端55定位在臀片38中也使得腿部封闭及腿部贴合与中央腰头片34及侧片36结合起来,从而围绕两腿形成连续的封闭及受力线。业已发现,松紧带的有效端应当至少伸至臀片处,最好是伸到臀片中,更为可取的是围绕着侧片的腿缘,最为可取的是在两个方向上都与腿缘相距大约10mm以内。
吸湿芯28的位置也可能影响尿布及后腰件的性能。由于吸湿芯相对来说是不可伸长的,如果将吸湿芯放置在一个可伸长的部件中,在使用过程中、特别是当吸湿芯湿了以后,其完整性会受到影响,并且会妨碍所述可伸长部件的伸长。因此,如图1所示,吸湿芯28不伸到臀片38中。但是,如果需要更强的吸湿能力或者需要一个加强件,也可使吸湿芯伸到臀片中。如果吸湿芯伸到臀片中,最好是或者使臀片的那个部分不能够伸长,或者不要将吸湿芯的那个部分接合到可伸长的片段上,以便使吸湿芯能够“浮起来”,不妨碍臀片的伸长。
图3为图1中的尿布处于展平状态时的视图,近似表示在穿用过程中作用到可伸长的后腰件上的力的情况。从该分别为图中可以看出,侧片36被伸长,它们的腰缘37′比腿缘37伸得更长(大约80mm和75mm),因此,经过侧片的力更多地在腰缘37′(尿布20的底边48)附近被分解。中央腰头片34也已被伸长(至大约250mm),大部分的力通过中央腰头片而被分解开来。臀片38也被伸长,其上端附近比下端附近伸得更长。但是,这种伸长使臀片能够更好地包裹住穿用者的臀部,改善了臀部的贴合及密封。图中示出,腿部收口30的松紧带54在臀片38内弯曲,形成一个更适合于穿用者的臀部的收口。(值得注意的是,如果腿部收口包括一个如上面提到的美国专利4695278(授予Lawson)所述的隔离收口,则该隔离收口也以同样的方式弯曲并且围绕着臀部形成更好的贴合。)
如图1所示,尿布20也可以具有一个可伸长的前腰件42。可伸长的前腰件42用于围绕着穿用者的腹部贴在其前腰区中以改善尿布在前腰区的贴合及密封。这个可伸长的前腰件42被设置在前腰片43中,从主体组件22、最好是吸湿芯28的腰缘56沿纵向向外延伸,并且在前腰区45中构成尿布20的底边48的至少一部分。可伸长的前腰件42可以具有任何一种公知的弹性部件的结构,或者由本文所述的任何一种可伸长的部件构成。例如,可伸长的前腰件可以由本领域中公知的任何一种用弹性件制成的腰头构成,例如在前面提到过的(Kievit等人的)美国第4515595号专利和(Buell等人的)美国第5151092号专利中公开的腰头。另外,可伸长的前腰件可以由一个拉伸叠层构成,例如(Buell等人的)美国第5151092号专利中描述的零应力拉伸叠层。本文在描述另外几个实施例时也描述了几种可供选择的可伸长前腰件。在图1所示的本发明的特别优选的实施例中,前腰件43由一种SELF网面构成。构成前腰片的SELF网面最好是与构成尿布的其它任何片段的SELF网面具有相同或相似的力/伸长率特性,这些片段包括,例如中央腰头片、臀片或侧片。但是,也可以使构成前腰片的SELF网面具有其独特的力/伸长率特性。在一个供大(8kg至14kg)婴儿使用的尿布的优选实施例中,前腰片的纵向尺寸为大约15mm,横向尺寸为大约180mm。前腰片的伸长力最好是大于或等于中央腰头片的伸长力。最好是使构成前腰片的SELF网面具有3个3mm宽的条带和2个6.35mm宽的褶裥,以便在伸长率为50%时具有26g/cm的伸长力,并且其有效伸长为60%。
尿布20还具有一套用于将尿布贴合到穿用者身上的封闭组件。尽管该封闭组件可以是各种结构的,例如粘结带、机械封闭带、定位紧固件、运动内裤一类物品的侧面接缝,或本领域中公知的其它封闭件;但如图1所示,该封闭组件最好是由一种粘结带紧固组件构成,所述的粘结带紧固组件包括一对带状舌片40和一个位于尿布20的前腰区45中的搭接部件,最好是如图1所示的一个加强条41,或者是底片的一部分。1974年11月19日授予Buell的美国第3848594号专利和1987年5月5日授予Hirotus和Robertson的美国第4662875号专利公开了几种合适的粘结带紧固组件;这两篇专利都已被本文引作参考文献。其它几种可用于本发明的封闭组件包括1989年9月26日授予Scripps的美国第4869724号专利、1989年7月11日授予Scripps的美国第4848815号专利公开的机械紧固组件以及1993年9月7日授予Weil,Buell,Clear及Falcone的美国第5242436号专利描述的两点式紧固组件;这些专利都已被本文引作参考文献。当采用两点式紧固组件时,腰部封闭组件的腰部封闭件最好是在纵向上与可伸长的前腰件对齐,在横向上与可伸长的腿部收口的松紧带对齐,以便围绕着穿用者的腿部和腰部形成有效的封闭。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,也可在尿布上配备两个从主体和前腰片沿横向向外伸出的耳状翼片。耳状翼片构成一个可供腰部部件搭接的结构,使腰部部件能够环绕着穿用者的腿部和腰部。耳状翼片可以采取多种不同的尺寸、形状、结构和材料。耳状翼片可以由制成尿布的一个或多个部件(包括顶片和底片)的材料的一部分构成。或者,耳状翼片可以是固定到尿布上的一个独立部件或几个部件。适合于用作耳状翼片的材料包括织造网面;非织造网面;包括聚合薄膜在内的薄膜;泡沫;包括薄膜叠层、非织造叠层或零应力拉伸叠层的叠层材料;弹性体;复合材料;SELF网面;或者这些材料的任意组合。可以利用本领域中公知的手段将耳状翼片接合到主体上,例如,可以采用热粘结或非热粘结、热焊接、压力焊接、超声焊接,动力机械结合或本领域中公知的其它方法将耳状翼片连续地或间断地结合到主体上。
在将尿布20穿到穿用者身上时,最好是先将后腰区46放在穿用者的背下,然后将尿布的其余部分拉到穿用者的两条大腿之间,使前腰区45搭在穿用者的前部。接着将带状舌片40的舌片部分与防粘部分分开。然后,将侧片36包裹着穿用者,同时仍然捏住舌片部分。在这个过程中,侧片通常会被拉伸以便与穿用者的身体尺寸及形状相适合。将带状舌片40固定到位于主体22上的加强条41,即搭接件上以形成侧面封闭。然后对另一个带状舌片重复这一过程。这样,尿布就被套在穿用者的身上,可伸长的后腰件以及其它部件(如果有的话)则起到了本文所述的贴合及密封作用。
或者,可以为尿布配备一个使得两片侧片能够首先接合在一起的封闭组件。为穿用者穿尿布的人则将主体组件放置到穿用者的两条大腿之间,使主体组件接合在腰部部件的外层上。上面提到过的美国第08/044562号(New等人)专利申请更全面地描述了这样的结构及固定方法。
图16是本发明的另一种一次性尿布1620的简化的平面视图,其中的臀片1638具有一种多区域SELF网面结构。(SELF网面的具体结构已被简化,只示出构成SELF网面的条带。)臀片1638具有三个区域:一个中央区1600和两个腿区1602。各腿区1602的SELF网面最好具有与横向成一角度的第一区和第二区,以便提供与横向成一定角度的方向上的伸长性能。在侧片36中产生的横向的力沿着一条与横向成一角度的线经过臀片1638传递,使臀片更服贴地贴合在穿用者的臀部周围。构成中央区1600的SELF网面与图1示出的构成臀片38的SELF网面形式相似。中央区1600在中央腰头片34附近提供横向伸长性能。在图16所示的实施例中,中央区1600比腿区1602(力/有效伸长比较低)具有更大的伸长力,最好是比中央腰头片34的伸长力还大,以便使尿布保持在位并且不会翻转,从而形成服贴的贴合。必要时,中央区1600甚至可以不具有伸长性(即,不可伸长)。
但是,在某些实施例中,中央区的伸长力最好是小于或等于腿区的伸长力的横向矢分量(尤其是当腿部收口中采用了隔离收口时)。臀片的这种结构使得在腿区中沿横向和纵向都具有可伸长性,从而使得在腿区和臀区中的力都得到了更好的分配。当如美国第4695278号专利所述,尿布的腿部收口中具有一个隔离收口时,臀片也可以具有一个中央区和一对腿区。中央区的侧边位于隔离收口的近边内侧。在每一个腿区中都设置了一条这样的近边。中央区的伸长力最好是小于腿区的伸长力,以便固定各个隔离收口,同时为臀片提供可伸长性。
图17示出后腰件32的一个侧片1736的另一种实施例,其中的侧片1736具有多区SELF网面结构。侧片1736的与尿布的底边48相邻并且与中央腰头片34对齐的部分,即腰区1700,由一个第一SELF网面构成,该网面中的伸长力及伸长分布在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上,最好是分布在横向上。侧片1736还具有一个与侧片1736的腿边37相邻的腿区1702,腿区1702由一个具有条带加褶裥的结构的第二SELF网面构成,该网面在一个不同于第一方向的第二方向上,最好是与横向成一定角度的方向上提供分力以及拉伸。此第二拉伸方向将力以一定角度分布在腿区中,从而围绕穿用者形成更好的贴合。还应当注意的是,尽管图17的实施例示出的侧片是一个连续的部件,但侧片也可以由两个独立的SELF网面构成,这两个独立的SELF网面接合在一起形成一个2×2的侧片,如上面提到的(授予Roble等人)美国第08/155048号专利申请所述的那样;这篇文献已被本文引作参考。
图18示出本发明的另一种一次性尿布1820,其中的腿部襟片1831还具有一片SELF网面,前腰头片1842是一个多区的SELF网面。腿部襟片的SELF网面提供沿横向的可伸长性能。通过在松紧带54的旁边、上面或外侧装一个由SELF网面构成的腿部收口,使尿布1820有了这样一个贴近腿部的区域,当因为容纳了大量排泄物而需要额外的空间时,这个区域能够扩展,从而也能够形成服贴的贴合,以减小由于松脱而造成腿区泄漏的可能性。当尿布中容纳了排泄物并且变得更重时,重力使得可伸长的腿部襟片1831沿横向伸展,从而减小了在腿部松脱的可能性,因为这种扩展使腿部收口不再会被重力往下拉并从腿上松脱开。其结果是,腿部收口30的动作是独立于吸湿芯28的,从而形成更好的贴合及密封。此外,SELF网面提高了尿布在腿部收口部位的柔软性,并且穿在婴儿身上显得更为美观。事实上,在必要时,整个尿布,包括主片22可以由一片SELF网面构成,以便具有柔软性及密封性。在图18所示的实施例中,构成腿部襟片1831的SELF网面各具有75个1mm宽的条带和74个6.35mm宽的褶裥。这样,该腿部襟片在伸长率为50%时的伸长力为6g/cm,其有效伸长为60%。将松紧带54在拉伸状态下接合到腿部襟片上,使其在85%的伸长率下能产生60克的伸长力。(业已发现,SELF网面的伸长力应当不大于松紧带54的伸长力的1/2;最好是在松紧带54的伸长力的1/5至1/10之间。由于最好是将松紧带54以拉伸状态接合到腿部襟片1831上,产生在大约50克至大约60克之间的伸长力,因此,腿部襟片在伸长率为50%时的伸长力最好是小于30g/cm,更可取的是小于20g/cm,最可取的是小于10g/cm。这些伸长力特性改善了本文所述的松脱现象,提高了密封性能。
前腰片1832具有多个区域:一个中央腰头区1800和一个腹部区1802。中央腰头区1800具有本文前面所述的前腰件的功能。腹部区1802围绕着穿用者的在穿用过程中通常会膨胀和收缩的腹部形成伸缩。因此,腹部区1802随着穿用者腹部的运动而运动,减小了在使用过程中前腰区松脱的可能性。整个前腰片1843的伸长力最好是小于后腰件32的中央腰头片34的伸长力,以便使前部能够“拉平”。前腰片1843在伸长率为50%时的伸长力最好是在大约5g/cm至大约15g/cm之间。在另一个实施例中,腹部区1802的伸长力可以小于或等于中央腰头区1800的伸长力,以便使腹片能够有更大的伸长率,从而与穿用者的腹部相适应,并且在中央腰头区形成一条更加适合于穿用者的张力线。(在另一个实施例中,也可以在这种尿布上配置一个如(Weil等人的)美国第5242436号专利所述的两点式紧固组件,以进一步加强尿布的贴合。)
图19是图18所示的尿布处于其伸展状态时的视图,该图近似表示了尿布在穿用过程中的受力情况。从该图上可以看到,可伸长的后腰件以与图3描述的方式相同的方式伸展。但是,由于腿部襟片1831的可伸长性以及前腰片1843的更大的可伸长性,尿布的前腰区也趋向于拉平。。这样,无需制作一个砂漏形的尿布所需要的多余材料,就可做出砂漏形的尿布1820。图中示出,腿部收口30的松紧带54在前腰区中是弯曲的,从而形成一个与穿用者的大腿上部更加贴合的收口。事实上,弯曲的弹性效果是通过一个矩形的尿布达到的。(应当注意的是,如果腿部收口包括一个如上面提到的美国第4695278号专利所述的隔离收口,则该隔离收口也会弯曲并且形成更佳贴合。)
图20示出本发明的另一种尿布实施例2020。尿布2020总体上呈砂漏形,而不是前面所讨论的T字形。该砂漏形在尿布的裆区有一个腿部切口,从而围绕着腿部形成贴合。可伸长的后腰件32与讨论T形尿布时所描述的可伸长的后腰件除各片段的形状不同外,其余都相同。另外,在这一实施例中,吸湿芯28伸到臀片38的一部分中。在一个特别优选的实施例中,吸湿芯28没有接合在臀片38上,因而它可以“浮”在臀片38中。这样,吸湿芯在臀片的一部分中起到加强作用,从而可防止臀片收拢。可伸长的后腰件2042最好是具有如(Buell等人的)美国第5151092号专利所描述的五边形的形状。在图20所示的实施例中,可伸长的前腰件2042由本发明的SELF网面构成,其中的伸长性能局限在一个五边形中,因为有一个不可伸长的人字形的搭接件,即加强条2041接合在该SELF网面的一部分上。这种尿布的封闭组件最好是后面描述的围绕着穿用者形成一条倾斜的张力线的双重张力紧固组件。该双重张力紧固组件包括一个基本紧固组件和最好是一个腰部封闭组件。如图20所示,基本紧固组件的带状舌片2040与横向成一定角度,以形成这种倾斜的紧固线。尿布2020还具有一个腰部封闭组件,该腰部封闭件包括一对与可伸长的前腰件2042在纵向上对齐、通过该可伸长的前腰件产生张力的第一固定部件2002和一个由顶片24的一部分构成的第二固定部件(未示出)。
封闭组件在尿布的整个使用过程中将尿布牢固地固定在穿用者的身上,使尿布在使用过程中不易松脱及滑落。经过设计,使封闭组件形成一条张力线或一个张力区,该张力线或张力区产生一个将臀部上方的背部腰曲与腹部皱褶下方连接起来的环箍张力,从而起到固定作用。这一条或几条张力线(区)(以后称之为张力基线)基本上围绕着穿用者的下运动区的外周,以传递在整个穿用过程中将尿布保持就位的紧固力。该张力基线最好是与穿用者身体的水平线成一角度(与尿布的横向成一角度),使该张力基线能够从位于臀部的髂嵴上方的腰曲(后背的较小处)周围延伸到穿用者的前部,最好是延伸到腹部皱褶线的下方。这样,张力基线处在了身体尺寸变化最小的区域,即一个持续穿用的位置(即,张力基线没有处在在运动过程中尺寸会有增减的臀大肌的肌腹上),因此,该张力基线稳定并且维持了使尿布在穿用者身上保持定位的紧固力,使尿布在整个使用过程中不容易因为穿用者运动或因为尿布承载后其重量增加而产生的力而下滑。由于由封闭组件产生的倾斜的张力基线具有一个纵向的矢分量,因此,该张力基线还将一个趋向于将尿布拉向身体上方、因而抵消承载后的尿布的重量的向上的紧固力传递到尿布上。该张力基线还产生法向的紧固力(倾斜的张力基线的另一个矢分量),由于这些法向的紧固力起到将吸湿芯朝着穿用者的身体推压的作用,因此将尿布、尤其是吸湿芯稳定在下运动区中。由于这些法向的紧固力使吸湿芯与身体保持紧密的接触,因此,有助于维持尿布的帖合,同时还减少了侧漏。由于紧固力作用在下运动区中,因此身体尺寸的增减不沿着会引起红色压痕的张力基线产生,所以,倾斜的张力基线还能减轻红色压痕。
为了实现其紧固功能,要将张力基线设置成与横向成一角度的形式,为此,使封闭组件能够形成一个倾斜的封闭机构以确保这样的一条张力基线能够分布在尿布上。可以用可形成一条倾斜的张力基线的多种不同的紧固组件构成封闭组件。例如,封闭组件可以只单单包括一个基本紧固组件。封闭组件可以另外还紧固可伸长的前腰件的一个部分,以及,如果需要的话,紧固腿部收口的一部分。
就图20所示的封闭组件而言,该封闭组件的各固定件最好包括一个可以固定在一个搭接件(优选的是一个加强条2041)上的带状舌片2040,以便形成一条经过尿布的、与横向成一角度的张力基线。因此,大体上设定好带状舌片的形状和方位,使该带状舌片与搭接件接合后能够形成一条与横向成一角度的张力基线,这条张力基线最好是基本上围绕着下运动区通过尿布。在图20所示的实施例中,带状舌片2040以与横向成一角度的方式接合在侧片36上,形成所要求的倾斜的张力基线。例如,在将一片本领域中公知的矩形带状舌片或一片具有其它任何形状的带状舌片安装到尿布上时可以先将其绕横向旋转一下,使该带状舌片与横向成一角度,这一角度最好是在大约5°至大约30°之间,更可取的是在大约15°至大约20°之间。
另一种带状舌片的实施例可以使舌片部分的形状和方位与横向成一角度,以确保形成一条与横向成一角度的张力基线。最为可取的是,将带状舌片的侧边做成弯的,以便能够为适应穿用者的体形而倾斜着搭接,由此围绕着穿用者的下运动区形成一条倾斜的张力基线,将尿布紧固在穿用者的身上,并且使为穿用者穿尿布的人能够方便地将带状舌片搭接到搭接件上以调节尿布的结构。此外,将舌片部分的侧边做成弯曲的,就能够做到在后腰区中将带状舌片设置在较高部位,同时在搭接件上能够实现较低部位的搭接定位,从而减少在穿用者的腹部、臀部和腿部的压痕,增加舒适感。这种舌片部分还能适应穿用者的腿部,因为如果将带状舌片设置在尿布上的过于低的部位,就会使穿用者的腿部出现压痕,这对尿布的舒适性和贴合性会有不利的影响。1993年6月3日由LaVon等人递交的名称为“Absorbent ArticlesProviding Sustained Dynamic Fit”的美国第08/072300号专利申请公开了一种这样的带状舌片,这篇专利已被本文引作参考文献。
为了形成倾斜的张力基线,还可使搭接件具有不同的尺寸和形状。在图20所示的一个优选实施例中,搭接件由一个人字形的加强条2041构成,从而形成本发明的倾斜的张力基线。还可以在加强条上做一些标记来帮助将尿布帖合到穿用者的身上以实现最佳的腰部贴合和腿部开口贴合。最好是以与横向成一角度的方式将这些标记排成几排,这一角度最好是与带状舌片的角度相同,以便能够倾斜地固定带状舌片,从而优化贴合并且形成一条倾斜的张力基线。(在另一种结构中,搭接件可以是可伸长的,例如由一种由非织造材料制成的SELF网面构成,以便使前腰区能够伸得更长以适应穿用者腹部的增大。)
如图20所示,封闭组件最好是还另外包括一个用于固定一段前腰片43、最好是可伸长的前腰件2042的腰部封闭组件。上面提到的(LaVon等人的)美国第08/072300号专利申请以及(Weil等人的)美国第5242436号专利申请公开了这样的腰部封闭组件。或者,也可以将腰部封闭件的组成部件设计成使其能形成倾斜的张力基线的形式(例如,可以将第一固定件结合成与横向成一角度)。
图21示出本发明的可伸长的前腰件的另一实施例2142。前腰片2143具有一个中央腰头片2100和位于中央腰头片2100的两横向端的一对耳状翼片2102。中央腰头片2100最好是由一种拉伸叠层构成,更可取的是由一种如上面提到的美国第5151092号专利所述的零应力的拉伸叠层构成。该中央腰头片2100包括顶片24的一部分、底片26的一部分以及位于顶片24和底片26之间的一个弹性件2104,所有这些部分都经过了机械拉伸。(应当注意的是,中央腰头片也经过了SELF处理;但是,为简化起见,图中未示出条带和褶裥。)为了进一步增强可伸长的前腰件2142的拉伸性能和伸长率,两个耳状翼片都由一种SELF网面构成。构成各耳状翼片的SELF网面与前面描述的用于后腰件32的各个片段的SELF网面相同。这样,由于在连续的生产过程中可以将构成耳状翼片的SELF网面与前一个尿布的可伸长的后腰件32的中央腰头片34同时成形,所以简化了制造过程。另外,为了简化生产,后腰件32的中央腰头片34也可以由一种拉伸叠层,最好是一种零应力的拉伸叠层构成,这样,同一片弹性材料可以形成构成两个中央腰头片的弹性件。封闭组件的基本紧固组件包括一个由人字形的加强条2041构成的搭接件。封闭组件还包括一个腰部封闭组件,其中有形成通过可伸长的前腰件2142产生张力的第一固定件2106。
图22示出本发明的可伸长的前腰件的另一实施例2242。前腰片2243包括一个中央腰头片2200,一个腹片2204,以及一对耳状翼片2202。中央腰头片2200最好是如本文参照图21描述的那种零应力的拉伸叠层。耳状翼片2202也与图21所示的耳状翼片2102相同。腹片2204从中央腰头片2200沿纵向向内延伸并且由SELF网面构成。腹片2204的SELF网面可以与耳状翼片的SELF网面相同或相似,也可以具有比耳状翼片小一些的伸长力。
图23示出本发明的可伸长的前腰件的另一实施例2342。前腰片2343包括一个中央腰头片2300,一个腹片2304,以及位于中央腰头片2300的两个纵向端的一对耳状翼片2302。在该实施例中,腹片2304由带有一个弹性件2104的拉伸叠层、最好是零应力的拉伸叠层构成。中央腰头片2300和耳状翼片2302最好是都由一片SELF网面构成。中央腰头片2300从底边48沿纵向向内延伸大约6mm至大约25mm,最好是大约12mm。各SELF网面的力/伸长特性可以相同也可以不同,这取决于对这各个片段所期望的伸缩性。在图23所示的实施例中,各SELF网面最好是具有相同的伸长力特性。这种前腰件2342因此具有一个“SELF窗”。由于在底边附近没有弹性件往腰下拉,所以这种前腰件减少了下垂现象。(在这种结构的另一实施例中,可伸长的后腰件可以是拱形的或者与SELF网面的横向条带和褶裥成一角度,从而提供与横向成一角度的分力及伸缩性。)
图24示出本发明的可伸长的前腰件的另一实施例2442。前腰片2443包括一个中央腰头片2400,一对耳状翼片2402,一个腹片2406以及一个搭接片段2400。中央腰头片2400由带有一个弹性件2104的拉伸叠层、最好是零应力的拉伸叠层构成。耳状翼片2402、腹片2406和搭接片段2408都由一片SELF网面构成。搭接片段2408从基本紧固组件的搭接件沿纵向向内延伸,并且最好是伸到基本紧固组件的搭接件之外。如图24所示,搭接件包括一对在横向上彼此分开并且与横向成一角度地设置在尿布上的加强条2441。搭接片段的SELF网面在横向上的边界由加强条2441限定,从而在加强条2441之间提供拉伸性及伸缩性。测试方法表面径长
拟用下述方式来测定几个成形材料区的径长值:先选择及制备各不同区域的代表性试样、再利用显微图象分析方法分析这些试样。
先要选择能代表各区域的表面几何图形的试样。一般说来,应避开过渡区,因为它们通常具有第一区和第二区这两个区域的特性。将待测试样切下来并将它们与所感兴趣的区域分开。要把“测试边缘”切得与所要测定的伸长的规定轴线平行。这一轴线通常与第一区或第二区的成形主轴平行。将二分之一英寸长的未拉伸试样附到网面材料上,对其进行“定位刻线”,所刻的线垂直于“测试边缘”,然后将其精确地切下,并从网面材料上取下来。
然后将测试试样装到显微镜的玻璃载片的长边上。将“测试边缘”从载片边缘稍稍向外拉伸(约1mm)。把薄薄的一层压敏粘结剂涂到玻璃表面的边缘上,形成一个合适的试样支持件。业已发现,对于高度成形的试样区,需要轻轻地(不施加明显的力)沿试样的轴线方向拉伸试样,同时便于将试样接触并安置到载片边缘上。这样就能改善在图象分析过程中的边缘识别,避免再判读“弯曲的”边缘部分。
利用具有足够的品质和放大倍数的合适的显微测量装置,在支持片“侧立着”时摄取到“测试边缘”图象,由此得到各个试样的图象。用下列装置得到此处所述的数据:Keyence VH-6100(20倍透镜)视频装置,其中的视频图片由一个Sony视频印象机的Mavigraph装置印制。用HewlettPackard ScanJet IIP扫描仪对视频图片进行图象扫描。在MacIntosh IICi计算机上利用1.45版的NIH MAC图象软件进行图象分析。
利用这一设备,首先得到一幅网格刻度长度为.500″、在计算机分析程序中用来对设定进行校正的增量值为.005″的校准图象。然后对所有待测试样进行视频成象及视频图象印制。接着,在100dpi的水平上(256个灰度级)对所有视频图片进行图象扫描,形成合适的Mac图象文本格式。最后,用1.45版的Mac计算机图象程序对每个图象文本(包括校准文本)进行分析。用经过挑选的手绘线测工具测量所有试样。在这些试样的两个侧边进行测量,并将长度记录下来。对简单的薄膜状(薄的及厚度恒定的)试样只需测量一个底边。对叠层及厚的泡沫试样要在其两个侧边进行测量。要沿着所切试样的整个规准长度作出长度测量轨迹。对于严重变形的试样,可能需要多个(部分重叠的)图象来覆盖整个所切试样。在这些情况下,选择两个重叠图象的共同特征并将其作为“标记”,以便使图象长度的读数相邻但不重叠。
最后,对每个区域的5个独立的1/2″的标准试样的长度进行平均,得到各区域的表面径长。各个标准试样的“表面径长”将是两侧边的表面径长的平均值。Poisson横向收缩效应
在一台与Gateway 2000 486/33Hz计算机相连的Instron Model 1122测量仪上,利用Test WorksTM软件测得Poisson′横向收缩效应。对于每一次测试,都将测试所需的所有基本参数输入到Test WorksTM软件中。把手工测得的试样宽度值与Test WorksTM软件中测得的伸长率结合起来,完成数据采集。
用于这一测试的试样是长宽尺寸为1″×4″,这些试样的长轴被切得与试样的第一区的方向平行。应当用锋利的刀具或足够锋利的、能精确地切下1″宽的试样的切割机来切割试样。重要的是,应当切下一个“有代表性的试样”,以便得到能代表变形区的整个结构的对称性的区域。有时也存在这样的情况(由于变形部分的尺寸变化或区域1和2之间的几何关系的变化),即,需要切下比此处所要求的试样更大或更小的试样。在这种情况下,至关重要的是,(对任何一个记录数据)要注意试样的尺寸、它取自变形区域的哪一个部分、并且最好是附有用作该试样的代表区的简图。一般说来,如果可能的话,要使实际拉伸部分的“长宽比”(l1∶w1)保持在(2∶1)。对五个试样进行测试。
Instron测量仪的夹具包括一对气动夹头,这对气动夹头有一个平展表面和一个凸出一个半圆的相对表面,这对气动夹头能将所有夹持力集中在一条与所测拉伸方向垂直的线上。在试样和夹具之间不允许有滑动。当用一个安装在夹具旁边的钢尺测量时,应当可以测得两条夹持力线之间的距离为2″。从现在开始,将这一距离称作“测量长度”。
在将试样安装到夹具上时要使其长轴与外加拉伸的方向垂直。应当将代表整个几何形态的区域对称地集中在两个夹头之间。将滑块速度设为10in/min。将滑块移到指定的应变部位(在20%和60%两个伸长率下进行测试)。用钢尺测得试样最窄点的宽度(W2)最接近0.02″。在Test Works软件上记录在外加拉伸方向上的伸长至0.02″。用下列公式计算Poisson横向收缩效应(PLCE):
其中,w2=在外加纵向拉伸下的试样宽度;
w1=试样的原始宽度;
l2=在外加纵向拉伸下的试样长度;
l1=试样的原始长度(测量长度);对每一次给定拉伸,用五个试样在20%和60%的伸长率下进行测量。在给定伸长率下的PLCE是五次测量的平均值。滞后测试
滞后测试用于测试材料的永久变形率和应力松驰率。在一台与Gateway2000 486/33Hz计算机相连的Instron Model 1122测量仪上,利用TestWorksTM软件进行测试。对于每一次测试,都将测试所需的所有基本参数(即,滑块速度,最大伸长率点以及持续时间)输入到Test WorksTM软件中。同样,也是利用Test WorksTM软件进行数据采集、数据分析及作图。
用于这一测试的试样是长宽尺寸为1″×4″的试样,这些试样的长轴被切得与试样的最大伸长率的方向平行。应当用锋利的精密刀具或足够锋利的、能精确地切下1″宽的试样的切割机来切割试样。(如果材料有多于一个的拉伸方向,则应当沿平行于各代表性的拉伸方向的方向取样。)切试样时应当保证能得到代表变形区的整个结构的对称性的区域。有时也存在这样的情况(由于变形部分的尺寸变化或区域1和2之间的几何关系的变化),即,需要切下比此处所要求的试样更大或更小的试样。在这种情况下,至关重要的是,(对任何一个记录数据)要注意试样的尺寸、它取自变形区域的哪一个部分、并且最好是附有用作该试样的代表区的简图。一般对每一种材料在20、60和100%的应变下进行三次独立的测试。在每一个伸长率下对一种给定材料的三个试样进行测试。
Instron测量仪的夹具包括一对动力夹头,这对动力夹头有一个平展表面和一个凸出一个半圆的相对表面,凸出的半圆能最大程度地减少试样的滑动,这对动力夹头能将所有夹持力集中在一条与所测应力方向垂直的线上。当用一个安装在夹头旁边的钢尺测量时,应当可以测得两条夹持力线之间的距离为2″。从现在开始,将这一距离称作“测量长度”。在将试样安装到夹具上时要使其长轴与外加伸长率的方向垂直。将滑块速度设为10in/min。将滑块移到指定的最大伸长率部位并且在这个伸长率下将试样夹持30秒钟。在30秒钟之后,使滑块回到其原始位置(0%伸长率)并在这一位置上保持60秒钟。然后又使滑块回到与第一次同样的最大伸长率位置,保持30秒钟然后再回到零点。
永久变形率是在第二次测试中试样开始抵抗拉伸时的百分伸长率。图7和图15中也示出了永久变形率和应力松驰率。针对每一次测得的最大伸长率值,记录下三个试样的平均应力松驰率和永久变形率。抗拉试验
抗拉试验用于测定材料的伸长力(力)与百分伸长率之间的关系及材料的有效伸长。在一台与Gateway 2000 486/33Hz计算机相连的Instron Model1122仪(可从Instron Corporation of Canton,Mass.购买到)上,利用Test WorksTM软件(可从Sintech,Inc.of Research Triangle Park,NorthCarolina购买到)进行测试。对于每一次测试,都将测试所需的所有基本参数输入到Test WorksTM软件中。同样,也是利用Test WorksTM软件进行数据采集、数据分析及作图。
用于这一测试的试样是长宽尺寸为1″×4″,这些试样的长轴被切得与试样的最大伸长率的方向平行。应当用锋利的精密刀具或足够锋利的、能精确地切下1″宽的试样的切割机来切割试样。(如果材料有多于一个的拉伸方向,则应当沿平行于各代表性的拉伸方向的方向取样。)切试样时应当保证能得到代表变形区的整个结构的对称性的区域。有时也存在这样的情况(由于变形部分的尺寸变化或区域1和2之间的几何关系的变化),即,需要切下比此处所要求的试样更大或更小的试样。在这种情况下,至关重要的是,(对任何一个记录数据)要注意试样的尺寸、它取自变形区域的哪一个部分、并且最好是附有用作该试样的代表区的简图。对一种给定材料的三个试样进行测试。
Instron测量仪的夹具包括一对动力夹头,这对动力夹头有一个平的表面和一个凸出一个半圆的相对表面,凸出的半圆能最大程度地减少试样的滑动,这对动力夹头能将所有夹持力集中在一条与所测应力方向垂直的线上。当用一个安装在夹具旁边的钢尺测量时,应当可以测得两条夹持力线之间的距离为2″。将这一距离称作“测量长度”。在将试样安装到夹具上时要使其长轴与外加伸长率的方向垂直。将滑块速度设为10in/min。用滑块拉伸试样直到试样断裂,在断裂点,滑块停下并返回其原始位置(0%伸长率)。
有效伸长率是这样一个点,在该点处,力-伸长率曲线出现转折,在该点之后,使试样进一步伸长所需要的力急剧增加。记录下三个试样的平均有效伸长率。
尽管上述测试方法可用于本发明的多种网面材料,但应当认识到,为了适应本发明范围内的一些更为复杂的网面材料,测试方法有可能需要改进。
尽管已经示出并描述了本发明的一些具体实施例,但本领域的技术人员应当明白,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的前提下还可做出多种变化和改进。本文所附的权利要求将覆盖在本发明范围内的所有这些变化和改进。
Claims (33)
1、一种一次性吸湿用品,具有一个前腰区和一个后腰区,该吸湿用品包括:
由一个液体可以透过的顶片、一个与所述顶片相接合的液体不能透过的底片以及一个位于所述的顶片和所述的底片之间的吸湿芯组成的主体组件;
一个位于所述的后腰区中的可伸长的后腰件,所述的可伸长的后腰件包括:
(a)一个与所述主体组件相接合并从所述主体组件沿纵向向外延伸的臀片,所述的臀片在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上是可伸长的;
(b)一个与所述臀片相接合并从所述臀片沿纵向向外延伸的中央腰头片,所述的中央腰头片在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上是可伸长的,所述中央腰头片的伸长力大于所述臀片的伸长力;以及
(c)与所述中央腰头片及所述臀片的至少一部分相接合并且从所述中央腰头片及所述臀片的至少一部分沿横向向外伸出的一对侧片,每个所述的侧片在一个具有横向矢分量的方向上是可伸长的。
2、如权利要求1所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的臀片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成,所述的网面包括一种由至少两个连续的、不相同的区域组成的可伸缩的网织物,所述的可伸缩的网织物包括至少一个第一区和至少一个具有一个或多个罗纹状部件的第二区。
3、如权利要求2所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的侧片各由一片结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
4、如权利要求3所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,每片所述的侧片具有一个腰区和一个腿区,所述的腰区在一个第一方向上具有可伸长性,所述的腿区在一个第二方向上具有可伸长性。
5、如权利要求4所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的腰区至少在横向上是可以伸长的。
6、如权利要求3所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的中央腰头片由一片结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
7、如权利要求6所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的中央腰头片的伸长力大于各所述侧片的伸长力。
8、如权利要求7所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,各所述的侧片的伸长力大于所述臀片的伸长力。
9、如权利要求6所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,还带有一个位于该吸湿用品的所述前腰区中的可伸长的前腰件,所述的可伸长的前腰件带有一个与所述的主体组件相接合并且从所述的主体组件沿纵向向外延伸的前腰片。
10、如权利要求9所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的前腰片由一片结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
11、如权利要求2所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的臀片具有一对腿区,所述的腿区在与横向成一角度的方向上具有可伸长性。
12、如权利要求11所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的臀片具有一个位于所述一对腿区之间的中央区。
13、如权利要求12所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的中央区在横向上是可伸长的。
14、如权利要求13所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的腿区可以沿着一条弧线伸长。
15、如权利要求2所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,还具有一个可伸长的前腰件,所述的可伸长的前腰件包括一个与所述的主体组件相接合并且从所述的主体组件沿纵向向外延伸的前腰片,所述的前腰片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
16、如权利要求1所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,该吸湿用品是一体型的一次性吸湿用品,还包括:
一对可伸缩的腿部收口,每个可伸缩的腿部收口包括:一个与所述的主体组件相接合并从所述的主体组件沿横向向外延伸的腿部襟片,以及一个在拉伸状态下连接到每个所述的腿部襟片上的弹性件。
17、如权利要求16所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,每个所述弹性件的端部都沿纵向伸到所述的臀片中。
18、如权利要求17所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,每个所述的侧片具有一个腰缘和一个腿缘,所述的臀片从各所述侧片的所述腿缘沿纵向向内延伸。
19、如权利要求18所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,在拉伸状态下,每个所述弹性件的所述端部都在所述侧片的所述腿缘附近连接到所述的腿部襟片上。
20、如权利要求19所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的中央腰头片和每个所述的侧片都由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
21、如权利要求20所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的可伸长的前腰片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
22、如权利要求21所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,每个所述的腿部襟片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
23、如权利要求22所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的主体组件由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
24、如权利要求21所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的前腰片具有一个腰头区和一个腹部区。
25、如权利要求21所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,还包括:
一个位于所述的前腰区中的可伸长的前腰件,所述的前腰件包括一个与所述的主体组件相接合并且从所述的主体组件沿纵向向外延伸的前腰片,所述的前腰片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成,所述的网面在一个至少具有横向矢分量的方向上是可伸长的。
26、如权利要求25所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的可伸长的前腰件是五边形的。
27、如权利要求26所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的前腰片具有一个中央腰头片和一对位于所述的中央腰头片两侧的耳状翼片,每一片所述的耳状翼片都由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
28、如权利要求27所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的中央腰头片包括一个在拉伸状态下连接到所述的前腰片上的弹性件。
29、如权利要求27所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的前腰片还具有一个位于所述中央腰头片的纵向内侧的腹片,所述的腹片包括一个在拉伸状态下连接到所述的前腰片上的弹性件,所述的中央腰头片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
30、如权利要求27所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的前腰片还具有一个位于所述中央腰头片的纵向内侧的腹片,所述的腹片由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
31、如权利要求27所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,每个所述的耳状翼片和所述的中央腰头片都由一种结构类似弹性的薄膜网面构成。
32、如权利要求26所述的吸湿用品,其特征在于,所述的吸湿芯伸入所述的臀片中但不连接到所述的臀片上。
33、如权利要求32所述的吸湿用品,它还具有一个封闭组件,以绕穿用者形成呈一定角度的张力线。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/203,456 | 1994-02-28 | ||
US08/203,456 US5554145A (en) | 1994-02-28 | 1994-02-28 | Absorbent article with multiple zone structural elastic-like film web extensible waist feature |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1144472A CN1144472A (zh) | 1997-03-05 |
CN1095651C true CN1095651C (zh) | 2002-12-11 |
Family
ID=22754092
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN95192211A Expired - Fee Related CN1095651C (zh) | 1994-02-28 | 1995-02-10 | 有多区域结构类弹性网膜的可伸长腰部的吸湿用品 |
Country Status (25)
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US (10) | US5554145A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0748197B2 (zh) |
JP (2) | JPH09509350A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100348235B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1095651C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU700813B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9506912A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2182873C (zh) |
CZ (1) | CZ286667B6 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69510923T3 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0748197T4 (zh) |
EG (1) | EG20605A (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2133741T5 (zh) |
FI (1) | FI963355A0 (zh) |
GR (1) | GR3030842T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1012934A1 (zh) |
HU (1) | HU221098B1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX9603717A (zh) |
MY (1) | MY119243A (zh) |
NO (1) | NO963555L (zh) |
PE (1) | PE4196A1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG44635A1 (zh) |
TR (1) | TR28798A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1995022951A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA951648B (zh) |
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- 1995-02-10 CN CN95192211A patent/CN1095651C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-10 EP EP95909528A patent/EP0748197B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-10 HU HU9602355A patent/HU221098B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-10 SG SG1996004640A patent/SG44635A1/en unknown
- 1995-02-10 KR KR1019960704739A patent/KR100348235B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1995-02-10 ES ES95909528T patent/ES2133741T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-10 CZ CZ19962469A patent/CZ286667B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
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1996
- 1996-06-19 US US08/665,935 patent/US5947948A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-26 NO NO963555A patent/NO963555L/no unknown
- 1996-08-28 FI FI963355A patent/FI963355A0/fi unknown
- 1996-09-27 US US08/720,103 patent/US5749866A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-12-21 HK HK98114357A patent/HK1012934A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-07-14 US US09/353,559 patent/US6325787B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-07-22 GR GR990401823T patent/GR3030842T3/el unknown
-
2001
- 2001-10-24 US US10/039,997 patent/US6706028B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-04-08 JP JP2002105480A patent/JP3579034B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-01-30 US US10/768,452 patent/US7527615B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4205679A (en) * | 1976-07-23 | 1980-06-03 | Johnson & Johnson | Disposable undergarment |
WO1992022273A2 (en) * | 1991-06-13 | 1992-12-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent article with elastic waist with predisposed resilient hinge |
WO1993017648A1 (en) * | 1992-03-04 | 1993-09-16 | Mölnlycke AB | Absorbent pants-type diaper |
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