CN104521203B - 用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型 - Google Patents

用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型 Download PDF

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CN104521203B
CN104521203B CN201380041406.8A CN201380041406A CN104521203B CN 104521203 B CN104521203 B CN 104521203B CN 201380041406 A CN201380041406 A CN 201380041406A CN 104521203 B CN104521203 B CN 104521203B
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symbol
nonlinear model
signal
value
receiver
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CN104521203A (zh
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A.伊莱亚兹
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Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Ltd
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Avago Technologies Fiber IP Singapore Pte Ltd
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    • H04L2025/03369—Partial response

Abstract

接收机可操作以使用可以合并非线性模型的序列估计处理生成发送码元的估计。接收机可以基于可以指示所述发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息适配所述非线性模型。接收机可以从所述发送码元的估计生成重构信号。接收机可以基于从所述重构信号生成的误差信号的值适配所述非线性模型，并且可以从所生成的估计中可以对应于已知码元和/或信息码元的一部分生成所述误差信号的值。可以在适配算法中对对应于已知码元的误差信号的值赋予较大权重，并且可以在适配算法中对对应于信息码元的误差信号的值赋予较小权重。

Description

用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型
技术领域
本公开的某些实施例涉及通信系统。更具体地，本公开的某些实施例涉及一种用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的方法和系统。
背景技术
现有通信方法和系统过于耗电和/或频谱效率低下。诸如正交幅度调制(QAM)的复杂的线性调制方案广泛用在无线和非无线通信中。然而，这样的调制方案的性能在与通信信道关联的相位噪声和非线性失真存在的情况下下降。这些调制方案中的一些可能在严重的相位噪声的情况下执行例如在香农容量界限之下4-5dB。因为需要更高阶调制驱动更多吞吐量，所以结果可能是甚至进一步远离香农容量限制的吞吐量。也就是，期望的频谱效率与实际频谱效率之间的间隙(gap)可能实际上随着QAM的阶数增大而增大。另外，更高阶调制也可能对于非线性失真越来越敏感。
通过比较这样的系统与在本申请的其余部分参考附图而给出的本公开，常规和传统方法的其它限制和缺点将对于本领域技术人员更加明显。
发明内容
本公开的各方面针对于用于高频率效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的方法和系统，其基本上如在至少一个附图中所示和/或结合至少一个附图而描述的，如在权利要求中更完整给出的。
根据以下描述和附图，将更全面地理解本公开的各个优点、方面和新颖特征、以及所说明的其实施例的细节。
附图说明
图1是图示根据本公开的实施例的示例通信系统的框图。
图2是图示根据本公开的实施例的接收机中均衡器与序列估计模块的示例耦合的框图。
图3是图示根据本公开的实施例的并入了非线性模型的示例序列估计模块的框图。
图4是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。
图5是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。
图6是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。
具体实施方式
如这里使用的，“和/或”意味着通过“和/或”加入的列表中的项中的任何一个或多个。作为示例，“x和/或y”意味着三元素集{(x),(y),(x,y)}中的任何元素。作为另一示例，“x、y和/或z”意味着七元素集{(x),(y),(z),(x,y),(x,z),(y,z),(x,y,z)}中的任意元素。如这里使用的，术语“示例性的”意味着用作非限制示例、实例或例证。如这里使用的，术语“例如”和“诸如”提出一个或多个非限制示例、实例或例证的列表。如这里使用的，只要设备/模块/电路/等包括必要的硬件和代码(如果需要)以执行功能，设备/模块/电路/等就“可操作”以执行该功能，而与通过某个用户配置的设置来禁用还是使能该功能的执行无关。
可以在用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的方法和系统中发现本公开的某些实施例。在本公开的各个实施例中，通信系统中的接收机可操作以使用可以合并非线性模型的序列估计处理而生成发送码元(symbol)的估计。接收机可以基于可以指示发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息而适配(adapt)非线性模型。所述接收机可操作以经由可以合并非线性模型的序列估计处理从发送码元的估计生成重构信号。重构信号可以对应于发送的码元间相关的(ISC)信号，诸如部分响应信号。接收机可操作以基于从重构信号生成的误差信号的值而适配非线性模型，并且可以从所生成的估计中的可以对应于已知码元和/或信息码元的部分生成误差信号的值。在这一点上，已知码元可以包括导频码元和/或前导码元。在一些实例中，接收机可操作以基于从重构信号生成的误差信号的值而适配非线性模型，其中可以从所生成的估计中的可以对应于已知码元和信息码元两者的部分生成误差信号的值。在这一点上，可以在适配(adaptation)算法中对对应于已知码元的误差信号的值赋予较大权重(weight)，并且可以在适配算法中对对应于信息码元的误差信号的值赋予较小权重。
在本公开的示例实施例中，特定通信信息可以包括下列项中的一个或多个：发送码元被发送的功率水平(level)、接收机接收发送码元所经由的信道的条件、在发送该发送码元时使用的调制的配置、在接收机中测量的性能指标、接收信号功率水平、接收该发送码元所经由的信道的频带、以及温度度量。在这一点上，调制的配置可以包括例如下列项中的一个或多个：比特率、码元速率、调制阶数(order)、调制类型、编码率和导频码元速率。例如，可以使用自适应发送功率控制(ATPC)算法和/或协议确定发送功率水平。例如，可以由接收机响应于测量性能指标和确定所测量的性能指标低于阈值而执行适配。也可以基于特定通信信息确定可以多久执行一次适配。
在本公开的示例实施例中，接收机可操作以以与非线性行为变化率相比可能足够快的特定的可配置速率，连续适配非线性模型。接收机可操作以经由发送机与接收机之间的控制信道接收特定通信信息的至少一部分。例如，可以基于特定通信信息确定控制信道的带宽(BW)。为了节省控制信道的BW，接收机可操作以经由例如ATPC处理或自适应代码和调制(ACM)处理，接收发送功率水平改变的指示、调制类型改变的指示、和/或调制阶数改变的指示。
图1是图示根据本公开的实施例的示例通信系统的框图。参考图1，示出了通信系统100。通信系统100可以包括发送机120、通信信道108和接收机130。发送机120可以包括例如映射器102和Tx介质匹配模块107。接收机130可以包括例如Rx介质匹配模块109、均衡器110、序列估计模块112、非线性模型适配模块116和解映射器114。总的部分响应滤波功能可以在发送机120与接收机130之间划分。在这一点上，发送机120可以包括脉冲整形器104，并且接收机130可以包括输入滤波器105。总的部分响应滤波功能可以在脉冲整形器104与输入滤波器105之间划分。在本公开的示例实施例中，还可以在不违背本公开的各个实施例的精神和范围的情况下，可选地包括诸如发送机120中的前向纠错(FEC)编码器、发送机120中的交织器、接收机130中的定时恢复模块、接收机130中的解交织器、和/或接收机130中的FEC解码器的其它组件。
映射器102可以包括可操作以输入数据比特并例如根据诸如正交幅度调制(QAM)的线性调制方案生成码元的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。在这一点上，M-QAM调制方案可以在I-Q平面上的QAM码元星座图中包括总共M个码元(M是正整数)。例如，32-QAM可以在32-QAM码元星座图中包括总共32个码元。调制码元星座图150也在图1中图示。虽然M-QAM用于在此公开中图示，但是此公开的各方面可适用于任何调制方案(例如，幅移键控(ASK)、相移键控(PSK)、频移键控(FSK)等)。另外，M-QAM星座图的点可以规则地间隔开(“在网格上(on-grid)”)、或无规则地间隔开(“不在网格上(off-grid)”)。在本公开的示例实施例中，映射器102可操作以将诸如导频码元140和/或前导码元142的多个已知码元周期性地和/或在事件驱动的基础上插入到生成的码元序列中。例如，可以在所生成的码元序列中每隔40个信息码元插入1个或2个导频码元140。例如，可以每隔1万个信息码元插入32个前导码元142。可以利用导频码元140和/或前导码元142来训练或适配由接收机130接收的信号的非线性模型。
脉冲整形器104可以包括可操作以调整从映射器102接收的信号的波形以使得所得到的信号的波形符合诸如信道108的通信信道的频谱需求的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。频谱需求可以称为“频谱掩码(mask)”，并且可以由管理通信信道和/或使用中的标准的监管机构(例如，美国联邦通信委员会或欧洲电信标准协会)和/或标准机构(例如，第三代合作伙伴项目)建立。
输入滤波器105可以包括可操作以调整经由信道108接收的信号的波形以生成用于进一步在接收机130中处理的信号的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。
脉冲整形器104和输入滤波器105的每个可以包括例如无限冲激响应(IIR)和/或有限冲激响应(FIR)滤波器。脉冲整形器104中的抽头(tap)数目被指定为LTx，并且输入滤波器105中的抽头数目被指定为LRx。这里将脉冲整形器104的冲激响应标注为hTx，并且这里将输入滤波器105的冲激响应标注为hTRx。
在本公开的示例实施例中，为了提高非线性的容限，可以配置脉冲整形器104和输入滤波器105以使得脉冲整形器104的输出信号和输入滤波器105的输出信号的每个故意具有大量码元间干扰(ISI)。在这一点上，ISI因此是经控制的ISI。因此，脉冲整形器104可以称为部分响应脉冲整形滤波器，并且脉冲整形器104和输入滤波器105的所得到的(输出的)信号可以称为部分响应信号或存在于部分响应域中。可以设计输入滤波器105的抽头数目和/或抽头系数的值以使得故意在噪声方面非最优，以便提高非线性的容限。在这一点上，系统100中的脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105可以提供与例如传统的接近零的正ISI脉冲整形滤波器(诸如，升余弦(RC)脉冲整形滤波器、或根升余弦(RRC)脉冲整形滤波器)相比在存在非线性的情况下较好的性能。
应注意，部分响应信号(或在“部分响应域”中的信号)仅仅是在信号(这里称为“码元间相关的(ISC)信号”)的码元之中存在相关性的信号的类型的一个示例。这样的ISC信号与通过例如升余弦(RC)或根升余弦(RRC)滤波生成的零(或接近零)ISI信号形成对比。为了说明的简单，此公开专注于经由部分响应滤波而生成的部分响应信号。然而，此公开的各方面可适用于其它ISC信号，诸如，经由矩阵乘法(例如，点阵编码)生成的信号、以及经由低于奈奎斯特频率的十分之一采样(decimation)生成的信号(其中，混淆(aliasing)创建码元之间的相关性)。
“总的部分响应(h)”可以等于hTx和hRx的卷积，因此“总的部分响应长度(L)”可以等于LTx+LRx-1。然而，可以选择L小于LTx+LRx-1，其中，脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105的一个或多个抽头在确定的水平之下。减小L可以减小接收机130中的序列估计处理的解码复杂度。可以在系统100中的脉冲整形器104和输入滤波器105的设计期间优化这种折衷。
Tx介质匹配模块107可以包括可操作以将由脉冲整形器104输出的部分响应信号变换为驱动信道108中的介质所需的适当信号的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。例如，Tx介质匹配模块107可以包括功率放大器、射频(RF)上变频器、用于光学应用的光收发器、和/或可能需要用于在介质上传播的其它变换设备。
Rx介质匹配模块109可以包括可操作以将来自信道108中的介质的信号转换为用于处理或解调的基带信号的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。例如，Rx介质匹配模块109可以包括功率放大器、射频(RF)下变频器、用于光学应用的光收发器、和/或其它变换设备。
信道108可以包括可操作以将信号从发送机120发送至接收机130的合适的逻辑、电路、设备、接口和/或代码。信道108可以包括有线、无线和/或光通信介质。信道108可以包括诸如加性白高斯噪声(AWGN)的噪声。信道108还可以引入诸如多径和衰落的失真。在本公开的示例实施例中，在信道108上发送的信号可以包括诸如相位噪声和/或非线性失真的失真。在这一点上，例如，信道108可以经由Tx介质匹配模块107从发送机120接收信号。接收机130可以经由Rx介质匹配模块109从信道108接收信号。Tx介质匹配模块107和Rx介质匹配模块109两者可以引入由例如组件的有限动态范围引起的诸如相位噪声和非线性失真(和/或其它非线性)的失真。例如，在无线电应用中，可能需要频率源用于将由脉冲整形器104输出的部分响应信号从基带上变频到射频(RF)。频率源可能引入相位噪声，其可能使经调制的信号的相位失真。可以由诸如混合器、功率放大器、可变衰减器和/或基带模拟放大器的元件生成非线性失真(例如，第三阶)。在本公开的示例实施例中，信道108可以包括控制信道118(例如，带内或带外控制信道)，其可用于传递例如与非线性有关、或指示非线性的特定通信信息的至少一部分(因此可以被非线性模型适配模块116使用)。
均衡器110可以包括可操作以执行用于接收机130的均衡功能的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。均衡器110可操作以处理由均衡器110接收的信号以减小例如由发送机120与接收机130之间的信道108引起的ISI。在此公开的示例实施例中，均衡器110的输入信号可以是诸如经由信道108接收的部分响应信号的ISC信号。在这一点上，均衡器110的输出信号可以是部分响应信号，其中输出信号中剩下的ISI可能主要是脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105的结果(例如由于在均衡器110中使用最小均方(LMS)方法而导致可能存在来自多径的残余ISI)。在本公开的示例实施例中，可以使得均衡器110基于可参考由序列估计模块112生成的重构信号(例如，重构的部分响应信号)生成的误差信号而进行适配。
序列估计模块112可以包括可操作以执行用于接收机130的序列估计功能的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。序列估计模块112的输出可以是关于由发送机120中的映射器102生成的对应的发送码元(和/或对应的发送信息比特)的值的最佳估计(估计的码元)。所估计的值可以包括软判决估计、硬判决估计、或两者。在本公开的示例实施例中，序列估计处理可以合并由接收机130接收的信号的非线性模型。非线性模型可用于克服非线性失真，使得可以在序列估计模块112中的序列估计处理期间应用在发送机120中(例如，通过功率放大器)、在信道108中、和/或在模块109中(例如，通过混合器)生成的非线性的近似。序列估计处理还可以包括基于例如所生成的码元(估计的码元)和与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的抽头信息的卷积生成重构信号。可以根据脉冲整形器104的LTx个抽头系数和输入滤波器105的LRx个抽头系数，以对应于总的部分响应h的L(其中LTx<＝L<＝(LTx+LRx–1))个抽头系数的形式给出与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的抽头信息。所生成的重构信号然后可以用作参考信号以生成用于均衡器110的误差信号。
非线性模型适配模块116可以包括可操作以执行用于接收机130的非线性模型适配功能的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。引入到接收信号的非线性可以依赖于例如在诸如Tx介质匹配模块107中的功率放大器的非线性设备的输入和输出处的功率水平、信道条件、在Rx介质匹配模块109的输入和输出处的功率水平、和/或其它原因。在动态信道条件或可变调制配置(例如，比特率、码元速率、调制类型)的情况下，接收信号的非线性失真可以动态变化。在这样的实例中，非线性模型可能需要动态适配或更新。在本公开的示例实施例中，非线性模型适配模块116可操作以动态适配可以并入在序列估计处理中的非线性模型。
解映射器114可以包括可操作以从序列估计模块112输入估计码元并根据诸如M-QAM的线性调制方案生成恢复数据比特的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。替代地、或者附加地，解映射器114可以生成每个比特的软输出，称为LLR(对数似然比)。软解码前向纠错器(例如，低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)解码器)可以使用软输出比特。可以使用例如软输出维特比算法(SOVA)或类似算法生成软输出比特。这样的算法可以使用序列解码处理的附加信息，包括下降的(dropped)路径的量度水平和/或估计的用于生成LLR的比特概率，其中其中Pb是比特b＝1的概率。
在操作中，序列估计模块112可操作以使用可以合并用于所接收的信号的非线性模型的序列估计处理，从接收机130所接收的信号生成码元(估计码元)。所生成的码元可以是由发送机120中的映射器102生成的发送码元的估计。所生成的码元可以包括信息码元、以及诸如导频码元140和/或前导码元142的插入的已知码元。非线性模型适配模块116可操作以确定所接收的信号中的非线性失真，并且可以使用用于非线性模型的适配的此确定。
非线性模型的适配可以基于可以由序列估计处理生成、或源自序列估计处理的误差信号信息，并且误差信号信息可以至少与已知码元关联。附加地或替代地，非线性模型的适配可以基于与发送码元所经历的非线性有关的、或指示发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息。特定通信信息可以包括例如信号的发送功率水平(例如，由Tx介质匹配模块107中的功率回退参数的值指示的)、接收信号的功率水平、信道108的条件(例如，信噪比(SNR)、信道的中心频率、信道的带宽等)、调制的配置、在接收机130中测量的性能指标(例如，误比特率(BER)、误码元率(SER)等)、信道108的频带、和/或温度度量(例如，在发送机120中或周围和/或在接收机130中或周围测量的)。调制的配置可以包括例如比特率、码元速率、调制阶数(例如，M-QAM的‘M’的值)、调制类型(例如，QAM、相移键控(PSK)、频移键控(FSK)、幅移键控(ASK)等)、编码率和/或导频码元速率。可以例如使用ATPC协议和/或算法确定发送功率水平。
非线性模型适配模块116可操作以经由控制信道118(其可以在传递信息码元和已知码元的信道的频带内或频带外)接收特定通信信息的至少一部分。在这一点上，控制信道118所需的带宽(BW)可以基于特定通信信息多久改变一次(即，较快地改变特定通信信息可能要求更高的带宽用于适配控制业务(traffic))、和/或期望或需要多久适配非线性模型一次以便维持接收机130中的期望的性能水平(例如，更频繁地适配非线性模型以便维持最小SER的期望或需要可能要求更高的带宽用于适配控制业务)。因此，在用于减小的误差率的交换中可以容忍较低的信息码元吞吐量(例如，服务静态网页内容)的情况下，可以为适配控制业务分配较多BW。相反，在信息吞吐量最重要且可以容忍更多误差(例如，IP语音)的情况下，可以为适配控制业务分配较少BW。
在本公开的示例实施例中，可以为可选的是，作为ATPC处理或ACM处理的部分的发送功率水平改变的指示、调制类型改变的指示、和/或调制阶数改变的指示也可以用于适配非线性模型的目的。在这一点上，非线性模型适配模块116可操作以经由例如ATPC处理或ACM处理接收发送功率水平改变的指示、调制类型改变的指示、和/或调制阶数改变的指示，以节省控制信道118的BW。
图2是图示根据本公开的实施例的接收机中均衡器与序列估计模块的示例耦合的框图。参考图2，示出了均衡器110和序列估计模块112。序列估计模块112可以将非线性模型210并入序列估计处理中。均衡器110和序列估计模块112可以如关于例如图1所描述的。
在图2中图示的本公开的示例性实施例中，虽然示出了均衡器110和序列估计模块112，但是本公开可以不被如此限制。在不违背本公开的各个实施例的精神和范围的情况下，诸如载波恢复模块、相位调整模块和/或其它类似模块的其它模块(或电路)也可以可选地包括在图2中。例如，遍及均衡处理和/或序列估计处理，可以包括载波恢复模块和/或相位调整模块用于各个相位校正或恢复。
非线性模型210可以包括例如饱和三阶多项式，其可以表示为
其中，xsat表示输入饱和值，ysat表示输出饱和值，x表示非线性设备(或设备组)的输入，y表示非线性设备(或设备组)的输出，并且可以根据期望失真水平(回退)设置γ。例如，非线性设备可以是Tx介质匹配模块107中的功率放大器。在这一点上，等式[1]中的x可以表示功率放大器的输入功率水平，并且y可以表示功率放大器的输出功率水平。由用于非线性模型210的更高阶多项式的使用引起的提高的精度可以与实施更高阶多项式的提高的复杂度折衷。因为发送机的非线性可能是通信系统100的占主导地位的非线性，所以对发送机的非线性建模可能就足够了。在接收机的性能的下降由于系统中的其它非线性(例如，Rx介质匹配模块109的非线性)而高于特定阈值的实例中，非线性模型210可以考虑这样的其它非线性。等式1仅仅表示在本公开的一个或多个实施例中可以由模块116使用的非线性模型的一个实例。在本公开的实例实施例中，非线性模型的适配可以包括在不同的非线性模型之间的切换(例如，在拉普(Rapp)模型、三次多项式模型、双曲正切模型、萨尔(Saleh)模型、格尔巴尼(Ghorbani)模型、伏尔特拉级数(Voltera series)等之间切换)、和/或适配特定非线性模型的参数。
在示例操作中，均衡器110可操作以处理或均衡信号201以减小例如由信道108引起的ISI。均衡器适配可以基于例如LMS算法。将误差信号205反馈至均衡器110以驱动自适应均衡器110。用于生成误差信号205的参考可以是例如来自序列估计模块112的重构信号203。在本公开的示例实施例中，重构信号203可以对应于诸如部分响应信号的发送ISC信号。在这样的实例中，信号201可以是诸如部分响应信号的ISC信号。在这一点上，重构信号203可以是例如重构的部分响应信号。误差信号205是由组合器204计算的在均衡器110的输出信号202与重构信号203之间的差。重构信号203的生成可以合并信号201的非线性模型210，并且以下参考图3描述重构信号203的生成。可以将经均衡的信号230输入到序列估计模块112。序列估计模块112可操作以使用序列估计处理从信号230生成码元(估计码元)240。所生成的码元240可以是由发送机120中的映射器102生成的发送码元的硬和/或软估计。以下参考图3描述序列估计模块112的示例实施方式。
非线性模型适配模块116可操作以适配或更新非线性模型210以补偿例如发送机输出功率变化、频带变化和/或温度变化。非线性模型210的适配可以基于诸如误差信号205的误差信号信息。误差信号205的生成值的可靠性可以依赖于是否从对应于信息码元、对应于已知码元(例如，导频码元140和/或前导码元142)、和/或对应于已知和信息码元的组合的估计码元240生成了值。在对应的码元是所有已知码元的实例中，误差信号205可能是最可靠的(即，信号203与202之间的差由于非线性模型210的不准确而导致的置信度(confidence)可能相对较高)。在对应的码元完全是信息码元的实例中，误差信号205可能是最不可靠的(即，即，信号203与202之间的差由于非线性模型210的不准确而导致的置信度相对较低)。在对应的码元是已知码元和信息码元的混合的实例中，误差信号205的可靠性可以依赖于已知码元与信息码元的比例。因此，在一个示例实施例中，只有对应于已知码元的误差信号205的值可以作为非线性模型210的适配中的考虑因素。在另一示例实施例中，对应于信息码元和已知码元二者的误差信号205的值用于非线性模型210的适配。在这样的实施例中，可以通过适配算法使对应于已知码元的误差信号205的值比对应于信息码元的误差信号205的值的权重更重。在本公开的示例实施例中，非线性模型适配模块116可以基于特定通信信息(例如，信道条件、SER、信号201的发送功率水平、和/或温度)确定多久执行一次适配。
在本公开的另一实施例中，非线性模型适配模块116可以以与非线性行为变化率相比足够快速的特定可配置速率连续适配非线性模型210，因此非线性模型210可以恰当表示动态改变下的实际非线性行为。非线性行为可以由于在信道衰落时的接收信号水平(RSL)、ATPC、在发送机侧的温度变化、在接收机侧的温度变化以及老化而变化。RSL和ATPC可能比温度和老化变化得快得多，因此可配置适配(或更新)速率应当考虑最快动态处理，并且模块116应能够以适当速率更新非线性模型210和/或其关联参数。可配置适配速率可以在等待诸如SER、BER、SNR、序列估计量度、误差水平(例如，误差信号205)和误差方差(例如，误差信号205)的一些接收机质量指标的操作期间、或根据经由控制信道118从发送机侧接收的指示而变化，其中来自发送机侧的指示可以反映例如发送功率、调整类型等的改变。
在本公开的另一实施例中，序列估计模块112可以生成具有与其关联的置信水平的软码元。在这样的实施例中，由非线性模型适配模块116赋予误差信号205的值的权重可以基于误差信号205的值所基于的码元估计(估计码元240)的置信水平。
图3是图示根据本公开的实施例的合并了非线性模型的示例序列估计模块的框图。参考图3，示出了序列估计模块112。序列估计模块112可以包括例如码元候选生成模块302、量度计算模块304、码元幸存者选择模块306、码元估计模块320和信号重构模块324。关于图3描述的序列估计处理仅仅是示例。序列估计处理的多种变型也是可能的。序列估计模块112例如可以如关于图1和2所描述的。
量度计算模块304可以包括可操作以生成码元幸存者选择和码元(包括对应的相位)估计所需要的量度的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。可以基于由量度计算模块304接收的信号230和由码元生成模块302生成的码元候选，执行量度计算。每个码元候选可以是包括例如Q个候选码元的矢量(Q是正整数)。与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105的抽头关联的信息还可以用于量度计算。在本公开的示例实施例中，信号230可以是经均衡的ISC信号，诸如，从均衡器110接收的部分响应信号。与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的抽头信息(例如，抽头的数目和/或抽头系数)可以用于例如经由卷积从码元候选生成重构的部分响应信号候选。例如，可以根据脉冲整形器104的LTx个抽头系数和输入滤波器105的LRx个抽头系数，以对应于总的部分响应h的L(其中LTx<＝L<＝(LTx+LRx–1))个抽头系数的形式给出与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的抽头信息。此外，非线性模型210可以并入在生成重构的部分响应信号候选的处理中。例如，非线性模型210可以应用于经卷积的码元候选以生成重构的部分响应信号候选。然后可以基于信号230与重构的部分响应信号候选之间的成本函数(例如，平方误差函数)，生成每个码元候选的量度值。具有最佳量度水平的候选可以被码元幸存者选择模块306选择用于序列估计处理的下个迭代。
码元幸存者选择模块306可以包括可操作以基于与码元候选关联的量度执行量度存储和确定数目的码元幸存者的选择的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。在这一点上，例如，可以从码元候选中选择具有最低量度水平的一个或多个候选作为码元幸存者。每个码元幸存者还可以是包括例如Q个候选码元的矢量(Q是正整数)。每个码元幸存者的每个元素可以包括信号230的码元的软判决估计和/或硬判决估计。除了在矢量的头部新检测的码元之外，在矢量中存在(Q-1)个码元。(Q-1)个码元中的一些可能不同于在前选择的码元幸存者中的对应码元(即，序列估计可能分叉到不同矢量)。新检测的码元的可靠性可能非常低，因为其可能仅仅源于最新的信号样本和与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的L个抽头的可能具有大小较小的系数的第一抽头。向着矢量的尾部的旧码元的可靠性可以沿着幸存的矢量而提高，因为旧码元由多个信号样本(多至总的部分响应的抽头的有效数目)表示，因此利用更多信息。在这一点上，码元幸存者的尾部(旧码元)可以在码元幸存者的头部(年轻码元)可能不同的同时收敛到相同解。
码元候选生成模块302可以包括可操作以从自序列估计处理的在前迭代生成的码元幸存者生成码元候选的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。例如，对于M-QAM(M是正整数)，在I-Q平面上的M-QAM码元星座图(例如，调制码元星座图150)中存在M个码元。在这一点上，码元候选的生成可以包括：例如复制(例如，(M-1)次)每个在序列估计处理的在前迭代期间生成的码元幸存者(矢量)，将所得到的M个矢量的每个向着矢量的尾部位移一个码元位置，然后用来自M-QAM码元星座图(例如，调制码元星座图150)中的M个可能码元之中的码元填充M个空闲码元位置(在矢量的头部)的每个。
码元估计模块320可以包括可操作以基于从码元幸存者选择模块306接收的码元幸存者生成码元(估计码元)240的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。在本公开的示例实施例中，码元估计模块320可操作以基于具有最低量度值的最佳码元幸存者生成码元240。码元估计模块320可以包括用以存储一个或多个码元幸存者的一个或多个缓冲器。还可以将所生成的码元240从码元估计模块320输出至用于生成重构信号203的信号重构模块324。
信号重构模块324可以包括可操作以生成重构信号203的合适的逻辑、电路、接口和/或代码。在本公开的示例实施例中，信号230可以是经均衡的ISC信号，诸如，从均衡器110接收的部分响应信号。与脉冲整形器104和/或输入滤波器105关联的抽头信息(例如，L个抽头系数)可以用于例如经由卷积从估计码元240生成重构信号(部分响应信号)203。在这一点上，例如，非线性模型210可以并入在生成重构信号(部分响应信号)203的处理中。例如，非线性模型210可以应用于经卷积码元以生成重构信号(部分响应信号)203。
在示例操作中，非线性模型210可以并入在于信号重构模块324中生成重构信号203的处理中。诸如误差信号205的误差信号可以源于重构信号203(见图2)。误差信号205可用于在均衡处理期间驱动自适应均衡器110。通过应用非线性模型210，误差信号205甚至在严重的非线性情况下也可以更加可靠且更加准确，因此均衡器110可以收敛到期望解。非线性模型210也可以并入在于量度计算模块304中生成量度的处理中。通过在量度生成中应用非线性模型210，可以使得序列估计能够在几乎没有任何恶化的情况下容忍非线性失真。
在本公开的示例实施例中，可以由非线性模型适配模块116动态适配或更新非线性模型210。非线性模型210的适配可以基于例如误差信号信息205的值和/或指示接收信号中的非线性失真的特定通信信息。
图4是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。参考图4，示例步骤在步骤401开始。在步骤403中，接收机130中的非线性模型适配模块116可操作以接收信号，并对于接收信号测量一个或多个性能指标(例如，SER、BER、SNR、序列估计量度、误差信号方差(例如，误差信号205)等)。在步骤404中，非线性模型适配模块116确定所测量的性能指标是否低于确定的阈值。例如，可以基于选择的信道、基于接收机130的操作模式(例如，低功率模式或高性能模式)、基于待接收的信息的类型(例如，与待接收的业务关联的服务参数的质量)、和/或任何其它合适因素，确定阈值。如果性能指标等于或高于阈值，则步骤可以返回至步骤403。如果性能指标低于阈值，则步骤可以前进至步骤405。在步骤405中，由接收机130(例如，由序列估计模块112)对于接收信号而使用的非线性模型210的适配可以发生。适配可以包括选择不同的模型和/或调整选择的模型的参数。适配可以基于由非线性模型适配模块116独立确定的和/或由发送机120经由控制信道118传递的参数。在示例实施例中，在步骤405中，非线性模型适配模块116可以用信号告知(signal)发送机120性能较差、和/或请求发送机120发送已知码元序列用以在适配非线性模型210时使用。在适配非线性模型210之后，步骤可以返回至步骤403。
图5是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。参考图5，示例步骤在步骤501开始。在步骤502中，接收机130中的序列估计模块112可操作以使用可以合并接收信号201的非线性模型210的序列估计处理生成发送码元的估计(估计码元240)。发送码元可以由发送机120中的映射器102生成。在步骤503中，接收机130中的非线性模型适配模块116可操作以基于可以指示发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息适配非线性模型210。非线性模型210的适配可以包括为非线性模型210的一个或多个参数选择新值、和/或选择新非线性模型。例如，在选择等式1作为非线性模型210的情况下，步骤503可以包括确定xsat、ysat和/或γ的新值。特定通信信息可能已经经由控制信道118而传递至非线性模型适配模块116、和/或由非线性模型适配模块116独立确定。示例步骤可以进行至结束步骤504。
图6是图示根据本公开的实施例的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的示例步骤的流程图。参考图6，示例步骤在步骤601开始。在步骤602中，接收机130中的序列估计模块112可操作以使用可以合并接收信号201的非线性模型210的序列估计处理生成发送码元的估计(估计码元240)。发送码元可以由发送机120中的映射器102生成。发送码元可以包括信息码元和已知码元(例如，导频码元140和/或前导码元142)。在步骤603中，非线性模型适配模块116可操作以经由可以例如接收特定通信信息和根据序列估计处理生成的误差信号205的值作为输入的适配算法适配非线性模型210。在这一点上，特定通信信息可以指示发送码元所经历的非线性。从所生成的估计(估计码元240)中对应于已知码元的一部分生成的误差信号205的值可以在适配算法中被赋予较大权重，并且从所生成的估计(估计码元240)中对应于信息码元的一部分生成的误差信号205的值可以在适配算法中被赋予较小权重。示例步骤可以进行至结束步骤604。
在本公开的各个实施例中，接收机130中的序列估计模块112可操作以使用可以合并接收信号201的非线性模型210的序列估计处理生成发送码元的估计(估计码元240)。发送码元可以由发送机120中的映射器102生成。发送码元可以包括信息码元和已知码元(例如，导频码元140和/或前导码元142)。可以由接收机130中的非线性模型适配模块116基于可以指示发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息，适配非线性模型210。序列估计模块112可操作以经由可以合并非线性模型210的序列估计处理，从发送码元的估计(估计码元240)生成重构信号203。重构信号203例如可以对应于诸如部分响应信号的发送的ISC信号。非线性模型适配模块116可操作以基于从重构信号203生成的误差信号205的值适配非线性模型210，并且可以从所生成的估计(估计码元240)中可对应于已知码元(例如，导频码元140和/或前导码元142)和/或信息码元的一部分生成误差信号205的值。在一些实例中，非线性模型适配模块116可操作以基于从重构信号203生成的误差信号205的值适配非线性模型210，其中，可以从所生成的估计(估计码元240)中可对应于已知码元和信息码元二者的一部分生成误差信号205的值。在这一点上，对应于已知码元的误差信号205的值可以在适配算法中被赋予较大权重，并且对应于信息码元的误差信号205的值可以在适配算法中被赋予较小权重。
特定通信信息可以包括下列项中的一个或多个：发送码元被发送的功率水平、接收机130接收发送码元所经由的信道108的条件、在发送该发送码元时使用的调制的配置、由接收机130中的非线性模型适配模块116测量的性能指标、接收信号功率水平、接收该发送码元所经由的信道108的频带、和/或温度度量。在这一点上，调制的配置可以包括例如下列项中的一个或多个：比特率、码元速率、调制阶数、调制类型、编码率和导频码元速率。例如，可以使用ATPC算法和/或协议确定发送功率水平。例如，可以由非线性模型适配模块116响应于测量性能指标和确定所测量的性能指标低于阈值而执行适配。也可以基于特定通信信息(例如，信道条件、SER、信号201的发送功率水平、和/或温度)确定可以多久执行一次适配。
非线性模型适配模块116可操作以以与非线性行为变化率相比可能足够快的特定的可配置速率连续适配非线性模型210。非线性模型适配模块116可操作以经由发送机120与接收机130之间的控制信道118接收特定通信信息的至少一部分。例如，可以基于特定通信信息确定控制信道118的带宽(BW)。例如，为了节省控制信道118的BW，非线性模型适配模块116可操作以经由例如ATPC处理或ACM处理，接收发送功率水平改变的指示、调制类型改变的指示、和/或调制阶数改变的指示。
本公开的其它实施例可以提供非暂时性计算机可读介质和/或存储介质、以及/或者非暂时性机器可读介质和/或存储介质，其上存储有机器代码和/或计算机程序，其具有可由机器和/或计算机执行的至少一个代码部分，由此使得机器和/或计算机执行这里所述的用于高频谱效率的通信的自适应非线性模型的步骤。
因此，可以以硬件、软件、或硬件和软件的组合实现本公开的各方面。可以在至少一个计算机系统中以集中方式、或者以不同元素分散在几个互联的计算机系统中的分布方式实现本公开的各方面。适配用于执行这里所述的方法的任意种类的计算机系统或其它装置是合适的。典型的硬件和软件的组合可以是具有计算机程序的通用计算机系统，其中，当被加载和执行时，该计算机程序控制计算机系统以使得其执行这里所述的方法。
本公开的各方面还可以嵌入在计算机程序产品中，该计算机程序产品包括使得这里所述的方法能够实施的所有特征，并且当加载在计算机系统中时能够执行这些方法。当前上下文中的计算机程序意味着以任意语言、代码或注释对指令集的表示，所述指令意在使得具有信息处理能力的系统直接地、或在下列项中的任一或二者之后执行特定功能：a)至另一语言、代码或注释的转换；b)以不同的物质形式的再现。
虽然已经参考特定实施例而描述了本公开，但是本领域技术人员将理解，可以在不违背本公开的范围的情况下进行各种改变并且可以取代等价物。另外，可以在不违背本公开的范围的情况下进行多种修改以使得特定情形或物质适于本公开的教示。因此，意图是，本公开不限于公开的特定实施例，而是，本公开将包括落在所附权利要求的范围内的所有实施例。
对相关申请的交叉引用/通过引用的合并
此专利申请对以下专利申请进行引用、主张以下专利申请的优先权、并主张来自以下专利申请的权益：
序号为61/662085、标题为“Apparatus and Method for Efficient Utilizationof Bandwidth”且于2012年6月20日提交的美国临时专利申请；
序号为61/726099、标题为“Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response”且于2012年11月14日提交的美国临时专利申请；
序号为61/729774、标题为“Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response”且于2012年11月26日提交的美国临时专利申请；以及
序号为61/747132、标题为“Modulation Scheme Based on Partial Response”且于2012年12月28日提交的美国临时专利申请。
此申请还引用：
2013年1月31日提交的序号为13/754964的美国专利申请；
2013年1月31日提交的序号为13/754998的美国专利申请；
2013年1月31日提交的序号为13/755018的美国专利申请；以及
2013年1月31日提交的序号为13/755043的美国专利申请。
这里，通过全文引用将上述申请的每个合并在此。

Claims (14)

1.一种方法，其包括：
在接收机中：
使用非线性模型生成发送码元的估计；以及
基于指示所述发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息，适配所述非线性模型；
使用所述非线性模型，从所生成的发送码元的估计生成重构码元间相关的(ISC)信号。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述重构码元间相关的(ISC)信号包括部分响应信号。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其包括基于从所述重构码元间相关(ISC)信号生成的误差信号的值适配所述非线性模型，其中从所生成的估计中对应于已知码元和/或信息码元的一部分生成所述误差信号的值。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法，其中所述已知码元包括导频码元和/或前导码元。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其包括基于从所述重构码元间相关的(ISC)信号生成的误差信号的值适配所述非线性模型，其中：
从所生成的估计中对应于已知码元和信息码元的一部分生成所述误差信号的值；以及
在适配算法中对对应于所述已知码元的误差信号的值赋予较大权重，并且在所述适配算法中对对应于所述信息码元的所述误差信号的值赋予较小权重。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中：
所述特定通信信息包括下列项中的一个或多个：发送所述发送码元的功率水平、所述接收机接收所述发送码元所经由的信道的条件、在发送所述发送码元时使用的调制的配置、在所述接收机中测量的性能指标、接收信号功率水平、接收所述发送码元所经由的信道的频带、以及温度度量；以及
所述调制的配置包括下列项中的一个或多个：比特率、码元速率、调制阶数、调制类型、编码率和导频码元速率。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其中使用自适应发送功率控制ATPC算法和/或协议确定发送所述发送码元的功率水平。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法，其包括响应于下列项执行所述适配：
测量所述性能指标；以及
确定所测量的性能指标低于阈值。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中基于所述特定通信信息确定多久执行一次所述适配。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其包括以与非线性行为变化率相比足够快速的特定可配置速率连续适配所述非线性模型。
11.一种系统，其包括：
接收机，其中所述接机收可操作以：
使用非线性模型生成发送码元的估计；
基于指示所述发送码元所经历的非线性的特定通信信息，适配所述非线性模型；
使用所述非线性模型，从发送码元的估计生成重构码元间相关的(ISC)信号。
12.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中所述接收机可操作以基于从所述重构码元间相关的(ISC)信号生成的误差信号的值适配所述非线性模型，其中：
从所生成的估计中对应于已知码元和信息码元的一部分生成所述误差信号的值；以及
在适配算法中对对应于所述已知码元的误差信号的值赋予较大权重，并且在所述适配算法中对对应于所述信息码元的所述误差信号的值赋予较小权重。
13.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中：
所述特定通信信息包括下列项中的一个或多个：发送所述发送码元的功率水平、所述接收机接收所述发送码元所经由的信道的条件、在发送所述发送码元时使用的调制的配置、在所述接收机中测量的性 能指标、接收信号功率水平、接收所述发送码元所经由的信道的频带、以及温度度量；以及
所述调制的配置包括下列项中的一个或多个：比特率、码元速率、调制阶数、调制类型、编码率和导频码元速率。
14.如权利要求11所述的系统，其中所述接收机可操作以以与非线性行为变化率相比足够快速的特定可配置速率连续适配所述非线性模型。
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