CN112602547B - Corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing sowing method - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/09—Watering arrangements making use of movable installations on wheels or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
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- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Sowing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing sowing method, which comprises the following steps: selecting dry-farming slope farmland in hilly areas, adopting rotary cultivator to perform stubble cleaning and pressing in the middle of 4 months, and performing cultivation depth of 15cm, crushing residual stubble and straw, mixing with fertilizer soil, and leveling land; selecting a variety suitable for local planting, namely early maturing, dense tolerance, disease resistance, lodging resistance and mechanical harvest; selecting a no-tillage precision planter for timely sowing, and completing the operations of cleaning ridges, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, supplementing water and earthing at one time; and (3) sealing and weeding by adopting a suspension type boom sprayer before seedling emergence after sowing, applying a tapping boom fertilizer and a tapping spike fertilizer in combination with intertillage in a jointing period and a large bell mouth period, and performing pest control when pest and disease damage occurs. The corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing seeding method realizes 'one-stroke' operation such as fertilization, seeding, water-saving water-supplementing irrigation and the like, achieves the double effects of soil moisture supplementing and soil moisture guiding, finally achieves the purpose of improving the emergence rate, creates favorable conditions for high yield and income increasing, and has great significance for developing water-saving agriculture in China.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, in particular to a no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing corn sowing method.
Background
The foot of great Xingan is used as one of main corn producing areas of the Xingan, and is affected by climate and topography, so that spring drought often occurs, the corn lacks seedlings and breaks ridges, and the yield is very unstable. Most of cultivated lands are hilly and hilly lands, water and soil loss is serious, and surface runoff is formed after heavy rain so as to cause soil erosion. The soil is severely eroded and desertified in winter and spring in strong wind season, so that the fertility of farmlands is reduced, crops are reduced in yield, and meanwhile, sand and dust are raised, so that the ecological safety of downwind areas is endangered, and a plurality of damages are brought to the life of people and agricultural production. Numerous studies have shown that farmland soil is the main source of sand and dust, and that unreasonable land utilization is one of the reasons for increasing sand storm.
Domestic and foreign researches show that stubble remaining no-tillage causes the soil not to be disturbed by tillage, avoids exposing the soil, maintains the original structure of the soil surface, forms a good ground protection layer, and greatly reduces soil wind erosion and ineffective evaporation of water caused by drought wind in winter and spring; high-quality soil in the plough layer is prevented from being scraped by strong wind, and the plough is protected; inhibit sand weather and protect environment. In addition, the stubble remaining no-tillage soil structure is improved, and the effects on soil microbial quantity, soil enzyme activity and crop yield are remarkable. The cultivation mode of stubble-remaining no-tillage soil-retaining and fertilizer-producing field is suitable for hillside farmland, has good ecological effects of retaining water and soil and fertility, can obtain economic benefits of yield and income increase, labor saving and efficiency improvement, and has good ecological and social benefits
When the spring drought is severe, the water content of the soil is too low, seeds cannot germinate, and the protective cultivation advantage is difficult to play a role; the water supplementing sowing technology is combined with stubble-remaining no-tillage, so that seeds can obtain enough water required by germination, and stubble-remaining straws reduce water evaporation, thereby achieving the purpose of drought resistance and water saving. The test proves that: the water content of the corn sowing critical soil under the condition of the straw stubble is lower than that of the corn sowing in bare lands, which indicates that the straw stubble is not needed to be ploughed, and is favorable for drought-resistant sowing in arid areas. In recent years, no-tillage water replenishing seeding technology in China has been developed to a certain extent, and the no-tillage water replenishing seeding technology is combined with protective cultivation technology, so that not only is the advantage of protective cultivation realized, but also efficient water saving, drought resistance and seedling protection can be realized, and the method has important significance in improving seedling emergence and water utilization efficiency in a core position, fully utilizing limited water resources and improving agricultural production level for a region with frequent spring and drought, such as the south of great Khingan.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems in the related art, the invention provides a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water supplementing sowing method, which can overcome the defects in the prior art.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing sowing method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting land and preparing land, selecting hilly area dry-farming slope land, applying 2000 kg-3000 kg of organic fertilizer to acre before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the ground, adopting a rotary cultivator to perform stubble cleaning and pressing in the middle 4 months, and crushing residual stubble and straw, mixing with fertilizer soil and leveling the land;
s2, selecting a variety which is suitable for local planting and is early maturing, dense-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and mechanical-harvest, wherein the seeds are required to be full, uniform and consistent, the purity is up to 96%, the purity is up to 99%, the water content is less than or equal to 13%, and the germination rate is up to more than 95%;
s3, sowing, namely sowing at the temperature of 5-10cm soil layer stably passing through 8-10 ℃, selecting a no-tillage precision planter to perform timely sowing, wherein the sowing depth is 4-5 cm, the seed manure is isolated by 5-6 cm, the operations of cleaning ridges, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, supplementing water and covering soil are finished at one time, whether the water supplementing and the water supplementing are carried out or not is determined according to the soil moisture content, the sowing belt is wetted by 5-8 cm of soil, 150-300 kg of water is generally used for each mu of land, and the planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu; the no-tillage precision planter is provided with 500 kg of no-tillage water supplementing equipment of a water tank, and the water supplementing quantity is controlled by a direct current electromagnetic valve and a manual valve and a direct current speed-regulating booster pump;
s4, field management, namely, carrying out closed weeding by adopting a suspension type boom sprayer before emergence after sowing, and carrying out weeding by adopting herbicide after selecting corn seedlings in a 3-5 leaf period of corn without closed weeding or in a land block with heavy weeds; applying 7.5 kg of urea per mu in the jointing period and the large bell mouth period in combination with intertillage, and applying 15-20 kg of urea per mu in the jointing period; performing pest control when pest occurs;
s5, harvesting and straw treatment, namely standing a straw and airing for more than 10 days after the milk line of the seeds disappears, the black layer appears and the bud She Kusong is physiologically mature, and when the moisture content of the seeds is less than or equal to 30%, harvesting the ears by using a corn ear combine harvester, leaving the stubble below 30 cm, crushing the straw, cleaning the residual bud leaves after harvesting, and airing on a frame; the method is suitable for mechanical seed direct collection varieties, and after the water content of the seeds is less than or equal to 25%, the seeds are directly collected by a seed combine harvester, the stubble is kept below 30 cm, and meanwhile, the straws are crushed and recovered.
Further, the slope of the dry-farming slope farmland is below 15 degrees, and the soil layer is above 50 cm.
Further, the seeds may need to be subjected to a seed coating treatment if they are uncoated.
Further, in the step S3, 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied to each mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, and 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are added to the seed fertilizer in the soil pest multiple area.
Further, the fertilizing manner in the step S4 is as follows: when planting at equal row spacing, the cultivation fertilizer applicator is adopted for cultivation and hilling in the period of jointing and the period of large horn mouth, the depth is 15-20 cm, the cultivation, fertilizer application, weeding and hilling are completed at one time, when planting on large and small ridges, the deep scarification machine is adopted for deep scarification in wide row before jointing, the depth is 25cm, and the cultivation fertilizer applicator is adopted for cultivation, fertilization and hilling in the period of small horn mouth, and the depth is 15-20 cm.
Further, the method for controlling the plant diseases and insect pests in the step S4 comprises the following steps: when the pupation rate of corn borers reaches 20% in the small horn mouth period, pushing the corn borers backwards for 10 days, and for the first bee-adapting period, putting the corn borers again for the second time at intervals of 5-7 days, and when the density of hundred insect mouths in the field is 100% and the rate of harmful plants is 30%, adopting broad-spectrum, efficient and low-toxicity pesticides to perform chemical control, and adopting an aviation plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle to spray bactericides for disease prevention in the male-pulling period; if the second generation corn borer or the third generation myxoplasma is generated, aviation prevention and control are adopted.
Further, stubble-remaining no-tillage can not be continuously implemented for more than three years, and the whole amount of straw needs to be deeply turned and returned to the field after three years, so that the plow layer is broken.
Further, the crushed straw in the step S5 is covered on the ground surface for overwintering in full or half quantity.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the corn no-tillage stubble-retaining water supplementing sowing method, water supplementing is carried out simultaneously on the basis of no-tillage sowing and no-tillage fertilization on farmlands, the soil moisture conservation advantage of a no-tillage sowing machine is reserved, and simultaneously, water is applied to the seed beds synchronously and co-directionally through the no-tillage water supplementing device, so that 'one-tap' operation such as fertilization, sowing, water saving and supplementing irrigation is realized, the dual effects of soil moisture supplementing and soil moisture introduction are achieved, the problem of spring drought sowing is effectively solved, the water saving benefit is obvious, the agricultural irrigation utilization rate is improved, the crisis of water resource shortage in China is effectively relieved, the purpose of improving the emergence rate is finally realized, favorable conditions are created for high yield and income increase, and the method is significant for developing water saving agriculture in China; in addition, the method can utilize the existing agricultural machinery in rural areas and can use the tractor as power, so that the method has the characteristics of low investment, simplicity and convenience in operation, low irrigation cost, strong applicability, convenience in popularization and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing a comparison of soil temperatures for different treatments of 0-5cm according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a comparison of soil temperatures for different treatments of 5-10cm according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing comparison of the emergence rates of different treatments according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing comparison of process throughput and yield according to example 2 of this invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the temperature change of soil at 0-5cm under different treatments according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the temperature change of 5-10cm soil under different treatments according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the change of the water content of soil of 0-5cm under different treatments according to the embodiment 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the change of the water content of 5-10cm soil under different treatments according to the embodiment 3 of the present invention;
fig. 9 is a graph showing the variation of the emergence rate according to the different treatments of example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which are derived by a person skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention, fall within the scope of protection of the invention.
Example 1
A corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing sowing method, which comprises the following steps:
s1 optionally with soil preparation:
s1.1, selecting dry-farming hilly lands in the south of the Ling, wherein the gradient is below 15 ℃, the soil layer is above 50cm, the effective soil layer is greater than 30 cm, the cultivated layer is 20 cm, the soil surface is below 5-6 cm, and the soil has a certain soil moisture content, so that the soil moisture is not suitable for being excessively heavy, the soil moisture is not suitable for being moderately rich, and the land is suitable for mechanized operation;
s1.2, soil preparation, rotary tillage and stubble cleaning in spring, applying 2000 kg-3000 kg of organic fertilizer to acre before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the ground, adopting a rotary cultivator to perform stubble cleaning and pressing in the middle ten days of 4 months, and crushing residual stubble and straw with the depth of about 15cm, mixing with fertilizer soil, and leveling the soil.
S2, selecting seeds, namely selecting early maturing, density-resistant, disease-resistant, fall-resistant and mechanical-harvest-suitable varieties which are suitable for local planting through examination (confirmation) or registration of countries and autonomous regions, wherein the seeds are required to be full, uniform and consistent, the purity is up to 96%, the purity is 99%, the water content is less than or equal to 13%, the standard of grain crop seeds, namely cereal (GB 4404.1), the germination rate is up to more than 95%, and the requirements of precision seeding standards are met. If the seeds are not coated, seed coating treatment is needed, and coating agents which can prevent and control maize head smut and soil insects and accord with GB/T8321.4 and GB/T8321.6 are selected. Personnel safety meets NY/T1276 requirements.
S3, sowing, namely, when the soil layer temperature of 5-10cm meets the growth requirement of seeds through 8-10 ℃, sowing is carried out when a certain soil moisture content exists at the 5-6 cm position on the earth surface, selecting a no-tillage precision planter for sowing in time, sowing the seeds at a depth of 4-5 cm, isolating the seeds from the fertilizer by 5-6 cm, finishing sowing operations such as ridge cleaning, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, water supplementing, soil covering and the like once, determining whether water supplementing and water supplementing quantity according to the soil moisture content, wetting the seeds with the soil of 5-8 cm, and using 150-300 kg of water for each mu of land generally; covering soil for 4-5 cm after sowing, wherein the compacting strength is generally not less than 5 kg/square cm;
the no-tillage precision planter is provided with one (two-row planter) or two (four-row planter) 500 kg water tanks (no-tillage water replenishing planter), water replenishing amount and water pressure are controlled through a direct current electromagnetic valve, a manual valve and a direct current speed regulating booster pump, 150-300 kg of water is used for each mu of land according to soil moisture content, one water storage tank is used for one person, 15-20 mu of land can be planted in one day, the traditional water-sitting planting method requires 6.4 tons of water for each mu of land (the water tanks are matched with a plow), and some water tanks are matched with the planter to resist drought and plant, the water consumption is 3-4 tons for each mu of land, and the water consumption is high, the efficiency is low, and only 6-8 mu of land can be planted each day; the no-tillage water supplementing sowing saves water to a great extent under the condition of ensuring the germination and emergence of seeds; in the process of mechanically putting into use, the no-tillage water supplementing seeder is modified according to the quality condition of local soil, and a ditching device is additionally arranged, so that seeds can be smoothly sown into the soil no matter whether the soil of a land block is soft or hard or not;
the seed fertilizer is prepared by the following steps: 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied per mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) is applied per mu, 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are added in the seed fertilizer in the multiple areas of underground pests, and the fertilizer meets the NY/T496 requirement;
the seeding density is as follows: the equal row spacing of 65 cm or the ridge with the size of 80+50 cm, the planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is determined according to the density.
S4, field management:
s4.1, weed control, namely, sealing and weeding by adopting a suspension type boom sprayer before emergence after sowing; the method comprises the steps of uniformly spraying 15 ml of 82% acetochlor 120-150 ml+75% thifensulfuron-methyl 1 g+2, 4-D isooctyl ester emulsifiable concentrate and 20-25 l of water for each mu; other corn pre-emergence herbicides are selected and are uniformly sprayed after being mixed according to strict requirements of instructions; the method is characterized in that closed weeding is not carried out or the land with heavy weeds is not subjected to, and a special herbicide after corn seedlings is selected for weeding in the 3-5 leaf period of corn; the herbicide meets the requirements of GB/T8321.2, GB/T8321.4, GB/T8321.6 and GB/T8321.7; the safety of the herbicide meets the NY/T1276 requirement;
s4.2, fertilization:
the additional fertilizer is prepared as follows: applying a tapping rod fertilizer and a tapping fertilizer by combining cultivation in a jointing period and a large bell mouth period, and applying 7.5 kg of urea per mu; or 15-20 kg of urea is applied to each mu in the jointing period, and the fertilizer meets the NY/T496 requirement;
cultivating and fertilizing: when planting at equal row spacing, cultivating and hilling by adopting a cultivating fertilizer applicator in the jointing period and the large bell mouth period, wherein the depth is 15-20 cm, and cultivating, fertilizing, weeding and hilling are completed at one time; fertilizer use meets NY/T496 requirements;
deep loosening and fertilization: when large and small ridges are planted, deep scarification is carried out on wide rows by adopting a deep scarifier before jointing, and the depth is about 25 cm; the small horn mouth period adopts a intertillage fertilizer applicator to carry out intertillage, fertilizer application and hilling, and the depth is 15-20 cm; fertilizer use meets NY/T496 requirements;
s4.3 pest control:
the corn borer is prevented and controlled, when the pupation rate of the corn borer reaches 20%, the corn borer is pushed back for 10 days, and the first bee release period is a first bee release adaption period, and is put again for the second time at intervals of 5-7 days, wherein the release quantity of 1.5 ten thousand heads of trichogramma is released per mu, and the trichogramma is released completely for 1 time or is released for 2 times, namely, 0.7 ten thousand heads are released for the first time, and 0.8 ten thousand heads are released for the second time;
the control of double-spot fluorescent leaf beetles, when the density of the insect population of the field hundred plants is 100 and the rate of the damaged plants is 30 percent, broad-spectrum, efficient and low-toxicity pesticides are selected for chemical control, the chemical control is mainly carried out on the periphery of female ears, and the spraying time is about 7 days before 9 hours;
spraying bactericide for preventing diseases by using an aviation plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle in the male pulling period, and spraying 100-130 ml of 75% chlorothalonil or 80-100 ml of 50% carbendazim suspending agent or 2.5-3 ml of 40% DuPont Fuxing (flusilazole) into 1300 ml of water for each mu of leaves;
controlling aviation insect pest, if second generation corn borer or third generation myxoworm occurs and reaches the control index, adopting aviation control, and the pesticide application meets the requirements of GB/T8321.4 and GB/T8321.6; the safety of pesticide users meets the requirements of NY/T1276.
S5, harvesting and straw treatment: harvesting time is that the grain milk line disappears, the black layer appears, the bud She Kusong is physiologically mature, and then the stalk is stood and dried for more than 10 days; when the moisture content of the seeds is less than or equal to 30%, harvesting the ears by adopting a corn ear combine harvester, leaving stubbles below 30 cm, crushing the straws, carrying out uniform-speed running on the straws during harvesting, cleaning residual bracts after harvesting, and airing on a frame; the method is suitable for mechanical grain direct collection varieties, after the water content of the grains is less than or equal to 25%, the grains are directly collected by adopting a grain combine harvester, the stubble is kept below 30 cm, meanwhile, the straw is crushed, the straw is uniformly driven in opposite directions during harvesting, the field yield loss rate is less than or equal to 5%, the grain breakage rate is less than or equal to 3%, and the impurity rate is less than or equal to 1%; after mechanical harvesting in autumn, the corn stalks are crushed to cover the ground surface by a full amount or half amount to pass winter;
the stubble-remaining no-tillage method cannot be continuously implemented for more than three years, and the whole amount of straw needs to be deeply turned and returned to the field after three years, so that the plow layer is broken.
Example 2
Corn drought-resistant densification precision sowing technical mode optimization
Aiming at the bottleneck problems of low efficiency of existing mechanical direct seeding and mechanical seeding micro-spraying technologies, low seedling protection efficiency and the like, which limit high yield and high efficiency of corn in a dry farming area, in a spring drought frequent and delayed seeding period in a warm dry farming area in Ling nan, the invention develops 3 treatment area tests of mechanical direct seeding (CK), water-sitting mechanical seeding (MSW, namely, the seeding method described in the embodiment 1) and mechanical seeding micro-spraying (MMS), and the test results and analysis are as follows:
(1) Differences in the climatic periods of different treated corns
The growth period and the effective accumulated temperature of the 3 sowing modes are shown in the table 1, the water-sitting machine sowing is 10d earlier than the mechanical direct sowing, the male-pulling and the silk-spinning are 7d earlier, the mature period is 8d earlier, and the effective accumulated temperature is 51.75 ℃ less than the mechanical direct sowing; compared with mechanical sowing micro-spraying, the water-sitting mechanical sowing is 4d earlier in seedling emergence, the male-pulling and the silk-spinning are 3d earlier, the male-pulling and the silk-spinning are 5d earlier in maturity, and the effective accumulated temperature is 27 ℃ less than the mechanical sowing micro-spraying. Therefore, the water-sitting mechanical sowing can promote the growth of corns and shorten the growth period.
TABLE 1.3 growth period and effective heat accumulation for seed sowing modes
(2) Soil moisture content
1-2, the water content of the soil of the water-sitting machine sowing and the machine sowing micro-spraying is higher than that of the mechanical direct sowing, the water content of the water-sitting machine sowing is highest, the water content of 0-5cm is respectively 9.4%, 7.8%, 8.6% and 12.1%, and the water content of 5-10cm is respectively 13.4%, 11.0% and 13.4%;0-5cm is 7.6%, 7.2%, 4.5%, 9.5%, and 5-10cm is 11.9%, 8.5%, 11.2%, respectively.
(3) Effect of different treatments on corn emergence
As shown in figure 3, the emergence rate of each treatment is expressed as sitting water machine sowing (optimizing) > machine sowing micro spraying > mechanical live sowing (CK), 96.2%, 88.2% and 73.1% respectively, and the emergence rate is respectively improved by 8.0% and 23.1% compared with the mechanical live sowing (CK). The big and small seedling rate is water-sitting machine sowing (optimization) < machine sowing micro-spraying < mechanical direct seeding (CK), which are respectively 4.5%, 14.7% and 38.4%, the field uniformity of the big and small seedlings of the water-sitting machine sowing is best, and the uniformity is respectively improved by 10.2 and 34.0% compared with the machine sowing micro-spraying and the mechanical direct seeding (CK). Therefore, the effect of sitting water sowing on improving the emergence rate and the uniformity is very obvious.
(4) Yield and benefit
As can be seen from Table 2 and FIG. 4, the water-sitting machine-sowed acre yield is highest, the acre yield is 572.87kg, and the machine-sowed acre yield is 526.00kg. The water-sitting machine sowing is respectively increased by 27.12 percent and 40.50 percent compared with the machine sowing micro-spraying and the mechanical direct sowing; the net income per mu of the water-sitting machine sowing is 306.00 yuan, 186.00 yuan and 161.60 yuan are respectively increased compared with the machine sowing micro-spraying and mechanical direct sowing CK, and the machine sowing micro-spraying reduces the income by 23.80 yuan compared with the CK due to the cost of water and electricity, labor and the like. And the light energy utilization rate of the water-sitting machine sowing is obviously higher than that of machine sowing micro-spraying and mechanical direct sowing. The above analysis shows that: the water-sitting machine sowing (optimization) has remarkable functions of increasing yield and income.
TABLE 2 yield and benefit of untreated corn
Example 3
Corn straw stubble-remaining, covering and returning no-tillage subsoiling technical mode optimization
Aiming at the problems that the continuous no-tillage effect is not obvious, the straw returning quantity is uncertain and the like in the existing corn straw stubble-remaining covering returning no-tillage technology in the dry-farming slope farmland production of the warm hilly area in the south of the Ling to limit the exertion of the technical mode effect, the invention develops the optimization tests of different straw crushing covering quantities (namely the seeding method described in the embodiment 1), deep cultivation and loosening and the like in the area. The method is characterized in that 5 treatment large-area tests such as full straw crushing recovery (CK), full straw crushing coverage no-tillage and deep Scarification (SANT), full straw crushing coverage no-tillage (SAN), half straw crushing coverage no-tillage and deep Scarification (SHNT), half straw crushing coverage no-tillage (SHN) and the like are set. The 5 treatment area test results and analysis were as follows:
(1) Influence on soil temperature
As can be seen from fig. 5 and 6, the 0-5cm ground temperature was 9.14 ℃ and 8.93 ℃ for SANT and SAN, which were not significantly different but significantly higher than SHNT, SHN and CK, one week before sowing; the temperature of each treated soil is not obviously different during sowing and one week after sowing; soil temperatures for SANT, SAN, SHNT, SHN and CK two weeks after sowing were 17.38 ℃, 18.56 ℃, 17.15 ℃, 17.18 ℃ and 16.52 ℃, respectively, SAN was significantly higher than SANT, SHNT, SHN and CK.
The ground temperature SAN of 5-10cm is highest and is 13.74 ℃, which is obviously higher than SANT, SHNT, SHN and CK; no obvious difference exists between treatments at the 5-10cm ground temperature of the sowing time; SAN ground temperature is 15.06 ℃ at most a week after sowing, and the difference between SAN ground temperature and SANT is not obvious and is obviously higher than SHNT and CK; there was no significant difference between treatments two weeks after sowing.
Therefore, the full-quantity straw returning and warming effect is most obvious before and after the sowing period.
(2) Influence on the moisture content of the soil
As can be seen from fig. 7 and 8, the moisture content of the soil layer of 0-5cm was 15.2%,15.6% and 16.2%,16.4% at the period of one week before sowing and the sowing time SANT and SAN, which were not significantly different but significantly higher than SHNT, SHN and CK; the water content of the SANT soil after sowing is highest, 8.60%, but is not obvious with SAN, the water content of the SANT soil and the SAN soil after sowing for two weeks is 15.4% and 16.5%, and the difference between the SANT soil and the SAN soil is not obvious and is obviously higher than that of SHNT, SHN and CK;
the water content SHN of the soil with the height of 5-10cm is 16.70%, which is obviously higher than other treatments; the water content of soil in the sowing period SANT and SHN is at most 17.2% and 17.8%, and there is no obvious difference between the two; the water content of each treated soil is not obviously different in one week after sowing; soil moisture content of SANT and SAN was 13.9% and 14.4% two weeks after sowing, significantly higher than SHNT, SHN and CK.
The comprehensive performance is that the water content of the soil before and after sowing is best covered by the straw in full quantity, the soil before and after sowing is best covered by the straw in half quantity in the soil layer of 5-10cm, and the water retention effect of the soil after sowing is gradually enhanced.
(3) Influence on the soil volume weight
The test area is cultivated and subsoiled in 27 days of 6 months, the subsoiled depth is 25cm, and each treatment condition is thatThe soil volume weight values are shown in table 3, and the soil volume weight of each mode of straw covered no-tillage returning is smaller than that of the farmer without returning. Wherein the soil volume weight of SANT at 0-40cm is minimum and is 1.19g/cm 3 And 1.26g/cm 3 The difference from SHNT is not significant, but is significantly lower than SAN and SHN; the differences among treatments in the soil layers of 40-60cm are not obvious. Therefore, the effect of reducing the soil volume weight by covering no-tillage seeding with straw is enhanced by carrying out deep scarification.
TABLE 3 soil volume weight (g/cm) under different treatment conditions 3 )
(4) Effects on corn emergence
As can be seen from fig. 9, the emergence rates of SANT, SAN, SHNT, SHN and CK are 81.30%, 75.43%, 72.93%, 71.43% and 63.80%, respectively, and the emergence rates of straw mulching returning are all greater than those of non-returning treatment. SANT and SAN are both greater than SHNT, SHN; the seedling rates are 13.43%, 14.67%, 25.63%, 25.00% and 24.37%, respectively, and the SANT and SAN have no significant difference and are significantly lower than SHNT, SHN and CK.
Therefore, the seedling emergence rate and the seedling uniformity of the straw full-quantity crushing no-tillage subsoiling technical mode formed by combining the two modes are the highest, and are 81.30% and 86.57% respectively.
(5) Effect on corn phenology
The growth process of each straw returning no-tillage mode is shown in Table 4, and the growth process among SAN, SANT, SHN and SHNT is not different, but the seedling emergence is 3d earlier than the seedling emergence of a CK without returning the straw to the field by a farmer, the seedling emergence is 4d earlier, the male-pulling and the silking are 4d earlier, the maturity is 3d earlier, and the effective accumulated temperature is 30 ℃ less than that of the farmer. Therefore, the straw returning no-tillage seeding technical mode can accelerate the fertility process. The deep scarification technology is added among the modes, so that the growth period can be relatively prolonged, and the light temperature resources are fully utilized.
Table 4 corn waiting period of different straw mulching and returning no-tillage seeding modes
(6) Effects on the quantity and distribution of corn dry matter
As can be seen from Table 5, the dry weight of the plants in the jointing stage, the spinning stage and the maturity stage of the mode of the no-tillage seeding technique for crushing and covering the straws is significantly higher than that of the plants in the non-tillage seeding technique for returning the straws to the fields of farmers. The jointing period SAN is highest and significantly higher than other treatments. The dry weight of the plants in the laying period and the mature period SANT, SAN, SHNT are not obviously different, but are obviously higher than that of SHN. And both SANT and SHNT have significantly higher dry weight of female ears than SAN and SHN. This lays a good foundation for the formation of later-stage yield.
Table 5 plant Dry weight (g) of corn in various growth periods of different straw mulching and returning to field no-tillage seeding modes
(7) Influence on yield and benefit
The inter-treatment yield traits are shown in Table 6, with SANT, SAN, SHNT and SHN yields of 552.6kg/667m, respectively 2 、549.7kg/667m 2 、540.0kg/667m 2 And 491.5kg/667m 2 Yield increases of 36.62%, 35.91%, 33.49%, and 21.51% respectively compared to the control. The yield of the two treatments for increasing deep scarification is increased by 2.9kg and 8.5kg respectively per mu compared with the yield of the two treatments for not deep scarification, and the yield of the two treatments for returning the whole amount of the straw to the field is increased by 12.6kg and 58.2kg respectively per mu compared with the yield of the two treatments for returning the whole amount of the straw to the field. Further analysis of the yield composition shows that the main reason is that the spike number per mu is obviously different, and the subsoiling and non-subsoiling treatments of half-quantity returning fields are obviously different in spike number.
Table 6 corn yield for different straw mulching and returning no-tillage seeding modes
The analysis of each treatment benefit is shown in table 7, and it can be seen that each straw covering no-tillage seeding technical mode is higher than that of farmers without returning to the field. The SANT yield is high and the cost can be saved by 40 yuan per mu compared with the SHNT, so that the mu pure yield is 317.7 yuan, and the yield is 217.4 yuan compared with the CK.
TABLE 7 benefits of different straw mulching and returning no-tillage seeding modes
Aiming at the problems of low temperature in dry farming slope farmland in the hilly area of the inner Mongolian and soil moisture loss, frequent drought, delay of sowing period, poor seedling protection and low density of the inner Mongolian and the like, a variety of early-maturing and density-resistant grain machine is selected, no-tillage water supplementing and sowing equipment is introduced, the special purpose is to improve a sowing machine controller and a furrow opener so as to adapt to soil texture of the land, effectively control water yield and realize accurate water supplementing and one-time full seedling grabbing according to different soil moisture contents. Optimizing the water-sitting mechanical sowing to emerge 10 days earlier than mechanical direct sowing, and maturing 8 days earlier; the emergence rate is 23.1 percent compared with the mechanical direct seeding; the seedling rate is improved by 34.0 percent compared with mechanical direct seeding. The 500 kg water tank can be used for supplementing water and sowing 3-4 mu, which saves water by 1.5-2.0 tons compared with the traditional drought-resistant water-sitting sowing mu, greatly saves cost and improves sowing efficiency and quality. In 2019, the test demonstration areas of dry farming areas such as a special flag, a right front flag and the like of the inner Mongolian Engineer Union are accumulated to 3500 mu, and compared with a control farmer mode, the average mu yield is increased by 6.38%, the cost is saved, and the efficiency is increased by 13.14%; the production efficiency of the N fertilizer is improved by 23.42%, the production efficiency of the fertilizer is improved by 18.20%, the production efficiency of irrigation is improved by 22.38%, the production efficiency of water is improved by 19.97%, and the utilization efficiency of light energy is improved by 6.49%. Brings remarkable economic and social benefits for local agriculture synergism and farmer income increase.
In summary, by means of the technical scheme, the corn no-tillage stubble-retaining water-supplementing sowing method carries out no-tillage sowing and no-tillage fertilization on the basis of farmland, performs water supplementing simultaneously, maintains the soil moisture conservation advantage of a no-tillage sowing machine, simultaneously applies water to the seed beds synchronously and co-directionally through the no-tillage water supplementing device, realizes the 'one-tap' operation of fertilization, sowing, water-saving water supplementing irrigation and the like, achieves the dual effects of soil moisture supplementing and soil moisture guiding, effectively solves the problem of spring drought sowing, has obvious water-saving benefit, improves the utilization rate of agricultural irrigation, effectively relieves the crisis of water resource shortage in China, finally achieves the aim of improving the emergence rate, creates favorable conditions for high yield and income increase, and has great significance for developing water-saving agriculture in China; in addition, the method can utilize the existing agricultural machinery in rural areas and can use the tractor as power, so that the method has the characteristics of low investment, simplicity and convenience in operation, low irrigation cost, strong applicability, convenience in popularization and the like.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, alternatives, and improvements that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. The no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing corn seeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, selecting land and preparing land, selecting hilly area dry-farming slope land, applying 2000 kg-3000 kg of organic fertilizer to acre before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the ground, adopting a rotary cultivator to perform stubble cleaning and pressing in the middle 4 months, and crushing residual stubble and straw, mixing with fertilizer soil and leveling the land;
s2, selecting a variety which is suitable for local planting and is early maturing, dense-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and mechanical-harvest, wherein the seeds are required to be full, uniform and consistent, the purity is up to 96%, the purity is up to 99%, the water content is less than or equal to 13%, and the germination rate is up to more than 95%;
s3, sowing, namely sowing at the temperature of 5-10cm soil layer stably passing through 8-10 ℃, selecting a no-tillage precision planter, sowing in time, wherein the sowing depth is 4-5 cm, the seed manure is isolated by 5-6 cm, the operations of cleaning ridges, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, supplementing water and covering soil are finished at one time, whether the water supplementing and the water supplementing are carried out or not is determined according to the soil moisture content, the sowing belt is wetted by 5-8 cm of soil, 150-300 kg of water is used for each mu of land, and the planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu; the no-tillage precision planter is provided with a 500 kg water tank, the water tank controls water supplementing quantity through a direct current electromagnetic valve, a manual valve and a direct current speed-regulating booster pump, controls water supplementing quantity and ensures water pressure through the direct current electromagnetic valve, the manual valve and the direct current speed-regulating booster pump, uses 150-300 kg of water per mu of land according to soil moisture content, and is provided with a water storage tank by one person and one machine;
s4, field management, namely, carrying out closed weeding by adopting a suspension type boom sprayer before emergence after sowing, and carrying out weeding by adopting herbicide after selecting corn seedlings in a 3-5 leaf period of corn without closed weeding or in a land block with heavy weeds; applying 7.5 kg of urea per mu in the jointing period and the large bell mouth period in combination with intertillage, and applying 15-20 kg of urea per mu in the jointing period; performing pest control when pest occurs;
s5, harvesting and straw treatment, namely standing a straw and airing for more than 10 days after the milk line of the seeds disappears, the black layer appears and the bud She Kusong is physiologically mature, and when the moisture content of the seeds is less than or equal to 30%, harvesting the ears by using a corn ear combine harvester, leaving the stubble below 30 cm, crushing the straw, cleaning the residual bud leaves after harvesting, and airing on a frame; the method is suitable for mechanical grain direct collection varieties, and after the water content of the grains is less than or equal to 25%, a grain combine harvester is directly used for directly collecting the grains, the stubble is kept below 30 cm, and meanwhile, the straw is crushed; the crushed straw in the step S5 is covered on the ground surface for overwintering in full or half;
the method for controlling the plant diseases and insect pests in the step S4 comprises the following steps: when the pupation rate of corn borers reaches 20% in the small horn mouth period, pushing the corn borers backwards for 10 days, and for the first bee-adapting period, putting the corn borers again for the second time at intervals of 5-7 days, and when the density of hundred insect mouths in the field is 100% and the rate of harmful plants is 30%, adopting broad-spectrum, efficient and low-toxicity pesticides to perform chemical control, and adopting an aviation plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle to spray bactericides for disease prevention in the male-pulling period; if the second generation corn borer or the third generation myxoplasma occurs, adopting aviation prevention and control;
the fertilization mode in the step S4 is as follows: when planting at equal row spacing, the cultivation fertilizer applicator is adopted for cultivation and hilling in the period of jointing and the period of large horn mouth, the cultivation, fertilizer application, weeding and hilling are completed once, when planting on large and small ridges, the deep scarification machine is adopted for deep scarification in wide row and the depth is 25cm before jointing, and the cultivation fertilizer applicator is adopted for cultivation, fertilization and hilling in the period of small horn mouth, and the depth is 15-20 cm;
stubble-remaining no-tillage can not be continuously implemented for more than three years, and the whole amount of straw needs to be deeply turned and returned to the field after three years, so that the plow bottom layer is broken.
2. The corn no-tillage stubble-retaining water supplementing seeding method according to claim 1, wherein the slope of the dry farming sloping field is below 15 degrees, and the soil layer is above 50 cm.
3. The method for corn no-tillage stubble-retaining water supplementing seeding according to claim 1, wherein the seeds need to be subjected to seed coating treatment if no coating exists.
4. The corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-supplementing sowing method according to claim 1, wherein in the step S3, 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied per mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are added in the seed fertilizer in multiple areas of soil insects.
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