CN113207584A - Corn whole stalk returning and seed and fertilizer integrated organic dry farming sowing method - Google Patents
Corn whole stalk returning and seed and fertilizer integrated organic dry farming sowing method Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a corn whole stalk returning seed manure integrated organic dry farming seeding method, which is formed by integrating a production area environment, seed selection, seeding, intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying, pest control, harvesting and production files, wherein the production area has good ecological conditions, is far away from pollution sources, does not need to be covered with a mulching film, and has an agricultural production area with sustainable production capacity; the environmental quality air quality, the irrigation water quality and the soil quality are in accordance with the NY/T849 regulation; the seeds are selected and selected to be the seeds which are approved by the state or provincial level and are suitable for being planted in the region, the quality of the seeds conforms to the regulation of GB4404.1, and the coated seeds conform to the regulation of GB/T15671. The invention skillfully carries out rotary tillage on the surface soil and the seeding soil separately, can return straws to ridges, and increases the emergence rate of seeds by detecting soil moisture and seeding, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing the yield; the lodging resistance of the corn can be increased through intertillage ridging, the absorption of root system nutrients is promoted, and the final yield can be increased by 3% -7%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of corn planting, and particularly relates to a corn whole-stalk returning and seed and fertilizer integrated organic dry farming seeding method.
Background
The corn straws contain rich carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and other trace elements, have high utilization value and are renewable resources, but the common straw treatment mode is incineration, so the method has serious damage to the atmosphere, is easy to cause water and soil loss, and even reduces the yield of crops. With the development of economy in China, the living standard of the nation is increasingly improved, the requirements on living quality are higher, strategic arrangement of central strengthening ecological civilization construction is carried out comprehensively in all parts of China, and the problem of straw returning is solved by specially issuing supplementary item implementation guidance suggestions for mechanical straw smashing and returning operation in 2019 and supplementary trial item implementation schemes for mechanical less-tillage-free seeding operation in 2018 for the central strengthening. The current straw returning is only to simply smash the straw and directly return to the field after the maize is harvested, and because the rainfall is less in autumn and winter in northern areas, the straw decomposition is not thorough, the seeding in the second year is easily influenced, the seedling shortage and the infirm root pricking of the maize seedling are caused. In addition, the returning of the straws to the field easily causes the diseases and pests to overwinter in the soil, and the diseases and pests are aggravated, so the resistance of the returning of the straws to the field is increased in recent years.
The straw returning is popularized in northern areas of China, the biggest symptom is that the straw is not decomposed enough in winter, and the problem is solved by recycling the straw again and direct seeding without ploughing at present. The straw is recycled again, the quantity of the breeding plants is limited, and only a small part of the straw can be recycled, so that the requirement of straw residue treatment is far met; although the problem of straws is solved by no-tillage direct seeding, the straws cover the surface of the soil and do not carry out rotary tillage on the soil, so that the temperature of the soil is reduced while water is preserved, and the yield of the corn is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention discloses an integrated organic dry farming sowing method for returning all stalks of corns to fields and fertilizing, which skillfully separates surface soil and sowing soil for rotary tillage, can return the stalks to ridges, and increases the emergence rate of seeds by soil moisture detection sowing, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing the yield.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an integrated organic dry farming sowing method for corn whole stalk returning and seed fertilizer application is formed by integrating a production area environment, seed selection, sowing, intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying, pest control, harvesting and production files:
A. habitat of the origin
a. The production place selects an agricultural production area with good ecological conditions, is far away from pollution sources, does not need to be covered with a mulching film and has sustainable production capacity;
b. the environmental quality air quality, the irrigation water quality and the soil quality are in accordance with the NY/T849 regulation;
B. selecting seeds which are approved by the country or provincial level and are suitable for planting in the region, wherein the seed quality conforms to the regulation of GB4404.1, and the coated seeds conform to the regulation of GB/T15671;
C. seeding
a. Preparing land preparation: after autumn harvest, the straws are crushed by about 10cm and paved on the ground surface, or the straws can be crushed and shallowly rotated, and before seeding, no land preparation operation is needed, and no seedling water is needed to be irrigated on a water irrigation land;
b. and (3) sowing period: controlling the temperature to be stabilized above 10 ℃ at a place 10cm underground in spring;
c. density: selecting suitable varieties with different densities according to soil fertility and fertilization level, and determining seeding amount and seedling density, wherein each 667m23700-5000 seedlings are left;
d. the dry soil on the surface layer is placed on two sides of the sowing row according to the soil moisture content, and the wet soil is leaked out, so that the soil moisture content of the sowing area is more than or equal to 10 percent;
e. rotary tillage: the local rotary tillage width of the seeding row is 10cm, and the depth is 20-22 cm; the ridge width between sowing rows is 40cm, stubble cleaning blades carry out rotary tillage for 8-10cm, straws and soil are mixed, a seedbed is ensured to be clean without straws and grass seeds, and seedling emergence is not influenced;
f. ditching and ridging: the ditching depth of the boat-shaped seeding ditcher is 16cm, the seedbed is leveled, the straws are placed on the ridge, and the straws in the seeding area are placed on the ridge;
g. fine sowing: the seeds and the microbial inoculum are precisely applied in a precise and precise manner through the seeding tray, the compacting is considered, the microbial inoculum and the seeds are in the same hole, the root growth is promoted, and the quantity of the microbial inoculum is determined according to the content of the biological bacterial manure and the use standard;
h. fertilizing: the compound fertilizer is intensively applied in a strip way through a fertilizer trough, 20kg of the compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, the fertilizer dosage is adjusted through a fertilizer application opening, the compound fertilizer is applied to the positions 5cm below the seeds, and the compound fertilizer meets the rule of the reasonable use rule of NY/T496 fertilizer;
D. intertill management
a. Cultivating time: in the early stage of jointing, the process is carried out when the height of the corn reaches 50-60 cm;
b. intertillage weeding: intertillage is 5cm deep and 28cm wide, weeding is clean, herbicide can be saved, and the weeding water-retaining and soil-moisture-preserving double-layer plough has the advantages of thickened plough layer, developed root system, drought resistance and lodging resistance;
c. concentrated fertilizer strip application: 20kg of compound fertilizer and 25kg of urea are intensively applied to the roots of the seedlings per mu, and then the sowing ditches are buried, wherein the compound fertilizer and the urea both meet the rule of the NY/T496 fertilizer reasonable use rule;
d. ridging: ridging is carried out through a cultivator, and on the basis of filling the sowing ditches, ridging is carried out for 15cm in height to form 15cm deep furrows;
E. watering: the water demand of the corn is gradually increased from the stage of the jointing stage, and the water quantity per mu is 50m3；
F. Spraying a leaf fertilizer: directionally spraying trace elements on leaf surfaces: 0.5 to 2 percent of urea, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 9.3 percent of ammonium sulfate, 0.01 percent of ammonium molybdate, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of borax, 0.1 to 0.4 percent of zinc sulfate and more than or equal to 100 g/L of amino acid;
G. and (3) pest control: using tebuconazole and flufenoxuron which account for 8 percent and account for 0.6 to 0.7 percent of the weight of the seeds to seed for preventing and controlling head smut; 30% metalaxyl-M fludioxonil azoxystrobin 1000-fold liquid and 30% metalaxyl-M hymexazol 1000-fold liquid are sprayed on stem bases at the initial stage of stem base rot disease attack, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous control is carried out; 500 times of amino-oligosaccharin liquid, 500 times of 9.4% high-efficiency cyhalothrin liquid, 500 times of 12.6% thiamethoxam liquid, 1000 times of 8% ningnanmycin liquid and zinc fertilizer leaves are sprayed at the initial stage of viral disease incidence, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous prevention and treatment are carried out; spraying aphid with 1000 times liquid of 8% thiofida and 1000 times liquid of 1.8% avermectin emulsion; 1.5 percent of zinc sulfur phosphorus granules or carbofuran granules are adopted to directly put in the bellmouth before corn core leaves are arranged in rows at the beginning of a large bellmouth stage and young larvae cluster heart leaves without being damaged into stems;
H. harvesting
a. And (3) harvesting period: when the milk lines of the corn grains disappear, the black layer at the apical cap part is a mark for the complete maturity of the corn; the harvest is delayed for 30-40 days, and the grain weight and the yield of the grains can be improved;
b. the harvesting method comprises the following steps: directly harvesting the seeds by adopting a corn seed harvester;
c. straw treatment: crushing the straws by 10cm and covering the ground surface;
I. the production file is established by recording the detailed measures taken in each link of technical key points, field management, harvest, deep scarification and deep ploughing and the like in detail.
The rotary tillage comprises mild rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage, and deep rotary tillage is carried out on the sowing rows, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15-20 cm; the ridges are slightly rotated, and the rotary tillage depth is 5-8 cm.
The corn variety is the Harvest 1728.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention skillfully carries out rotary tillage on the surface soil and the seeding soil separately, can return straws to ridges, and increases the emergence rate of seeds by detecting soil moisture and seeding, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing the yield;
2. the invention adopts the no-tillage direct seeding, straw ridging and soil moisture detecting seeding technology, solves the problem that the seeding is affected by insufficient straw decomposition when the corn straw is sowed in field, and provides a last barrier for returning the corn straw to the field in the dry farming rain-culture area;
3. the invention can increase the lodging resistance of the corn through intertillage ridging, promote the absorption of root system nutrients and finally increase the yield by 3 to 7 percent.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows the rainfall in the year 2020 in the sun at 5-9 months;
FIG. 2 shows the average temperature in the year 2020, Dongyang at 5-9 months;
FIG. 3 shows the time of the sun in the east sun 5-9 months in 2020;
FIG. 4a shows the water content of soil in different cultivation modes of 5 months and 15 days in the seedling stage;
FIG. 4b shows the water content of soil in different cultivation modes in the jointing stage of 6 months and 15 days;
FIG. 4c shows the water content of soil in different cultivation modes in the pollen scattering period of 7 months and 20 days;
FIG. 4d soil moisture content of different farming modes in 8 months and 22 days of the grouting period;
FIG. 4e soil moisture content in different cultivation modes at maturity stage of 9 months and 17 days.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present application better understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
Example 1
An integrated organic dry farming sowing method for corn whole stalk returning and seed fertilizer application is formed by integrating a production area environment, seed selection, sowing, intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying, pest control, harvesting and production files:
A. habitat of the origin
a. The production place selects an agricultural production area with good ecological conditions, is far away from pollution sources, does not need to be covered with a mulching film and has sustainable production capacity;
b. the environmental quality air quality, the irrigation water quality and the soil quality are in accordance with the NY/T849 regulation;
B. selecting seeds which are approved by the country or provincial level and are suitable for planting in the region, wherein the seed quality conforms to the regulation of GB4404.1, and the coated seeds conform to the regulation of GB/T15671;
C. seeding
a. Preparing land preparation: after autumn harvest, the straws are crushed by about 10cm and paved on the ground surface, or the straws can be crushed and shallowly rotated, and before seeding, no land preparation operation is needed, and no seedling water is needed to be irrigated on a water irrigation land;
b. and (3) sowing period: controlling the temperature to be stabilized above 10 ℃ at a place 10cm underground in spring;
c. density: selecting suitable varieties with different densities according to soil fertility and fertilization level, and determining seeding amount and seedling density, wherein each 667m23700-5000 seedlings are left;
each 667m of land with good water and fertilizer conditions24500-5000 seedlings are generally left; the land mass with common water and fertilizer conditions is 667m2Seedling retention is generally 3700 to 4200;
d. the dry soil on the surface layer is placed on two sides of the sowing row according to the soil moisture content, and the wet soil is leaked out, so that the soil moisture content of the sowing area is more than or equal to 10 percent;
e. rotary tillage: the local rotary tillage width of the seeding row is 10cm, and the depth is 20-22 cm; the ridge width between sowing rows is 40cm, stubble cleaning blades carry out rotary tillage for 8-10cm, straws and soil are mixed, a seedbed is ensured to be clean without straws and grass seeds, and seedling emergence is not influenced;
the straw covering and natural decomposition are realized at low cost, the straw covering and returning to the field for 5 years are continuous, the soil organic matter of 0-5cm soil layer can be increased by about 20%, the soil organic matter of the soil layer below 5cm is gradually increased, and the effects of storing water, preserving soil moisture, fertilizing soil, inhibiting weeds and adjusting the ground temperature are achieved;
f. ditching and ridging: the ditching depth of the boat-shaped seeding ditcher is 16cm, the seedbed is leveled, the straws are placed on the ridge, and the straws in the seeding area are placed on the ridge;
g. fine sowing: the seeds and the microbial inoculum are precisely applied in a precise and precise manner through the seeding tray, the compacting is considered, the microbial inoculum and the seeds are in the same hole, the root growth is promoted, and the quantity of the microbial inoculum is determined according to the content of the biological bacterial manure and the use standard;
h. fertilizing: the compound fertilizer is intensively applied in a strip way through a fertilizer trough, 20kg of the compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, the fertilizer dosage is adjusted through a fertilizer application opening, the compound fertilizer is applied to the positions 5cm below the seeds, and the compound fertilizer meets the rule of the reasonable use rule of NY/T496 fertilizer; the fertilizer has small loss, easy absorption and long fertilizer efficiency, reduces the using amount of the fertilizer and improves the utilization rate of the fertilizer;
D. intertill management
a. Cultivating time: in the early stage of jointing, the process is carried out when the height of the corn reaches 50-60 cm;
b. intertillage weeding: intertillage is 5cm deep and 28cm wide, weeding is clean, herbicide can be saved, and the weeding water-retaining and soil-moisture-preserving double-layer plough has the advantages of thickened plough layer, developed root system, drought resistance and lodging resistance;
c. concentrated fertilizer strip application: 20kg of compound fertilizer and 25kg of urea are intensively applied to the roots of the seedlings per mu, and then the sowing ditches are buried, wherein the compound fertilizer and the urea both meet the rule of the NY/T496 fertilizer reasonable use rule;
d. ridging: ridging is carried out through a cultivator, and on the basis of filling the sowing ditches, ridging is carried out for 15cm in height to form 15cm deep furrows;
E. watering: the water demand of the corn is gradually increased from the stage of the jointing stage, and the water quantity per mu is 50m3；
F. Spraying a leaf fertilizer: directionally spraying trace elements on leaf surfaces: 0.5 to 2 percent of urea, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 9.3 percent of ammonium sulfate, 0.01 percent of ammonium molybdate, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of borax, 0.1 to 0.4 percent of zinc sulfate and more than or equal to 100 g/L of amino acid;
G. and (3) pest control: using tebuconazole and flufenoxuron which account for 8 percent and account for 0.6 to 0.7 percent of the weight of the seeds to seed for preventing and controlling head smut; 30% metalaxyl-M fludioxonil azoxystrobin 1000-fold liquid and 30% metalaxyl-M hymexazol 1000-fold liquid are sprayed on stem bases at the initial stage of stem base rot disease attack, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous control is carried out; 500 times of amino-oligosaccharin liquid, 500 times of 9.4% high-efficiency cyhalothrin liquid, 500 times of 12.6% thiamethoxam liquid, 1000 times of 8% ningnanmycin liquid and zinc fertilizer leaves are sprayed at the initial stage of viral disease incidence, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous prevention and treatment are carried out; spraying aphid with 1000 times liquid of 8% thiofida and 1000 times liquid of 1.8% avermectin emulsion; 1.5 percent of zinc sulfur phosphorus granules or carbofuran granules are adopted to directly put in the bellmouth before corn core leaves are arranged in rows at the beginning of a large bellmouth stage and young larvae cluster heart leaves without being damaged into stems; the pesticide application conforms to the GB/T8321 (all parts) reasonable pesticide application rule.
H. Harvesting
a. And (3) harvesting period: when the milk lines of the corn grains disappear, the black layer at the apical cap part is a mark for the complete maturity of the corn; the harvest is delayed for 30-40 days, and the grain weight and the yield of the grains can be improved; the accumulated temperature utilization efficiency is improved, grain grouting is facilitated, and grain dehydration is realized;
b. the harvesting method comprises the following steps: directly harvesting the seeds by adopting a corn seed harvester; not only reducing the harvest strength and cost of farmers, but also improving the harvesting efficiency;
c. straw treatment: crushing the straws by 10cm and covering the ground surface;
I. the production file is established by recording the detailed measures taken in each link of technical key points, field management, harvest, deep scarification and deep ploughing and the like in detail.
The rotary tillage comprises mild rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage, and deep rotary tillage is carried out on the sowing rows, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15-20 cm; the ridges are slightly rotated, and the rotary tillage depth is 5-8 cm.
Example 2
An integrated organic dry farming sowing method for corn whole stalk returning and seed fertilizer application is formed by integrating a production area environment, seed selection, sowing, intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying, pest control, harvesting and production files:
the production area environment: the method is characterized in that arid and semi-arid regions in China are selected, and the method is suitable for corn planting regions, and specifically comprises the following steps: dongyang test field;
seed selection: the corn variety planted by the test is Harley 1728;
sowing: the test adopts a single-factor random block design, and 3 farming treatments are respectively arranged. The area of each cell is 60m2(6m multiplied by 10m), and the planting density is 4500 plants/mu;
the cultivation measures are respectively as follows: (1) rotary tillage planting (after harvesting corn, carrying out rotary tillage for 10cm, and directly sowing seeds in spring by using a corn fertilizing and sowing machine in a mode of taking a local main planting mode as a contrast); (2) no-tillage planting (leaving stubbles after harvesting and no-tillage, directly planting no-tillage seeding between 2 planting rows in the last-season corn stubble-remaining land); (3) shallow-rotation soil moisture detection furrow planting (after harvesting corns in the last autumn, straws are crushed on the ground, a 531 soil moisture detection and fertilization corn seeder is used for directly seeding in spring, the furrow depth is 5-8 cm, the straws and redundant soil are discharged to two sides, and the planting is sown at the bottom of the furrow);
intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying and pest control: 2000kg of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure is applied to each mu of the corn, 40kg of special compound fertilizer for corn with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (26-10-14) applied at the bottom, 30kg of urea is applied for topdressing (jointing stage), and the herbicide is sprayed after the seedlings are sprayed at the 3-5 leaf stage, and intertillage weeding and topdressing are carried out by using a cultivator after the corn is jointed.
The optimal sowing method is obtained by measuring the water content of soil, the growth and development morphological index of corn and the character and yield of corn kernels:
1. soil moisture content determination
And (3) measuring the soil water content of soil layers of 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the pollination stage, the grouting stage and the harvesting stage of the corn growth stage by a drying method. Selecting 3 points randomly for each treatment, sampling by using an earth drill, scraping the upper floating soil in the earth drill, quickly filling about 20g of soil in the middle of the earth drill into an aluminum box with measured mass, tightly covering, bringing the box back to a room, wiping the outer surface of the aluminum box, weighing the box on an analytical balance until the weight is accurate to 0.01g, and then placing the box in an oven preheated to 105 ℃ to dry the box to constant mass. Taken out, covered, cooled to room temperature in a desiccator, weighed immediately, and subjected to 3 replicates. And calculating the water content of the soil.
1.1 Effect of different cultivation methods on the variation of the Water content of the soil
As can be seen from figure 1, the total rainfall in the Dongyang test field is 407.2mm in 5-9 months in 2020, the rainfall in spring is small, the rainfall in summer and autumn is high, and the rainfall in 5 days of 8 months reaches 73.7mm to the maximum in all years.
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the average temperature of Dongyang test field is 22 ℃ in 5-9 months in 2020.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, the time of year 2020 of Dongyang test field is from 5 to 9 months to 12 hours.
As major drought conditions occur in spring of 2020, in order to ensure the emergence of seedlings, the experiment is watered in 25 days of 4 months, and the seeds are sown in 1 day of 5 months. The whole rainfall is concentrated in the last ten days of 7 months and August, and the rainfall is low in the jointing stage of corn, so that the plant height is obviously reduced compared with the plant height in the past year. In 2020, the temperature is relatively normal compared with the temperature in the past, and extreme high temperature does not appear, thus having no influence on corn pollination. The sunshine time in Shanxi province is long, continuous rainy days for multiple days do not appear in 2020, and the corn pollination is not influenced.
The performance of the three different treatments at each growth stage can be seen by figures 4 a-4 e: in the seedling stage-powder scattering stage, the humidity of the shallow-rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting soil is obviously higher than that of the other two treatments; the humidity of the soil for the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting in the powder scattering period-mature period is between the other two treatments. It can be seen that the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting has an obvious effect of promoting the growth of corns in the seedling stage, the rainfall is collected by the soil gradient caused by the furrows, so that the bottom of the furrows generates a rain collecting effect, the furrows move towards east and west, part of direct sunlight is shielded by the top of the furrows, the bottom of the furrows receives less direct sunlight, the partial transpiration effect is reduced, and the effect of water retention of the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting is reflected under the multi-aspect effect.
After the harvest period, intertillage hilling is carried out once, the water content of the soil is basically the same as that of other two seeding modes, and the main reasons are that the leaf area is increased in the later growth period of the corn, the sunlight received by the soil is less, and the main transpiration effect is caused by the leaves of the corn.
In conclusion, the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting has the function of water retention in the seedling stage, and has obvious promotion effect on corn planting in dry farming rain-culture areas in Shanxi province and northwest China.
2. Corn growth and development morphological index determination
In the corn ear filling middle stage, 5 plants are randomly selected from each cell, and the plant height, ear position and stem thickness are respectively measured.
2.1 the influence of different cultivation methods on the morphological index of corn growth and development
As can be seen from Table 1, the differences of the plant height, the ear position and the stem thickness of the corns in different cultivation modes are large, the main reason is caused by the difference of the soil water content and the ground temperature, the soil water content of the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planted in the jointing stage is large, the plant height is obviously higher than that of the other two cultivation modes, and the lodging rate of the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planted is obviously lower than that of the other two cultivation modes due to the intertillage effect.
TABLE 1 statistics table for maize plant characters in different farming methods
| Treatment method | Plant height (cm) | Ear position (cm) | Stem diameter (cm) | Lodging rate |
| Rotary tillage planting | 295 | 103 | 3.5 | 1.2％ |
| No-tillage planting | 287 | 98 | 3.4 | 0.6％ |
| Shallow rotary furrow planting for detecting soil moisture | 301 | 105 | 3.5 | 0.1％ |
3. Corn kernel character and yield determination
Harvesting is carried out after the corns are completely ripe, 4 rows in the middle of harvesting are weighed, 20 ears with uniform ears are collected and tested indoors, and the ear length, the ear thickness, the ear row number, the row grain number, the bald tip length, the grain water content, the seed yield and the hundred grain weight are respectively measured.
3.1 Effect of different farming methods on yield traits
It can be seen from table 2 that the shallow-rotation furrow-exploring furrow planting of the corn yield shape basically exceeds the other two cultivation modes under different cultivation modes. The no-tillage planting yield is the lowest, the main reasons are that the maturity of the no-tillage planting corn is poor, the moisture content of the grains is high, and the no-tillage planting can improve the soil environment, but reduce the ground temperature and simultaneously reduce the yield. The rotary tillage planting and the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting are still at higher positions in yield, but the shallow rotary soil moisture detection furrow planting yield is higher, the main reason is that the soil water content in the seedling stage is higher, the water and fertilizer conditions in the booting stage are better, the overground root soil grabbing depth is effectively improved by intertillage soil cultivation, the nutrition absorption of the corn root system is also promoted, and the yield is higher.
TABLE 2 statistics table for maize yield and character in different farming methods
Second, analysis of expected benefits
1. The expected economic benefit is as follows: the invention adopts the technologies of no-tillage direct seeding, straw ridging and soil moisture detection seeding, and belongs to the energy-saving and environment-friendly industry; the investment can be saved; the cost of agricultural machinery can be saved by 50-70 yuan per mu of land, the cost of chemical fertilizer can be saved by 25%, the cost of herbicide can be saved by 50%, and the total investment can be saved by 70-90 yuan per mu of land;
2. expected social benefits are as follows: the lodging resistance of the corn can be improved through intertillage ridging, the absorption of root system nutrients is promoted, and the final yield can be increased by 3% -7%;
3. the expected ecological benefit is as follows: the invention adopts the no-tillage direct seeding, straw ridging and soil moisture detecting seeding technology, solves the problem that the seeding is influenced by insufficient straw decomposition when the corn straw is sowed in the field, and provides a last barrier for returning the corn straw to the field in the dry farming rain-culture area. Plays an important role in reducing straw burning and protecting the natural environment for our province.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, component separation or combination and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. An integrated organic dry farming sowing method for corn whole stalk returning and seed fertilizer application is formed by integrating production area environment, seed selection, sowing, intertillage management, watering, foliar fertilizer spraying, pest control, harvesting and production files, and is characterized in that:
A. habitat of the origin
a. The production place selects an agricultural production area with good ecological conditions, is far away from pollution sources, does not need to be covered with a mulching film and has sustainable production capacity;
b. the environmental quality air quality, the irrigation water quality and the soil quality are in accordance with the NY/T849 regulation;
B. selecting seeds which are approved by the country or provincial level and are suitable for planting in the region, wherein the seed quality conforms to the regulation of GB4404.1, and the coated seeds conform to the regulation of GB/T15671;
C. seeding
a. Preparing land preparation: after autumn harvest, the straws are crushed by about 10cm and paved on the ground surface, or the straws can be crushed and shallowly rotated, and before seeding, no land preparation operation is needed, and no seedling water is needed to be irrigated on a water irrigation land;
b. and (3) sowing period: controlling the temperature to be stabilized above 10 ℃ at a place 10cm underground in spring;
c. density: selecting suitable varieties with different densities according to soil fertility and fertilization level, and determining seeding amount and seedling density, wherein each 667m23700-5000 seedlings are left;
d. the dry soil on the surface layer is placed on two sides of the sowing row according to the soil moisture content, and the wet soil is leaked out, so that the soil moisture content of the sowing area is more than or equal to 10 percent;
e. rotary tillage: the local rotary tillage width of the seeding row is 10cm, and the depth is 20-22 cm; the ridge width between sowing rows is 40cm, stubble cleaning blades carry out rotary tillage for 8-10cm, straws and soil are mixed, a seedbed is ensured to be clean without straws and grass seeds, and seedling emergence is not influenced;
f. ditching and ridging: the ditching depth of the boat-shaped seeding ditcher is 16cm, the seedbed is leveled, the straws are placed on the ridge, and the straws in the seeding area are placed on the ridge;
g. fine sowing: the seeds and the microbial inoculum are precisely applied in a precise and precise manner through the seeding tray, the compacting is considered, the microbial inoculum and the seeds are in the same hole, the root growth is promoted, and the quantity of the microbial inoculum is determined according to the content of the biological bacterial manure and the use standard;
h. fertilizing: the compound fertilizer is intensively applied in a strip way through a fertilizer trough, 20kg of the compound fertilizer is applied to each mu, the fertilizer dosage is adjusted through a fertilizer application opening, the compound fertilizer is applied to the positions 5cm below the seeds, and the compound fertilizer meets the rule of the reasonable use rule of NY/T496 fertilizer;
D. intertill management
a. Cultivating time: in the early stage of jointing, the process is carried out when the height of the corn reaches 50-60 cm;
b. intertillage weeding: intertillage is 5cm deep and 28cm wide, weeding is clean, herbicide can be saved, and the weeding water-retaining and soil-moisture-preserving double-layer plough has the advantages of thickened plough layer, developed root system, drought resistance and lodging resistance;
c. concentrated fertilizer strip application: 20kg of compound fertilizer and 25kg of urea are intensively applied to the roots of the seedlings per mu, and then the sowing ditches are buried, wherein the compound fertilizer and the urea both meet the rule of the NY/T496 fertilizer reasonable use rule;
d. ridging: ridging is carried out through a cultivator, and on the basis of filling the sowing ditches, ridging is carried out for 15cm in height to form 15cm deep furrows;
E. watering: the water demand of the corn is gradually increased from the stage of the jointing stage, and the water quantity per mu is 50m3；
F. Spraying a leaf fertilizer: directionally spraying trace elements on leaf surfaces: 0.5 to 2 percent of urea, 0.3 to 0.5 percent of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2 to 9.3 percent of ammonium sulfate, 0.01 percent of ammonium molybdate, 0.1 to 0.2 percent of borax, 0.1 to 0.4 percent of zinc sulfate and more than or equal to 100 g/L of amino acid;
G. and (3) pest control: using tebuconazole and flufenoxuron which account for 8 percent and account for 0.6 to 0.7 percent of the weight of the seeds to seed for preventing and controlling head smut; 30% metalaxyl-M fludioxonil azoxystrobin 1000-fold liquid and 30% metalaxyl-M hymexazol 1000-fold liquid are sprayed on stem bases at the initial stage of stem base rot disease attack, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous control is carried out; 500 times of amino-oligosaccharin liquid, 500 times of 9.4% high-efficiency cyhalothrin liquid, 500 times of 12.6% thiamethoxam liquid, 1000 times of 8% ningnanmycin liquid and zinc fertilizer leaves are sprayed at the initial stage of viral disease incidence, 1 time is sprayed every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times of continuous prevention and treatment are carried out; spraying aphid with 1000 times liquid of 8% thiofida and 1000 times liquid of 1.8% avermectin emulsion; 1.5 percent of zinc sulfur phosphorus granules or carbofuran granules are adopted to directly put in the bellmouth before corn core leaves are arranged in rows at the beginning of a large bellmouth stage and young larvae cluster heart leaves without being damaged into stems;
H. harvesting
a. And (3) harvesting period: when the milk lines of the corn grains disappear, the black layer at the apical cap part is a mark for the complete maturity of the corn; the harvest is delayed for 30-40 days, and the grain weight and the yield of the grains can be improved;
b. the harvesting method comprises the following steps: directly harvesting the seeds by adopting a corn seed harvester;
c. straw treatment: crushing the straws by 10cm and covering the ground surface;
I. the production file is established by recording the detailed measures taken in each link of technical key points, field management, harvest, deep scarification and deep ploughing and the like in detail.
2. The corn whole-stalk returning and seed and fertilizer integrated organic dry farming seeding method according to claim 1, wherein the rotary tillage comprises mild rotary tillage and deep rotary tillage, the seeding row is deep rotary tillage, and the depth of the rotary tillage is 15-20 cm; the ridges are slightly rotated, and the rotary tillage depth is 5-8 cm.
3. The corn whole-stalk returning and seed and fertilizer integrated organic dry farming seeding method according to claim 1, characterized in that the corn variety is Harley 1728.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105052459A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-11-18 | 李新华 | Corn plantation method |
| AU2020101868A4 (en) * | 2020-08-18 | 2020-09-24 | Institute Of Agricultural Resources And Environment, Shandong Academy Of Agricultural Sciences | Simple winter wheat fertilization method in wheat and maize rotation mode |
| CN112602547A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-06 | 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 | Corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105052459A (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2015-11-18 | 李新华 | Corn plantation method |
| AU2020101868A4 (en) * | 2020-08-18 | 2020-09-24 | Institute Of Agricultural Resources And Environment, Shandong Academy Of Agricultural Sciences | Simple winter wheat fertilization method in wheat and maize rotation mode |
| CN112602547A (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-04-06 | 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 | Corn no-tillage stubble-remaining water-replenishing sowing method |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 陈红卫;: "如何让地膜玉米获得高产" * |
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