CN104246910A - 导电性糊料和芯片焊接方法 - Google Patents

导电性糊料和芯片焊接方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104246910A
CN104246910A CN201380019429.9A CN201380019429A CN104246910A CN 104246910 A CN104246910 A CN 104246910A CN 201380019429 A CN201380019429 A CN 201380019429A CN 104246910 A CN104246910 A CN 104246910A
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silver particles
conductive paste
value
peak
sintering processes
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CN201380019429.9A
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CN104246910B (zh
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堀薰夫
古井裕彦
藤田晶
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Kaken Tech Co Ltd
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Kaken Tech Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01L24/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L24/83Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/06Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
    • B22F1/065Spherical particles
    • B22F1/0655Hollow particles
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    • B22F1/102Metallic powder coated with organic material
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    • B22F1/107Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing organic material comprising solvents, e.g. for slip casting
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
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Abstract

本发明提供一种导电性糊料以及使用其的芯片焊接方法,所述导电性糊料通过使用具有由XRD分析所规定的规定结晶变化特性的银粒子,从而能够容易地控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且在烧结处理后能够稳定地得到优异的导电性以及导热性。一种含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质的导电性糊料等,将银粒子烧结前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,使S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值。

Description

导电性糊料和芯片焊接方法
技术领域
本发明涉及导电性糊料及芯片焊接方法。
特别涉及通过使用具有由XRD分析所规定的规定结晶变化特性的银粒子,从而能够容易地控制银粒子的烧结性,并在烧结处理后,能够稳定得到优异的导电性和导热性的导电性糊料以及使用该导电性糊料的芯片焊接方法。
背景技术
以往,提出了各种含有银粒子而成的芯片焊接用导电糊料、使用该导电糊料的半导体元件的芯片焊接法。
例如,提出了利用加热烧结而形成具有优异的强度、导电性以及导热性的固态银的金属系被粘物粘合用糊料状银组合物(参照专利文献1)。
更具体而言,一种用于接合金属系被粘物彼此的糊料状银组合物,其特征在于,是由(A)平均粒径为0.1~6μm且碳含量为0.50重量%以下的用还原法制成的球状银粒子和(B)沸点为70~250℃的选自水、挥发性一元醇、挥发性脂肪族烃、挥发性酮、挥发性低级脂肪族羧酸酯以及挥发性硅油中的挥发性分散介质构成的糊料状物,利用100℃~250℃的加热而形成该挥发性分散介质挥散、该球状银粒子彼此烧结且体积电阻率为1×10-4Ω·cm以下,并且热导率为5W/m·K以上的固态银。
另外,提出了控制银粒子的烧结性,形成裂纹少的加热烧结物,由此牢固接合金属系的被粘物彼此的方法(参照专利文献2)。
更具体而言,一种金属制部件的接合方法,其特征在于,使由(A)平均粒径大于0.1μm且为50μm以下的加热烧结性金属粒子和(B)挥发性分散介质构成的糊料状金属粒子组合物夹设在多个金属制部件间,在非活性气体中通过在40℃~200℃的加热,使该糊料状金属粒子组合物中的挥发性分散介质(B)的10重量%以上且小于100重量%的量挥散后,在氧化性气体中或者还原性气体中利用70℃~400℃的加热,使残留在该糊料状金属粒子组合物中的挥发性分散介质(B)挥散,将加热烧结性金属粒子(A)彼此烧结,由此接合多个该金属制部件彼此。
另外,提出了排除覆盖加热烧结性金属粒子的表面的高级脂肪酸等的影响进行加热时银粒子容易烧结而形成强度、导电性以及导热性优异的固态银的糊料状银粒子组合物(参照专利文献3)。
更具体而言,一种糊料状银粒子组合物,其特征在于,是由(A)表面被高·中级脂肪酸(b1)或者高·中级脂肪酸(b1)的衍生物(b2)覆盖的银粒子和(B)挥发性分散介质构成,利用加热使该挥发性分散介质挥散将该银粒子彼此烧结,在该糊料状银粒子组合物中,覆盖银粒子表面的高·中级脂肪酸(b1)或者高·中级脂肪酸(b1)的衍生物(b2)是将预先覆盖银粒子表面的高级脂肪酸(a1)或者高级脂肪酸(a1)的衍生物(a2)用比该高级脂肪酸(a1)低级的高·中级脂肪酸(b1)或者高·中级脂肪酸(b1)的衍生物(b2)置换而得的。
另外,提出了形成导体膜时粒子的取向性高且能够得到低电阻的导体膜的扁平银粒子(参照专利文献4)。
更具体而言,一种扁平银粒子,其特征在于,由XRD测定得到的(200)面的峰P200与(111)面的峰P111的比P200/P111为0.3以下。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利第4347381号(权利要求书等)
专利文献2:日本特开2010-53377号(权利要求书)
专利文献3:日本特开2009-289745号(权利要求书)
专利文献4:日本特开2012-36481号(权利要求书)
发明内容
然而,专利文献1~4所公开的糊料状银组合物等,并没有考虑作为烧结性导电材料的金属粒子的烧结处理前后的结晶变化特性,所以发现无法稳定地控制糊料状银组合物等的内部的金属粒子的烧结性这一问题。
即,发现以下问题:由于金属粒子因其制造方法等的各要素而在实施烧结处理时的结晶变化特性呈多样性,所以即使如专利文献1~4所示,调节烧结处理前的金属粒子的状态、烧结处理条件,作为其结果,也无法根据金属粒子的种类来控制其烧结性,无法稳定得到所希望的导电性、导热性。
不仅如此,还发现专利文献1所公开的金属系被粘物粘合用糊料状银组合物中,必须将源自覆盖球状银粒子的覆盖材料的碳含量严格控制在0.50重量%以下的值这种制造上的问题。
并且,发现如下问题:虽然公开了通过清洗处理球状银粒子来控制上述碳含量的内容,但由于难以均匀清洗覆盖材料而无法定量管理,作为结果,无法稳定控制银粒子的烧结性。
另外,在专利文献2所公开的糊料状银组合物等中发现如下制造上的问题:在非活性气体中,以规定温度(40℃~200℃)加热处理使用的金属粒子(银粒子或者铜粒子等)使挥发性分散介质挥散后,必须在氧化性气体中或者还原性气体中以规定温度(70℃~400℃)实施加热处理。
并且,发现如下问题:由于难以在非活性气体中均匀挥散挥发性分散介质,所以无法定量管理,作为结果,仍无法稳定控制金属粒子的烧结性。
另外,在专利文献3所公开的糊料状银组合物等中,发现如下制造上的问题:必须将覆盖使用的银粒子表面的高·中级脂肪酸等用比其低级的高·中级脂肪酸置换。
并且,发现以下问题:作为置换方法,虽然公开了将被高·中级脂肪酸等覆盖的银粒子浸渍于比其低级的高·中级脂肪酸中,但由于难以均匀置换,所以无法定量管理,作为结果,仍无法稳定控制银粒子的烧结性。
另外,在专利文献4所公开的含有扁平银粒子的糊料状银组合物等中发现如下制造上的问题:制造规定的扁平银粒子时,羧酸类、胺类或者硫醇类在含有水溶性银化合物的水溶液中共存的状态下,还原剂必须逐次添加到加热至60℃以上的水溶液中。
因此,本发明人等进行深入研究,结果发现,通过使用具有由XRD分析所规定的规定结晶变化特性的、规定粒径的银粒子作为烧结性导电材料,并且含有用于制成糊料状的分散介质,从而容易控制银粒子的烧结性,进而完成本发明。
即,本发明的目的在于提供不依赖于烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶性而能够容易地控制银粒子的烧结性并且在烧结处理后能够稳定得到优异的导电性和导热性的导电性糊料以及使用该导电性糊料的芯片焊接方法。
应予说明,上述“烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶性”是指烧结处理前的银粒子的X射线衍射图谱中的各峰的积分强度、峰高、半峰宽等。
根据本发明,提供一种导电性糊料,能够解决上述问题,其特征在于,是含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质的导电性糊料,将银粒子的烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子的烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值。
即,根据本发明的导电性糊料,通过使用具有由XRD分析所规定的规定结晶变化特性的规定粒径的银粒子作为烧结性导电材料,从而不依赖于烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶性而能够容易地控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且在烧结处理后,能够稳定得到优异的导电性和导热性。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选将银粒子的烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L1,将银粒子烧结后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L2时,L2/L1的值为0.5~1.5范围内的值。
通过这样构成,从而使银粒子的结晶变化特性更佳,能够更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选将银粒子的烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W1,将银粒子的烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W2时,W2/W1的值为0.3~0.9范围内的值。
通过这样构成,从而使银粒子的结晶变化特性更佳,能够进一步容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选银粒子为中空银粒子。
通过这样构成,从而能够更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且,能够有助于导电性糊料的轻量化以及低成本化。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选银粒子的表面被由选自有机酸、有机酸盐、表面活性剂以及偶联剂中的至少一个构成的有机表面处理剂覆盖。
通过这样构成,从而能调节银粒子的结晶变化特性,并且能够进一步容易地控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选相对于银粒子100重量份,使分散介质的配合量为5~30重量份的范围内的值。
通过这样构成,能够稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,同时也能够对导电性糊料赋予适当的粘度。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,分散介质优选为选自二元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烃类化合物以及极性溶剂中的至少一种化合物。
通过这样构成,能够更稳定地稳持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且对导电性糊料赋予适当的粘度。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选进一步含有有机化合物,并且相对于银粒子100重量份,使有机化合物的配合量为0.5~10重量份范围内的值。
通过这样构成,能够稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且提高烧结后的银粒子的经时稳定性。
另外,构成本发明的导电性糊料时,优选有机化合物为含有环氧系树脂以及酚醛系树脂中的至少一种的热固化性树脂。
通过这样构成,能够更稳定地维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且提高烧结后的银粒子的经时稳定性。
另外,本发明的其它方式是芯片焊接方法,其特征在于,包括如下工序:将导电性糊料涂布在用于安装半导体元件的基板上的规定位置的工序,所述导电性糊料含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质,并且将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值;在200~450℃的温度条件下加热,使银粒子烧结而将半导体元件安装于基板上的工序。
即,根据本发明的芯片焊接方法,由于使用规定的导电性糊料,所以能够以发挥优异的导电性和导热性的状态将半导体元件稳定地安装于基板上。
附图说明
图1(a)~(b)是实施例1的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图2是用于说明烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比与电阻率的关系的图。
图3是用于说明烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高比与电阻率的关系的图。
图4是用于说明烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽比与电阻率的关系的图。
图5是用于说明有机化合物的配合与耐久导热性的关系的图。
图6是用于说明有机化合物的配合与电阻率的关系的图。
图7(a)~(b)是实施例2的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图8(a)~(b)是实施例3的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图9(a)~(b)是实施例4的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图10(a)~(b)是实施例5的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图11(a)~(b)是实施例6的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图12(a)~(b)是实施例7的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图13(a)~(b)是实施例8的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图14(a)~(b)是实施例9的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图15(a)~(b)是实施例10的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图16(a)~(b)是实施例11的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图17(a)~(b)是比较例1的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图18(a)~(b)是比较例2的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图19(a)~(b)是比较例3的银粒子的XRD谱图。
图20(a)~(b)是比较例4的银粒子的XRD谱图。
具体实施方式
[第1实施方式]
第1实施方式的导电性糊料,其特征在于,是含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质的导电性糊料,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8的范围内的值。
以下,分为各构成要素,具体说明第1实施方式的导电性糊料。
1.银粒子
(1)体积平均粒径
其特征在于,使作为烧结性导电材料的银粒子的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm范围内的值。
其原因在于如果上述银粒子的体积平均粒径为低于0.1μm的值,则有变得容易凝聚而操作性过于降低的情况。另一方面,如果上述银粒子的体积平均粒径为超过30μm的值,则有时烧结性显著降低,或难以糊料化。
因此,更优选使银粒子的体积平均粒径为0.5~15μm范围内的值,进一步优选为1.5~5μm范围内的值。
应予说明,银粒子的体积平均粒径可通过激光衍射·散射法粒度分布测定装置测定,或者也可以根据电子显微镜照片实际测量,进而可以根据该电子显微镜照片使用图像处理装置来计算。
(2)形态
另外,银粒子的形态没有特别限定,可以是球状、椭圆球状、立方体状、棒状、猬棘状、薄片状、异形状、或者它们的组合。
另外,关于银粒子的形态,更优选为在内部具有规定空隙的中空银粒子。
其原因在于通过使用这样的中空银粒子,从而能够更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且有助于导电性糊料的轻量化以及低成本化。
(3)体积密度
另外,优选使银粒子的体积密度为0.5~8g/cm3的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述银粒子的体积密度为低于0.5g/cm3的值,则在导电性糊料中烧结后的拉伸强度降低,有时容易产生裂纹。另一方面,如果上述银粒子的体积密度为超过8g/cm3的值,则有时难以稳定控制导电性糊料中的烧结性。
因此,更优选使银粒子的体积密度为2~7g/cm3的范围内的值,进一步优选为4~6g/cm3的范围内的值。
应予说明,上述银粒子的体积密度可基于JIS K5101 Tap法测定。
(4)表面覆盖
另外,银粒子的表面优选被由选自有机酸、有机酸盐、表面活性剂以及偶联剂中的至少一种构成的有机表面处理剂覆盖。
其原因在于通过用这样的有机表面处理剂覆盖银粒子的表面,从而能够调节银粒子的结晶变化特性,并且能够进一步容易地控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
(4)-1种类
另外,作为这样的有机表面处理剂的种类,没有特别限制,通常可举出己酸、2-乙基己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山嵛酸、褐煤酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、12-羟基硬脂酸、苯甲酸、葡糖酸、肉桂酸、水杨酸、没食子酸、十五烷酸、十七烷酸、花生酸、二十四烷酸、蜡酸、2-戊基壬酸、2-己基癸酸、2-庚基十二烷酸、异硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、异油酸、反油酸、蓖麻油酸、鳕油酸、芥酸、鲨油酸等一元酸;丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、苹果酸、邻苯二甲酸、富马酸等二元酸等中的单独一种或者二种以上的组合。
(4)-2配合量
另外,优选使有机表面处理剂的配合量相对于银粒子100重量份为0.1~3重量份的范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过这样调整有机表面处理剂的配合量,从而能调节银粒子的结晶变化特性,进而能够更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
即,如果有机表面处理剂的配合量为低于0.1重量份的值,则有时银粒子彼此容易凝聚。另一方面,如果有机表面处理剂的配合量为超出3重量份的值,则有时变得无法获得良好的烧结性。
因此,更优选使有机表处理剂的配合量相对于银粒子100重量份为0.5~2.5重量份范围内的值,进一步优选为1~2重量份范围内的值。
(4)-3碳量
另外,优选相对于银粒子整体(100重量%)的碳含量为0.05~3重量%范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述碳含量为低于0.05重量%的值,则有时银粒子彼此容易凝聚。另一方面,如果上述碳含量为超出3重量%的值,则有时无法获得良好的烧结性。
因此,更优选使相对于银粒子(100重量%)的碳含量为0.1~2重量%范围内的值,进一步优选为0.55~1重量%范围内的值。
(5)XRD分析
(5)-1积分强度比
另外,其特征在于,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过使用具有这样的规定结晶变化特性的银粒子,从而不依赖于烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶性而能够容易地控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且在烧结处理后,能够稳定得到优异的导电性和导热性。
即,如果上述积分强度比为低于0.2的值,则有时烧结处理后的耐久导热性过度降低。另一方面,如果上述积分强度比为超出0.8的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。
因此,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,更优选使S2/S1的值为0.25~0.75的范围内的值,进一步优选为0.3~0.7的范围内的值。
应予说明,本发明中,用于进行烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD分析的烧结处理是指将不含有分散介质等添加物的状态的银粒子以使银粒子彼此不重合的方式用100目筛子筛落到玻璃板面,在250℃条件下的循风干燥机中加热60分钟使其烧结。
因此,如果是用于进行烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD分析的烧结处理,则在烧结处理后也能够使各银粒子保持粒子状,所以能够收容于槽(セル)中进行XRD分析。
另一方面,对导电性糊料进行烧结处理时,导电性糊料内的银粒子处于彼此相互熔化局部相连的状态。
这里,对银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱与其结晶特性的关系进行简要说明。
即,图1(a)中显示本发明的实施例1中的银粒子烧结处理前的XRD谱图,图1(b)中显示本发明的实施例1中的银粒子烧结处理后的XRD谱图。
从上述图1(a)~(b)的XRD谱图中可知,金属银通常在2θ=38°±0.2°具有(111)面的衍射峰、在2θ=44°±0.2°具有(200)面的衍射峰、在2θ=64°±0.2°具有(220)面的衍射峰、在2θ=77°±0.2°具有(311)面的衍射峰、在2θ=81°±0.2°具有(222)面的衍射峰。
而且,本发明人等确认了这些峰伴随着利用烧结处理银粒子的结晶特性的变化而发生多样变化。
不仅如此,还确认了烧结处理所致的结晶变化的特性、即结晶变化特性并不能由烧结处理前的银粒子的XRD谱以及烧结处理条件唯一地确定,是各种银粒子潜在具有的特性。
更具体而言,确认了即使烧结处理前的银粒子的XRD谱和烧结处理条件相同,根据该银粒子潜在具有的结晶变化特性的不同,烧结处理后的银粒子的结晶特性也有很大差异。
而且,可确认在各种结晶变化特性中,2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比S2/S1与烧结处理后的导电性糊料中的电导率、热导率之间具有明确的相关关系,通过规定上述积分强度比,从而能够稳定控制烧结处理后的导电性糊料的导电性和导热性,进而完成本发明。
即,可确认金属银中,作为特征性表示的2θ=38°±0.2°、2θ=44°±0.2°、2θ=64°±0.2°、2θ=77°±0.2°以及2θ=81°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比(-),在与烧结处理后的导电性糊料中的电阻率(Ω·cm)之间均显示较强的相关性,其中,2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比显示最强的相关性。
更具体而言,可确认2θ=38°±0.2°的情况下的积分强度比(-)与烧结处理后的导电性糊料中的电阻率(Ω·cm)间的决定系数R2为0.84,是非常高的值。
另一方面,2θ=44°±0.2°时的R2为0.79、2θ=64°±0.2°时的R2为0.80、2θ=77°±0.2°时的R2为0.68、2θ=81°±0.2°时的R2为0.46,与2θ=38°±0.2°的情况相比,则可确认决定系数的值小。
应予说明,决定系数R2是相关系数R的平方,是可用作观察回归公式(近似式)的真实精度的尺度的系数。
另外,2θ=38°±0.2°等的峰的积分强度比在与烧结处理后的导电性糊料中的电导率、热导率之间具有明确的相关关系的理由在当前时刻不明确,但推测其原因在于构成银粒子的微晶尺寸、结晶相的分布等的因烧结处理而引起的变化的经过本身对烧结处理后的银粒子的导电性给予很大影响。
接着,使用图2,对烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比与电阻率的关系进行说明。
即,图2中显示横轴采取银粒子的烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度比S2/S1(-)、纵轴采取烧结处理后的导电性糊料的电阻率(Ω·cm)的特性曲线。
从上述特性曲线可读取伴随着积分强度比增加、电阻率也增加这种两值间的相关关系。
更具体而言,如果积分强度比为0.2的时刻,则电阻率约为2×10-6Ω·cm,是较低的值,即使积分强度比为0.8的时刻,电阻率也约为2×10-5Ω·cm,维持无实用上问题的等级的导电性。
另一方面,如果积分强度比为超出0.8的值,则电阻率一直增加,例如,积分强度比为0.9的时刻,则约为1×10-4Ω·cm,是非常大的值,可知无法得到实用上所要求的等级的导电性。
因此,从图2所示的特性曲线可理解,通过使规定的积分强度比为0.2~0.8的范围内的值,从而能够稳定得到规定的导电性。
(5)-2峰高比
另外,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L1,将银粒子烧结后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L2时,优选L2/L1的值为0.5~1.5的范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过用峰高比进一步限定由积分强度比规定的结晶变化特性,从而能够使银粒子的结晶变化特性为更佳,更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
即,如果上述峰高比为低于0.5的值,则有时烧结处理后的耐久导热性过度降低。
另一方面,如果上述峰高比为超出1.5的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。
因此,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L1,将银粒子烧结后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰高设为L2时,更优选L2/L1的值为0.6~1.4的范围内的值,进一步优选L2/L1的值为0.7~1.2的范围内的值。
接着,使用图3,对烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高比与电阻率的关系进行说明。
即,图3中显示横轴采取烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高比L2/L1(-)、纵轴采取烧结处理后的导电性糊料的电阻率(Ω·cm)的特性曲线。
从上述特性曲线可读取伴随着峰高比的增加,电阻率也增加这种两值间的相关关系。
更具体而言,如果峰高比为0.5的时刻,则电阻率约为4×10-6Ω·cm是较低的值,即使峰高比为1.5的时刻,电阻率也约为1×10-5Ω·cm,维持无实用上问题的等级的导电性。
另一方面,如果峰高比是超出1.5的值,则电阻率一直增加,有时难以稳定获得实用上所要求的等级的导电性。
因此,从图3所示的特性曲线可理解,通过使规定的峰高比为0.5~1.5的范围内的值,从而能够稳定得到规定的导电性。
(5)-3半峰宽比
另外,将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W2时,优选W2/W1的值为0.3~0.9的范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过用半峰宽比进一步限定由积分强度比规定的结晶变化特性,从而能够使银粒子的结晶变化特性为更佳,更容易控制导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性。
即,如果上述半峰宽比为低于0.3的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。另一方面,如果上述半峰宽比为超出0.9的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。
因此,将银粒子烧结前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W2时,更优选W2/W1的值为0.2~0.8的范围内的值,进一步优选为0.4~0.7的范围内的值。
接着,使用图4,对烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽比与电阻率的关系进行说明。
即,图4中显示横轴采取烧结处理前后的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽比W2/W1(-)、纵轴采取烧结处理后的导电性糊料的电阻率(Ω·cm)的特性曲线。
从上述特性曲线可读取伴随着半峰宽比的增加,电阻率一度减少,达到极小值后再增加这种两值间的相关关系。
更具体而言,例如,如果半峰宽比为0.2的时刻,则电阻率约为1×10-4Ω·cm是非常大的值,可知无法得到实用上所要求的等级的导电性。
另一方面,可知如果半峰宽比为0.3以上的值,则电阻率约为1×10-5Ω·cm,显示无实用上问题的等级的导电性,半峰宽在0.5~0.6间电阻率读取极小值(约4×10-6Ω·cm),如果半峰宽比超出0.9,则电阻率再次增加为约超出1×10-5Ω·cm的值,逐渐恶化。
因此,从图4所示的特性曲线可理解,通过使规定的半峰宽比为0.3~0.9的范围内的值,从而能够稳定得到规定的导电性。
(5)-4初期结晶特性
另外,本发明的特征在于规定了烧结处理前后的银粒子的结晶变化特性,但作为烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶特性、即初期结晶特性,在以下例举优选的方式。
即,优选使烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度为4500~7500cps·°的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述积分强度为低于4500cps·°的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。另一方面,如果上述积分强度为超出7500cps·°的值,则有时烧结处理后的耐久导热性过度降低。
因此,更优选使烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度为5000~7000cps·°的范围内的值,进一步优选为5500~6500cps·°的范围内的值。
另外,优选使烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高为6000~38000cps的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述峰高为低于6000cps的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。另一方面,如果上述峰高为超出38000cps的值,则有时烧结处理后的耐久导热性过度降低。
因此,更优选使烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高为8000~35000cps的范围内的值,进一步优选为10000~32000cps的范围内的值。
另外,将烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L138、将2θ=44°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L144时,优选使L144/L138的值为大于0.2且为0.5以下的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述峰高比为0.2以下的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。另一方面,即使上述峰高比为超出0.5的值,有时烧结处理后的导电性也降低,电阻率过度增加。
因此,将烧结处理前的银粒子的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L138、将2θ=44°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L144时,进一步优选使L144/L138的值为大于0.3且为0.4以下的范围内的值。
2.分散介质
(1)种类
另外,用于进行糊料化的分散介质的种类也没有特别限制,优选为选自二元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烃类化合物以及极性溶剂中的至少一种化合物。
其原因在于,如果是这些分散介质,则能够更稳定地维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,并且对导电性糊料赋予适当的粘度。
首先,作为二元醇醚系化合物,可举出乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、丁二醇、乙二醇单丙基醚、乙二醇单异丙基醚、乙二醇单丁基醚、乙二醇单异丁基醚、乙二醇单己基醚、二乙二醇单甲基醚、二乙二醇单乙基醚、二乙二醇单丙基醚、二乙二醇单异丙基醚、二乙二醇单丁基醚、二乙二醇单异丁基醚、二乙二醇单己基醚、三乙二醇单甲基醚、三乙二醇单乙基醚、三乙二醇单丙基醚、三乙二醇单异丙基醚、三乙二醇单丁基醚、三乙二醇单异丁基醚、三乙二醇单己基醚、丙二醇单甲基醚、丙二醇单乙基醚、丙二醇单丙基醚、丙二醇单异丙基醚、丙二醇单丁基醚、丙二醇单异丁基醚、丙二醇单己基醚、二丙二醇单甲基醚、二丙二醇单乙基醚、二丙二醇单丙基醚、二丙二醇单异丙基醚、二丙二醇单丁基醚、二丙二醇单异丁基醚、二丙二醇单己基醚、三丙二醇单甲基醚、三丙二醇单乙基醚、三丙二醇单丙基醚、三丙二醇单异丙基醚、三丙二醇单丁基醚、三丙二醇单异丁基醚、三丙二醇单己基醚、三丙二醇单甲基醚、三丙二醇单乙基醚、三丙二醇单丙基醚、三丙二醇单异丙基醚、三丙二醇单丁基醚、三丙二醇单异丁基醚、三丙二醇单己基醚、二乙二醇二甲基醚、二乙二醇二乙基醚、三乙二醇二甲基醚、三乙二醇二乙基醚、丙二醇二甲基醚、丙二醇二乙基醚、二丙二醇二甲基醚、二丙二醇二乙基醚、3-甲氧基丁醇、3-甲氧基-3-甲基-1-丁醇等的中的一种或者二种以上的组合。
另外,作为二元醇酯系化合物,可举出甲氧基丁基乙酸酯、乙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇单乙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇单乙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇单丙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇单丁基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单乙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单丙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇单丁基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇单乙基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇单丁基醚乙酸酯、3-甲氧基-3-甲基-1-丁基乙酸酯、3-甲氧基丁基乙酸酯等中的一种或者二种以上的组合。
另外,作为烃类化合物,可举出脂肪族系烃、芳香族系烃、环烷系烃等中的一种或者二种以上的组合。
另外,作为极性溶剂,可举出N-甲基吡咯烷酮、γ-丁内酯、二甲亚砜、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮等中的一种或者二种以上的组合。
(2)配合量
另外,优选相对于银粒子100重量份,将分散介质的配合量设为5~30重量份范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过这样调整分散介质的配合量,从而能够稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,且能够对导电性糊料赋予适当的粘度。
即,如果分散介质的配合量为低于5重量份的值,则由于液体成分少,所以有时难以糊料化。另一方面,如果分散介质的配合量为超出30重量份的值,则难以在烧结处理时除去分散介质,有时电阻率过度增加。
因此,更优选分散介质的配合量相对于银粒子100重量份为6~20重量份的范围内的值,进一步优选为7~10重量份的范围内的值。
3.有机化合物
构成本发明的导电性糊料时,还优选配合有机化合物。
其原因在于,通过配合有机化合物,从而稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,提高烧结后的银粒子的经时稳定性。
(1)种类
用于调节银粒子的烧结性的有机化合物的种类没有特别限制,例如,可举出选自环氧系树脂、酚醛系树脂、聚酰亚胺系树脂、丙烯酸系树脂、聚氨酯系树脂、有机硅系树脂、不饱和聚酯系树脂、乙烯酯系树脂、三聚氰胺系树脂、脲系树脂等热固化性树脂、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、三乙醇胺、胆碱等含氮化合物、抗坏血酸、肉豆蔻酸、戊二酸等有机酸中的单独一种或者二种以上的组合。
而且,这些化合物中,有机化合物更优选热固化性的环氧系树脂或酚醛系树脂。
其原因在于,通过使用这样的热固化性的有机化合物,从而能够更稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,还能够更加提高烧结后的银粒子的经时稳定性。
(2)配合量
另外,优选相对于银粒子100重量份,使有机化合物的配合量为0.5~10重量份范围内的值。
其原因在于,通过这样调整有机化合物的配合量,从而能够稳定维持导电性糊料中的银粒子的烧结性,还能够进一步提高烧结后的银粒子的经时稳定性。
即,如果有机化合物的配合量为低于0.5重量份的值,则有时烧结处理后的耐久导热性过度降低。另一方面,如果有机化合物的配合量为超出10重量份的值,则有时烧结处理后的导电性降低,电阻率过度增加。
因此,更优选有机化合物的配合量相对于银粒子100重量份为1~8重量份范围内的值,进一步优选为2~5重量份范围内的值。
这里,使用图5,对有机化合物的配合与耐久导热性的关系进行说明。
即,图5中显示了横轴采取评价烧结处理后的导电性糊料的耐久导热性时的冷热循环数(次)、纵轴采取夹持有包含烧结处理后的导电性糊料的测定试料的热电偶的温度达到平衡时的温度差(℃)的特性曲线。
更具体而言,分别显示了相对于银粒子100重量份,不配合有机化合物(特性曲线A)、配合了1重量份的环氧树脂(特性曲线B)、配合了2重量份的环氧树脂(特性曲线C),配合了2重量份的酚醛树脂(特性曲线D)、配合了2重量份的聚酰亚胺树脂(特性曲线E)的特性曲线。
应予说明,上述纵轴的温度差越低,烧结处理后的导电性糊料的耐久导热性越优异。
另外,上述耐久热导电性的具体的评价方法在实施例中记载。
首先,可理解不配合有机化合物时(特性曲线A),冷热循环数至200次的时刻能够维持规定的导热性,如果冷热循环数为500次的时刻,则因烧结银粒子的裂纹的产生等,而完全丧失导热性。
另一方面,可知配合了1重量份的环氧树脂时(特性曲线B),冷热循环数至500次的时刻能够维持规定的导热性,耐久导热性显著提高。
只是,此时可知在热循环数为1000次的时刻,热导电性完全丧失。
此时,可知配合2重量份的环氧树脂时(特性曲线C)以及配合了2重量份的酚醛树脂时(特性曲线D),冷热循环数至1000次的时刻能够维持规定的导热性,耐久导热性显著提高。
另外,可知配合了2重量份的聚酰亚胺树脂时(特性曲线E),虽然冷热循环数至1000次的时刻能够维持导热性,但因烧结银粒子缓缓劣化,导热性也逐渐降低。
因此,从图5所示的特性曲线中可理解,得到优异的耐久导热性时,优选使用环氧树脂和酚醛树脂作为有机化合物,作为其配合量,优选相对于银粒子100重量份为0.5~10重量份范围内的值。
另外,使用图6,对有机化合物的配合与电阻率的关系进行说明。
即,在图6中显示了横轴采取相对于银粒子100重量份的有机化合物的配合量(重量份)、纵轴采取了烧结处理后的导电性糊料的电阻率(Ω·cm)的特性曲线。
更具体而言,显示使用环氧树脂(特性曲线A)、环氧酚醛清漆树脂(环氧树脂的一种)(特性曲线B)以及酚醛树脂(特性曲线C)作为有机化合物时的特性曲线。
由这些的特性曲线可理解,如果是环氧树脂和酚醛树脂,则即使相对于银粒子100重量份配合10重量份时,也能够将电阻率的增加抑制在2×10-5Ω·cm左右以下,如果配合2重量份时,与不配合时相比,几乎无助于电阻率的增加。
4.添加剂
还优选在导电性糊料中添加各种添加剂,例如,抗氧化剂、紫外线吸收剂、金属离子捕获剂、粘度调节剂、无机填充剂、有机填充剂、碳纤维、着色剂以及偶联剂等。
特别是通常由于导电性糊料因添加银粒子而加速氧化劣化,所以作为抗氧化剂,优选相对于整体量在0.1~10重量%的范围内添加胺系抗氧化剂、苯酚系抗氧化剂或者磷酸酯系抗氧化剂等。
另外,优选在导电性糊料中添加二氧化硅粒子,疏水性二氧化硅、亲水性二氧化硅均可优选配合。
而且,优选使上述二氧化硅粒子的添加量相对于整体量为0.1~5重量%的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述二氧化硅粒子的添加量为低于0.1重量%的值,则有时没有表现添加效果。另一方面,如果上述二氧化硅粒子的添加量为超出5重量%的值,则有时导电性和导热性过度降低。
因此,更优选使上述二氧化硅粒子的添加量相对于整体量为0.2~3重量%的范围内的值,进一步优选为0.5~2重量%的范围内的值。
5.粘度
另外,优选使导电性糊料的粘度(测定温度:25℃)为1000~300000mPa·sec的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述导电性糊料的粘度为低于1000mPa·sec的值,则有时银粒子变得易于沉降,导电性和导热性显著降低。另一方面,如果上述导电性糊料的粘度超出300000mPa·sec,则有时操作变得困难,难以均匀涂布。
因此,更优选使导电性糊料的粘度(测定温度:25℃)为3000~100000mPa·sec的范围内的值,进一步优选为10000~80000mPa·sec的范围内的值。
6.密度
另外,优选使导电性糊料的密度为1.4~7g/cm3的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述导电性糊料的密度为低于1.4g/cm3的值,则有时导电性和导热性显著降低。
另一方面,如果上述导电性糊料的密度超出7g/cm3,则有时操作性降低,变得容易从被粘物剥离。
因此,更优选使导电性糊料的密度为3~6.5g/cm3的范围内的值,进一步优选为4~6g/cm3的范围内的值。
7.制造方法
导电性糊料的制造方法没有特别限制,例如优选利用螺旋桨式搅拌机、行星式搅拌机、三辊、捏合机、刮铲等,在有机化合物和分散介质中混合分散规定量的银粒子进行制造。
然后,均匀混合它们后,优选使用过滤器等,进行过滤处理除去银粒子的凝聚物或杂质等。
其原因在于,通过过滤处理银粒子的凝聚物等,从而使用分配器等涂布导电性糊料时,能够有效防止网眼堵塞。
应予说明,如果是银粒子,则通过内部具有空洞,并且实施规定的表面处理,从而具有如下优点,即凝聚物的产生少,例如可使用筛孔尺寸20~200μm的网眼过滤器等容易地进行过滤处理。
[第2实施方式]
第2实施方式是芯片焊接方法,其特征在于,包括如下工序:将导电性糊料涂布在用于安装半导体元件的基板上的规定位置的工序,所述导电性糊料含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质,并且将银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将银粒子烧结处理后(250℃,60分钟)的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值;在200~450℃的温度条件下加热,使银粒子烧结而将半导体元件安装于基板上的工序。
以下,分为各构成要素,对第2实施方式的使用了导电性糊料的芯片焊接方法进行具体说明。
1.第1工序
(1)导电性糊料
由于导电性糊料可以是与第1实施方式中说明的内容相同的内容,所以这里的说明省略。
(2)半导体元件/基板
涂布导电性糊料的被粘物是用于安装半导体元件的形成有电路的基板。
因此,更具体而言,形成有电路的陶瓷基板、玻璃基板、环氧树脂基板、纸/酚醛树脂基板等为被粘物。
其中,可以根据用途在半导体元件侧涂布导电性糊料。
(3)涂布条件
另外,涂布条件也没有特别限制,优选使用丝网印刷、喷墨印刷、分配器印刷,旋涂印刷等,通常在厚度1~500μm的范围内涂布,更优选在厚度10~300μm的范围内涂布,进一步优选在厚度30~200μm的范围内涂布。
2.第2工序
(1)加热温度
其特征在于,使第2工序中的加热温度为200~450℃的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述加热温度为低于200℃的值,则银粒子的烧结性显著降低。
另一方面,如果上述加热温度超过450℃,则银粒子过度烧结,容易产生裂纹。
因此,更优选使第2工序中的加热温度为230~430℃的范围内的值,进一步优选为250~400℃的范围内的值。
应予说明,用于维持上述加热温度的加热装置也没有特别限制,优选使用热风循环式烘箱、红外线加热装置、非活性气体加热装置、回流装置等。
(2)加热时间
另外,第2工序中的加热时间也取决于加热温度,但通常优选为10~180分钟的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述加热时间为低于10分钟的值,则银粒子的烧结性显著降低。
另一方面,如果上述加热时间超过180分钟,则制造效率过度降低,或银粒子过度烧结,变得容易产生裂纹。
因此,优选使第2工序中的加热时间为20~120分钟的范围内的值,进一步优选为30~60分钟的范围内的值。
(3)加压条件
进而,在实施第2工序时,可以介由导电性糊料通过无加压状态、即利用半导体元件的自身重量与基板之间连接,通常优选使加压条件为5~80kgf/cm2的范围内的值。
其原因在于,如果上述加压条件为低于5kgf/cm2的值,则有时银粒子的烧结性显著降低。另一方面,如果上述加压条件超出80kgf/cm2,则半导体元件损伤,或银粒子过度烧结,容易产生裂纹。
因此,优选使第2工序中的加压条件为10~50kgf/cm2的范围内的值,进一步优选为20~40kgf/cm2的范围内的值。
实施例
以下,参照实施例,进一步详细说明本发明的导电性糊料等。
[实施例1]
1.银粒子的制造
利用液相还原法制造银粒子。
即,使硝酸银12g溶解于离子交换水1kg中,添加25%氨水40g得到银的氨盐水溶液。
接着,在得到的银的氨盐水溶液中添加氢氧化钠1.7g使其溶解后,一边搅拌一边添加37%福尔马林60g,使银粒子析出。
接着,对得到的银粒子水洗、过滤后进行IPA置换。
接着,添加使硬脂酸0.3g溶解于IPA10g中而得的表面处理剂进行银粒子的表面处理后,以100℃进行真空干燥,得到体积平均粒径1.9μm的球状的中空银粒子。
应予说明,得到的中空银粒子中的碳含量相对于得到的中空银粒子整体(100重量%)为0.79重量%。
2.银粒子的评价
(1)XRD分析
(1)-1烧结处理前
进行烧结处理前的银粒子的XRD分析。
即,将得到的银粒子填充到X射线衍射装置(理学电机(株)制,RINT2500VHF)的样品支架中,利用下述条件进行2θ=38°±0.2°的峰高、半峰宽、积分强度以及微晶尺寸的测定。将得到的结果示于表1,并且将得到的XRD谱图示于图1(a)。
X射线:Cu/40kV/50mA
扫描速度:4deg/min
取样宽度:0.02deg
扫描范围:20~90deg
(1)-2烧结处理后
进行烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD分析。
另外,将得到的银粒子以使银粒子彼此不重合的方式用100目筛子筛落至玻璃板面,在250℃的条件下的循风干燥机中加热60分钟使其烧结后,对得到的烧结处理后的银粒子,在与烧结处理前相同的条件下进行XRD分析。将得到的结果示于表1,并且将得到的XRD谱图示于图1(b)。
另外,根据烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的XRD分析结果,计算峰高比(L2/L1)、半峰宽比(W2/W1)以及积分强度比(S2/S1)。将得到的结果示于表1。
3.导电性糊料的制造
在带有搅拌装置的容器内收容得到的银粒子100重量份、作为分散介质的二丙二醇单甲基醚乙酸酯(DPMA)10重量份后,使用搅拌装置均匀混合。
接着,使用具备网眼尺寸63μm的网眼过滤器的过滤装置,进行过滤处理,制成实施例1的导电性糊料。
4.导电性糊料的评价
(1)烧结性
评价得到的导电性糊料的烧结性。
即,将得到的导电性糊料以厚度为25μm的方式涂布在8mm×12mm×2mm的镀银铜基板上后,在其上载置3mm×4mm×0.4mm的镀银硅半导体元件。
接着,在微风烘箱中,在无加压、温度250℃、1小时的条件下进行加热使导电性糊料烧结后,冷却至室温,作为测定样品。
接着,显微镜观察得到的烧结物的切割截面,根据下述基准评价其烧结性。将得到的结果示于表1。
◎:银粒子彼此均匀烧结,完全看不到不烧结部分。
○:银粒子彼此几乎均匀烧结,几乎看不到不烧结部分。
△:银粒子彼此部分烧结,但不烧结部分显著。
×:银粒子彼此不烧结,几乎为不烧结部分。
(2)电阻率(导电性)
评价得到的导电性糊料的导电性。
即,将得到的导电性糊料在载玻片玻璃板上印刷成50mm×1mm×0.1mm的线状,在微风烘箱中在无加压、温度250℃、1小时的条件下加热将导电性糊料烧结,作为测定样品。
接着,使用4端子用万用表,以4端子法(测定电流:0.1mA)测定2点间(20mm)的电阻值(测量数:3),计算其平均值,并且基于下述基准进行评价。将得到的结果示于表1。
◎:电阻率的平均值为低于5×10-6Ω·cm的值。
○:电阻率的平均值为5×10-6Ω·cm以上且低于5×10-5Ω·cm的值。
△:电阻率的平均值为5×10-5Ω·cm以上且低于5×10-3Ω·cm的值。
×:电阻率的平均值为5×10-3Ω·cm以上的值。
[实施例2]
实施例2中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为2.3μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图7(a)~(b)。
[实施例3]
实施例3中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为1.6μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图8(a)~(b)。
应予说明,得到的中空银粒子的碳含量相对于得到的中空银粒子整体(100重量%)为0.82重量%。
[实施例4]
实施例4中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为2.4μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图9(a)~(b)。
[实施例5]
实施例5中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为3.8μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图10(a)~(b)。
[实施例6]
实施例6中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为5.4μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图11(a)~(b)。
[实施例7]
实施例7中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为3.0μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图12(a)~(b)。
[实施例8]
实施例8中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为4.0μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图13(a)~(b)。
[实施例9]
实施例9中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为4.5μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图14(a)~(b)。
[实施例10]
实施例10中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为2.9μm的球状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图15(a)~(b)。
[实施例11]
实施例11中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为3.8μm的薄片状的实心银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图16(a)~(b)。
[比较例1]
比较例1中,用粉化法(アトマイズ法)制造银粒子,得到体积平均粒径为5.0μm的球状的实心银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图17(a)~(b)。
应予说明,作为粉化法,采用使用高压水瞬时进行熔融金属的粉碎和急冷凝固来制造银粒子的水粉化法(参照日本特开平11-106804号)。
[比较例2]
比较例2中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为3.0μm的猬棘状的中空银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图18(a)~(b)。
[比较例3]
比较例3中,调节用液相还原法制造银粒子时的条件,得到体积平均粒径为1.8μm的球状的实心银粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图19(a)~(b)。
[比较例4]
比较例4中,用粉化法制造银粒子,得到体积平均粒径为7.7μm的球状的实心粒子,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造并评价银粒子以及导电性糊料。将得到的结果示于表1,并且分别将烧结处理前以及烧结处理后的银粒子的XRD谱图示于图20(a)~(b)。
表1
[实施例12]
1.导电性糊料的制造
实施例12中,制造导电性糊料时,相对于得到的银粒子100重量份,配合N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)10重量份来代替DPMA作为分散介质,除此以外,与实施例1同样地制造银粒子以及导电性糊料。
2.导电性糊料的评价
(1)初期导热性
评价得到的导电性糊料的初期导热性。
即,将得到的导电性糊料以使厚度成为25μm的方式涂布在8mm×12mm×2mm的镀银铜基板上后,在其上载置3mm×4mm×0.4mm的镀银硅半导体元件。
接着,在微风烘箱中,在无加压、温度250℃、1小时的条件下加热使导电性糊料烧结后,冷却至室温,制成测定样品。
接着,用热电偶固定用的铜芯片夹持得到的测定样品的两面后,以使镀银铜基板侧的铜芯片位于下侧的方式设置于放热用块上,进而在镀银硅半导体元件侧的铜芯片上设置加热器。
接着,起动加热器加热测定样品,测定上下的热电偶的温度差达到平衡时的温度差(测量数:3),计算其平均值,并且基于下述基准进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
◎:热电偶的平衡时的温度差为低于50℃的值。
○:热电偶的平衡时的温度差为50℃以上且低于55℃的值。
△:热电偶的平衡时的温度差为55℃以上且低于60℃的值。
×:热电偶的平衡时的温度差为60℃以上的值。
(2)耐久导热性
评价得到的导电性糊料的耐久导热性。
即,将与初期导热性评价同样地得到的测定样品暴露于在微风烘箱中在无加压、温度-55℃、15分钟的条件下冷却后在无加压、温度150℃、15分钟的条件下加热的冷热循环,取出200循环、500循环以及1000循环测定样品,测定热电偶的平衡时的温度差,进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
[实施例13]
实施例13中,制造导电性糊料时,相对于得到的银粒子100重量份,配合作为分散介质的DPMA9重量份、作为有机化合物的环氧树脂(ADEKA(株)制,Ep 49-25)1.0重量份以及固化剂(四国化成工业(株)制,C17Z)0.1重量份,除此以外,与实施例12同样地制造银粒子以及导电性糊料,并进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
[实施例14]
实施例14中,制造导电性糊料时,相对于得到的银粒子100重量份,配合作为分散介质的DPMA 8重量份、作为有机化合物的环氧树脂(ADEKA(株)制,Ep 49-25)2.0重量份以及固化剂(四国化成工业(株)制,C17Z)0.2重量份,除此以外,与实施例12同样地制造银粒子以及导电性糊料,并进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
[实施例15]
实施例15中,制造导电性糊料时,相对于得到的银粒子100重量份,配合作为分散介质的DPMA 5.6重量份、作为有机化合物的酚醛树脂(群荣化学(株)制,レヂトップPL-5208)2.0重量份,除此以外,与实施例12同样地制造银粒子以及导电性糊料,并进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
[实施例16]
实施例16中,制造导电性糊料时,相对于得到的银粒子100重量份,配合作为分散介质的NMP 8.1重量份、作为有机化合物的聚酰亚胺树脂(丸善石油化学(株)制,BANI-X)2.0重量份以及作为添加剂的环氧树脂(DIC(株)制,EPICLON 7050)0.1重量份,除此以外,与实施例12同样地制造银粒子以及导电性糊料,并进行评价。将得到的结果示于表2。
表2
工业上的可利用性
如以上说明所述,根据本发明的导电性糊料,通过使用具有由XRD分析规定的规定结晶变化特性的规定粒径的银粒子作为烧结性导电材料,并且含有用于制成糊料状的分散介质,从而不依赖于烧结处理前的银粒子的结晶性而能够容易地控制银粒子的烧结性,并且在烧结处理后,能够稳定地得到优异的导电性以及导热性。
因此,如果是本发明的导电性糊料,则尤其可优选用作用于半导体元件与基板间的放热接合的芯片焊接用材料,所以可期待作为高温焊料的代替品而广泛使用。

Claims (10)

1.一种导电性糊料,其特征在于,是含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质的导电性糊料,
将所述银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将所述银粒子以250℃、60分钟烧结处理后的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,将所述银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L1,将所述银粒子以250℃、60分钟烧结处理后的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的峰高设为L2时,L2/L1的值为0.5~1.5范围内的值。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,将所述银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W1,将所述银粒子以250℃、60分钟烧结处理后的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的半峰宽设为W2时,W2/W1的值为0.3~0.9范围内的值。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,所述银粒子为中空银粒子。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,所述银粒子的表面被有机表面处理剂覆盖,
所述有机表面处理剂是由选自有机酸、有机酸盐、表面活性剂以及偶联剂中的至少一种构成的。
6.根据权利要求1~5中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,相对于所述银粒子100重量份,使所述分散介质的配合量为5~30重量份的范围内的值。
7.根据权利要求1~6中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,所述分散介质是选自二元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烃类化合物以及极性溶剂中的至少一种化合物。
8.根据权利要求1~7中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,进一步含有有机化合物,并且相对于所述银粒子100重量份,使有机化合物的配合量为0.5~10重量份的范围内的值。
9.根据权利要求1~8中任一项所述的导电性糊料,其特征在于,所述有机化合物是含有环氧系树脂和酚醛系树脂中的至少一种的热固化性树脂。
10.一种芯片焊接方法,其特征在于,包括如下工序:
将导电性糊料涂布在用于安装半导体元件的基板上的规定位置的工序,所述导电性糊料含有作为烧结性导电材料的体积平均粒径为0.1~30μm的银粒子和用于制成糊料状的分散介质,并且将所述银粒子烧结处理前的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S1,将所述银粒子以250℃、60分钟烧结处理后的利用XRD分析得到的X射线衍射图谱中的2θ=38°±0.2°的峰的积分强度设为S2时,S2/S1的值为0.2~0.8范围内的值,和
在200~450℃的温度条件下加热,使所述银粒子烧结而将所述半导体元件安装在所述基板上的工序。
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