TWI493000B - 導電性糊劑及粒接法 - Google Patents

導電性糊劑及粒接法 Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI493000B
TWI493000B TW102136252A TW102136252A TWI493000B TW I493000 B TWI493000 B TW I493000B TW 102136252 A TW102136252 A TW 102136252A TW 102136252 A TW102136252 A TW 102136252A TW I493000 B TWI493000 B TW I493000B
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TW
Taiwan
Prior art keywords
silver particles
conductive paste
peak
silver
range
Prior art date
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TW102136252A
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English (en)
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TW201416404A (zh
Inventor
Shigeo Hori
Hirohiko Furui
Akira Fujita
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Kaken Tech Co Ltd
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Application filed by Kaken Tech Co Ltd filed Critical Kaken Tech Co Ltd
Publication of TW201416404A publication Critical patent/TW201416404A/zh
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Publication of TWI493000B publication Critical patent/TWI493000B/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/80Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
    • H01L24/83Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/06Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
    • B22F1/065Spherical particles
    • B22F1/0655Hollow particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/102Metallic powder coated with organic material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/107Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing organic material comprising solvents, e.g. for slip casting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0016Brazing of electronic components
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/12Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to investigating the properties, e.g. the weldability, of materials
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
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    • B23K35/3006Ag as the principal constituent
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    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/3612Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
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Description

導電性糊劑及粒接法
本發明涉及導電性糊劑及粒接法。
特別涉及通過使用具有由XRD分析所規定的規定結晶變化特性之銀粒子,從而能夠容易地控制銀粒子之燒結性,並在燒結處理後,能夠穩定得到優異的導電性及導熱性的導電性糊劑以及使用該導電性糊劑之粒接法。
以往,已提出各種含有銀粒子而成的晶粒接合用導電糊劑、使用該導電糊劑之半導體元件的晶粒接合法。
例如,已提出利用加熱燒結而形成具有優異的強度、導電性以及導熱性的固態銀之金屬系被黏物黏合用糊劑狀銀組合物(參照專利文獻1)。
較具體而言,一種用於接合金屬系被黏物彼此的糊劑狀銀組合物,其特徵在於,是由(A)平均粒徑為0.1~6μ m且碳含量為0.50重量%以下的用還原法製成的球狀銀粒子及(B)沸點為70~250℃之選自水、揮發性一元醇、揮發性脂肪族烴、揮發性酮、揮發性低級脂肪族羧酸酯以及揮發性矽油中的揮發性分散介質構成的糊劑狀物,利用100℃~250℃的加熱而形成該揮發性分散介質揮散、該球狀銀粒子彼此燒結且體積電阻率為1×10-4 Ω.cm以下,並且熱導率為5W/m.K以上的固態銀。
另外,已提出控制銀粒子之燒結性,形成裂紋少的加熱燒結物,由 此牢固接合金屬系之被黏物彼此的方法(參照專利文獻2)。
較具體而言,一種金屬製組件之接合方法,其特徵在於,使由(A)平均粒徑大於0.1μ m且為50μ m以下的加熱燒結性金屬粒子及(B)揮發性分散介質構成的糊劑狀金屬粒子組合物夾設在多個金屬製組件間,在非活性氣體中通過在40℃~200℃的加熱,使該糊劑狀金屬粒子組合物中的揮發性分散介質(B)之10重量%以上且小於100重量%的量揮散後,在氧化性氣體中或者還原性氣體中利用70℃~400℃的加熱,使殘留在該糊劑狀金屬粒子組合物中的揮發性分散介質(B)揮散,將加熱燒結性金屬粒子(A)彼此燒結,由此接合多個該金屬製組件彼此。
另外,已提出排除覆蓋加熱燒結性金屬粒子之表面的高級脂肪酸等的影響進行加熱時銀粒子容易燒結而形成強度、導電性以及導熱性優異的固態銀之糊劑狀銀粒子組合物(參照專利文獻3)。
較具體而言,一種糊劑狀銀粒子組合物,其特徵在於,是由(A)表面被高.中級脂肪酸(b1)或者高.中級脂肪酸(b1)之衍生物(b2)覆蓋的銀粒子及(B)揮發性分散介質構成,利用加熱使該揮發性分散介質揮散將該銀粒子彼此燒結,在該糊劑狀銀粒子組合物中,覆蓋銀粒子表面的高.中級脂肪酸(b1)或者高.中級脂肪酸(b1)之衍生物(b2)是將預先覆蓋銀粒子表面的高級脂肪酸(a1)或者高級脂肪酸(a1)之衍生物(a2)用比該高級脂肪酸(a1)低級的高.中級脂肪酸(b1)或者高.中級脂肪酸(b1)之衍生物(b2)置換而得的。
另外,已提出形成導體膜時粒子的定向性高且能夠得到低電阻的導體膜之扁平銀粒子(參照專利文獻4)。
較具體而言,一種扁平銀粒子,其特徵在於,由XRD測定得到的(200)面之峰P200 與(111)面之峰P111 的比P200 /P111 為0.3以下。
[現有技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
專利文獻1:日本專利第4347381號(申請專利範圍等)
專利文獻2:日本特開2010-53377號(申請專利範圍)
專利文獻3:日本特開2009-289745號(申請專利範圍)
專利文獻4:日本特開2012-36481號(申請專利範圍等)
然而,專利文獻1~4所公開的糊劑狀銀組合物等,並沒有考慮作為燒結性導電材料的金屬粒子之燒結處理前後的結晶變化特性,所以發現無法穩定地控制糊劑狀銀組合物等的內部的金屬粒子之燒結性此一問題。
即,發現以下問題:由於金屬粒子因其製造方法等的各要素而在實施燒結處理時的結晶變化特性呈多樣性,所以即使如專利文獻1~4所示,調節燒結處理前的金屬粒子之狀態、燒結處理條件,作為其結果,也無法根據金屬粒子之種類予以控制其燒結性,無法穩定得到所希望的導電性、導熱性。
不僅如此,亦發現專利文獻1所公開的金屬系被黏物黏合用糊劑狀銀組合物中,必須將源自覆蓋球狀銀粒子的覆蓋材料的碳含量嚴格控制在0.50重量%以下的值此種製造上的問題。
並且,發現如下問題:雖然已公開通過清洗處理球狀銀粒子予以控制上述碳含量之內容,但由於難以均勻清洗覆蓋材料而無法定量管理,結果,導致無法穩定控制銀粒子之燒結性。
另外,在專利文獻2所公開的糊劑狀銀組合物等中發現如下製造上的問題:在非活性氣體中,以規定溫度(40℃~200℃)加熱處理使用的金屬粒子(銀粒子或者銅粒子等)使揮發性分散介質揮散後,必須在氧 化性氣體中或者還原性氣體中以規定溫度(70℃~400℃)實施加熱處理。
並且,發現如下問題:由於難以在非活性氣體中均勻揮散揮發性分散介質,所以無法定量管理,結果,仍無法穩定控制金屬粒子之燒結性。
另外,在專利文獻3所公開的糊劑狀銀組合物等中,發現如下製造上的問題:必須將覆蓋使用的銀粒子表面之高.中級脂肪酸等用比其低級的高.中級脂肪酸置換。
並且,發現以下問題:作為置換方法,雖然已公開將被高.中級脂肪酸等覆蓋的銀粒子浸漬於比其低級的高.中級脂肪酸中,但由於難以均勻置換,所以無法定量管理,作為結果,仍無法穩定控制銀粒子之燒結性。
另外,在專利文獻4所公開的含有扁平銀粒子之糊劑狀銀組合物等中發現如下製造上的問題:製造規定的扁平銀粒子時,羧酸類、胺類或者硫醇類在含有水溶性銀化合物之水溶液中共存的狀態下,還原劑必須逐次添加入加熱至60℃以上的水溶液中。
因此,本發明人等進行深入研究,結果發現,通過使用具有由XRD分析所規定的規定結晶變化特性之規定粒徑的銀粒子作為燒結性導電材料,並且含有用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質,從而容易控制銀粒子之燒結性,進而完成本發明。
即,本發明之目的在於提供不依賴於燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶性而能夠容易地控制銀粒子之燒結性並且在燒結處理後能夠穩定得到優異的導電性及導熱性之導電性糊劑以及使用該導電性糊劑之粒接法。
應予說明,上述“燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶性”是指燒結處理前的銀粒子之X射線衍射圖譜中的各峰之積分強度、峰高、半峰寬等。
根據本發明,提供一種導電性糊劑,能夠解決上述問題,其特徵在 於,是含有作為燒結性導電材料之體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μ m的銀粒子及用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質之導電性糊劑,將銀粒子的燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子的燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1的值為0.2~0.8範圍內的值。
即,根據本發明之導電性糊劑,通過使用具有由XRD分析所規定的規定結晶變化特性的規定粒徑之銀粒子作為燒結性導電材料,從而不依賴於燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶性而能夠容易地控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性,並且在燒結處理後,能夠穩定得到優異的導電性及導熱性。
另外,構成本發明之導電性糊劑時,宜為將銀粒子的燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L1,將銀粒子燒結後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L2時,L2/L1的值為0.5~1.5範圍內的值。
通過如此構成,從而使銀粒子之結晶變化特性更佳,能夠更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性。
另外,構成本發明之導電性糊劑時,宜為將銀粒子的燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W1,將銀粒子的燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W2時,W2/W1的值為0.3~0.9範圍內的值。
通過如此構成,從而使銀粒子的結晶變化特性更佳,能夠進一步容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,宜為銀粒子為中空銀粒子。
通過如此構成,從而能夠更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,並且,能夠有助於導電性糊劑的輕量化以及低成本化。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,宜為銀粒子的表面被由選自有機酸、有機酸鹽、表面活性劑以及偶聯劑中的至少一個構成的有機表面處理劑覆蓋。
通過如此構成,從而能調節銀粒子的結晶變化特性,並且能夠進一步容易地控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,宜為相對於銀粒子100重量份,使分散介質的配合量為5~30重量份的範圍內的值。
通過如此構成,能夠穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,同時也能夠對導電性糊劑賦予適當的黏度。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,分散介質宜為為選自二元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烴類化合物以及極性溶劑中的至少一種化合物。
通過如此構成,能夠更穩定地穩持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,並且對導電性糊劑賦予適當的黏度。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,宜為進一步含有有機化合物,並且相對於銀粒子100重量份,使有機化合物的配合量為0.5~10重量份範圍內的值。
通過如此構成,能夠穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,並且提高燒結後的銀粒子的經時穩定性。
另外,構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,宜為有機化合物為含有環氧系樹脂以及酚醛系樹脂中的至少一種的熱固化性樹脂。
通過如此構成,能夠更穩定地維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,並且提高燒結後的銀粒子的經時穩定性。
另外,本發明的其它方式是粒接法,其特徵在於,包括如下步驟:將導電性糊劑塗佈在用於安裝半導體元件的基板上的規定位置的步驟,所述導電性糊劑含有作為燒結性導電材料的體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μ m的銀粒子和用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質,並且將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1的值為0.2~0.8範圍內的值;在200~450℃的溫度條件下加熱,使銀粒子燒結而將半導體元件安裝於基板上的步驟。
即,根據本發明之粒接法,由於使用規定的導電性糊劑,所以能夠以發揮優異的導電性及導熱性之狀態將半導體元件穩定地安裝於基板上。
圖1a~1b係實施例1之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖2係供說明燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比與電阻率之關係而用的圖。
圖3係供說明燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高比與電阻率之關係而用的圖。
圖4係供說明燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬比與電阻率之關係而用的圖。
圖5係供說明有機化合物的配合與耐久導熱性之關係而用的圖。
圖6係供說明有機化合物的配合與電阻率之關係而用的圖。
圖7a~7b係實施例2之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖8a~8b係實施例3之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖9a~9b係實施例4之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖10a~10b係實施例5之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖11a~11b係實施例6之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖12a~12b係實施例7之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖13a~13b係實施例8之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖14a~14b係實施例9之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖15a~15b係實施例10之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖16a~16b係實施例11之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖17a~17b係比較例1之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖18a~18b係比較例2之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖19a~19b係比較例3之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
圖20a~20b係比較例4之銀粒子的XRD譜圖。
〔第1實施方式〕
第1實施方式之導電性糊劑,其特徵在於,係含有作為燒結性導電材料之體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μ m之銀粒子及用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質之導電性糊劑,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1的值為0.2~0.8之範圍內的值。
以下,分為各構成要素,具體說明第1實施方式之導電性糊劑。
1.銀粒子 (1)體積平均粒徑
其特徵在於,使作為燒結性導電材料之銀粒子的體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μ m範圍內的值。
其原因在於若上述銀粒子之體積平均粒徑為低於0.1μ m的值時,則有變得容易凝聚而操作性過於降低的情況。另一方面,若上述銀粒子之體積平均粒徑為超過30μ m的值時,則有時燒結性顯著降低,或難以糊劑化。
因此,較宜為使銀粒子之體積平均粒徑為0.5~15μ m範圍內的值,更宜為1.5~5μ m範圍內的值。
應予說明,銀粒子之體積平均粒徑可通過雷射衍射.散射法細微性分佈測定裝置測定,或者也可以根據電子顯微鏡照片實際測量,進而可以根據該電子顯微鏡照片使用影像處理裝置予以計算。
(2)形態
另外,銀粒子之形態沒有特別限定,可以是球狀、橢圓球狀、立方體狀、棒狀、蝟棘狀、薄片狀、異形狀、或者此等的組合。
另外,關於銀粒子之形態,較宜為在內部具有規定空隙的中空銀粒子。
其原因在於通過使用此種的中空銀粒子,從而能夠更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性,並且有助於導電性糊劑之輕量化以及低成本化。
(3)體積密度
另外,宜為使銀粒子之體積密度為0.5~8g/cm3 之範圍內的值。
其原因在於,若上述銀粒子之體積密度為低於0.5g/cm3 的值時,則在導電性糊劑中燒結後的拉伸強度降低,有時容易產生裂紋。另一方面,若上述銀粒子之體積密度為超過8g/cm3 的值時,則有時難以穩定控制導電性糊劑中的燒結性。
因此,較宜為使銀粒子之體積密度為2~7g/cm3 之範圍內的值,更宜為4~6g/cm3 之範圍內的值。
應予說明,上述銀粒子之體積密度可基於JIS K5101 Tap法測定。
(4)表面覆蓋
另外,銀粒子之表面宜為經由選自有機酸、有機酸鹽、表面活性劑以及偶聯劑中的至少一種構成的有機表面處理劑予以覆蓋。
其原因在於通過用此種的有機表面處理劑覆蓋銀粒子的表面,從而能夠調節銀粒子之結晶變化特性,並且能夠進一步容易地控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性。
(4)-1種類
另外,作為此種的有機表面處理劑之種類,沒有特別限制,通常可舉出己酸、2-乙基己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕櫚酸、硬脂酸、二十二酸、二十八酸、油酸、亞油酸、亞麻酸、12-羥基硬脂酸、苯甲酸、葡糖酸、肉桂酸、水楊酸、沒食子酸、十五烷酸、十七烷酸、花生酸、二十四烷酸、蠟酸、2-戊基壬酸、2-己基癸酸、2-庚基十二烷酸、異硬脂酸、棕櫚油酸、異油酸、反油酸、蓖麻油酸、鱈油酸、芥酸、鯊油酸等一元酸;丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、蘋果酸、鄰苯二甲酸、富馬酸等二元酸等中的單獨一種或者二種以上的組合。
(4)-2配合量
另外,宜為使有機表面處理劑之配合量相對於銀粒子100重量份為0.1~3重量份之範圍內的值。
其原因在於,通過如此調整有機表面處理劑之配合量,從而能調節銀粒子之結晶變化特性,進而能夠更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性。
即,若有機表面處理劑之配合量為低於0.1重量份的值時,則有時銀粒子彼此容易凝聚。另一方面,若有機表面處理劑之配合量為超出3重量份的值時,則有時變得無法獲得良好的燒結性。
因此,較宜為使有機表處理劑之配合量相對於銀粒子100重量份為0.5~2.5重量份範圍內的值,更宜為1~2重量份範圍內的值。
(4)-3碳量
另外,宜為相對於銀粒子整體(100重量%)之碳含量為0.05~3重量%範圍內的值。
其原因在於,若上述碳含量為低於0.05重量%的值時,則有時銀粒子彼此容易凝聚。另一方面,若上述碳含量為超出3重量%的值時,則有時無法獲得良好的燒結性。
因此,較宜為使相對於銀粒子(100重量%)之碳含量為0.1~2重量%範圍內的值,更宜為0.55~1重量%範圍內的值。
(5)XRD分析 (5)-1積分強度比
另外,其特徵在於,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1的值為0.2~0.8範圍內的 值。
其原因在於,通過使用具有此種的規定結晶變化特性的銀粒子,從而不依賴於燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶性而能夠容易地控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性,並且在燒結處理後,能夠穩定得到優異的導電性及導熱性。
即,若上述積分強度比為低於0.2的值時,則有時燒結處理後的耐久導熱性過度降低。另一方面,若上述積分強度比為超出0.8的值時,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。
因此,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰之積分強度設為S2時,較宜為使S2/S1的值為0.25~0.75之範圍內的值,更宜為0.3~0.7之範圍內的值。
應予說明,本發明中,用於進行燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD分析的燒結處理係指將不含有分散介質等添加物之狀態的銀粒子以使銀粒子彼此不疊合的方式用100目篩子篩落至玻璃板面,在250℃條件下的循風乾燥機中加熱60分鐘使其燒結。
因此,對為使銀粒子能於燒結處理後進行XRD分析而採用的燒結處理,即使在燒結處理後也能夠使各銀粒子保持粒子狀,所以可予收容於小室(cell)中進行XRD分析。
另一方面,對導電性糊劑進行燒結處理時,導電性糊劑內的銀粒子處於彼此相互熔化局部相連的狀態。
在此,對銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜與其結晶特性之關係進行簡要說明。
即,圖1a中顯示本發明之實施例1中的銀粒子燒結處理前的XRD譜圖,圖1b中顯示本發明之實施例1中的銀粒子燒結處理後的XRD譜圖。
從上述圖1a~1b的XRD譜圖中可知,金屬銀通常在2θ =38°±0.2°具有(111)面的衍射峰、在2θ =44°±0.2°具有(200)面的衍射峰、在2θ =64°±0.2°具有(220)面的衍射峰、在2θ =77°±0.2°具有(311)面的衍射峰、在2θ =81°±0.2°具有(222)面的衍射峰。
而且,本發明人等已確認此等峰伴隨著利用燒結處理銀粒子的結晶特性的變化而發生多樣變化。
不僅如此,亦已確認燒結處理所致的結晶變化的特性、即結晶變化特性並不能由燒結處理前的銀粒子之XRD譜以及燒結處理條件唯一地確定,是各種銀粒子潛在具有的特性。
較具體而言,已確認即使燒結處理前的銀粒子之XRD譜及燒結處理條件相同,根據該銀粒子潛在具有的結晶變化特性之不同,燒結處理後的銀粒子之結晶特性也有很大差異。
而且,可確認在各種結晶變化特性中,2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比S2/S1與燒結處理後的導電性糊劑中的電導率、熱導率之間具有明確的相關關係,通過規定上述積分強度比,從而能夠穩定控制燒結處理後的導電性糊劑之導電性及導熱性,進而完成本發明。
即,可確認金屬銀中,作為特徵性表示的2θ =38°±0.2°、2θ =44°±0.2°、2θ =64°±0.2°、2θ =77°±0.2°以及2θ =81°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比(-),在與燒結處理後的導電性糊劑中的電阻率(Ω.cm)之間均顯示較強的相關性,其中,2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比顯示最強的相關性。
較具體而言,可確認2θ =38°±0.2°之情況下的積分強度比(-)與燒結處理後的導電性糊劑中的電阻率(Ω.cm)間之決定係數R2 為0.84,是非常高的值。
另一方面,2θ =44°±0.2°時的R2 為0.79、2θ =64°±0.2°時的R2 為0.80、2θ =77°±0.2°時的R2 為0.68、2θ =81°±0.2°時的R2 為0.46,與2θ =38°±0.2°之情況相比,則可確認決定係數的值小。
應予說明,決定係數R2 是相關係數R之平方,是可用作觀察回歸公 式(近似式)的真實精度之尺度的係數。
另外,2θ =38°±0.2°等的峰的積分強度比在與燒結處理後的導電性糊劑中的電導率、熱導率之間具有明確的相關關係的理由在當前時點不明確,但推測其原因在於構成銀粒子之微晶尺寸、結晶相之分佈等的因燒結處理而引起的變化之經過本身對燒結處理後的銀粒子之導電性給予很大影響。
接著,使用圖2,對燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比與電阻率之關係進行說明。
即,圖2中顯示橫軸採取銀粒子之燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度比S2/S1(-)、縱軸採取燒結處理後的導電性糊劑之電阻率(Ω.cm)的特性曲線。
從上述特性曲線可讀取伴隨著積分強度比增加、電阻率也增加此種兩值間的相關關係。
較具體而言,如果積分強度比為0.2之時點,則電阻率約為2×10-6 Ω.cm,是較低的值,即使積分強度比為0.8的時點,電阻率也約為2×10-5 Ω.cm,維持無實用上問題的等級的導電性。
另一方面,如果積分強度比為超出0.8的值,則電阻率一直增加,例如,積分強度比為0.9的時點,則約為1×10-4 Ω.cm,是非常大的值,可知無法得到實用上所要求的等級的導電性。
因此,從圖2所示的特性曲線可理解,通過使規定的積分強度比為0.2~0.8的範圍內的值,從而能夠穩定得到規定的導電性。
(5)-2峰高比
另外,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L1,將銀粒子燒結後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L2時,宜為L2/L1之值為0.5~1.5之範圍內的值。
其原因在於,通過用峰高比進一步限定由積分強度比規定的結晶變化特性,從而能夠使銀粒子之結晶變化特性為更佳,更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性。
即,若上述峰高比為低於0.5的值時,則有時燒結處理後的耐久導熱性過度降低。
另一方面,若上述峰高比為超出1.5的值時,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。
因此,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L1,將銀粒子燒結後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰高設為L2時,較宜為L2/L1的值為0.6~1.4的範圍內的值,更宜L2/L1之值為0.7~1.2之範圍內的值。
接著,使用圖3,對燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高比與電阻率之關係進行說明。
即,圖3中顯示橫軸採取燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高比L2/L1(-)、縱軸採取燒結處理後的導電性糊劑之電阻率(Ω.cm)的特性曲線。
從上述特性曲線可讀取伴隨著峰高比的增加,電阻率也增加此種兩值間的相關關係。
較具體而言,如果峰高比為0.5的時點,則電阻率約為4×10-6 Ω.cm是較低的值,即使峰高比為1.5的時點,電阻率也約為1×10-5 Ω.cm,維持無實用上問題的等級的導電性。
另一方面,如果峰高比是超出1.5的值,則電阻率一直增加,有時難以穩定獲得實用上所要求的等級的導電性。
因此,從圖3所示的特性曲線可理解,通過使規定的峰高比為0.5~1.5之範圍內的值,從而能夠穩定得到規定的導電性。
(5)-3半峰寬比
另外,將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W2時,宜為W2/W1的值為0.3~0.9的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,通過用半峰寬比進一步限定由積分強度比規定的結晶變化特性,從而能夠使銀粒子之結晶變化特性為更佳,更容易控制導電性糊劑中的銀粒子之燒結性。
即,如果上述半峰寬比為低於0.3的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。另一方面,如果上述半峰寬比為超出0.9的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。
因此,將銀粒子燒結前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W2時,較宜為W2/W1的值為0.2~0.8的範圍內的值,更宜為0.4~0.7的範圍內的值。
接著,使用圖4,對燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬比與電阻率的關係進行說明。
即,圖4中顯示橫軸採取燒結處理前後的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬比W2/W1(-)、縱軸採取燒結處理後的導電性糊劑之電阻率(Ω.cm)的特性曲線。
從上述特性曲線可讀取伴隨著半峰寬比的增加,電阻率一度減少,達到極小值後再增加此種兩值間的相關關係。
較具體而言,例如,如果半峰寬比為0.2的時點,則電阻率約為1×10-4 Ω.cm是非常大的值,可知無法得到實用上所要求的等級的導電性。
另一方面,可知如果半峰寬比為0.3以上的值,則電阻率約為 1×10-5 Ω.cm,顯示無實用上問題的等級的導電性,半峰寬在0.5~0.6間電阻率讀取極小值(約4×10-6 Ω.cm),如果半峰寬比超出0.9,則電阻率再次增加為約超出1×10-5 Ω.cm的值,逐漸惡化。
因此,從圖4所示的特性曲線可理解,通過使規定的半峰寬比為0.3~0.9的範圍內的值,從而能夠穩定得到規定的導電性。
(5)-4初期結晶特性
另外,本發明之特徵在於已規定燒結處理前後的銀粒子之結晶變化特性,但作為燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶特性、即初期結晶特性,在以下例舉出較宜的方式。
即,宜為使燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度為4500~7500cps.°之範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述積分強度為低於4500cps.°的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。另一方面,如果上述積分強度為超出7500cps.°的值,則有時燒結處理後的耐久導熱性過度降低。
因此,較宜為使燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度為5000~7000cps.°的範圍內的值,更宜為5500~6500cps.°的範圍內的值。
另外,宜為使燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高為6000~38000cps的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述峰高為低於6000cps的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。另一方面,如果上述峰高為超出38000cps的值,則有時燒結處理後的耐久導熱性過度降低。
因此,較宜為使燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高為8000~35000cps的範圍內的值,更宜為10000~32000cps的範圍內的值。
另外,將燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L138 、將2θ =44°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L144 時,宜為使L144 /L138 的值為大於0.2且為0.5以下的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述峰高比為0.2以下的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。另一方面,即使上述峰高比為超出0.5的值,有時燒結處理後的導電性也降低,電阻率過度增加。
因此,將燒結處理前的銀粒子的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L138 、將2θ =44°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L144 時,更宜使L144 /L138 的值為大於0.3且為0.4以下的範圍內的值。
2.分散介質 (1)種類
另外,用於進行糊劑化的分散介質的種類也沒有特別限制,宜為為選自二元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烴類化合物以及極性溶劑中的至少一種化合物。
其原因在於,如果是這些分散介質,則能夠更穩定地維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,並且對導電性糊劑賦予適當的黏度。
首先,作為二元醇醚系化合物,可舉出乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、丁二醇、乙二醇單丙基醚、乙二醇單異丙基醚、乙二醇單丁基醚、乙二醇單異丁基醚、乙二醇單己基醚、二乙二醇單甲基醚、二乙二醇單乙基醚、二乙二醇單丙基醚、二乙二醇單異丙基醚、二乙二醇單丁基醚、二乙二醇單異丁基醚、二乙二醇單己基醚、三乙二醇單甲基醚、三乙二醇單乙基醚、三乙二醇單丙基醚、三乙二醇單異丙基醚、三乙二醇單丁基醚、三乙二醇單異丁基醚、三乙二醇單己基醚、丙二醇單甲基醚、丙二醇單乙基醚、丙二醇單丙基醚、丙二醇單異丙基醚、丙二醇單丁基醚、丙二醇單異丁基醚、丙二醇單己基 醚、二丙二醇單甲基醚、二丙二醇單乙基醚、二丙二醇單丙基醚、二丙二醇單異丙基醚、二丙二醇單丁基醚、二丙二醇單異丁基醚、二丙二醇單己基醚、三丙二醇單甲基醚、三丙二醇單乙基醚、三丙二醇單丙基醚、三丙二醇單異丙基醚、三丙二醇單丁基醚、三丙二醇單異丁基醚、三丙二醇單己基醚、三丙二醇單甲基醚、三丙二醇單乙基醚、三丙二醇單丙基醚、三丙二醇單異丙基醚、三丙二醇單丁基醚、三丙二醇單異丁基醚、三丙二醇單己基醚、二乙二醇二甲基醚、二乙二醇二乙基醚、三乙二醇二甲基醚、三乙二醇二乙基醚、丙二醇二甲基醚、丙二醇二乙基醚、二丙二醇二甲基醚、二丙二醇二乙基醚、3-甲氧基丁醇、3-甲氧基-3-甲基-1-丁醇等的中的一種或者二種以上的組合。
另外,作為二元醇酯系化合物,可舉出甲氧基丁基乙酸酯、乙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、乙二醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單丙基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單丁基醚乙酸酯、二乙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇單丙基醚乙酸酯、丙二醇單丁基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇單乙基醚乙酸酯、二丙二醇單丁基醚乙酸酯、3-甲氧基-3-甲基-1-丁基乙酸酯、3-甲氧基丁基乙酸酯等中的一種或者二種以上的組合。
另外,作為烴類化合物,可舉出脂肪族系烴、芳香族系烴、環烷系烴等中的一種或者二種以上的組合。
另外,作為極性溶劑,可舉出N-甲基吡咯烷酮、γ-丁內酯、二甲亞碸、碳酸亞乙酯、碳酸亞丙酯、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮等中的一種或者二種以上的組合。
(2)配合量
另外,宜為相對於銀粒子100重量份,將分散介質的配合量設為5 ~30重量份範圍內的值。
其原因在於,通過如此調整分散介質的配合量,從而能夠穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,且能夠對導電性糊劑賦予適當的黏度。
即,如果分散介質的配合量為低於5重量份的值,則由於液體成分少,所以有時難以糊劑化。另一方面,如果分散介質的配合量為超出30重量份的值,則難以在燒結處理時除去分散介質,有時電阻率過度增加。
因此,較宜為分散介質的配合量相對於銀粒子100重量份為6~20重量份的範圍內的值,更宜為7~10重量份的範圍內的值。
3.有機化合物
構成本發明的導電性糊劑時,亦宜為配合有機化合物。
其原因在於,通過配合有機化合物,從而穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,提高燒結後的銀粒子的經時穩定性。
(1)種類
用於調節銀粒子的燒結性的有機化合物的種類沒有特別限制,例如,可舉出選自環氧系樹脂、酚醛系樹脂、聚醯亞胺系樹脂、丙烯酸系樹脂、聚氨酯系樹脂、有機矽系樹脂、不飽和聚酯系樹脂、乙烯酯系樹脂、三聚氰胺系樹脂、脲系樹脂等熱固化性樹脂、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、三乙醇胺、膽鹼等含氮化合物、抗壞血酸、肉豆蔻酸、戊二酸等有機酸中的單獨一種或者二種以上的組合。
而且,這些化合物中,有機化合物較宜為熱固化性的環氧系樹脂或酚醛系樹脂。
其原因在於,通過使用此種的熱固化性的有機化合物,從而能夠更穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,還能夠更加提高燒結後的銀粒子的經時穩定性。
(2)配合量
另外,宜為相對於銀粒子100重量份,使有機化合物的配合量為0.5~10重量份範圍內的值。
其原因在於,通過如此調整有機化合物的配合量,從而能夠穩定維持導電性糊劑中的銀粒子的燒結性,還能夠進一步提高燒結後的銀粒子的經時穩定性。
即,如果有機化合物的配合量為低於0.5重量份的值,則有時燒結處理後的耐久導熱性過度降低。另一方面,如果有機化合物的配合量為超出10重量份的值,則有時燒結處理後的導電性降低,電阻率過度增加。
因此,較宜為有機化合物的配合量相對於銀粒子100重量份為1~8重量份範圍內的值,更宜為2~5重量份範圍內的值。
在此,使用圖5,對有機化合物的配合與耐久導熱性的關係進行說明。
即,圖5中顯示了橫軸採取評價燒結處理後的導電性糊劑的耐久導熱性時的冷熱循環數(次)、縱軸採取夾持有包含燒結處理後的導電性糊劑的測定試料的熱電偶的溫度達到平衡時的溫度差(℃)的特性曲線。
較具體而言,分別顯示了相對於銀粒子100重量份,不配合有機化合物(特性曲線A)、配合了1重量份的環氧樹脂(特性曲線B)、配合了2重量份的環氧樹脂(特性曲線C),配合了2重量份的酚醛樹脂(特性曲線D)、配合了2重量份的聚醯亞胺樹脂(特性曲線E)的特性曲線。
應予說明,上述縱軸的溫度差越低,燒結處理後的導電性糊劑的耐久導熱性越優異。
另外,上述耐久熱導電性的具體的評價方法在實施例中記載。
首先,可理解不配合有機化合物時(特性曲線A),冷熱循環數至200次的時點能夠維持規定的導熱性,如果冷熱循環數為500次的時點,則因燒結銀粒子的裂紋的產生等,而完全喪失導熱性。
另一方面,可知配合了1重量份的環氧樹脂時(特性曲線B),冷熱循環數至500次的時點能夠維持規定的導熱性,耐久導熱性顯著提高。
只是,此時可知在熱循環數為1000次的時點,熱導電性完全喪失。
此時,可知配合2重量份的環氧樹脂時(特性曲線C)以及配合了2重量份的酚醛樹脂時(特性曲線D),冷熱循環數至1000次的時點能夠維持規定的導熱性,耐久導熱性顯著提高。
另外,可知配合了2重量份的聚醯亞胺樹脂時(特性曲線E),雖然冷熱循環數至1000次的時點能夠維持導熱性,但因燒結銀粒子緩緩劣化,導熱性也逐漸降低。
宜為使用環氧樹脂和酚醛樹脂作為有機化合物,作為其配合量,宜為相對於銀粒子100重量份為0.5~10重量份範圍內的值。
另外,使用圖6,對有機化合物的配合與電阻率的關係進行說明。
即,在圖6中顯示了橫軸採取相對於銀粒子100重量份的有機化合物的配合量(重量份)、縱軸採取了燒結處理後的導電性糊劑的電阻率(Ω.cm)的特性曲線。
較具體而言,顯示使用環氧樹脂(特性曲線A)、環氧酚醛清漆樹脂(環氧樹脂的一種)(特性曲線B)以及酚醛樹脂(特性曲線C)作為有機化合物時的特性曲線。
由這些的特性曲線可理解,如果是環氧樹脂和酚醛樹脂,則即使相對於銀粒子100重量份配合10重量份時,也能夠將電阻率的增加抑制在2×10-5 Ω.cm左右以下,如果配合2重量份時,與不配合時相比,幾乎無助於電阻率的增加。
4.添加劑
亦宜為在導電性糊劑中添加各種添加劑,例如,抗氧化劑、紫外線吸收劑、金屬離子捕獲劑、黏度調節劑、無機填充劑、有機填充劑、碳纖維、著色劑以及偶聯劑等。
特別是通常由於導電性糊劑因添加銀粒子而加速氧化劣化,所以作為抗氧化劑,宜為相對於整體量在0.1~10重量%的範圍內添加胺系抗氧化劑、苯酚系抗氧化劑或者磷酸酯系抗氧化劑等。
另外,宜為在導電性糊劑中添加二氧化矽粒子,疏水性二氧化矽、親水性二氧化矽均可宜為配合。
而且,宜為使上述二氧化矽粒子的添加量相對於整體量為0.1~5重量%的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述二氧化矽粒子的添加量為低於0.1重量%的值,則有時沒有表現添加效果。另一方面,如果上述二氧化矽粒子的添加量為超出5重量%的值,則有時導電性和導熱性過度降低。
因此,較宜為使上述二氧化矽粒子的添加量相對於整體量為0.2~3重量%的範圍內的值,更宜為0.5~2重量%的範圍內的值。
5.黏度
另外,宜為使導電性糊劑的黏度(測定溫度:25℃)為1000~300000mPa.sec的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述導電性糊劑的黏度為低於1000mPa.sec的值,則有時銀粒子變得易於沉降,導電性及導熱性顯著降低。另一方面,如果上述導電性糊劑的黏度超出300000mPa.sec,則有時操作變得困難,難以均勻塗佈。
因此,較宜為使導電性糊劑的黏度(測定溫度:25℃)為3000~100000mPa.sec的範圍內的值,更宜為10000~80000mPa.sec的範圍內的 值。
6.密度
另外,宜為使導電性糊劑的密度為1.4~7g/cm3 的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述導電性糊劑的密度為低於1.4g/cm3 的值,則有時導電性和導熱性顯著降低。
另一方面,如果上述導電性糊劑的密度超出7g/cm3 ,則有時操作性降低,變得容易從被黏物剝離。
因此,較宜為使導電性糊劑的密度為3~6.5g/cm3 的範圍內的值,更宜為4~6g/cm3 的範圍內的值。
7.製造方法
導電性糊劑的製造方法沒有特別限制,例如宜為利用螺旋槳式攪拌機、行星式攪拌機、三輥、捏合機、刮鏟等,在有機化合物及分散介質中混合分散規定量的銀粒子進行製造。
然後,均勻混合此等後,宜為使用篩檢程式等,進行過濾處理除去銀粒子之凝聚物或雜質等。
其原因在於,通過過濾處理銀粒子之凝聚物等,從而使用分配器等塗佈導電性糊劑時,能夠有效防止網眼堵塞。
應予說明,如果是銀粒子,則通過內部具有空洞,並且實施規定的表面處理,從而具有如下優點,即凝聚物的產生少,例如可使用篩孔尺寸20~200μ m的網眼篩檢程式等容易地進行過濾處理。
〔第2實施方式〕
第2實施方式是粒接法,其特徵在於,包括如下步驟:將導電性糊劑塗佈在用於安裝半導體元件之基板上的規定位置的步驟,所述導電性 糊劑含有作為燒結性導電材料之體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μ m的銀粒子及用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質,並且將銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S1,將銀粒子燒結處理後(250℃,60分鐘)之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2θ =38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1的值為0.2~0.8範圍內的值;在200~450℃的溫度條件下加熱,使銀粒子燒結而將半導體元件安裝於基板上的步驟。
以下,分為各構成要素,對第2實施方式之已使用導電性糊劑之粒接法進行具體說明。
1.第1步驟 (1)導電性糊劑
由於導電性糊劑可以是與第1實施方式中說明的內容相同的內容,所以在此的說明省略。
(2)半導體元件/基板
塗佈導電性糊劑之被黏物是用於安裝半導體元件的形成有電路之基板。
因此,較具體而言,形成有電路之陶瓷基板、玻璃基板、環氧樹脂基板、紙/酚醛樹脂基板等為被黏物。
其中,可以根據用途在半導體元件側塗佈導電性糊劑。
(3)塗佈條件
另外,塗佈條件也沒有特別限制,宜為使用絲網印刷、噴墨印刷、分配器印刷,旋塗印刷等,通常在厚度1~500μ m的範圍內塗佈,較宜為在厚度10~300μ m的範圍內塗佈,更宜在厚度30~200μ m的範圍內塗佈。
2.第2步驟 (1)加熱溫度
其特徵在於,使第2步驟中的加熱溫度為200~450℃之範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述加熱溫度為低於200℃的值,則銀粒子的燒結性顯著降低。
另一方面,如果上述加熱溫度超過450℃,則銀粒子過度燒結,容易產生裂紋。
因此,較宜為使第2步驟中的加熱溫度為230~430℃的範圍內的值,更宜為250~400℃的範圍內的值。
應予說明,用於維持上述加熱溫度的加熱裝置也沒有特別限制,宜為使用熱風循環式烘箱、紅外線加熱裝置、非活性氣體加熱裝置、回流裝置等。
(2)加熱時間
另外,第2步驟中的加熱時間也取決於加熱溫度,但通常宜為為10~180分鐘的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述加熱時間為低於10分鐘的值,則銀粒子之燒結性顯著降低。
另一方面,如果上述加熱時間超過180分鐘,則製造效率過度降低,或銀粒子過度燒結,變得容易產生裂紋。
因此,宜為使第2步驟中的加熱時間為20~120分鐘的範圍內的值,更宜為30~60分鐘的範圍內的值。
(3)加壓條件
進而,在實施第2步驟時,可以介由導電性糊劑通過無加壓狀態、即利用半導體元件的自身重量與基板之間連接,通常宜為使加壓條件為5~80kgf/cm2 的範圍內的值。
其原因在於,如果上述加壓條件為低於5kgf/cm2 的值,則有時銀粒子之燒結性顯著降低。另一方面,如果上述加壓條件超出80kgf/cm2 ,則半導體元件損傷,或銀粒子過度燒結,容易產生裂紋。
因此,宜為使第2步驟中的加壓條件為10~50kgf/cm2 之範圍內的值,更宜為20~40kgf/cm2 之範圍內的值。
實施例
以下,參照實施例,進一步詳細說明本發明之導電性糊劑等。
〔實施例1〕 1.銀粒子之製造
利用液相還原法製造銀粒子。
即,使硝酸銀12g溶解於離子交換水1kg中,添加25%氨水40g得到銀的氨鹽水溶液。
接著,在得到的銀的氨鹽水溶液中添加氫氧化鈉1.7g使其溶解後,一邊攪拌一邊添加37%福馬林60g,使銀粒子析出。
接著,對得到的銀粒子水洗、過濾後進行IPA置換。
接著,添加使硬脂酸0.3g溶解於IPA10g中而得的表面處理劑進行銀粒子之表面處理後,以100℃進行真空乾燥,得到體積平均粒徑1.9μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子。
應予說明,得到的中空銀粒子中的碳含量相對於得到的中空銀粒子整體(100重量%)為0.79重量%。
2.銀粒子的評價 (1)XRD分析 (1)-1燒結處理前
進行燒結處理前的銀粒子之XRD分析。
即,將得到的銀粒子填充到X射線衍射裝置(理學電機(株)製,RINT2500VHF)的樣品支架中,利用下述條件進行2θ =38°±0.2°之峰高、半峰寬、積分強度以及微晶尺寸的測定。將得到的結果示於表1,並且將得到的XRD譜圖示於圖1a。
X射線:Cu/40kV/50mA
掃描速度:4deg/min
取樣寬度:0.02deg
掃描範圍:20~90deg
(1)-2燒結處理後
進行燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD分析。
另外,將得到的銀粒子以使銀粒子彼此不疊合的方式用100目篩子篩落至玻璃板面,在250℃的條件下的循風乾燥機中加熱60分鐘使其燒結後,對得到的燒結處理後的銀粒子,在與燒結處理前相同的條件下進行XRD分析。將得到的結果示於表1,並且將得到的XRD譜圖示於圖1b。
另外,根據燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的XRD分析結果,計算峰高比(L2/L1)、半峰寬比(W2/W1)以及積分強度比(S2/S1)。將得到的結果示於表1。
3.導電性糊劑之製造
在帶有攪拌裝置之容器內收容得到的銀粒子100重量份、作為分散介質之二丙二醇單甲基醚乙酸酯(DPMA)10重量份後,使用攪拌裝置均勻混合。
接著,使用具備網眼尺寸63μ m的網眼篩檢程式的過濾裝置,進行過濾處理,製成實施例1之導電性糊劑。
4.導電性糊劑的評價 (1)燒結性
評價得到的導電性糊劑之燒結性。
即,將得到的導電性糊劑以厚度為25μ m的方式塗佈在8mm×12mm×2mm的鍍銀銅基板上後,在其上載置3mm×4mm×0.4mm的鍍銀矽半導體元件。
接著,在微風烘箱中,在無加壓、溫度250℃、1小時的條件下進行加熱使導電性糊劑燒結後,冷卻至室溫,作為測定樣品。
接著,顯微鏡觀察得到的燒結物的切割截面,根據下述基準評價其燒結性。將得到的結果示於表1。
◎:銀粒子彼此均勻燒結,完全看不到不燒結部分。
○:銀粒子彼此幾乎均勻燒結,幾乎看不到不燒結部分。
△:銀粒子彼此部分燒結,但不燒結部分顯著。
×:銀粒子彼此不燒結,幾乎為不燒結部分。
(2)電阻率(導電性)
評價得到的導電性糊劑之導電性。
即,將得到的導電性糊劑在載玻片玻璃板上印刷成50mm×1mm×0.1mm的線狀,在微風烘箱中在無加壓、溫度250℃、1小 時的條件下加熱將導電性糊劑燒結,作為測定樣品。
接著,使用4端子用萬用表,以4端子法(測定電流:0.1mA)測定2點間(20mm)的電阻值(測量數:3),計算其平均值,並且基於下述基準進行評價。將得到的結果示於表1。
◎:電阻率之平均值為低於5×10-6 Ω.cm的值。
○:電阻率之平均值為5×10-6 Ω.cm以上且低於5×10-5 Ω.cm的值。
△:電阻率之平均值為5×10-5 Ω.cm以上且低於5×10-3 Ω.cm的值。
×:電阻率之平均值為5×10-3 Ω.cm以上的值。
〔實施例2〕
實施例2中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為2.3μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖7a~7b。
〔實施例3〕
實施例3中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為1.6μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖8a~8b。
應予說明,得到的中空銀粒子之碳含量相對於得到的中空銀粒子整體(100重量%)為0.82重量%。
〔實施例4〕
實施例4中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為2.4μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製 造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖9a~9b。
〔實施例5〕
實施例5中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為3.8μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖10a~10b。
〔實施例6〕
實施例6中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為5.4μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖11a~11b。
〔實施例7〕
實施例7中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為3.0μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖12a~12b。
[實施例8〕
實施例8中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為4.0μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖13a~13b。
〔實施例9〕
實施例9中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為4.5μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖14a~14b。
〔實施例10〕
實施例10中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為2.9μ m的球狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖15a~15b
〔實施例11〕
實施例11中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為3.8μ m的薄片狀的實心銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖16a~16b。
〔比較例1〕
比較例1中,用粉化法(霧化法)製造銀粒子,得到體積平均粒徑為5.0μ m之球狀的實心銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖17a~17b。
應予說明,作為粉化法,採用使用高壓水暫態進行熔融金屬之粉碎及急冷凝固予以製造銀粒子之水粉化法(參照日本特開平11-106804號)。
〔比較例2〕
比較例2中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為3.0μ m之蝟棘狀的中空銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖18a~18b。
〔比較例3〕
比較例3中,調節用液相還原法製造銀粒子時的條件,得到體積平均粒徑為1.8μ m的球狀的實心銀粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖19a~19b。
〔比較例4〕
比較例4中,用粉化法製造銀粒子,得到體積平均粒徑為7.7μ m之球狀的實心粒子,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造並評價銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。將得到的結果示於表1,並且分別將燒結處理前以及燒結處理後的銀粒子之XRD譜圖示於圖20a~20b。
表1
〔實施例12〕 1.導電性糊劑之製造
實施例12中,製造導電性糊劑時,相對於得到的銀粒子100重量份,配合N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)10重量份以代替DPMA作為分散介質,除此以外,與實施例1同樣地製造銀粒子以及導電性糊劑。
2.導電性糊劑的評價 (1)初期導熱性
評價得到的導電性糊劑之初期導熱性。
即,將得到的導電性糊劑以使厚度成為25μ m的方式塗佈在8mm×12mm×2mm的鍍銀銅基板上後,在其上載置3mm×4mm×0.4mm的鍍銀矽半導體元件。
接著,在微風烘箱中,在無加壓、溫度250℃、1小時的條件下加熱使導電性糊劑燒結後,冷卻至室溫,製成測定樣品。
接著,用熱電偶固定用的銅晶片夾持得到的測定樣品的兩面後,以使鍍銀銅基板側的銅晶片位於下側的方式設置於放熱用塊上,進而在鍍銀矽半導體元件側的銅晶片上設置加熱器。
接著,起動加熱器加熱測定樣品,測定上下的熱電偶之溫度差達到平衡時的溫度差(測量數:3),計算其平均值,並且基於下述基準進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
◎:熱電偶之平衡時的溫度差為低於50℃的值。
○:熱電偶之平衡時的溫度差為50℃以上且低於55℃的值。
△:熱電偶之平衡時的溫度差為55℃以上且低於60℃的值。
×:熱電偶之平衡時的溫度差為60℃以上的值。
(2)耐久導熱性
評價得到的導電性糊劑之耐久導熱性。
即,將與初期導熱性評價同樣地得到的測定樣品暴露於在微風烘箱中在無加壓、溫度-55℃、15分鐘的條件下冷卻後在無加壓、溫度150℃、15分鐘的條件下加熱的冷熱循環,取出200循環、500循環以及1000循環測定樣品,測定熱電偶之平衡時的溫度差,進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
〔實施例13〕
實施例13中,製造導電性糊劑時,相對於得到的銀粒子100重量份,配合作為分散介質之DPMA9重量份、作為有機化合物的環氧樹脂(ADEKA(株)製,Ep 49-25)1.0重量份以及固化劑(四國化成工業(株)製,C17Z)0.1重量份,除此以外,與實施例12同樣地製造銀粒子以及導電性糊劑,並進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
〔實施例14〕
實施例14中,製造導電性糊劑時,相對於得到的銀粒子100重量份,配合作為分散介質之DPMA 8重量份、作為有機化合物之環氧樹脂(ADEKA(株)製,Ep 49-25)2.0重量份以及固化劑(四國化成工業(株)製,C17Z)0.2重量份,除此以外,與實施例12同樣地製造銀粒子以及導電性糊劑,並進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
[實施例15〕
實施例15中,製造導電性糊劑時,相對於得到的銀粒子100重量份,配合作為分散介質之DPMA 5.6重量份、作為有機化合物之酚醛樹脂(群 榮化學(株)製,Resitop PL-5208)2.0重量份,除此以外,与實施例12同樣地製造銀粒子以及導電性糊劑,並進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
〔實施例16〕
實施例16中,製造導電性糊劑時,相對於得到的銀粒子100重量份,配合作為分散介質之NMP 8.1重量份、作為有機化合物之聚醯亞胺樹脂(丸善石油化學(株)製,BANI-X)2.0重量份以及作為添加劑之環氧樹脂(DIC(株)製,EPICLON 7050)0.1重量份,除此以外,與實施例12同樣地製造銀粒子以及導電性糊劑,並進行評價。將得到的結果示於表2。
工業上的可利用性
如以上說明所述,根據本發明之導電性糊劑,通過使用具有由XRD分析規定的規定結晶變化特性之規定粒徑的銀粒子作為燒結性導電材料,並且含有用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質,從而不依賴於燒結處理前的銀粒子之結晶性而能夠容易地控制銀粒子之燒結性,並且在燒結處理後,能夠穩定地得到優異的導電性以及導熱性。
因此,若為本發明之導電性糊劑時,則尤其可宜為用作用於半導體 元件與基板間的放熱接合的晶粒接合用材料,所以可期待作為高溫焊料之代替品而廣泛使用。
強度(cps)‧‧‧縱座標
2θ (°)‧‧‧橫座標

Claims (9)

  1. 一種導電性糊劑,係含有作為燒結性導電材料之體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μm的銀粒子及用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質之導電性糊劑,其特徵在於將該銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S1,將該銀粒子以250℃、60分鐘燒結處理後之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1之值為0.2~0.8範圍內的值之同時,該銀粒子燒結處理前利用下述條件之XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高為8000~35000cps的範圍內的值,且將該銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L1,將該銀粒子以250℃、60分鐘燒結處理後之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L2時,L2/L1之值為0.5~1.5範圍內的值X射線:Cu/40kV/50mA掃描速度:4deg/min取樣寬度:0.02deg掃描範圍:20~90deg。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,將該銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W1,將該銀粒子以250℃、60分鐘燒結處理後之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的半峰寬設為W2時,W2/W1之值為0.3~0.9範圍內的值。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,其中該銀粒子為中空銀粒子。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,其中該銀粒子的表面被有機表面處理劑覆蓋,該有機表面處理劑是由選自有機酸、有機酸鹽、表面活性劑以及偶聯劑中的至少一種構成的。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,相對於該銀粒子100重量份,使該分散介質之配合量為5~30重量份的範圍內的值。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,其中該分散介質是選自二 元醇醚系化合物、二元醇酯系化合物、烴類化合物以及極性溶劑中的至少一種化合物。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,進一步含有有機化合物,並且相對於該銀粒子100重量份,使有機化合物之配合量為0.5~10重量份的範圍內的值。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的導電性糊劑,其中該有機化合物是含有環氧系樹脂及酚醛系樹脂中的至少一種的熱固化性樹脂。
  9. 一種粒接法,包括以下步驟:將導電性糊劑塗佈在用於安裝半導體元件之基板上的規定位置的步驟,該導電性糊劑含有作為燒結性導電材料之體積平均粒徑為0.1~30μm的銀粒子及用於製成糊劑狀的分散介質,並且將該銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S1,將該銀粒子以250℃、60分鐘燒結處理後之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的積分強度設為S2時,S2/S1之值為0.2~0.8範圍內的值之同時,該銀粒子燒結處理前利用下述條件之XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高為8000~35000cps的範圍內的值,且將該銀粒子燒結處理前之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L1,將該銀粒子以250℃、60分鐘燒結處理後之利用XRD分析得到的X射線衍射圖譜中的2 θ=38°±0.2°之峰的峰高設為L2時,L2/L1之值為0.5~1.5範圍內的值,及在200~450℃的溫度條件下加熱,使該銀粒子燒結而將該半導體元件安裝在該基板上的步驟X射線:Cu/40kV/50mA掃描速度:4deg/min取樣寬度:0.02deg掃描範圍:20~90deg。
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