CN112602547A - Corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method - Google Patents
Corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/09—Watering arrangements making use of movable installations on wheels or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
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- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method, which comprises the following steps: selecting dry farming slopes in hilly areas, cleaning stubbles and compacting by adopting a rotary cultivator in the middle ten days of 4 months, tilling the stubbles and straws to 15cm deep, crushing the residual stubbles and straws, mixing the crushed stubbles and straws with fertile soil, and leveling the land; selecting early-maturing, density-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and mechanically-harvested varieties suitable for local planting; a no-tillage precision seeder is selected for timely seeding, and the operations of ridge cleaning, ditching, fertilizing, seeding, water replenishing and soil covering are completed at one time; and (3) after sowing, before emergence of seedlings, a suspended boom sprayer is adopted for closed weeding, and in the jointing stage and the large-horn mouth stage, intertillage is combined for applying rod-tapping fertilizer and spike-tapping fertilizer, so that pest control is carried out when pests and diseases occur. The no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for the corn realizes 'one-line' operation of fertilization, seeding, water-saving water-replenishing and the like, achieves double effects of soil moisture replenishing and soil moisture introduction, finally achieves the purpose of improving the rate of emergence, creates favorable conditions for high yield and income increase, and has great significance for developing water-saving agriculture in China.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, in particular to a no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for corn.
Background
As one of main corn producing areas of XingAn mountain, south foot of great XingAnLing is affected by climate and terrain, spring drought often occurs, seedlings and ridges of corn are deficient, and yield is unstable. The cultivated land is mostly hilly sloping fields, the water and soil loss is serious, and surface runoff is formed after rainstorm to cause soil erosion. The soil is seriously weathered and desertified in strong wind seasons in winter and spring, so that the fertility of farmland is reduced, the yield of crops is reduced, and simultaneously, sand and dust rise are generated, so that the ecological safety of downwind areas is endangered, and a great deal of harm is brought to the life of people and agricultural production. Numerous studies have shown that farmland soil is a major source of sand and dust, and unreasonable land utilization is one of the causes of increasing sand and dust storm.
Domestic and foreign researches show that the stubble-remaining no-tillage ensures that the soil is not disturbed by tillage, avoids the soil from being exposed, maintains the original structure of the soil surface, forms a good ground protection layer and greatly reduces the soil wind erosion and the ineffective evaporation of water caused by drought wind in winter and spring; the high-quality soil in the plough layer is prevented from being blown away by strong wind, and the cultivated land is protected; the sand weather is inhibited, and the environment is protected. In addition, the stubble-leaving no-tillage soil conditioner also improves the soil structure, and has obvious influence on the soil microbial biomass, the soil enzyme activity and the crop yield. The stubble-remaining no-tillage soil-conserving fertilizer field cultivation mode is suitable for slope cultivation in mountainous areas, has good ecological effects of maintaining water and soil and fertilizing soil capability, can obtain economic benefits of increasing production and income, saving labor and increasing efficiency, and has good ecological and social benefits
When the spring drought is severe, the water content of the soil is too low, the seeds cannot germinate, and the protective farming advantage is difficult to play a role; and the stubble-remaining no-tillage water replenishing and seeding technology is combined, so that the seeds can obtain enough moisture required by germination, and the stubble-remaining straws reduce the evaporation of the moisture, thereby achieving the aims of drought resistance and water conservation. The test proves that: the critical soil water content of corn seeding under the straw stubble remaining condition is lower than that of bare-land seeding, which indicates that straw stubble remaining no-tillage is beneficial to drought-resistant seeding in dry areas. In recent years, no-tillage water replenishing and seeding technology in China is developed to a certain extent, and is combined with protective farming technology, so that the advantages of protective farming are exerted, high-efficiency water saving, drought resisting and seedling protecting are realized, and for areas with frequent spring and drought such as southern foot of great Khingan mountains, the improvement of seedling emergence and water utilization efficiency is placed at a core position, so that limited water resources are fully utilized, and the method has important significance for improving the agricultural production level.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method, which can overcome the defects in the prior art.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:
a corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting land and preparing land, selecting dry-farming slope cultivated land in hilly areas, applying 2000-3000 kg of organic fertilizer to each mu before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the organic fertilizer on the ground, cleaning stubbles and pressing by a rotary cultivator in the middle ten days of 4 months, tilling the depth of 15cm, crushing residual stubbles and straws, mixing the crushed residual stubbles and straws with fertile soil, and leveling the land;
s2, selecting seeds, selecting early-maturing, density-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and machine-harvested varieties suitable for local planting, wherein seeds are required to be full and uniform, the purity reaches 96%, the purity reaches 99%, the water content is less than or equal to 13%, and the germination rate reaches more than 95%;
s3, sowing, namely sowing when the temperature of a soil layer of 5-10cm is stable and passes 8-10 ℃, selecting a no-tillage precision seeder to sow in time, wherein the sowing depth is 4-5 cm, the seed manure is 5-6 cm in isolation, completing ridge cleaning, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, water replenishing and soil covering operations at one time, determining whether water and water replenishing quantity are replenished according to the soil moisture content, wetting the soil with the sowing belt by 5-8 cm, generally using 150-300 kg of water per mu of land, and planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu; 500 kilograms of water tank no-tillage water replenishing equipment is installed on the no-tillage precision seeder, and the water replenishing amount is controlled through a direct-current electromagnetic valve and a manual valve and a direct-current speed-regulating booster pump;
s4 field management, wherein closed weeding is carried out by adopting a suspended boom sprayer before emergence of seedlings after sowing, closed weeding is not carried out or weeds in a heavy land, and weeding is carried out by using a herbicide after the seedlings of the corns in a 3-5-leaf stage; in the jointing stage and the large-horn mouth stage, intertillage application of a tapping rod fertilizer and a tapping spike fertilizer is combined, 7.5 kilograms of urea is applied per mu each time, or 15-20 kilograms of urea is applied per mu at one time in the jointing stage; when the diseases and insect pests occur, the diseases and insect pests are prevented and controlled;
s5 harvesting and processing straws, standing the straws for airing for more than 10 days after the milk lines of grains disappear, black layers appear and the bracts are withered and loose, not suitable for directly harvesting varieties of the grains mechanically, harvesting the ears by adopting a corn ear combined harvester when the water content of the grains is less than or equal to 30%, leaving stubbles below 30 cm, simultaneously crushing the straws, cleaning the residual bracts after harvesting, and airing on a shelf; the method is suitable for directly harvesting mechanical seeds, directly harvesting the seeds by using a seed combine harvester after the water content of the seeds is less than or equal to 25%, leaving stubbles below 30 cm, and simultaneously crushing and recovering straws.
Furthermore, the slope of the dry farming slope farmland is below 15 degrees, and the soil layer is above 50 cm.
Further, the seeds need to be subjected to a seed coating treatment if they are not coated.
Further, in the step S3, 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied per mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are added in the seed manure of the region with the most common soil insects.
Further, the fertilizing method in the step S4 is as follows: when the planting is carried out at equal row spacing, intertillage and hilling are carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator in a jointing stage and a large horn mouth stage at the depth of 15-20 cm, and the intertillage, fertilization, weeding and hilling are completed at one time, when the planting is carried out on large and small ridges, deep scarification is carried out on wide rows by adopting a deep scarifier before jointing at the depth of 25cm, and intertillage, fertilization and hilling are carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator in a small horn mouth stage at the depth of 15-20 cm.
Further, the method for controlling pests and diseases in step S4 includes: in the small horn mouth period, when the pupation rate of the corn borers reaches 20%, the corn borers are pushed for 10 days later, the first bee releasing period is a suitable period, the second bee releasing period is carried out at intervals of 5-7 days, when the density of the insect population of hundreds of plants in the field is 100 and the damaged plant rate is 30%, a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticide is selected for chemical control, and in the tasseling period, a chemical plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted for spraying a bactericide to prevent diseases; and if the second generation corn borers or the third generation armyworms occur, aviation prevention and control are adopted.
Furthermore, stubble-remaining no-tillage can not be continuously implemented for more than three years, and the whole amount of deep ploughing of straws needs to be carried out for returning to the field after three years, so that the plough bottom layer is broken.
Further, the whole or half amount of the straw crushed in the step S5 covers the ground surface for overwintering.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for the corn, water is replenished at the same time of seeding on the basis of no-tillage seeding and no-tillage fertilizing in a farmland, the advantage of soil moisture preservation of the no-tillage seeding machine is kept, meanwhile, water is synchronously applied to a seedbed in a same position through the no-tillage water-replenishing device, so that 'one-line' operation of fertilizing, seeding, water-saving and recharging and the like is realized, double effects of soil moisture replenishing and soil moisture guiding are achieved, the problem of spring and drought seeding is effectively solved, the water-saving benefit is very obvious, the utilization rate of agricultural irrigation is improved, the crisis of water resource shortage in China is effectively relieved, the purpose of improving the rate of emergence is finally realized, favorable conditions are created for high yield and harvest, and the significance is brought to the development of water; in addition, the method can utilize the existing agricultural implements in rural areas and can use a tractor as power, so that the method has the characteristics of less investment, simple and convenient operation, low irrigation cost, strong applicability, convenient popularization and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a graph comparing temperatures of 0-5cm of soil for different treatments according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the temperature of 5-10cm of soil according to different treatments described in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a plot comparing the rate of emergence for different treatments according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing yields and benefits of different processes according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the temperature change of 0-5cm soil under various treatments according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the temperature change of 5-10cm of soil under various treatments according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the variation of the water content of 0-5cm soil according to the different treatments of example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the change in water content of 5-10cm soil under different treatments according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the rate of emergence for various treatments according to example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments that can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art from the embodiments given herein are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method comprises the following steps:
s1 land selection and land preparation:
s1.1, selecting land, namely selecting dry farming slope cultivated land in a hilly area of south of the ridge, wherein the slope is below 15 degrees, the soil layer is above 50cm, the effective soil layer is more than 30 cm, the plough layer is 20 cm, a certain soil moisture content is below 5-6 cm of the soil surface, the soil moisture content is not too heavy, the soil moisture content is moderate, and the land is suitable for mechanized operation;
s1.2, preparing soil, carrying out rotary tillage and stubble cleaning in spring, applying 2000-3000 kg of organic fertilizer to each mu before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the organic fertilizer on the ground, cleaning and pressing stubbles by adopting a rotary cultivator in the middle ten days of 4 months, tilling the stubbles and straws to about 15cm deep, crushing the residual stubbles and straws, mixing the crushed stubbles and the fertilizer with soil, and leveling the soil.
S2 selecting seeds, selecting early-maturing, density-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and machine-harvested varieties which are properly planted by national and autonomous region approval or registration records, wherein seeds are required to be full and uniform, the purity reaches 96 percent, the purity reaches 99 percent, the water content is less than or equal to 13 percent, the standard of grain crop seeds- -the standard of cereal (GB 4404.1) is met, the germination rate reaches more than 95 percent, and the requirements of precision seeding standards are met. If the seeds are not coated, the seeds need to be coated, and a coating agent which can control the maize head smut and soil insects and is in accordance with GB/T8321.4 and GB/T8321.6 is selected. The personnel safety meets the NY/T1276 requirement.
S3, sowing, namely, when the temperature of a soil layer of 5-10cm is stable and reaches 8-10 ℃ to meet the requirement of seed growth and a certain soil moisture content exists at a position of 5-6 cm above the ground surface, selecting a no-tillage precision seeder to sow in time, wherein the sowing depth is 4-5 cm, and the seed manure is isolated by 5-6 cm, completing the sowing operations of ridge cleaning, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, water replenishing, soil covering and the like at one time, determining whether to replenish water and replenish water according to the soil moisture content, wetting the soil with the sowing area of 5-8 cm, and generally using 150-300 kg of water per mu of land; covering 4-5 cm of soil after sowing, wherein the compacting strength is generally not less than 5 kg/square cm;
the no-tillage precision seeder is provided with one (two-row seeder) or two (four-row seeder) 500 kg water tanks (namely, no-tillage water replenishing seeder), the water replenishing amount is controlled and the water pressure is ensured through a direct-current electromagnetic valve, a manual valve and a direct-current speed-regulating booster pump, 150-300 kg water is used per mu of land according to the soil moisture content, one person can use one water tank, 15-20 mu of land can be sowed in one day, while the traditional water-sitting seeding method needs 6.4 tons of water per mu of land (the water tanks are matched with a plough), and some water tanks are matched with the seeder for drought-resisting seeding, so that 3-4 tons of water can be used per mu of land, and the no-tillage precision seeder has the advantages of more man and vehicle usage; the no-tillage water-replenishing seeding saves water to a great extent under the condition of ensuring the germination and emergence of seeds; in the process of putting the machine into use, the no-tillage water-replenishing seeder is modified according to the local soil quality conditions, and the ditching device is additionally arranged, so that seeds can be smoothly sown into the soil no matter whether the soil quality of the land is soft or hard;
the seed fertilizer is prepared as follows: 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied per mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) is applied per mu, 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are added in a seed fertilizer in a region with multiple underground pests, and the fertilizer application meets the NY/T496 requirement;
the seeding density is as follows: equal row spacing of 65 cm or ridges with the size of 80+50 cm, the planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is determined according to the density.
S4 field management:
s4.1, preventing and controlling weeds, and performing closed weeding by adopting a suspended boom sprayer before emergence of seedlings after sowing; 120-150 ml of 82% acetochlor, 1 g of 75% thifensulfuron methyl and 15 ml of 2,4-D isooctyl ester missible oil are used per mu, and 20-25L of water is added for uniform spraying; other corn pre-emergence herbicides are selected, and are uniformly sprayed after liquid preparation according to the requirements of the specification strictly; in the 3-5 leaf stage of corn, a special herbicide for corn after seedling is selected for weeding in a plot without closed weeding or with heavy weeds; the use of the herbicide meets the requirements of GB/T8321.2, GB/T8321.4, GB/T8321.6 and GB/T8321.7; the safety of the herbicide user meets the NY/T1276 requirement;
s4.2, fertilizing:
the top dressing preparation comprises the following steps: in the jointing stage and the large-horn mouth stage, intertillage application of a tapping rod fertilizer and a tapping spike fertilizer is combined, and 7.5 kilograms of urea is applied to each mu; or 15-20 kg of urea is applied to each mu at one time in the jointing stage, and the application of the fertilizer meets the NY/T496 requirement;
intertillage and fertilization: when planting at equal row spacing, intertillage hilling is carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator in the jointing stage and the large horn mouth stage, the depth is 15-20 cm, and intertillage, fertilization, weeding and hilling are completed at one time; the fertilizer meets the NY/T496 requirement;
deep loosening and fertilizing: when planting on big and small ridges, deep loosening is carried out on wide rows by a deep loosening machine before jointing, and the depth is about 25 cm; in the small horn mouth period, intertillage, fertilization and ridging are carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator, and the depth is 15-20 cm; the fertilizer meets the NY/T496 requirement;
s4.3, pest control:
the corn borers are controlled comprehensively, in the small trumpet mouth period, when the pupation rate of the corn borers reaches 20%, the corn borers are pushed backwards for 10 days, the first bee releasing period is a suitable period, the corn borers are released for the second time at intervals of 5-7 days, 1.5 ten thousand trichogramma are released per mu in the release quantity, and the trichogramma are released completely or 2 times in 1 time, namely 0.7 ten thousand are released for the first time, and 0.8 ten thousand are released for the second time;
the method comprises the steps of (1) controlling diabrotica, selecting a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticide to perform chemical control when the population density of field hundred-plant insects is 100 and the damaged plant rate is 30%, mainly spraying around the female ears, and spraying for 1 time at an interval of about 7 days before the spraying time is 9 days earlier;
in the aviation sterilization disease prevention period, an aviation chemical plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted to spray bactericide for disease prevention, 100-130 ml of 75% of chlorothalonil or 80-100 ml of 50% of carbendazim suspending agent or 2.5-3 ml of 40% of Dupont fuxing (flusilazole) are sprayed on leaves with 1300 ml of water per mu;
the aviation insect pest control can be adopted if the second generation corn borers or the third generation armyworms occur and reach the control index, and the pesticide application meets the requirements of GB/T8321.4 and GB/T8321.6; the safety of pesticide using personnel meets the NY/T1276 requirement.
S5 harvesting and straw treatment: the harvesting time is that after the milk lines of the seeds disappear, the black layer appears and the withered leaves are matured physiologically, the stalks are stood to be aired for more than 10 days; directly harvesting varieties of mechanical grains, harvesting the corn ears by using a corn ear combine harvester when the water content of the grains is less than or equal to 30%, keeping stubbles below 30 cm, simultaneously crushing the straws, paying attention to uniform-speed running during harvesting, cleaning residual bracts after harvesting, and airing on a shelf; the method is suitable for directly harvesting mechanical seeds, after the water content of the seeds is less than or equal to 25%, a seed combine harvester is directly adopted to directly harvest the seeds, stubble is kept below 30 cm, meanwhile, straws are crushed, during harvesting, the seeds are required to run at constant speed, the field yield loss rate is less than or equal to 5%, the seed crushing rate is less than or equal to 3%, and the impurity rate is less than or equal to 1%; after mechanically harvesting in autumn, crushing the corn straws to fully or half cover the ground surface for overwintering;
wherein, the stubble-remaining no-tillage can not be continuously implemented for more than three years generally, and the full-amount deep ploughing of the straws is needed to return to the field after three years, so that the plough bottom layer is broken.
Example 2
Drought-resisting, density-increasing and precision-sowing technical mode optimization of corn
Aiming at the bottleneck problems of the existing mechanical direct seeding and mechanical seeding micro-spraying technology, such as low efficiency and poor seedling protection rate and the like which limit high yield and high efficiency of corns in the dry farming area, wherein the bottleneck problems of frequent drought in spring, delayed sowing period, poor seedling protection and low density exist in the warm dry farming area of Lingnan, the invention develops 3 large-area treatment tests of mechanical direct seeding (CK), water-sitting mechanical seeding (MSW, namely the sowing method described in the embodiment 1) and mechanical seeding micro-spraying (MMS), and the test results and analysis are as follows:
(1) phenological phase differences of different treated maize
The growth period and the effective accumulated temperature of the 3 sowing modes are shown in table 1, the seedling emergence is earlier than that of mechanical direct sowing by a water machine, the tasseling and spinning are earlier by 7d and earlier by 8d, and the effective accumulated temperature is less than that of the mechanical direct sowing by 51.75 ℃; compared with machine-sowing micro-spraying, the seedling emergence is 4 days earlier by water-sitting machine sowing, the tasseling and spinning are 3 days earlier and 5 days earlier, and the effective accumulated temperature is 27 ℃ less than that of machine-sowing micro-spraying. Therefore, the corn can be promoted to grow by the machine sowing in the water, and the growth period is shortened.
TABLE 1.3 growth period and effective accumulated temperature for the sowing mode
(2) Water content of soil
As shown in fig. 1-2, the water content of the soil of the water-sitting machine sowing and the machine sowing micro-spraying is higher than that of the mechanical direct sowing, the water content of the water-sitting machine sowing is the highest, the water content of the water-sitting machine sowing is respectively 9.4%, 7.8%, 8.6% and 12.1% in 0-5cm, and the water content of the water-sitting machine sowing is respectively 13.4%, 11.0% and 13.4% in 5-10 cm; 7.6 percent, 7.2 percent, 4.5 percent and 9.5 percent respectively at 0-5cm, 11.9 percent, 8.5 percent and 11.2 percent respectively at 5-10 cm.
(3) Effect of different treatments on corn emergence
The emergence conditions of different treatments are shown in fig. 3, the emergence rate of each treatment is represented by water-sitting mechanical sowing (optimized) > mechanical sowing micro-spraying > mechanical direct sowing (CK), and is respectively 96.2%, 88.2% and 73.1%, and is respectively improved by 8.0% and 23.1% compared with the mechanical sowing micro-spraying and mechanical direct sowing (CK). The large and small seedling rates are 4.5%, 14.7% and 38.4% respectively for water-sitting machine sowing (optimization) and machine sowing micro-spraying (mechanical direct sowing (CK)), the field uniformity of the water-sitting machine sowing large and small seedlings is the best, and the uniformity is improved by 10.2% and 34.0% respectively compared with the machine sowing micro-spraying and mechanical direct sowing (CK). Therefore, the effect of sowing in the presence of water on improving the rate of emergence and the uniformity is very obvious.
(4) Yield and benefit
As can be seen from Table 2 and FIG. 4, the yield per mu of the water-sitting mechanical sowing is highest, and the yield per mu is 572.87kg, and the yield per mu of the mechanical sowing is 526.00 kg. The yield of the water-sitting mechanical sowing is increased by 27.12 percent and 40.50 percent respectively compared with the mechanical sowing micro-spraying and mechanical direct sowing; the net income per mu of the water-sitting machine seeding is 306.00 yuan, the income is increased by 186.00 yuan and 161.60 yuan compared with the machine seeding micro-spraying and mechanical direct seeding CK, and the income is reduced by 23.80 yuan compared with the CK due to the fact that the machine seeding micro-spraying is more expensive in water, electricity, labor and the like. And the light energy utilization rate of the water-sitting machine seeding is obviously higher than that of machine seeding micro-spraying and mechanical direct seeding. The above analysis illustrates: the water-sitting mechanical sowing (optimization) has obvious effects of increasing production, income and efficiency.
TABLE 2 yield and benefit of untreated corn
Example 3
Corn straw stubble covering and returning no-tillage subsoiling technical mode optimization
Aiming at the problems that the effect of the continuous-year no-tillage effect is not obvious, the straw returning amount is uncertain and the like in the existing corn straw stubble covering and returning no-tillage technology in the dry farming slope farmland production in the warm hilly area of the south of the Yan, and the like limit the exertion of the technical mode effect, the invention develops optimization tests such as different covering amounts of straw crushing (namely the seeding method in the embodiment 1) and intertillage deep scarification in the area. The test is carried out in 5 treatment areas, such as straw crushing total recovery (CK), straw crushing total coverage no-tillage + deep Scarification (SANT), straw crushing total coverage no-tillage + no-tillage (SAN), straw crushing half coverage no-tillage + deep Scarification (SHNT), straw crushing half coverage + no-tillage (SHN) and the like. The results and analysis of the 5 treatment macrozone experiments were as follows:
(1) influence on soil temperature
As can be seen from fig. 5 and 6, the 0-5cm ground temperature was 9.14 ℃ and 8.93 ℃ for SANT and SAN one week before sowing, which were not significantly different but significantly higher than SHN, SHN and CK; the temperature of the soil treated during and after the sowing is not obviously different; the soil temperature of SANT, SAN, SHNT, SHN and CK two weeks after sowing were 17.38 deg.C, 18.56 deg.C, 17.15 deg.C, 17.18 deg.C and 16.52 deg.C, respectively, with SAN being significantly higher than SANT, SHNT, SHN and CK.
The ground temperature SAN of 5-10cm is the highest and is 13.74 ℃, and is obviously higher than SANT, SHNT, SHN and CK; the treatment of the ground temperature of 5-10cm in the sowing period has no obvious difference; the SAN ground temperature is 15.06 ℃ at most one week after sowing, and the difference with SANT is not significant and is obviously higher than SHNT and CK; there was no significant difference between treatments two weeks after sowing.
Therefore, the effect of returning the whole straw to the field and increasing the temperature before and after the sowing time is most obvious.
(2) Influence on soil moisture content
As can be seen from fig. 7 and 8, the moisture content of the soil layer of 0-5cm is 15.2%, 15.6% and 16.2%, 16.4% of SANT and SAN one week before and during sowing, which are not significantly different but significantly higher than SHNT, SHN and CK; the soil water content of the SANT is the highest and is 8.60% one week after sowing, but is not significant with SAN, and the soil water content of the SANT and the SAN after two weeks after sowing is 15.4% and 16.5%, and the difference between the SANT and the SAN is not significant and is obviously higher than that of SHNT, SHN and CK;
the soil with the water content of 5-10cm has the highest SHN of 16.70 percent, which is obviously higher than other treatments; the soil water content of SANT and SHN in the sowing period is 17.2% and 17.8% at most, and no significant difference exists between the SANT and SHN; the water content of the soil treated in one week after sowing has no obvious difference; soil moisture content of SANT and SAN was 13.9% and 14.4% two weeks after sowing, which was significantly higher than SHNT, SHN and CK.
The comprehensive expression is that the soil water content of 0-5cm before and after sowing is optimally covered by the full amount of straws, the soil water content of 5-10cm before and during the sowing is optimally covered by the half amount of straws, and the water retention effect covered by the full amount of straws after sowing is gradually enhanced.
(3) Influence on soil volume weight
The test area carries out intertillage deep scarification in 27 days at 6 months, the depth of the deep scarification is 25cm, and the soil volume weight value under each treatment condition is shown in the table3, the weight of the soil volume of each mode of straw mulching no-tillage returning is smaller than that of the soil volume of the mode of returning the straws to the field without returning the straws to the field. Wherein the volume weight of the soil is 1.19g/cm at the lowest of 0-40cm SANT3And 1.26g/cm3And is not significantly different from SHNT, but significantly lower than SAN and SHN; the difference between treatments in a soil layer of 40-60cm is not obvious. Therefore, the effect of reducing the volume weight of the soil by covering the straw with no-tillage seeding is enhanced by intertillage and deep scarification.
TABLE 3 soil volume weight (g/cm) under different treatment conditions3)
(4) Effect on maize emergence
As can be seen from FIG. 9, the rates of emergence of SANT, SAN, SHNT, SHN and CK are 81.30%, 75.43%, 72.93%, 71.43% and 63.80%, respectively, and the rates of emergence of straw mulching and returning to field are all greater than those of non-returning field treatment. SANT and SAN are both greater than SHNT and SHN; the seedling rate is respectively 13.43%, 14.67%, 25.63%, 25.00% and 24.37%, and the difference between SANT and SAN is not significant and is significantly lower than that of SHNT, SHN and CK.
Therefore, the emergence rate and the seedling uniformity of the straw total-coverage field returning technology mode formed by combining the straw total-coverage field returning technology and the straw half-coverage field returning technology can be improved, and are respectively 81.30% and 86.57%.
(5) Influence on the phenological stage of maize
The growth process of each straw returning no-tillage mode is shown in table 4, the growth process of SAN, SANT, SHN and SHNT is not different, but the seedling emergence is 3d earlier than that of a farmer not returning CK, the seedling emergence is 4d earlier, the male silks are drawn 4d earlier and matured 3d earlier, and the effective accumulated temperature is 30 ℃ less than that of the farmer. Therefore, the straw returning no-tillage seeding technical mode can accelerate the growth process. The deep scarification technology is added among the modes, so that the growth period is relatively prolonged, and the light temperature resource is fully utilized.
TABLE 4 maize phenological period of different straw mulching returning no-tillage seeding technical modes
(6) Influence on quality and distribution of dried corn
As can be seen from Table 5, the dry weight of the plants in the jointing stage, the spinning stage and the mature stage of each straw crushing covering returning field no-tillage seeding technical mode is obviously higher than that of the plants not returning to the field of farmers. The jointing SAN is highest and significantly higher than the other treatments. The plant dry weights of SANT, SAN and SHNT in the spinning period and the mature period are not obviously different, but are obviously higher than that of SHN. And the dry weight of the ears of the SANT and the SHNT is obviously higher than that of the SAN and the SHN. This lays a good foundation for the formation of later-period yield.
TABLE 5 Dry weight (g) of plants in each growing period of corn in different straw mulching returning no-tillage sowing technical modes
(7) Influence on yield and benefit
The yield traits between treatments were as shown in Table 6, and the yields of SANT, SAN, SHNT and SHN were 552.6kg/667m, respectively2、549.7kg/667m2、540.0kg/667m2And 491.5kg/667m2Increases were 36.62%, 35.91%, 33.49%, and 21.51% respectively over the controls. The two treatments for increasing the deep scarification increase the yield by 2.9kg and 8.5kg respectively per mu compared with the two treatments for not increasing the deep scarification, and the yield of the two treatments for returning the total straws to the field increases by 12.6kg and 58.2kg respectively per mu compared with the yield of the two treatments for returning the total straws to the field by half. Further analysis of yield composition shows that the ear-per-mu number is significantly different, and the half-amount returning-to-field deep-loosening and non-deep-loosening treatment are also significantly different in ear grain number.
TABLE 6 corn yield in different straw mulching returning no-tillage seeding technical modes
The analysis of each treatment benefit is shown in table 7, and it can be seen that each straw mulching no-tillage seeding technical mode increases the yield more than the shallow rotation mode of not returning the field to the peasant household. Wherein, because SANT output is high and can save cost 40 yuan per mu than SHNT, the net profit per mu is the highest, 317.7 yuan, 217.4 yuan more than CK income.
TABLE 7 income of different straw mulching returning no-tillage seeding technology modes
Aiming at the problems of low-temperature in spring, frequent drought and delayed sowing, poor seedling preservation and low density in the spring of the dry farming slope cultivated land and the soil moisture loss land in the Xingguan mountainous area in inner Mongolia, the method selects a pre-mature, dense-resistant and suitable seed machine to harvest varieties, introduces no-tillage water-replenishing sowing equipment, and mainly improves a sowing machine controller and a furrow opener to adapt to the local soil quality, effectively controls the water yield, and realizes accurate water replenishing and one-time whole seedling grabbing according to different soil moisture contents. The seedling emergence is earlier than that of mechanical direct seeding by optimizing the water-sitting mechanical seeding for 10 days, and the seedling is mature 8 days earlier; the emergence rate is 23.1 percent of that of mechanical direct seeding; the seedling rate is improved by 34.0 percent compared with the mechanical direct seeding. The water tank of 500 kilograms can replenish water and sow 3 ~ 4 mu, and 1.5 ~ 2.0 tons of water is saved than traditional drought resisting water-sitting seeding mu, greatly the cost has been practiced thrift, has improved seeding efficiency and quality. In 2019, in inner Mongolia Xingguan union zhao 361699, compared with a control farmer model, 3500 mu is accumulated in the test demonstration area of dry farming areas such as Teqi and Ke-Right-front flag, the average mu is increased by 6.38%, and the cost is saved and the efficiency is increased by 13.14%; the production efficiency of the N fertilizer is improved by 23.42 percent, the production efficiency of the fertilizer is improved by 18.20 percent, the production efficiency of irrigation is improved by 22.38 percent, the production efficiency of moisture is improved by 19.97 percent, and the light energy utilization efficiency is improved by 6.49 percent. Brings remarkable economic and social benefits for local agriculture synergism and farmer income.
In conclusion, by means of the technical scheme, the no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for the corn provided by the invention has the advantages that water is replenished while seeding through the no-tillage seeding and no-tillage fertilizing of a farmland, the water is synchronously and synchronously applied to the seedbed through the no-tillage water-replenishing device while the advantages of soil moisture preservation of the no-tillage seeding machine are kept, so that 'one-line' operations such as fertilizing, seeding, water-saving and water-replenishing are realized, the double effects of soil moisture replenishing and soil moisture guiding are achieved, the problem of spring drought seeding is effectively solved, the water-saving benefit is very obvious, the utilization rate of agricultural irrigation is improved, the crisis of water resource shortage in China is effectively relieved, the aim of improving the emergence rate is finally realized, favorable conditions are created for high yield and harvest, and the significance of water-saving and agriculture development in China is great; in addition, the method can utilize the existing agricultural implements in rural areas and can use a tractor as power, so that the method has the characteristics of less investment, simple and convenient operation, low irrigation cost, strong applicability, convenient popularization and the like.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (8)
1. A corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting land and preparing land, selecting dry farming slope cultivated land in a hilly area, applying 2000-3000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu before rotary tillage, uniformly spreading the organic fertilizer on the ground, cleaning stubbles and pressing by a rotary cultivator in the middle ten days of 4 months, tilling the depth of 15cm, crushing residual stubbles and straws, mixing the crushed residual stubbles and straws with fertile soil, and leveling the land;
s2, selecting seeds, selecting early-maturing, density-resistant, disease-resistant, lodging-resistant and machine-harvested varieties suitable for local planting, wherein seeds are required to be full and uniform, the purity reaches 96%, the purity reaches 99%, the water content is less than or equal to 13%, and the germination rate reaches more than 95%;
s3, sowing, namely sowing when the temperature of a soil layer of 5-10cm is stable and passes 8-10 ℃, selecting a no-tillage precision seeder to sow in time, wherein the sowing depth is 4-5 cm, the seed manure is 5-6 cm in isolation, completing ridge cleaning, ditching, fertilizing, sowing, water replenishing and soil covering operations at one time, determining whether water and water replenishing quantity are replenished or not according to the soil moisture content, wetting the soil with the sowing belt by 5-8 cm, using 150-300 kilograms of water for each mu of land, and planting density is 5000-5500 plants/mu; the no-tillage precision seeder is provided with a water tank with the capacity of 500 kilograms, and the water tank controls the water replenishing amount through a direct-current electromagnetic valve and a manual valve as well as a direct-current speed-regulating booster pump;
s4 field management, wherein closed weeding is carried out by adopting a suspended boom sprayer before emergence of seedlings after sowing, closed weeding is not carried out or weeds in a heavy land, and weeding is carried out by using a herbicide after the seedlings of the corns in a 3-5-leaf stage; in the jointing stage and the large-horn mouth stage, intertillage application of a tapping rod fertilizer and a tapping spike fertilizer is combined, 7.5 kilograms of urea is applied per mu each time, or 15-20 kilograms of urea is applied per mu at one time in the jointing stage; when the diseases and insect pests occur, the diseases and insect pests are prevented and controlled;
s5 harvesting and processing straws, standing the straws for airing for more than 10 days after the milk lines of grains disappear, black layers appear and the bracts are withered and loose, not suitable for directly harvesting varieties of the grains mechanically, harvesting the ears by adopting a corn ear combined harvester when the water content of the grains is less than or equal to 30%, leaving stubbles below 30 cm, simultaneously crushing the straws, cleaning the residual bracts after harvesting, and airing on a shelf; the method is suitable for directly harvesting mechanical seeds, directly harvesting the seeds by using a seed combine harvester after the water content of the seeds is less than or equal to 25%, leaving stubbles below 30 cm, and simultaneously crushing straws.
2. The no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the slope of the dry farming slope land is below 15 degrees, and the soil layer is above 50 cm.
3. The no-tillage stubble-leaving water-replenishing sowing method for corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seeds need to be subjected to seed coating treatment if the seeds are not coated.
4. The no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S3, 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate and 3.5-4 kg of urea are applied per mu, or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules are applied to seed manure in a region with multiple underground pests.
5. The no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing seeding method for corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilizing manner in the step S4 is as follows: when the planting is carried out at equal row spacing, intertillage and hilling are carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator in a jointing stage and a large horn mouth stage at the depth of 15-20 cm, and the intertillage, fertilization, weeding and hilling are completed at one time, when the planting is carried out on large and small ridges, deep scarification is carried out on wide rows by adopting a deep scarifier before jointing at the depth of 25cm, and intertillage, fertilization and hilling are carried out by adopting an intertillage fertilizer applicator in a small horn mouth stage at the depth of 15-20 cm.
6. The no-tillage stubble-leaving water-replenishing seeding method for corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pest control method in the step S4 is as follows: in the small horn mouth period, when the pupation rate of the corn borers reaches 20%, the corn borers are pushed for 10 days later, the first bee releasing period is a suitable period, the second bee releasing period is carried out at intervals of 5-7 days, when the density of the insect population of hundreds of plants in the field is 100 and the damaged plant rate is 30%, a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticide is selected for chemical control, and in the tasseling period, a chemical plant protection machine or a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle is adopted for spraying a bactericide to prevent diseases; and if the second generation corn borers or the third generation armyworms occur, aviation prevention and control are adopted.
7. The no-tillage, stubble-remaining, water-replenishing and seeding method for the corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the no-tillage for the stubble cannot be continuously implemented for more than three years, and the full-amount deep ploughing of the straws needs to be carried out to return to the field after three years, so that the plough bottom layer is broken.
8. The method for no-tillage stubble-leaving, water-replenishing and seeding of corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the whole or half amount of the straw pulverized in step S5 covers the ground surface for overwintering.
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| CN114287299A (en) * | 2021-12-01 | 2022-04-08 | 吉林省农业科学院 | No-tillage water replenishing seeding method based on straw full-coverage condition |
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| CN114287299A (en) * | 2021-12-01 | 2022-04-08 | 吉林省农业科学院 | No-tillage water replenishing seeding method based on straw full-coverage condition |
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