CN103098633A - Anniversary furrow film mulching drought resisting cultivation technique for corns in north arid area - Google Patents
Anniversary furrow film mulching drought resisting cultivation technique for corns in north arid area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an anniversary furrow film mulching drought resisting cultivation technique for corns in a north arid area. The technique comprises soil preparation, film mulching and soil moisture improvement before winter, fertilization and seeding in early spring, management in a seedling stage and a middle stage, and management and harvest in a later stage. Differences between the novel technique and a general film mulching cultivation technique are that time of the soil preparation and the film mulching is different, after preceding crops are harvested (in autumn), the soil preparation is carried out and the film mulching is carried out timely in rain by anniversary furrow film mulching cultivation, hole sowing along a furrow is carried out in spring, the film mulching is advanced by 5-7 months than the seeding, rainfall in non-growing seasons can be stored up to be used in growing seasons in crops, soil moisture desorption in autumn and winter is effectively reduced, soil temperature is effectively improved, soil nutrient is promoted to be effective, and a good soil environment is created for corn growth. Tests of many years indicate that the corns are cultivated by the anniversary furrow film mulching technique, when seeding is carried out in spring, water content of soil under 0-20 cm of a film is improved by 6.5-11.5 percent points than that of general film mulching, temperature of soil under 5 cm of the film is improved by 2.5-3 DEG C, increase production extent of the corns is 12%-25.8%, and the technique has good functions of soil moisture conservation, temperature improvement and production increase.
Description
Technical field
The invention discloses a kind of Arid Regions of Northern corn anniversary furrow overlay film drought-resistant cultivating technology, increase moisture in the soil, fertilising in the beginning of spring and sowing, seedling stage and middle term management, final-period management and results with overlay film before comprising the winter wholely; The difference of this new technique and conventional plastic-film-covered cultivation technology is the overlay film asynchronism(-nization) of whole ground, anniversary furrow plastic-film-covered cultivation (autumn) after the preceding crop results is met the timely overlay film of rain wholely, spring is along the ditch bunch planting, overlay film is sowed 5-7 month in advance, can hold that to receive non-Jilin Province be the Growing Season of Crops utilization, effectively reduce the autumn and winter evaporation of soil water and improve soil temperature, impelling the soil nutrient validation, for corn growth is created the good soil environment; Test for many years shows, corn adopts anniversary furrow plastic-film-covered cultivation, when sow for spring under film the more conventional overlay film of 0-20cm soil moisture content improve 6.5-11.5 percentage point, under film, the 5cm soil temperature improves 2.5-3.0 ℃, corn yield increasing amplitude 12%-25.8% has better soil moisture conservation, heats and production-increasing function.
Background technology
North arid and semi-arid regions autumn and winter precipitation is rare, and the soil dehydration is serious, causes spring soil moisture content and ground temperature lower, and the corn seeding difficulty of emerging is the major obstacle factor of this zone Maize Production; The application of conventional plastic mulching cultivation technology although improved to a certain extent ground temperature, has strengthened the soil moisture conservation effect, but the poor problem of spring sowing soil moisture content is still unresolved, the ridge face of projection is unfavorable for that still collecting rain increases moisture in the soil, and the bunch planting inconsistent phenomenon is very serious again, and fertilising, weeding etc. remain in inconvenience; For this reason, we from improve corn on dry land growing environment and cultivation condition, raising precipitation availability is started with, and little furrow is catchmented and overlay film heats the soil moisture conservation technology and organically combines, and has researched and proposed " corn anniversary furrow overlay film drought-resistant cultivating technology ".
Summary of the invention
Technical essential: corn anniversary furrow plastic-film-covered cultivation technology, the cultivation of Arid Regions of Northern mulched maize is covered by ground half turn to the ground all standing, by breeding time overlay film turn to the anniversary overlay film, film ridge plantation turning film ditch plantation by projection, have extremely strong specific aim for solving " drought, freeze, thin ", arid with semiarid and spring ground temperature than low country, good effect of increasing production is arranged; This technology stresses the specific (special) requirements of corn anniversary furrow plastic-film-covered cultivation take experimental study and operating practice as foundation, and routine techniques is implemented with reference to the maize culture basic principle.
Increased moisture in the soil with overlay film before winter wholely:
(1) select mulch film
Because various places weather conditions, rainfall what, soil types, region situation are different, mulch film selects each variant; Thick 0.007～0.008 millimeter, wide 140 centimetres of black mulch films are selected in high height above sea level by north, low temperature and less sunshine, semiarid zone, and the drought area should be selected thick 0.005～0.007 millimeter, wide 140 centimetres of black mulch films;
(2) select field
Selection is take wheat class, corn, potato, beans or green manure ground as front stubble, soil layer is deep, soil structure is good, infiltration and the preserve moisture and fertility performance better, have a medium above fertility, physical features smooth or plot, gentle slope;
(3) use sufficient agriculture fertilizer, meticulous whole ground
After preceding crop results in late September to early October mu execute 3000～5000 kilograms of farmyard manures and make base fertilizer, carry out soil sterilization deinsectization, nicosulfuron and 30,000 g/acres of managements of weeds of atrazine mixture with 3DT-1500 type physical disinfection apparatus for killing pests, then deep plough and close flat ditch dug with a plow, make Land leveling without clod, or with rotovator, ground is revolved flatly, treat overlay film;
(4) row replacement phosphate fertilizer, overlay film earthing
Deep plough plot after smooth through natural having peace of mind in more than 10 days after, select " the full laminating machine in 1GSF-4 type power traction ditch ridge " disposable trench digging, row replacement phosphate fertilizer and overlay film completed; The full laminating machine in 1GSF-4 type power traction ditch ridge is four ditch one width operations, 120 centimetres of fabric widths, 40 centimetres of ditch squares, 100 centimetres of width squares; Trench digging is completed by body four ditching plows foremost, and ditch depth is according to the naturally steady and sure situation flexible modulation depth in plot; Phosphate fertilizer is selected 50,000 g/acres of particle superphosphate, packs into and contains fertile case, accurately applies equably bottom of trench by small grooved wheel in case; Mulch film is loaded on body ground membrane support, automatically film is " W " type when body advances and is overlying on the earth's surface; Firming is completed by first covering blade in the film limit, and in ditch, earthing is completed by body other covering blades of both sides and defeated native pressing wheel; In ditch, thickness of earth covering can just be controlled through overregulating covering blade, generally rests in 1-2 centimetre and is advisable;
(5) press mold is windproof, collection rain punches
After overlay film, on film every 3 meters horizontal pressure 10 cm thicks, 5 centimetres of wide soil zones, the windproof film of taking off.Utilize manually in the soil-coating membrane ditch 30 centimetres, interval with the waddy punching, in order to admit sleet to hold the vola moisture in the soil, impel simultaneously also that field crop straw and fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed, increase soil fertility.
Fertilising in the beginning of spring and sowing:
(1) breeding is selected and seed treatment
1. breeding is selected: select suitable local natural conditions, cropping system, the level of production best in quality, yield potential large, the Compact-type Corn Hybrids of strong stress resistance; General seed selection partially late-maturing and middle-late ripening variety such as "Yedan No.12", tuck in single No. 4, single No. 4 of family, single No. 1 of family etc.; Seed requires bright in color, Grain Ripening full, has this kind inherent colour, and in the same size without damaged, free from insect pests, reaches provincial secondary seed standard, and more than 96% and 97%, percentage of seedgermination is not less than 90% respectively for purity and cleanliness, and water content is not higher than 13%;
2. seed treatment: select fine day with seed airing 2～3 days, and choose seeds in conjunction with airing, remove the assorted bits of foreign material in seed, choose impurity elimination grain, blighted grain, broken grain and moldy kernel; Sow front 2～3 days seed was soaked 12～24 hours with clear water, after pulling sky water out, every kilogram of seed is mixed zinc fertilizer 4～6 grams, contain in the plastic sack that enters to clean or in basin, be placed on the hot a heatable brick bed of 25～30 ℃, diel can show money or valuables one carries unintentionally, and can sow when the seed when 70% shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally; Again with the triadimefon seed dressing of grain weight 0.3%, with the prevention maize head smut, or dress seed with every kilogram of seed of Phoxim emulsion 2 milliliters of 50% before broadcasting, the control soil insect;
(2) seed-fertilizer applying is used and is sowed
1. sowing time: determine that avoid the local late frost phase is advisable to emerge sowing time, generally than open country corn early sowing 7～10 days; Specific targets are can sow when 5 centimetres of ground temperature of ground surface soil are stable to be reached more than 10-12 ℃ by 8-9 ℃ of degree or daily mean temperature when revealing; Finish and be advisable upper, the middle ten days in south or height above sea level area below 1400 meters April, and height above sea level more than 1400 meters in high and cold area 4 months, the last ten-days period finish and are advisable;
2. type of seeding: select " XSB-2 type film ditch hill-drop planter " to execute seed manure and sowing work along disposable the completing of film ditch, execute seed manure and completed by the fertilising wheel, generally select urea 15-20 kilogram to be advisable; Sowing is completed by hole sowing wheel, the mu amount of broadcasting 2-3 kilogram, and every bunch planting 3-4 grain, be must guard against urea and the mixed sowing of seed kind by sowing depth 3-5 centimetre;
3. thickness of sowing: determine planting density by selected kind, general mu strain number: relatively poor regional 4000～4500 strains of northern hydrothermal condition are advisable, and south 3500～4000 strains are advisable.Every width is broadcast four lines, 100 centimetres of wide row spaces, and 40 centimetres of little line-spacings, cave (nest) is apart from 26～35 centimetres.
Seedling stage and middle term management:
After anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn seeding, 7-10 days emerge (the bunch planting accurate positioning need not be put seedling), will in time take field management measure after emerging;
(1) looking into seedling fills the gaps with seedlings
Anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn is generally emerged more neat, but also often too early because of date of seeding, ground temperature is low, and percentage of seedgermination is low, and soil lacks moisture in the soil, improper fertilization, the worm plague of rats etc. and cause the disconnected ridge that is short of seedling.Need take the measure of filling the gaps with seedlings;
1. reseed: find to be short of seedling disconnected ridge, in time vernalization is reseeded, and reseeds rear 3～5 days, checks the situation of emerging, and will in time mend fertilising after emerging, short its balanced growth;
2. fill the gaps with seedlings: in 2～3 leaf phases of seedling, as find to lack dead seedling, can transplant seedlings to mend in conjunction with a final singling and plant; Method is to dig seedling from thick seedling, plants the place that is short of seedling, and pours water after cultivation, and then tight sealer hole, survive rear benefit and chase after seed manure one time;
(2) final singling is except tiller
1. in good time final singling: determine according to seedling age, the worm plague of rats and weather conditions, generally according to the seedling age final singling, should be during 3～4 leaves seedling, 4～5 leaf phase final singlings, underground pests serious or plot, air port can suitable late final singling, a strain is stayed in every cave, removes weak seedling, stays strong sprout, stays seedlings;
2. in time except tiller: anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn due to soil temperature and nutritional condition better, favourable to growth of seedling, and the crossbreed tillering ability is strong, before and after 6～8 leaf phase jointing, easily grows from basal part of stem and tillers, and affect trunk diameter growth and grows, gradation early removes tiller;
(3) eliminate weeds
Anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn owing to there being plastic mulching to be not easy to carry out intertill and clean tillage, requires to carry out chemical weed control before overlay film, is difficult for seedling stage working the mischief; But to mid-term, the easy rupture of membranes of weeds and going out, and empty inter-row weed should be taked to eliminate or manually pull out way and eliminate weeds easily from life;
(4) supplementary irrigation of topdressing
Anniversary film ditch bunch planting maize root system is flourishing, and absorbing capacity is strong, and soil fertility exhaustion is many, and soil fertility is crossed poor or base fertilizer when not enough, is prone to and takes off fertile and early ageing phenomenon, be before and after jointing, and the reinforcement seedling management is in time topdressed, with good conditionsi will pouring water; When topdressing,, make a call to a hole in the middle of every 2 strain corns and impose in the film ditch with fertilizer-applicating gun; Topdressing amount is 10～15 kilograms, urea.When the mu amount of imposing does not surpass 10 kilograms, can once impose, when surpassing 10 kilograms, can divide to impose for 2-3 time.The time of imposing is before and after the plant typhon mouth phase;
(5) prevention and elimination of disease and pests
Maize at Seedling Stage and mid-term disease less, but insect pest is more, mainly contains mythimna separata, cutworm, mole cricket, corn borer, aphid etc., in time observe and predict and prevent and treat; Be sprinkled in lobus cardiacus with " thimet " mispickel, or fill with lobus cardiacus control of maize snout moth's larva with 800～1000 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos; Be watered 30 kilograms of spraying control mythimna separatas, cutworm etc. with every mu of 50 grams of trichlorphon.
Final-period management:
The final-period management of anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn is from earing to the maturing stage, and main goal of attack is to protect the grain weightening finish to improve output; Major measure has:
(1) diseases and pests controlling
The occurrence and harm of the damage by disease and insect such as major control corn borer, big or small leaf spot and smut; The prophylactico-therapeutic measures of size leaf spot: spray the blade face with bactericide such as mancozeb, carbendazim before and after the corn capillament phase, every 7 days 1 time, connect and spray 2～3 times;
(2) spray leaf fertilizer
Take out hero to Early filling stage, every mu of available 0.2～0.3 kilogram of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is watered 40 kilograms of foliage-sprays, or in the corn typhon mouth later stage, 25 milliliters of green bamboo board plant growth regulator of every mu of use are watered 15 kilograms of sprayings, both can reduce plant height anti-down, can increase production again; When flowering stage, the field had jaundice to take off fertile plant, should impose in right amount ammonium nitrate or urea, to attack the grain weightening finish;
(3) producing Crossbred
For ensuring enough pollen amounts, generally go to delegation every delegation, or go a strain every a strain, do not surpass half of sum, the unsuitable emasculation of field limit row 2～3 row; Artificial supplementary pollination generally after the most of male and female filigree in field exposes, is selected sunny calm or gentle breeze weather, raps the plant of not emasculation with wooden stick, and short its pollen scatters, to satisfy female Honoka silk to the demand of pollen.
Results:
Fruit ear seed base portion exposes the pitchy sediment, and expression seed nutrient passage stops up, and namely reaches ripe; For guaranteeing high yield and quality, the harvest corn phase can suitably drag late, and harvest is the complete ripeness initial stage to complete ripeness mid-term for well, be that the fruit ear bract is loose, the seed inclusion is hardened fully, and nail is difficult for pinching broken, the distinct light in seed surface is hard occurs black layer, and plant presents yellow in time results.
Claims (5)
- Increased moisture in the soil with overlay film before winter wholely:Take wheat class, corn, potato, beans or green manure ground as front stub land piece, mu is executed 3000～5000 kilograms of farmyard manures and is made base fertilizer after the preceding crop results, carry out the soil sterilization deinsectization with 3DT-1500 type physical disinfection apparatus for killing pests, 30,000 g/acres of managements of weeds of nicosulfuron and atrazine mixture, then deep ploughing; Select 140 centimetres of black mulch films of width after rain, adopt " the full laminating machine in 1GSF-4 type power traction ditch ridge " disposable trench digging, row replacement phosphate fertilizer and full overlay film of furrow completed; On film every 3 meters horizontal pressure 10 cm thicks, 5 centimetres of wide soil zones, the windproof film of taking off; Utilize manually in the soil-coating membrane ditch 30 centimetres, interval with the waddy punching, in order to admit sleet to hold the vola moisture in the soil, impel simultaneously also that field crop straw and fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed, increase soil fertility.
- Sowing in the beginning of spring is used with seed-fertilizer applying:Select partially late-maturing and middle-late ripening variety "Yedan No.12", tuck in single No. 4, single No. 4 of family, single No. 1 of family etc., at fine day with seed airing 2～3 days, choose impurity elimination grain, blighted grain, broken grain and moldy kernel, sow front 2～3 days seed was soaked 12～24 hours with clear water, every kilogram of seed is mixed zinc fertilizer 4～6 grams, be placed on the hot a heatable brick bed of 25～30 ℃, can sow when the seed when 70% shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, before broadcasting again with the triadimefon seed dressing of grain weight 0.3%;Select " XSB-2 type film ditch hill-drop planter " complete sowing and execute seed manure work along the film ditch is disposable, sowing is completed by hole sowing wheel, the mu amount of broadcasting 2-3 kilogram, every bunch planting 3-4 grain, sowing depth 3-5 centimetre; Execute seed manure and completed by the fertilising wheel, seed manure is generally selected urea 15-20 kilogram, must guard against urea and the mixed sowing of seed kind; Thickness of sowing: relatively poor regional 4000～4500 strains of northern hydrothermal condition, south 3500～4000 strains; Every width is broadcast four lines, 100 centimetres of wide row spaces, and 40 centimetres of little line-spacings, cave (nest) is apart from 26～35 centimetres.
- Seedling stage and middle term management:After anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn seeding, 7-10 days emerge (the bunch planting accurate positioning need not be put seedling), should in time take field management measure after emerging;(1) looking into seedling fills the gaps with seedlings: anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn is generally emerged more neat, but also often too early because of date of seeding, ground temperature is low, and percentage of seedgermination is low, and soil lacks moisture in the soil, improper fertilization, and the worm plagues of rats etc. and cause the disconnected ridge that is short of seedling need be taked the measure of filling the gaps with seedlings;(2) final singling is except tiller: determine according to seedling age, the worm plague of rats and weather conditions, generally according to the seedling age final singling, should be during 3～4 leaves seedling, 4～5 leaf phase final singlings, serious or the plot, air port of underground pests can suitable late final singling, and a strain is stayed in every cave, remove weak seedling, stay strong sprout, stay seedlings; Anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn due to water temperature and nutritional condition better, favourable to growth of seedling, and the crossbreed tillering ability is strong, before and after 6～8 leaf phase jointing, easily grow from basal part of stem and tiller, affect trunk diameter growth and grows, gradation early removes tiller;(3) intertill and clean tillage: anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn, because plastic mulching is not easy to carry out intertill and clean tillage, carry out chemical weed control before requiring to broadcast rear overlay film, be difficult for seedling stage working the mischief; But to mid-term, the easy rupture of membranes of weeds and going out, and empty inter-row weed should be taked to eliminate or manually pull out way and eliminate weeds easily from life;(4) supplementary irrigation of topdressing: anniversary film ditch bunch planting maize root system is flourishing, and absorbing capacity is strong, and soil fertility exhaustion is many, soil fertility is crossed poor or base fertilizer when not enough, is prone to and takes off fertile and early ageing phenomenon, be in the jointing front and back, strengthen seedling management, in time topdress, with good conditionsi will pouring water; When topdressing,, make a call to a hole in the middle of every 2 strain corns and impose in the film ditch with fertilizer-applicating gun; Topdressing amount is 10～15 kilograms, urea; When the mu amount of imposing does not surpass 10 kilograms, can once impose, when surpassing 10 kilograms, can divide to impose for 2-3 time; The time of imposing is before and after the plant typhon mouth phase;(5) prevention and elimination of disease and pests: Maize at Seedling Stage and mid-term disease less, but insect pest is more, mainly contains mythimna separata, cutworm, mole cricket, corn borer, aphid etc., in time observe and predict and prevent and treat; Be sprinkled in lobus cardiacus with " thimet " mispickel, or fill with lobus cardiacus control of maize snout moth's larva with 800～1000 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos; Be watered 30 kilograms of spraying control mythimna separatas, cutworm etc. with every mu of 50 grams of trichlorphon.
- Final-period management:The final-period management of anniversary film ditch bunch planting corn is from earing to the maturing stage, and main goal of attack is to protect the grain weightening finish, improves output; Major measure has:(1) diseases and pests controlling: the occurrence and harm of the damage by disease and insect such as major control corn borer, big or small leaf spot and smut; The prophylactico-therapeutic measures of size leaf spot: with the bactericide such as mancozeb, carbendazim spray wine blade face before and after the corn capillament phase, every 7 days 1 time, connect and spray 2～3 times;(2) spray leaf fertilizer: take out hero to Early filling stage, every mu of available 0.2～0.3 kilogram of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is watered 40 kilograms of foliage-sprays, or in the corn typhon mouth later stage, 25 milliliters of green bamboo board plant growth regulator of every mu of use are watered 15 kilograms of sprayings, both can reduce plant height anti-down, can increase production again; When flowering stage, the field had jaundice to take off fertile plant, should impose in right amount ammonium nitrate or urea, to attack the grain weightening finish;(3) producing Crossbred: for ensuring enough pollen amounts, generally go to delegation every delegation, or go a strain every a strain, do not surpass half of sum, the unsuitable emasculation of field limit row 2～3 row; Artificial supplementary pollination generally after the most of male and female filigree in field exposes, is selected sunny calm or gentle breeze weather, raps the plant of not emasculation with wooden stick, and short its pollen scatters, to satisfy female Honoka silk to the demand of pollen.
- Results:Fruit ear seed base portion exposes the pitchy sediment, and expression seed nutrient passage stops up, and namely reaches ripe; For guaranteeing high yield and quality, the harvest corn phase can suitably drag late, and harvest is the complete ripeness initial stage to complete ripeness mid-term for well, and namely the fruit ear bract is loose, the seed inclusion is hardened fully, and nail is difficult for pinching broken, and the distinct light in seed surface is hard, black layer occurs, plant presents yellow, just can in time gather in the crops.
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