CN1042638A - 通过苗端转化植物的方法 - Google Patents

通过苗端转化植物的方法 Download PDF

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CN1042638A
CN1042638A CN89104711A CN89104711A CN1042638A CN 1042638 A CN1042638 A CN 1042638A CN 89104711 A CN89104711 A CN 89104711A CN 89104711 A CN89104711 A CN 89104711A CN 1042638 A CN1042638 A CN 1042638A
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tissue
shoot apex
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agrobacterium tumefaciens
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罗伯塔·H·史密夫
吉恩·H·吉尔德
尤吉尼奥·C·乌利安
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种转化和快速再生植物组织的新方法,该方法采用的目标组织是苗端,从而扩大了转化物种的范围,并减少了体细胞克隆变异。

Description

这是1988年6月1日申请的201568号专利申请的部分连续申请。
本发明涉及一种转化植物的方法,转化后的植物具有高水平的快速再生能力及组织培养导致的低遗传变异率。具体地说,该方法采用苗组织、或完整植物腋芽的分离苗端作转化的目标组织,并用于植物的再生。
将遗传工程技术用于植物的主要障碍是不能由主要农作物的植物细胞培养体系进行常规的、可重复的再生。另外,据Larkin和Scowcroft,Theor.Appl.Genet.60,197(1981)报道。当离体随机地再生植物时存在体细胞克隆变异的倾向。体细胞克隆变异会导致根癌病土壤杆菌(A.tumefaciens)的介导基因传递,体细胞克隆变异是在来自愈伤组织的植物中观察到的遗传变异,保持转化植物原始遗传完整所必须的这种现象是不希望有的。
在用于基因传递的共培养体系中,根癌病土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium    tumefaciens)已成为叶片、表皮片或其它分离块的优选载体。用茄科的植物已研究了根癌病土壤杆菌,介导基因的传递,因为茄科植物在培养时容易操作,并且土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)菌种易浸染茄科植物。尽管已经知道许多双子叶植物种类是土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium)的合适宿主,但由于缺少再生体系,只有少量植物种类能成功地进行转化。
由Horsch等,Ann.Rev.Plant    Physiol.38,467(1987),研制的叶片转化体系可使大多数外源遗传物质常规转移,但只能导入有限种类的植物中。采用茄科植物:矮牵牛、烟草和蕃茄(它们比较容易由叶分离块物质再生)证实了这种典型的体系。叶片技术克服了原生质体转化体系中存在的许多问题,尤其是延长所需的培养周期,并限制从原生质体再生植物。
然而,该叶片体系是相当有限的,最主要的局限性是没有几种植物能从叶组织再生。甚至某些培养的矮牵牛变种也很难由叶片再生。叶片体系的另一个局限性是从表皮和表皮下叶组织随机地分化出苗分生组织。已研究叶片方法的改进技术,包括使用与体细胞胚胎发生的诱导相关的苗组织以及苗诱导后的愈伤组织。然而,在每一种技术中,由于胚胎和苗分生组织必须随机地发育,因此存在有体细胞克隆变异。
Trinh等,5    Biotechnology,1081(1987)已研究了另一种植物转化体系。该体系是使用烟草表皮体系,并与土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium)共培养。该体系的优点是八周内直接得到花和籽。然而,对该体系至关重要的是适用该技术的作物种类有限,由于通过不定的器官形成而产生植物,因此仍有体细胞克隆变异的倾向。
本发明采用上述技术,用苗端组织作为易进行基因转化的组织,解决了存在的障碍。使用这种组织可使植物快速繁殖,同时可保持被转化植物的独特克隆和遗传特性。在实施本发明时,苗分生组织最好包括苗尖培养和腋芽扩增。苗端是用于植物转化的最好的分离块,使用这种分离块,许多草本双子叶和单子叶植物能再生为整体植物。苗培养物还可直接并快速地发育成为有根植物。在实施本发明时,还能采用除苗端以外的其它非外来的组织如腋芽。
将本发明方法用于苗端时,在合适的培养基中培养从选择的植物上切下的苗端。切下苗端或培养数天后,将苗端暴露于合适的载体如根癌病土壤杆菌。接种过的苗端再培养数日,培养后将苗端转移到选择的培养基中从没有转化的植物组织中分离转化的植物组织。然后再选择转化组织,在生根培养基中重新培养。再在普通条件下培养生根后的植物。
该方法可使转化植物快速再生,如用矮牵牛做实验在六周内得到结果,由上述方法生成的植物已自体繁殖,得到的籽无苗地发芽。生成的苗其百分之九十具有新的插入基因、新遗传信息的证实性转递。
在实施本发明时,土壤杆菌属细菌是优选的,但也能使用能在植物中进行遗传转化的其它载体,包括其它细菌、质粒、病毒、和DNA片段。
图1表示转化植物的荧光GUS测试结果,该结果表明GUS活性期为5小时以上,用Kontron荧光分光计定量所产生的甲基繖形酮的量。结果表明用本发明方法可成功地使矮牵牛转化。
下述的讨论和实施例详述了实施本发明的最好方法,应该知道,该方法的变更可能包括根据目标植物种类和转递入目标植物的性状而采用不同的培养基或不同的载体。下列实施例中,选用矮牵牛、大豆、苜蓿、向日葵、棉花、小麦和玉米作目标植物。然而,下面简述的方法也可用于能从苗端或腋芽再生的其它植物,这无需实验证明或不会背离本发明的实质和范围。
下列的实施例仅仅是为了说明本发明的实质。该方法可用于由苗端再生和能用土壤杆菌转化的任何双子叶植物,这对于本领域的普通专业人员来说是显而易见的。将本发明方法改用于转化单子叶植物类也不偏离本发明的范围和实质。
最好选用卡那霉素的抗性,也可采用编码对其它抗生素(如G418、新霉素、水霉素或氯霉素)或除草剂(如glyphosate)具有抗性的插入基因序列,以及本领域的普通技术人员熟知的其它可选择的基因。另外,某些添加剂可用来促进苗端的成功浸染。这些添加剂包括乙酰丁香酮和某些冠瘿碱如(但不限于)章鱼碱、胭脂碱、和亮氨酸冠瘿碱。
实施例Ⅰ
分离块源的萌发
从Ball Seed co.,West chicago,IL.得到市售矮牵牛变种“Rose Flash”(Single Grandiflora and Deep Rose的一种F1杂交种)种子。在20%(v/v)市售漂白剂中对种子进行表面灭菌30分钟,该漂白剂事先已加入润湿剂如吐温20或洗盘用洗涤剂。再用无菌水漂洗种子5次。
然后将灭菌后的种子在含30%蔗糖(w/v)的Murashige和Skoog盐中无菌发芽。Murashige和Skoog盐的制法如下:先制备下列盐的储备溶液(以g/l储备溶液计):
(1)硝酸盐:硝酸铵(NH4NO3),165;硝酸钾(KNO3),190;
(2)硫酸盐:硫酸镁(MgSO4·7H2O),37;硫酸锰(MnSO4·H2O),1.690;硫酸锌(ZnSO4·7H2O),0.860;硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O),0.0025;
(3)卤化物:氯化钙(CaCl2·2H2O),44;碘化钾(KI),0.083;氯化钴(CoCl2·6H2O4),0.0025;
(4)PO4、BO3、M0O4:磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4),17;硼酸(H3BO3),0.620;钼酸钠(Na2M0O42H2O)0.025;
(5)Na2FeEDTA:硫酸铁(FeSO4·7H2O),2.784;乙二氨四乙酸二钠盐(Na2EDTA),3.724。
将上述5种储备溶液各10ml加入1升制备好的培养基中。
苗端的切割和接种
发芽一周后,从按上述方法发芽的植物上切取苗端。该苗端尺寸为0.3×0.6mm。由端圆顶和两个初叶组成。将切割后的苗端放在上述的Murashige和Skoog盐中培养,该盐含有下列添加组分:0.1mg/l    N6-苄基腺嘌呤、30000mg/l蔗糖和2000mg/l凝胶(从KC    Biological,kansas    city,MO得到)。
培养二天后,经分离的苗端按下述方法用5ul根癌病土壤杆菌悬浮液滴接种。将平板开着放在传递通风橱中,直至液滴干燥。再封闭带有苗端的培养平板,于25℃保温两天(光照和黑暗周期比为16∶8小时)。
用于接种的根癌病土壤杆菌的制备
用于接种苗端的土壤杆菌悬浮液的制法如下:一种双重载体PRGUS2是由Texas    A    &    M    University的Dr.Terry    Thomas通过将由PGUS1分离的含β-葡糖苷酸酶(GUS)编码区的BamHⅠ-SstⅠ限制性片段克隆到PROK2的多衔接位点而获得;将多衔接物插入PROK1(20)而获得一个表达载体。将GUS基因放在T-DNA的CaMV35S启动子和胭脂碱合成酶聚腺苷作用信号之间。将PRGUS质粒从大肠杆菌(E·Coli)菌株HB101接合到无毒性的根癌病土壤杆菌菌株LBA4404中(如Simpson等,Plant    Mol.Biol.6∶403-415所述)。结果得到含有卡那霉素抗性和β-葡糖苷酸酶基因的根癌病土壤杆菌菌株。这使转化组织容易分化和检测。
将根癌病土壤杆菌LBA4404(PRGUS2)在如下配制的培养基中培养:配制100ml盐溶液,该溶液含3.9g二碱基磷酸钾,3H2O;1g单碱基磷酸钠,1g NH4Cl和0.15gKCl。将该盐溶液于121℃,18磅/英寸2高压灭菌15分钟,再制备另外一种900ml的培养液,该溶液含有0.5g/l蔗糖、13mg氯化钙、0.5g/l硫酸镁、10μl硫酸铁储备溶液(250mg/ml FeSO4·7H2O)。在储备培养基中培养细菌时,在培养液中加入15g琼脂,而在悬浮液或液体中培养时不需加琼脂。然后将培养液高压灭菌25分钟并冷却。混合盐和培养液后再加入50mg卡那霉素,将根癌病土壤杆菌LBA4404(PRGUS2)在3ml培养基上培养二天。按上述方法,将培养基和培养的根癌病土壤杆菌用于接种苗端。
转化苗端的选择和克隆
接种和保温后,将苗端转移到新鲜培养基中培养二天,该新鲜培养基含有上述的Murashige和Skoog盐以及0.1mg/lN6-苄基腺嘌呤、30000mg/l蔗糖和2000mg/l凝胶物。然后将该苗端在含有上述的Murashige和Skoog盐、0.1mg/l    N6-苄基腺嘌呤、30000mg/l蔗糖、2000mg/l凝胶物、200mg/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素(后者从Sigma,St.Louis,MO得到)的培养基上再次培养。
保温三周后,所有的分离块均已生长。在有200mg/l卡那霉素的培养基中,未转化组织发白,已转化的苗在发白的叶上呈现绿色区。摘去发白的叶片,将绿色组织在含100mg/l卡那霉素的培养基上再培养。一周后,从分离块中发育出单一的绿色苗,再转移到生根培养基中,该培养基含有Murashige和Skoog盐、3%蔗糖、100ml/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素。所有的分离块均有根产生。
用如下方法测定生根后植物具有的GUS基因。将约50mg植物组织在带杵的Eppendorf管中与200ul 50mM Na3PO4,pH7.0,10mM EDTA,0.1%三硝基甲苯(Triton)X-100,(Sigma chemical)0.1% Sarkosyl.(Sigma chemical)10mM β-巯基乙醇混合均匀。将100ul提取液加入100ul溶于相同缓冲液的2mM4-甲基繖形葡糖苷中,于37℃保温反应5小时,用1ml0.2M Na2CO3终止反应。每隔1小时用Kontron分光荧光计定量分析产生的甲基繖形酮。测定结果如图1所示。
实施例2-苗端和叶片培养体系的比较
已将叶片培养方法和本发明的苗端方法作了比较。
将113个由杂交矮牵牛(Petunia    hybrida)栽培品种“Rose    Flash”得到的苗端与根癌病土壤杆菌共培养,并在上述的选择性培养基中培养。分离基部为绿色的苗(表1),转移到含100mg卡那霉素/l的培养基中培养一周,再转移到上述的生根培养基中。
叶片也取自杂交矮牵牛栽培品种Rose    Flash,按Horsch等,Science    227,1229(1985)所述的方法进行转化,选择的培养基由MS培养液组成,它含有1.0mg/l    N6-苄基腺嘌呤,0.1萘乙酸,100mg/l、200mg/l或300mg/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素。得到的结果如表1所示。
表    1
卡那霉素浓度:mg/l    100    叶片300    苗尖200
愈伤组织产物 13/28a25/25 3/113
(46%)    (100%)    (3%)
苗产物    13/28    0/25    7/113
(46%)    (0%)    (6%)
根苗    2/13    -    5/7
(15%)    (71%)
GUS阳性植物    2/2    -    5/5
(100%)    (100%)
a:原始分离块数
在100和300mg卡那霉素/l中,由叶片分离块产生的愈伤组织比率是较高的(46%和100%),而从苗端分离块产生的愈伤组织则相当有限(3%)。在卡那霉素中培养的从苗端分离块产生苗(6%)与从叶片产生苗(46%)相比是低的。但是,从苗端分离块形成的苗(71%)要比从叶片分离块形成的苗(15%)更容易转化。
由此可见,这二种技术的主要差别在于从苗端发育的植物几乎都能再生。用侧芽分离块也可取得相同的结果。
为了测定用苗端分离块方法能否生成嵌合植物,对GUS阳性植物不同部位的叶、花瓣、子房和胚珠组织进行上述的GUS测定,所有测定的组织均有GUS基因表达。
实施例3-掺入的稳定性
植物转化的重要结果是掺入性状在种系中和在子代中表达的稳定性,假定稳定,就无需关心原始转化体嵌合特性的问题。
为了测定实施例2中的性状是否成功地传到下一代,将GUS阳性植物的花进行自体繁殖,将4株不同的GUS阳性植物的20个花上307个种子进行发芽(如上所述),对苗进行GUS活性测定,如表2所示,约90%的苗是GUS阳性的。
表    2
植物 种子 表达%(GUS+置信度
(95%) 花 数 GUS+GUS-/总数)
1    1    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
2    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
3    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
4    15    13    2    86.7    (60-98)
5    15    15    0    100.0    (78-100)
总数    75    70    5    ×=93.3
2    1    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
2    15    13    2    87.0    (60-100)
3    23    20    3    87.0    (65-100)
4    16    14    2    87.5    (61-100)
5    13    12    1    92.0    (58-100)
总数    82    73    9    X=89
3    1    15    13    2    86.7    (58-98)
2    15    15    0    100.0    (78-100)
3    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
4    15    14    1    93.3    (73-100)
5    15    13    2    86.7    (60-98)
总数    75    69    6    X=92
4    1    15    10    5    66.6    (37-88)
2    15    12    3    80    (52-97)
3    15    11    4    73    (43-93)
4    15    12    3    80    (52-97)
5    15    12    3    80    (52-97)
总数    75    57    18    X=76
X=平均值
参照表3,计算一株植物后代中GUS基因表达的X平方值,结果表明单子杂交株有3∶1分离现象,这说明只在一个染色体中有插入。对3株植物的X2值计算表明双重显性双因子杂交分离的15∶1的分离类型,这说明在两个不相关的染色体上有拷贝插入。
表    3
分离比例
(3∶1)    (15∶1)
2a    2
X    P    X    P
植物1    13.44    <0.001    0.03    >0.80
植物2    9.84    <0.01    3.12    >0.05
植物3    11.56    <0.001    0.39    >0.5
植物4    0.04    >0.8    40.32    <0.01
于95%的置信度内,用df=1计算的数据。
实施例4
用上述的苗端方法,转化其它二个矮牵牛栽培品种:来自T·Gerats的V23xR51和“White Flash”(F1hybrid Grandiflora X Pure White Ball Seed,Co.,chicago,Illinois)。如表4中所示,这些品系得到的转化结果类似于表1的结果。这表明该方法也能成功地用于其它植物变种。
将转化的杂交矮牵牛株V23xR51进行自体繁殖,收集种子并培育,如表5所示,后代的70%至90%显示了GUS活性,这表明该基因已成功地传递到下一代中。
表    4
实施例1中使用叶片和苗端体系时杂交矮牵牛
栽培品种“V23XR51”和“White    Flash”转化的比较
叶片    苗端
卡那霉素mg/l    100    300    200
V23×R51
分离块号    26    34    18
产生的愈伤组织 Xa14 0
产生的苗    -    14    8
生根苗    -    9    8
GUS阳性植物    -    5    2
White    Elash
分离块号    30    33    102
产生的愈伤组织    30    12    0
产生的苗    0    11    10
生根苗    -    11    4
GUS阳性植物    -    11    4
ax=苗数目相当大并不可计数
表    5
如实施例2中栽培品种“V23×R51”的
自我授粉的后代中的GUS基因分离
植物    种子数    GUS(+)    GUS(-)    表达%
1    40    28    12    70.0
2    40    36    4    90.0
这个数据,加上实施例3中的数据,明显说明了本发明方法的主要特征一目标植物的生殖细胞和体细胞的转化使新的性状在以后的繁殖中得以遗传。其它人所用的方法导致不育植物,不能转化生殖细胞或转化生殖细胞的转化百分比相当低,从而只能得到极少能表达所需性状的后代。
已转化的“V23xR51”植物后代的GUS基因表达的X2值表明一个单子杂交的3∶1分离,它表明插入了单染色体。其它植物的X2值显示出双重显性双因子分离的15∶1分离类型,它表明GUS基因的拷贝插入了两个独立的染色体中。
表    6
栽培品种“V23xR51”的转化植物
后代中GUS表达的分离类型的估价
分离比率
(3∶1)    (15∶2)
植物 X2aP X2P
1    0.533    >0.30    38.5    <0.01
2    4.8    <0.05    0.96    >0.30
于95%置信度,df=1计算的数据。
实施例5
通过苗端进行转化的方法已用于棉花,尤其是多毛棉(Gossypium    hirsutum)变种Coker    312.Tamcot    CAB-CS.和刺毛棉(Gossypium    barbadense)变种Pima    5-6。所用的方法步骤与上述基本相同,但作如下变更。
消毒种子时,先用蒸馏水冲洗10分钟,再在加1滴吐温20的20%的市售漂白剂中浸泡15分钟,再用无菌水冲洗种子三次。
消毒后,将种子转移到无菌Petri平板上(合点端向下)。每板上放5粒种子。该平板装有含MS卤化物的一种溶液,并用0.8%琼脂固化。将平板于30℃不封闭地在暗处保温4天,在分离前,一天进行16小时的光照。
为了确保在相似的发育阶段从植物上切取苗端,使用苗的最一致的种群,除去发芽较慢的或污染的苗。
借助于解剖显微镜从生长5天的苗上分离苗端,在某些情况下,将无菌皮下针(22和27号)装在塑料注射器上以用于完成解剖。
首先在基部去除两个子叶中的一个,切割苗端。再从苗上去除苗区,剪掉苗区的基部以暴露苗端分生组织的下部表面。该技术的改进还可用于去除最大的叶和暴露深层组织的端区分生组织的侧面和下面。
从生长3至4天的苗上分离的苗端由分生组织圆顶和两个初叶组成。该苗再大些时(生长5至7天),其苗端通常还含有另外两个初叶。
于28-30℃下,在16小时光照周期的条件下,将分离后的苗端在没有激素的MS基本培养基(如下所述)中培养,于50μE/m2。秒的强度连续提供Gro-LUX和冷荧光的光,再将苗端在新鲜培养基中培养。
包括MS基本盐配方的培养基〔按Murashige和Skoog(OP.Cit.Murachige & Skoog,1962)所述]含有下列添加物:蔗糖15000mg/l,维生素B16.4mg/l,TC琼脂8000mg/l。在使用前,用普通高压灭菌方法对培养基进行灭菌,分散到无菌Petri平板上。
切割后二天内,用根癌病土壤杆菌接种苗端。从培养平板上刮下细菌,用皮下针或一牙签将刮下的细菌涂在苗端的切面上,从而完成接种。
用根癌病土壤杆菌的两菌株之一种接种苗端。第一种是上述的菌株LBA4404“GUS2”,第二菌株是菌株EHAI,它包含一个相似的Ti质粒作为GUS2。将该质粒插入EHAI菌株,Texas    A    &    M    University的Dr.T.Mcknight将其命名为“GUS3”。菌株EHAI含有一个超毒性区域,该区域增加了根癌病土壤杆菌的宿主范围。
除了使用根癌病土壤杆菌菌株EHAI外,可采用下列添加剂以促进成功的感染:乙酰丁香酮,10-30μM;和胭脂碱,10-100μM(Veluthambi等提出)。
与根癌病土壤杆菌接触二天后,将分离块转移到含500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中培养一周。再将分离块转移到含7.5mg/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中培养一周,最后,将分离块转移到含有羧苄青霉素500mg/l。周的培养基中培养。
当苗含有4个或更多个叶片时,将苗基部浸入无菌根酮,再转移到3英寸陶土罐的无菌蛭石中并加盖。
用上述方法测定分离块和胚的GUS基因,结果为GUS阳性。
实施例6
使向日葵,Heleanthus    annus,变种Triumph    560的种子萌发,分离苗并用上述用于棉花的方法(作如下修改)用根癌病土壤杆菌EHAI、乙酰丁香酮和胭脂酮(1)进行培育,在苗分离前将种子培养2-3天。在用于棉花的基础培养基中补充了1mg/l    IAA(吲哚乙酸)。
四株向日葵开花并结籽,这些种子萌发后,许多子代苗为GUS阳性。
实施例6
使大豆,Glycine    max,变种Dowling    &    Bragg的无菌种子发芽一天,然后切取胚芽,按上述方法培养。由在水中浸泡1小时的种子还可得到苗端。
使用的培养基与用于棉花的相同,所不同的是用于苗培养的培养基中加入了0.1mg/l激动素以促进苗端的生长,加入1.0mg/l激动素可促进随机的苗产生。
与根癌病土壤杆菌EHAI,胭脂碱和乙酰丁香酮的共培养与上述用于棉花的相同。
与土壤杆菌共培养二天后,将分离块转移到含25或50mg/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中培养一周。将分离块再转移到没有激素而含有500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中。
生长在含羧苄青霉素培养基上的许多分离块可自发生根。将没生根的分离块浸入无菌生根酮。再将植物无苗地转移到3英寸罐的无菌蛭石中并加盖。
在培养基中生长的大部分苗为GUS阳性。生存下来的苗转移到土壤中,所有的苗均为GUS阳性。
实施例7
使苜蓿,Medicago    Sativa变种Southern    Special的种子萌发,采用上述用于棉花的方法分离苗。将组织与根癌病土壤杆菌EHAI、乙酰丁香酮和胭脂碱共培养。
在离体中有几个GUS阳性组织,在罐中培植了10株植物,其中至少4株为GUS阳性。
实施例8
用蒸馏水冲洗玉米(变种Funks    6-90)和小麦(变种Chinese    Spring)10分钟,在20%市售漂白剂(其中含有一滴吐温20)中浸泡15分钟,用无菌水冲洗三次。将消毒过的种子转移到含MS卤化物和硫酸盐的培养基中并用0.8%琼脂固化。将种子的胚胎区域与琼脂接触,将不封闭的平板于30℃的暗处培养一天。
借助于解剖显微镜分离苗端,切割叶和深层组织,暴露苗端分生组织侧面,并暴露其下面。
将分离的苗端在没有激素的MS基本培养基中培养,每周将该组织向新鲜培养基上转移一次以进行再培养。培养基包括MS基本盐配方(Murashige & Skoog,1962)和下列成分(mg/l):蔗糖15000;维生素B10.4;TC琼脂8000。在常规条件下,对培养基进行高压灭菌并倒入无菌塑料Petri盘中。使用Gro-Lux和冷白色荧光,50UE/m2·秒,将培养物于28-30℃保持16小时。
在分离的当天或分离后的一天和二天,接种苗端分离块。采用由Dr.TOm    Mcknight研制的含“GUS3”的根癌病土壤杆菌菌株EHAI。该菌株可能含有一个超毒性区域,该区域增加了该菌株的感染(和转化)物种的范围(Tom    Mcknight,Personal    Communication)。从融合平板上刮下土壤杆菌,该平板事先已在含合适生长培养基和抗生素上接种2-3天。用无菌皮下针或无菌牙签将土壤杆菌接种到苗端的切割面上。
除了使用根癌病土壤杆菌的超毒性“GUS3”菌株以外,在接种前还将胭脂碱和乙酰丁香酮与土壤杆菌混合以增加毒性并触发与成功地感染相关的其它反应。
与土壤杆菌接触二天后,将分离块转移到含500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中培养一周,然后再转移到含7.5mg/l卡那霉素和500mg/l羧苄青霉素的培养基中培养一周;最后每隔一周将其转移到含500mg/l羧苄青霉素的新鲜培养基中。
二周或三周后,发育的玉米和小麦苗自发地生根。
如Ulian等,1988年所述,玉米和其它单子叶植物显然含有一种裂解GUS底物的酶,从而产生一种弱的阳性反应。所以单子叶植物中的弱GUS阳性反应不表示转化的成功,强GUS阳性反应(如在某些玉米和小麦组织中看到的)可能表示转化的成功。
按Rogers和Bendich(1985,plant Molec.Biol.5∶69-76)的方法提取DNA,根据制造者的说明可用HindⅢ(Boehringer Mannheim Inc)加以限制和用电泳分离过夜。使用Reed和Mann(1985,Nucleic Acid Res.13∶7207-7221)碱性转化改进方法,根据Southern(1975,J.Molec.Biol.98∶503)的原理将DNA从凝胶转移到尼龙滤膜中。用32P标记的GUS探针杂交分析DNA,该探针包括35S启动子、GUS序列和聚腺苷作用编码区域(如前所述)。玉米的Southern分析证实了转化成功。

Claims (15)

1、一种转化植物组织的方法包括:
(a)将切下的苗分生组织在合适的生长培养基中培养;和
(b)用能转化所述组织的一个合适载体接种所述的苗分生组织。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述的组织是从植物上切下的苗端。
3、根据权利要求2的方法,其特征在于所述苗端包括从植物上切下的端顶和两个或更多个初叶。
4、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述组织是腋芽。
5、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述载体是根癌病土壤杆菌。
6、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述的载体含有选择或表现性状的遗传编码。
7、根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于所述的选择性状是抗生素抗性。
8、根据权利要求5的方法,其特征在于所述的根癌病土壤杆菌是菌株LBA 4404(PRGUS2)。
9、根据权利要求5的方法,其特征在于所述的根癌病土壤杆菌是菌株EHA1(PRGUS3)。
10、根据权利要求5的方法,其特征在于转化步骤中增加了加入乙酰丁香酮和一种冠瘿碱的步骤。
11、根据权利要求10的方法,其特征在于所述冠瘿碱是胭脂碱。
12、根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于它进一步包括:
(a)选择转化的植物组织;和
(b)培养转化的植物组织诱导根的生长。
13、一种转化植物组织的方法包括:
(a)将切下的苗端组织在一种适合生长的培养基中培养;
(b)用根癌病土壤杆菌接种所述的苗端组织,以转化所述的组织;
(c)选择转化的植物组织;和
(d)培养转化的植物组织以诱导根的生长。
14、根据权利要求13的方法,其特征在于在转化步骤中增加了加入乙酰丁香酮和一种冠瘿碱的步骤。
15、根据权利要求13的方法,其特征在于所述的土壤杆菌是菌株LBA4404(PRGUS2)或菌株EHA1(PRGUS3)。
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DK285590A (da) 1991-01-31
PT90709B (pt) 1995-07-18
JP2996995B2 (ja) 2000-01-11
ES2017024A6 (es) 1990-12-16
EP0419533A1 (en) 1991-04-03
NZ229340A (en) 1991-08-27

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