CN101129123A - Comprehensive Cultivation Method for Cold Resistance and High Yield of Rice - Google Patents

Comprehensive Cultivation Method for Cold Resistance and High Yield of Rice Download PDF

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CN101129123A
CN101129123A CNA2007100561078A CN200710056107A CN101129123A CN 101129123 A CN101129123 A CN 101129123A CN A2007100561078 A CNA2007100561078 A CN A2007100561078A CN 200710056107 A CN200710056107 A CN 200710056107A CN 101129123 A CN101129123 A CN 101129123A
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rice
soil
seed
fertilizer
water
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齐健
宋凤斌
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Jilin Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of CAS
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Jilin Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of CAS
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Abstract

本发明属于农业技术领域中的作物栽培,是水稻抗冷高产综合栽培方法。采用品种选择;简塑盘规格选择;播种准备与播种;苗床管理;本田整地;插秧;本田施肥;本田用水管理;病虫草害防和收获,本发明将以上技术在寒冷稻作区水稻生产中进行综合应用,重点在于调动水稻自身的抗寒潜能以抵御低温的危害,同时本发明的关键技术有利于水稻群体通风透光,提高光能利用率,还可提高水温和土壤温度,从而提高稻田生态系统整体抵御寒害的能力,达到水稻生产抗寒高的目的,2004、2005和2006三年的试验结果证明,本发明的抗寒栽培比普通栽培产量提高27.6%-35.5%。The invention belongs to crop cultivation in the field of agricultural technology, and is a comprehensive cultivation method for cold resistance and high yield of rice. Variety selection; simple plastic tray specification selection; sowing preparation and sowing; seedbed management; Honda soil preparation; rice transplanting; Honda fertilization; For comprehensive application, the key point is to mobilize the cold-resistant potential of rice itself to resist the harm of low temperature. At the same time, the key technology of the present invention is conducive to the ventilation and light transmission of rice groups, improving the utilization rate of light energy, and can also increase the water temperature and soil temperature, thereby improving the rice field. The overall ability of the ecosystem to resist cold damage achieves the goal of high cold resistance in rice production. The test results in 2004, 2005 and 2006 prove that the cold resistance cultivation of the present invention increases the yield by 27.6%-35.5% compared with ordinary cultivation.

Description

水稻抗冷高产综合栽培方法 Comprehensive Cultivation Method for Cold Resistance and High Yield of Rice

技术领域technical field

本发明属于农作物栽培技术领域,涉及水稻抗冷高产综合栽培方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and relates to a comprehensive cultivation method for cold resistance and high yield of rice.

背景技术Background technique

吉林省的延边地区和黑龙江省的三江地区位于中国的最东部,属于寒冷稻作区,水稻生产除不同程度地遭受延迟型冷害影响外,还经常遭受障碍性冷害的影响,冷害发生年份,水稻生产受影响范围广、产量下降幅度大,水稻抗冷高产综合栽培技术就是以超稀植栽培为关键技术,针对解决冷害发生年份水稻减产、减收的重大问题提出的,此技术的特点是:以简塑钵盘稀播、旱育壮秧为前提,以带蘖稀植为核心,攻大穗、增粒重为目标,通过配套的综合管理技术措施,挖掘水稻自身的生产潜力,增强抗冷害能力,实现水稻生产的稳产、高产、高效的栽培技术,采用此技术,水稻公顷产量一般可达到7000kg以上。The Yanbian region of Jilin Province and the Sanjiang region of Heilongjiang Province are located in the easternmost part of China and belong to the cold rice cultivation area. In addition to being affected by delayed chilling damage to varying degrees, rice production is often affected by obstructive chilling damage. A wide range of production is affected, and the yield declines greatly. The comprehensive cultivation technology of rice cold resistance and high yield is based on ultra-sparse planting cultivation as the key technology. It is proposed to solve the major problems of rice production and income reduction in the year when cold damage occurs. The characteristics of this technology are: Based on the premise of sparse sowing in simple plastic bowls and dry seedling cultivation, with sparse planting with tillers as the core, the goal is to attack large ears and increase grain weight, and through supporting comprehensive management technical measures, tap the production potential of rice itself and enhance the resistance Chilling damage ability, to achieve stable, high-yield, and efficient cultivation techniques for rice production. Using this technology, the yield per hectare of rice can generally reach more than 7000kg.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明基于寒冷稻作区延迟型冷害和障碍性冷害的发生规律及对水稻生产造成的影响,根据水稻自身拥有的抗逆特性,采取得力的调控技术措施,为寒冷稻作区的水稻营造良好的生长发育条件,促进其生长发育,本发明的目的是提供水稻抗冷高产综合栽培方法。The present invention is based on the occurrence rules of delayed chilling injury and obstructive chilling injury in cold rice cropping areas and their impact on rice production, and according to the stress resistance characteristics of rice itself, effective regulation and control technical measures are adopted to create a good environment for rice in cold rice cropping areas. The growth and development conditions of rice are promoted to promote its growth and development. The purpose of the invention is to provide a comprehensive cultivation method for rice cold resistance and high yield.

本发明的步骤和条件如下:The steps and conditions of the present invention are as follows:

一、品种选择1. Variety selection

选用国家审定的高产、优质、抗逆性强,较当地成熟期早3~5天的耐寒、偏大穗型,分蘖力中等或上等的水稻品种,种子要达到国家标准GB4404-84“粮食种子”二级以上,种子纯度98%,种子净度97%,种子发芽率90%以上,种子发芽势80%以上,种子含水量不超过14.5%,适合上述地区的品种有:中熟区88-7、九稻20熟期相近的抗寒高产品种;中早熟区九稻16、延304熟期相近的抗寒高产品种;早熟区延粳19、合江21熟期相近的抗寒高产品种;或者,极早熟区龙粳8、上育97熟期相近的抗寒高产品种。Choose high-yield, high-quality, strong stress-resistant rice varieties approved by the state, cold-resistant, large panicle type, and medium or superior tillering ability 3 to 5 days earlier than the local maturity period. The seeds must meet the national standard GB4404-84 "grain "Seed" grade two or above, seed purity 98%, seed clarity 97%, seed germination rate above 90%, seed germination potential above 80%, seed water content not exceeding 14.5%, varieties suitable for the above-mentioned areas are: medium ripening area 88 -7, Jiudao 20 is a cold-resistant high-yielding variety with similar maturity period; the cold-resistant high-yield variety of Jiudao 16 and Yan 304 with similar maturity period in the middle and early maturity area; Yanjing 19 and Hejiang 21 are cold-resistant high-yield varieties with similar maturity period in the early-maturation area ; or, Longjing 8 and Shangyu 97 are cold-resistant high-yielding varieties with similar maturity periods in extremely early maturing areas.

二、育苗用简塑盘规格选择2. Specification selection of simple plastic trays for seedling cultivation

推荐使用434孔的装土量为5克的简塑盘或使用352孔的简塑盘。It is recommended to use a simple plastic tray with 434 holes with a soil loading of 5 grams or a simple plastic tray with 352 holes.

三、播种准备与播种3. Sowing preparation and sowing

1、苗床地选择和棚室准备1. Seedbed selection and greenhouse preparation

苗床地应选择地势平坦、地下水位低、排水良好、背风向阳,水电方便的旱田地或庭院为好,为了提高温度的缓冲能力和通风炼苗,采用大中型裙棚棚室,以便保证早期通风炼苗,扣棚时间平原区为3月末,半山区为4月5日前,山区要在4月10日前结束,为了按时扣棚,须在秋季将插架孔做好,插上稻草,以便翌年按时立架扣棚,每公顷所须苗床面积60~80m2,扣棚时间最迟也应在摆盘前7天进行,选用装土量为5g以上的简塑盘300~400个左右,每平方米需用0.2kg营养土,把30%的营养土施在床土上,搅拌均匀后翻地、整平,深度为5cm左右,以防止烧苗,然后充分浇水。Seedbeds should choose dry fields or courtyards with flat terrain, low groundwater level, good drainage, leeward to the sun, and convenient water and electricity. In order to improve the temperature buffering capacity and ventilation for hardening seedlings, large and medium-sized skirt sheds should be used to ensure early ventilation. Seedling hardening and shed closing time are at the end of March in the plain area, before April 5 in the mid-level areas, and before April 10 in the mountainous areas. In order to close the shed on time, the rack holes must be made in autumn and straw inserted for the next year. The required seedbed area per hectare is 60-80m 2 , and the time for closing the shed should be 7 days before the plate placement at the latest. Choose about 300-400 simple plastic plates with a soil loading of more than 5g. 0.2kg of nutritious soil is needed per square meter, and 30% of the nutritious soil is applied on the bed soil. After stirring evenly, the ground is plowed and leveled. The depth is about 5cm to prevent the seedlings from burning, and then fully watered.

2、种子处理2. Seed treatment

①晒种① drying seeds

选晴暖天气,在干燥场地上摊晒稻种2~3天,晒种时每3~4小时翻动一次,以便提高种子内酶的活性及发芽势和发芽率,需种量为每公顷10~15kg。Choose sunny and warm weather, spread the rice seeds on a dry site for 2 to 3 days, and turn them every 3 to 4 hours to improve the enzyme activity, germination potential and germination rate in the seeds. The required seed amount is 10 per hectare. ~15kg.

②盐水选种②Brine selection

在15kg温水中加盐3.75kg,制取比重为1∶13的溶液,然后将晾晒后并筛除草籽的种子倒入盐水溶液里,搅拌均匀,弃掉上层的秕子后捞取饱满的种子,用清水冲洗2~3次后阴干,以便提高出苗率。Add 3.75kg of salt to 15kg of warm water to prepare a solution with a specific gravity of 1:13, then pour the seeds that have been dried and sieved out of the weed seeds into the saline solution, stir evenly, discard the upper layer of scorpions, and take out the full seeds. Rinse with clean water 2 to 3 times and then dry in the shade to increase the germination rate.

③种子消毒和浸种③Seed disinfection and soaking

在50kg水中放入901可湿性粉剂或一浸灵可湿性粉剂1包,而后充分搅拌配成消毒剂用于消毒浸种,浸种时,每天搅拌1~2次,20℃条件下浸种5天或15℃条件下浸种6~7天,一定要使最终浸种积温达到100℃。Put 1 pack of 901 wettable powder or Yizhuling wettable powder into 50kg of water, and then fully stir to make a disinfectant for disinfecting and soaking seeds. Soak the seeds for 6-7 days under the condition of ℃, and make sure the accumulated temperature of the final soaking seeds reaches 100℃.

④种子催芽④Seed germination

在消毒浸种阶段种子吸收30%左右的水分,种子在水里开始破胸,及时捞出种子装入塑料袋,放在铺有稻草的温度为30~32℃的土坑上或专用催芽设备内,种子厚度不得超过15cm,然后盖上毛毯或麻袋等物品使种子上下温度一致,每天翻动3~4次,防止温度局部过高产生烧芽现象,到种子露白时,将其放在阴凉处,对其抗寒能力进行驯化,日平均气温稳定通过5℃时播种。During the disinfection and soaking stage, the seeds absorb about 30% of the water, and the seeds begin to burst in the water. Take out the seeds in time and put them in plastic bags, and put them on the soil pit with straw at a temperature of 30-32°C or in special germination equipment. , the thickness of the seeds should not exceed 15cm, and then cover the seeds with blankets or sacks to keep the temperature of the top and bottom of the seeds consistent, and turn them 3 to 4 times a day to prevent the phenomenon of burning buds caused by excessive temperature. When the seeds are white, put them in a cool place. Acclimatize its cold resistance, and sow when the daily average temperature is stable through 5°C.

3、盘土配合3. Pan-soil cooperation

盘土选择菜园土、熟化的旱田土、稻田土或淤泥土,不宜在荒草地及当季喷施过除草剂的田间取土,进行碎土、过筛、拌肥,形成pH为5~6的营养土,培育每公顷大田用秧需备足营养土1.5吨,将盘土与营养土均匀搅拌,盘土与营养土的重量比为1∶0.7,,而后将得到的混合土盖上塑料布集中堆闷备用。For the pan soil, choose vegetable garden soil, mature dry field soil, paddy field soil or silt soil. It is not suitable to take soil from barren grassland and fields that have been sprayed with herbicides in the current season, crush the soil, sieve, and mix fertilizer to form a pH of 5-6. 1.5 tons of nutritious soil should be prepared for cultivating rice seedlings per hectare, and the pan soil and nutritious soil should be evenly stirred. The weight ratio of the pan soil to the nutritious soil is 1:0.7. The cloth is concentrated and piled up for use.

4、播种4. Sowing

①播种时间①Sowing time

4月5日-4月15日,在日平均气温稳定通过5℃时播种,以保证平原地区的秧龄为50天,半山区为45天,山区为40天。From April 5th to April 15th, sow seeds when the daily average temperature is stable above 5°C to ensure that the seedling age is 50 days in plain areas, 45 days in mid-level areas, and 40 days in mountainous areas.

②播种方法与摆盘②Sowing method and arrangement

为了确保规范化育秧质量,保证播种均匀、出苗整齐,宜采用机械或半机械播种方法,播种时首先将配制好的混合土,然后将种子均匀推入到简塑盘里,使每钵进入种子2~3粒,播种后要覆土,厚度0.3~0.5cm,不要见芽谷,摆盘前1天,铺平床土,并使床土水分达到饱和状态,摆盘时用板下压,使钵体的2/3埋入床土中,做到盘和床土紧密结合,播种摆盘结束后,充分浇水,最后用秧草灵等封闭剂进行封闭除草。In order to ensure the quality of standardized seedling raising, ensure uniform sowing and neat emergence of seedlings, it is advisable to adopt mechanical or semi-mechanical sowing methods. When sowing, firstly mix the prepared soil, and then push the seeds evenly into the simple plastic tray, so that each pot enters 2 seeds. ~3 grains, cover with soil after sowing, thickness 0.3-0.5cm, do not see buds and valleys, spread the bed soil one day before placing the plate, and make the bed soil moisture reach saturation state, use a board to press down when placing the plate, make the bowl 2/3 of the body is buried in the bed soil, so that the disc and the bed soil are closely combined. After the sowing and arranging the disc, water it fully, and finally use a sealing agent such as Yangcao Ling to seal and weed.

四、苗床管理4. Seedbed management

①出苗之前要经常观察温度和水分,如果水分不足,要及时补充,温度要控制在35℃以下,以防止烧芽,做到出苗整齐。① Always observe the temperature and water before emergence. If the water is insufficient, it should be replenished in time. The temperature should be controlled below 35°C to prevent the buds from burning and to ensure that the seedlings emerge neatly.

②加强针叶期到2叶期之间的管理,80%以上出苗时是针叶期,要做好通风炼苗,温度应控制在25℃以下,水分要适当,以防止徒长。②Strengthen the management between the needle-leaf stage and the 2-leaf stage. More than 80% of the seedlings emerge in the needle-leaf stage. Ventilation should be done to harden the seedlings. The temperature should be controlled below 25°C and the water should be appropriate to prevent excessive growth.

③做好3叶期到插秧前的管理③ Do a good job in the management from the 3-leaf stage to before transplanting

到了3叶期,随着叶面积的增加,对水分的要求增多,所以要适当加大浇水量,原则上,一次多浇,避免多次少浇,标准是清晨在叶尖有水珠,为了适应外界气温,应不分昼夜地进行通风炼苗,为育壮秧,在2.5叶期和4叶期,喷施生长调节剂,插秧前2天,每平方米浇施50g磷酸二铵兑2kg水的液体肥料,然后浇清水洗叶面,作为送嫁肥,同时喷施500倍氧化乐果,防止移栽后潜叶蝇的发生。At the 3-leaf stage, as the leaf area increases, the water requirement increases, so the amount of watering should be increased appropriately. In principle, water more at one time, and avoid watering less frequently. The standard is that there are water drops on the leaf tips in the morning. In order to adapt to the outside temperature, the seedlings should be ventilated and hardened day and night. To grow strong seedlings, spray growth regulators at the 2.5-leaf stage and 4-leaf stage. 2kg of water liquid fertilizer, then poured clear water to wash the leaves, as a fertilizer for grafting, and sprayed 500 times omethoate at the same time to prevent the occurrence of leaf miners after transplanting.

五、本田整地5. Honda land preparation

①为了防止障碍型冷害,加高池埂30cm。①In order to prevent obstacle-type chilling injury, raise the pool ridge by 30cm.

②平整稻田:要求渠系配套,排灌畅通,格田长方形,田面高低差不得超过5cm。②Leveling paddy field: It is required that the canal system should be matched, drainage and irrigation should be smooth, the grid field should be rectangular, and the height difference of the field surface should not exceed 5cm.

③翻耙地:以秋翻和旱耙为主,秋翻在土壤含量降至30%以下时进行,深度20~25cm,春翻在4月25日前翻完,深度12~15cm,不漏耕,不丢边,移栽前1~2天把地耙细刮平。③ Land plowing: mainly autumn plowing and dry plowing, autumn plowing is carried out when the soil content drops below 30%, the depth is 20-25cm, spring plowing is completed before April 25, the depth is 12-15cm, and there is no missing plowing , without losing the edges, rake the ground 1-2 days before transplanting and scrape it flat.

六、插秧6. Transplanting rice seedlings

①确定插秧日期:5月20日开始,到5月末全部结束,不插6月秧。① Determine the date of transplanting: start on May 20 and end at the end of May, and do not insert seedlings in June.

②插秧方法与行向:可用人工和机械插秧,无论采取哪种方法,以南-北或西南-东北行向最理想,有利于通风透光,提高光能利用率,同时可提高水温和土壤温度,从而提高稻田生态系统整体抵御寒害的能力。②Transplanting method and direction: Manual or mechanical transplanting can be used. No matter which method is adopted, the south-north or southwest-northeast direction is the most ideal, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, and improves the utilization rate of light energy. At the same time, it can improve water temperature and soil temperature. temperature, thereby improving the overall ability of the rice field ecosystem to resist cold damage.

③规范插秧密度:平原区一般为大行距50cm,小行距30cm,株距20cm,平原区的沙薄地、冷浆地和半山区一般为大行距50cm,小行距20cm,株距20cm或大行距40cm,小行距30cm,株距20cm;半山区的沙薄地和山区一般行株距为30×20cm;高寒山区行株距以30×13.3cm为宜,或行株距为30×20cm。③Standard transplanting density: In the plain area, the large row spacing is generally 50cm, the small row spacing is 30cm, and the plant spacing is 20cm. The row spacing is 30cm, and the plant spacing is 20cm; the row-plant spacing is generally 30×20cm in the sandy land and mountainous areas in the mid-level area; the row-plant spacing is 30×13.3cm, or the row-plant spacing is 30×20cm.

七、本田施肥Seven, Honda fertilization

遵循前控、中足、后保氮肥及增施磷肥和钾肥的施肥原则:Follow the fertilization principles of pre-control, mid-foot, post-nitrogen fertilizers, and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers:

①计算施肥总量:根据当地土壤、气候、品种条件适当调整施肥量,但总的要求是:在每公顷施充分腐熟的农家肥10~20m3前提下,化肥总量应控制在纯氮105~125kg,最多不超过135kg;纯磷50~70kg;纯钾60~90kg范围内。① Calculate the total amount of fertilization: adjust the amount of fertilizer properly according to the local soil, climate, and variety conditions, but the general requirement is: under the premise of applying fully decomposed farmyard manure of 10-20m 3 per hectare, the total amount of chemical fertilizer should be controlled at 105 of pure nitrogen ~125kg, up to 135kg; pure phosphorus 50~70kg; pure potassium 60~90kg.

②确定底肥用量:寒冷稻作区应减少底肥的施用量,提倡在翻耕前施充分腐熟的农家肥10~20m3的基础上,再施入全年总氮肥的30%、全年总钾肥量的2/3和全部的磷肥,必须结合翻地一次性施入,对于冷浆地,在翻地前每公顷施1000kg的石灰为宜。② Determination of the amount of base fertilizer: In cold rice-growing areas, the application amount of base fertilizer should be reduced. It is recommended to apply 10-20 m3 of fully decomposed farmyard manure before plowing, and then apply 30% of the annual total nitrogen fertilizer and the annual total potassium fertilizer. 2/3 of the amount and all of the phosphate fertilizer must be combined with the plowing and applied at one time. For cold slurry land, it is advisable to apply 1000kg of lime per hectare before plowing.

③巧施分蘖肥料:移栽后7天内进行,土质好的一般不施分蘖肥,沙薄地或土质差的,可施全年总氮肥量的5~10%。③Skillful application of tillering fertilizer: within 7 days after transplanting. Generally, no tillering fertilizer is applied if the soil quality is good, and 5-10% of the annual total nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to sandy land or poor soil quality.

④及时补施肥料:移栽后25~30天进行补施肥料,土质好的地方视其分蘖情况施全年总氮量的30~40%。④Replenish fertilizer in time: Apply fertilizer 25-30 days after transplanting, and apply 30-40% of the annual total nitrogen amount in places with good soil quality depending on the tillering situation.

确定补肥时期的诊断指标如下:The diagnostic indicators to determine the period of fertilization are as follows:

1、到插秧后24-26天,调查每穴平均茎数,平均数达不到15个时、进行补肥。1. 24-26 days after transplanting, investigate the average number of stems per hole, and when the average number is less than 15, supplement the fertilizer.

2、每穴平均茎数达到15个时,推迟5天进行补肥。2. When the average number of stems per hole reaches 15, the supplementary fertilizer should be postponed for 5 days.

3、到插秧后30天调查每穴平均茎数,平均数超过15个时,推迟5天进行补肥。3. Investigate the average number of stems per hole 30 days after transplanting the seedlings. When the average number exceeds 15, postpone the supplementary fertilizer for 5 days.

⑤第一次穗肥:水稻出穗前19-21天进行,上部第二片叶露出0.5片叶时,追施全年总氮肥量的15%和剩下的1/3的钾肥。⑤ The first ear fertilizer: 19-21 days before the rice ear emerges, when the second leaf on the upper part is exposed to 0.5 leaves, topdress 15% of the total nitrogen fertilizer and the remaining 1/3 of the potassium fertilizer.

⑥第二次穗肥:水稻出穗前8-10天进行,也就是减数分裂时期,这时顶叶基本出齐,追施全年总氮肥量的10%,但是要根据水稻长相,适当调解,如果株数少,叶色浅时,应立即施肥;株数多,叶色深,气候不良就要推迟几天,出穗后施肥,如因氮肥施量过多,叶片出现褐斑时,不可施肥。⑥Second panicle fertilizer: 8-10 days before rice panicle emergence, which is the meiosis period. At this time, the top leaves are basically in full bloom, and 10% of the total nitrogen fertilizer for the whole year is topdressed, but it should be appropriate according to the appearance of the rice. Mediation, if the number of plants is small and the leaf color is light, fertilization should be applied immediately; if the number of plants is large, the leaf color is dark, and the weather is bad, it will be postponed for a few days. Fertilize.

⑦粒肥:水稻80%出穗后,为了增加千粒重,要施剩余的5%氮肥。⑦ Grain fertilizer: After 80% of the rice is eared, in order to increase the thousand-grain weight, the remaining 5% nitrogen fertilizer should be applied.

⑧其它施肥:对于冷浆地,每公顷施硫酸锌肥15kg,分蘖期和孕穗期可施神农液等生长调节剂,以增加抗寒性,提早成熟。⑧Other fertilization: For cold slurry land, apply 15kg of zinc sulfate fertilizer per hectare, and use Shennong liquid and other growth regulators at the tillering and booting stages to increase cold resistance and early maturity.

八、本田用水管理8. Honda Water Management

水稻分蘖的最适温度是28~31℃,低于18℃不会发生分蘖,水稻分蘖的部位一般在表土以下2.5~3cm处,因为影响分蘖最关键的因素是水温和土温,为了提高水温和土温分蘖期应浅水灌溉,水深不得超过3cm。The optimum temperature for rice tillering is 28-31°C. Tillers will not occur below 18°C. Rice tillers are generally 2.5-3cm below the topsoil, because the most critical factor affecting tillering is water temperature and soil temperature. In order to increase the water temperature The soil temperature and tillering stage should be irrigated with shallow water, and the water depth should not exceed 3cm.

寒冷稻作区的水稻生产,每年都不同程度地遭受障碍型冷害,因此,在7月5日~10日的幼穗形成时期开始逐渐加深水层,到减数分裂期必须达到20cm以上,黄熟期停止灌水。Rice production in cold rice-growing areas suffers from obstacle-type chilling damage to varying degrees every year. Therefore, the water layer gradually deepens during the young panicle formation period from July 5th to 10th. Period stop irrigation.

九、病虫草害防除9. Prevention and control of diseases, insect pests and weeds

1、主动防治水稻病害1. Actively prevent and control rice diseases

水稻主要病害有稻瘟病、稻曲病、纹枯病或立枯病,防治中采用的较好药剂是菌毒杀星,公顷用量375ml,对水3000倍叶面喷雾,于孕穗期喷施1次。The main diseases of rice include rice blast, rice false smut, sheath blight or blight, and the better medicament used in the prevention and treatment is bacterium poisonous star, the dosage per hectare is 375ml, spray foliage 3000 times of water, and spray 1 Second-rate.

2、重点防治水稻虫害2. Focus on the prevention and control of rice pests

主要水稻害虫有水稻二化螟、水稻负泥虫或水稻潜叶蝇,在虫害防治中采用生物农药苏得利,公顷用量6000毫升,对水200倍,在7月7~10日叶面喷雾。The main rice pests are rice stem borer, rice slugworm or rice leaf miner. The biological pesticide Sudeli is used in the pest control. The dosage per hectare is 6000 ml, and the water is 200 times. It is sprayed on the leaves from July 7 to 10. .

3、综合防治水稻草害3. Comprehensive prevention and control of rice weeds

水田杂草群落多为禾本科、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草并存,一些化学农药防效不佳且严重影响稻米品质,经试验证明,生绿金锄头可湿性粉剂可在绿色食品水稻生产中应用,该药剂具有杀草谱广、无残毒、无污染、防效好的特点,可在本田稗草1~2叶、三棱草30cm高时公顷用量900g兑水750kg喷雾,可取得较好防效,且对稻米品质无影响。The weed communities in paddy fields are mostly gramineous, sedge and broad-leaved weeds coexisting. Some chemical pesticides have poor control effects and seriously affect the quality of rice. It has been proved by experiments that the wettable powder of raw green gold hoe can be used in green food rice. Used in production, this agent has the characteristics of wide herbicidal spectrum, no residual toxicity, no pollution, and good control effect. It can be sprayed with 900g mixed with 750kg water when the height of barnyardgrass is 1-2 leaves and three-edged grass is 30cm high. Good control effect, and no effect on rice quality.

十、收获10. Harvest

收获:黄熟末期适时收获。Harvest: Harvest at the end of yellow ripening.

有益效果:采用本发明的方法、步骤和条件,在中国吉林省延边地区的安图县(试验面积1hm2)和黑龙江省佳木斯地区的同江县(试验面积0.8hm2)进行了试验,这两个县在水稻生产上完全可以代表寒冷稻作区,试验结果证明,本发明的方法在这两个县是完全可行的,2004、2005和2006三年的试验结果,本发明的抗寒栽培比普通栽培的产量提高27.6%-35.5%。Beneficial effects: adopt the method, step and condition of the present invention, in Antu County (test area 1hm 2 ) in Yanbian area, Jilin Province, China and Tongjiang County (test area 0.8hm 2 ) in Jiamusi area, Heilongjiang Province, tested, this Two counties can fully represent the cold rice cultivation area in paddy production, test result proves, the method of the present invention is completely feasible in these two counties, the test result of 2004,2005 and 2006 three years, the cold-resistant cultivation of the present invention Compared with common cultivation, the yield is increased by 27.6%-35.5%.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

应用实例:采用本发明的方法、步骤和条件,在中国吉林省延边地区的安图县(试验面积1hm2)和黑龙江省佳木斯地区的同江县(试验面积0.8hm2)进行了试验,这两个县在水稻生产上完全可以代表寒冷稻作区,试验结果证明,本发明的方法在这两个县是完全可行的,2004、2005和2006三年的试验结果见表1,Application example: adopt method, step and condition of the present invention, in Antu County (test area 1hm 2 ) in Yanbian area, Jilin Province, China and Tongjiang County (test area 0.8hm 2 ) in Jiamusi area, Heilongjiang Province, tested, this Two counties can fully represent the cold rice cultivation area in paddy production, and test result proves that the method of the present invention is fully feasible in these two counties, and the test results of three years in 2004, 2005 and 2006 are shown in Table 1,

表1.本发明的抗寒栽培与普通栽培产量比较Table 1. Cold-resistant cultivation of the present invention compares with common cultivation output

年份years 地点Place   抗寒栽培量(kg/hm2)Cold-resistant cultivation amount (kg/hm 2 )   普通栽培量(kg/hm2)Normal cultivation amount (kg/hm 2 )   抗寒栽培比普通栽培增(%)The cold-resistant cultivation increased (%) compared with the common cultivation 20042004   安图Antu   76117611   58725872   29.629.6   同江Tongjiang   73037303   57235723   27.627.6 20052005   安图Antu   74217421   54615461   35.535.5   同江Tongjiang   70137013   54775477   34.134.1 20062006   安图Antu   69236923   51945194   33.333.3   同江Tongjiang   66196619   50955095   29.929.9

Claims (1)

1. cold resistant high-production synthetic method for planting rice is characterized in that, step and condition are as follows:
One, kind is selected
Select high yield, high-quality, the strong stress resistance of country's authorization for use, cold-resistant, the inclined to one side large spike in early 3~5 days local maturing stage, the rice varieties that tillering ability is medium or first-class, seed will be up to state standards GB4404-84 " foodstuff seed " more than the secondary, seed purity 98%, physical purity of seed 97%, percentage of seedgermination is more than 90%, potentiality of seed is more than 80%, and seed moisture content is no more than 14.5%, and the kind that is fit to above-mentioned area has: in ripe district 88-7, nine rice close cold-resistant high yielding variety of 20 ripe phases; Mid-early maturity district nine rice 16, prolong close cold-resistant high yielding variety of 304 ripe phases; Precocious district prolongs round-grained rice 19, Hejiang's close cold-resistant high yielding variety of 21 ripe phases; Perhaps, extremely early mature district dragon round-grained rice 8, on educate close cold-resistant high yielding variety of 97 ripe phases;
Two, grow seedlings and mould the dish specification with letter and select
Recommending to use the soil loading amount in 434 holes is that 5 letters that restrain are moulded dish or used the letter in 352 holes to mould dish;
Three, sowing is prepared and sowing
1), ground, seedbed is selected and the preparation of canopy chamber
Should select the seedbed that physical features is smooth, subterranean water level is low, draining is good, leeward on the sunny side, water power easily dry land ground or garden for well, for buffer capacity and the ventilation hardening that improves temperature, adopt big-and-middle-sized skirt canopy canopy chamber, so that guarantee early stage ventilation hardening, button canopy time region of no relief was 3 the end of month, before upper level is April 5, the mountain area will be finished before April 10, in order to detain canopy on time, must carry out inserting the frame hole in the fall, plug straw, so that next year is stand button canopy on time, per hectare institute must seedbed area 60~80m 2The button canopy time also should carry out at balance at the latest in preceding 7 days, selecting soil loading amount for use is that about 300~400 on dish is moulded in the above letter of 5g, every square metre needs with 0.2kg nutrition soil, 30% nutrition soil is executed on bed soil, ploughed, flatten after stirring, the degree of depth is about 5cm, to prevent to burn seedling, fully water then;
2), seed treatment
1. bask seeds
Select fine warm weather, tedded seed rice on the ground 2~3 days, stirred once in per 3~4 hours when basking seeds,, need kind of amount to be per hectare 10~15kg so that improve activity and the germination vigor and the germination rate of seed endoenzyme at drying bed;
2. sort seed by salt water
In 15kg warm water,, produce proportion and be 1: 13 solution with salt 3.75kg, then with after the airing and the seed that screens out grass-seed pour in the saline solution, stir, fish for full seed after discarding the blighted grain on upper strata, dry in the shade with after the flushing with clean water 2~3 times, so that improve emergence rate;
3. seed disinfection and seed soaking
In 50kg water, put into 901 wetting powders or and soak clever wetting powder 1 bag, then abundant stirring is made into disinfectant and is used for the sterilization seed soaking, during seed soaking, stirs every day 1~2 time, soaked seed 6~7 days under seed soaking 5 days or 15 ℃ of conditions under 20 ℃ of conditions, must make final seed soaking accumulated temperature reach 100 ℃;
4. presprouting of seeds
Absorb about 30% moisture at sterilization seed soaking stage seed, seed begins brokenly chest in water, in time pull the seed plastic sack of packing into out, be placed on the temperature that is covered with straw and be on 30~32 ℃ the heatable adobe sleeping platform or in the special-purpose vernalization equipment, seed thickness must not surpass 15cm, cover article such as woollen blanket or gunnysack then and make seed temperature unanimity up and down, stir every day 3~4 times, prevent the local too high generation burning bud phenomenon of temperature, when seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, place it in shady and cool place, its cold tolerance is tamed, sowing when daily mean temperature is stablized by 5 ℃;
3), dish soil cooperates
Dish soil is selected dry land soil, paddy soils or the silt soil of vegetable garden soil, slaking, should not fetch earth in the field that wild grass ground and this season sprayed weed killer herbicide, carry out hack, sieve, mix fertilizer, formation pH is 5~6 nutrition soil, cultivate the per hectare land for growing field crops and need prepare enough 1.5 tons in nutrition soil with seedling, will coil soil and evenly stir with nutrition soil, dish soil is 1: 0.7 with the weight ratio of nutrition soil,, then the composite soil that obtains is covered Polypropylence Sheet and concentrates heap vexed standby;
4), sowing
1. sowing time
5-April 15 April, in the stable sowing during by 5 ℃ of daily mean temperature, with the length of time rice seedlings grow that guarantees the flat area be 50 days, upper level is 45 days, the mountain area is 40 days;
2. type of seeding and balance
In order to ensure standardization seedling quality, guarantee that sowing evenly, it is neat to emerge, should adopt machinery or half mechanical planting method, at first with the composite soil for preparing, then seed evenly is pushed into letter and moulds in the dish during sowing, make every alms bowl enter 2~3 in seed, after planting want earthing, thickness 0.3~0.5cm does not inquire for bud paddy, preceding 1 day of balance, pave bed soil, and make the native moisture of the bed state that reaches capacity, and press down with plate during balance, 2/3 of alms bowl body is imbedded in the soil, accomplish to coil with bed soil and combine closely, after the sowing balance finishes, fully water, seal weeding with sealers such as seedling grass spirits at last;
Four, seedbed management
1. will often observe temperature and moisture before emerging, if water deficient will in time be replenished, temperature will be controlled at below 35 ℃, and to prevent to burn bud, it is neat to accomplish to emerge;
2. strengthening the needle phase to 2 management of leaf between the phase, is the needle phase when emerging more than 80%, carry out the ventilation hardening, and temperature should be controlled at below 25 ℃, and moisture is wanted suitably, to prevent excessive growth;
3. the 3 leaf phases of carrying out are to the preceding management of rice transplanting
To 3 leaf phases, increase along with leaf area, requirement to moisture increases, and waters the water yield so will suitably strengthen, in principle, once watering more, avoid repeatedly watering less, standard is at blade tip the globule to be arranged early morning, in order to adapt to outside air temperature, the hardening of should ventilating double tides, for educating strong seedling,, spray growth regulator in 2.5 leaf phases and 4 leaf phases, preceding 2 days of rice transplanting, every square metre is watered and executes the liquid fertilizer that the 50g diammonium phosphate is converted 2kg water, waters clear water then and washes the blade face, transfers fertilizer as sending, spray 500 times of flolimats simultaneously, prevent to transplant the generation of back Liriomyza;
Five, the whole ground of Honda
1. in order to prevent cool-summer damage due to impotency, increase the ridge, pond 30cm;
2. smooth rice field: require canal system supporting, irrigation and drainage are unimpeded, lattice field rectangle, and field face difference of height must not surpass 5cm;
3. turn over and rake the soil level: turn over and drought rake based on the autumn, the autumn turns over and reduces to 30% at soil content and carry out when following, the degree of depth 20~25cm, and the spring turns over before April 25 and has turned over, and the degree of depth 12~15cm does not balk, and does not lose the limit, transplants and ground is harrowed carefully strickling in preceding 1~2 day;
Six, rice transplanting
1. determine the rice transplanting date: beginning on May 20, be all over to 5 the end of month, do not insert the seedling in June;
2. which kind of method no matter rice transplanting method and row take to available artificial and machine rice transplantation, on the south-north or southwest-northeast row be to the most desirable, help ventilation and penetrating light, improve utility rate of luminous energy, can improve water temperature and soil temperature simultaneously, thereby improve the ability that paddy ecosystem integral body is resisted cold damage;
3. standard density of transplants: the region of no relief is generally wide row space 50cm, little line-spacing 30cm, and spacing in the rows 20cm, the husky unfertile land of region of no relief, cold slurry ground and upper level are generally wide row space 50cm, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 20cm or wide row space 40cm, little line-spacing 30cm, spacing in the rows 20cm; The general distance between rows and hills of the husky unfertile land of upper level and mountain area is 30 * 20cm; The high and cold mountain area distance between rows and hills is advisable with 30 * 13.3cm, or distance between rows and hills is 30 * 20cm;
Seven, Honda fertilising
Follow the fertilization principle of preceding control, mesopodium, back guarantor's nitrogenous fertilizer and increasing the p application rate and potash fertilizer:
1. calculate total fertilization amount: suitably adjust fertilizing amount according to local soil, weather, kind condition, but total requirement is: execute the farmyard manure 10~20m that fully becomes thoroughly decomposed in per hectare 3Under the prerequisite, the chemical fertilizer total amount should be controlled at purity nitrogen 105~125kg, is no more than 135kg at most; Pure phosphorus 50~70kg; In pure potassium 60~90kg scope;
2. determine the base fertilizer consumption: cold rice workspace should reduce the amount of application of base fertilizer, advocates and execute the farmyard manure 10~20m that fully becomes thoroughly decomposed before turning over 3The basis on, apply again annual total nitrogenous fertilizer 30%, 2/3 and whole phosphate fertilizer of annual total potash fertilizer amount, must be in conjunction with disposable the applying of ploughing, for cold slurry, the lime that per hectare is executed 1000kg before ploughing is advisable;
3. execute the fertilizer of tillering ingeniously: transplant in back 7 days and carry out, soil property is good does not generally execute tillering fertilizer, husky unfertile land or soil property difference, can execute 5~10% of annual total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer;
4. in time mend fertilise: transplant the back and mended fertilise in 25~30 days, the place that soil property is good is looked its situation of tillering and is executed 30~40% of annual nitrogen pool;
The diagnosis index of determining supplementary fertilizer period is as follows:
1, after the rice transplanting 24-26 days, investigates the average stem number in every cave, when mean does not reach 15, carry out supplementary fertilizer;
When 2, the average stem number in every cave reaches 15, postpone and carried out supplementary fertilizer in 5 days;
3, investigated the average stem number in every cave in 30 days after the rice transplanting, when mean surpasses 15, postpone and carried out supplementary fertilizer in 5 days;
5. ear manuer for the first time: paddy rice goes out before the fringe to carry out in 19-21 days, when second leaf in top exposes 0.5 leaf, imposes 15% and remaining 1/3 potash fertilizer of annual total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer;
6. ear manuer for the second time: paddy rice goes out before the fringe to carry out in 8-10 days, and reduction division just period, at this moment top all sprouts substantially, imposes 10% of annual total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, but will suitably reconcile according to the paddy rice appearance, if the strain number is few, when the leaf look shallow, should apply fertilizer immediately; The strain number is many, the leaf color depth, and weather is bad will postpone several days, apply fertilizer after going out fringe, as too much because of the nitrogenous fertilizer amount of executing, when foxiness appears in blade, can not apply fertilizer;
7. granulated fertilizer: after paddy rice 80% goes out fringe,, execute remaining 5% nitrogenous fertilizer in order to increase thousand kernel weight,
8. other fertilising: for cold slurry ground, per hectare is executed sulfuric acid zinc fertilizer 15kg, and tillering stage and booting stage can be executed growth regulators such as legendary god of farming's liquid, to increase cold resistance, premature ripening;
Eight, Honda water management
The optimum temperature of rice tillering is 28~31 ℃, be lower than 18 ℃ and can not tiller, the position of rice tillering is 2.5~3cm place below table soil generally, and the factor of most critical is water temperature and soil temperature because influence is tillered, in order to improve water temperature and soil temperature is answered shallow irrigation tillering stage, the depth of water must not surpass 3cm;
The Rice Production of cold rice workspace all suffers cool-summer damage due to impotency every year to some extent, and therefore, the young fringe formation 5~10 July begins to add gradually profundal zone period, must reach more than the 20cm to meiosis stage, stops stage of yellow ripeness pouring water;
Nine, disease pest and weed is prevented and kill off
1, initiatively prevents and treats rice disease
The main disease of paddy rice has rice blast, false smut, banded sclerotial blight or damping off, and the better medicament that adopts in the control is the fungus poison star, and hectare consumption 375ml to 3000 times of foliar sprays of water, sprays 1 time booting stage;
2, keypoint control rice insect pest
Main rice grub has rice-stem borer, Oulema oryzae or paddy rice Liriomyza, adopts biopesticide Soviet Union to get profit in pest control, and 6000 milliliters of hectare consumptions are to 200 times in water, at foliar spray on July 7~10;
3, integrated control paddy rice crop smothering
Paddy land weed group mostly is grass family, sedge weed and broad leaved weed and deposits, some chemical pesticide preventive effects are not good and have a strong impact on rice quality, through evidence, giving birth to green gold hoe wetting powder can use in the pollution-free food Rice Production, this medicament has broad weed-killing spectrum, no residual hazard, pollution-free, characteristics that preventive effect is good, can be at Honda barnyard grass grass 1~2 leaf, hectare consumption 900g converted water 750kg spraying when convexutricle sedge herb 30cm was high, can obtain favorable effect, and rice quality do not had influence;
Ten, results
Results: yellow maturity is gathered in the crops latter stage in good time.
CNA2007100561078A 2007-09-26 2007-09-26 Comprehensive Cultivation Method for Cold Resistance and High Yield of Rice Pending CN101129123A (en)

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CN107242064A (en) * 2017-07-04 2017-10-13 天峨县平昌生态农业有限公司 A kind of disease-resistant method during Rice Cropping
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CN110115210A (en) * 2018-02-06 2019-08-13 涂慧燕 Method of raising seedling is planted between a kind of rice
CN110115210B (en) * 2018-02-06 2021-08-27 涂慧燕 Rice intercropping seedling raising method
CN110122223A (en) * 2018-02-08 2019-08-16 衡山县汇丰水稻种植专业合作社 A kind of implantation methods of rice
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CN111373900A (en) * 2020-03-16 2020-07-07 韩永苗 Breeding method of cyperus esculentus by cold induction technology
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