CN104472174B - A kind of blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a kind of blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods, concrete steps include selection of land, whole, holostrome balance fertilizing, seed treatment, trench digging do railway carriage or compartment, anti-grass overlay film, the sowing of band shell, field management method, wherein include with shell sowing: (a) is by the row nest standard from 30X15cm, using special-purpose punching device to beat planting hole on face, railway carriage or compartment, hole size is advisable can normally emerge；B 2 covered peanut Seed Levels after seed soaking are sowed in hole by (), depth of planting is 3 centimetres, prohibit upright sowing；C () is with fine earth backfill planting hole Cheng little Gao mound shape in ditch and gently press, by tight to seed and nest film lid。The technical scheme recorded in the present invention, has and saves producer goods and labour and put into and ensure Semen arachidis hypogaeae full stand, nurturing staff, alleviate the effect of pollution by pesticides, it is possible to reach the effect of cost-saving synergistic, good quality and high output。

Description

A kind of planting method of black peanut with shell and early sowing

technical field

The invention relates to a method for planting black peanuts, in particular, the invention relates to a method for planting black peanuts with shells and early sowing.

Background technique

Black peanuts are one of the colored peanuts, also known as selenium-enriched black peanuts. They are rich in trace elements such as selenium, iron, zinc, etc., and also contain 8 kinds of vitamins and 19 kinds of amino acids needed by the human body. The protein content is as high as 30 %, arginine content 3.6%, potassium and zinc content are significantly higher than ordinary peanuts, especially selenium content 8.3mg/100g, which is 101% higher than ordinary peanuts, praised by nutritionists and medical circles as "plant meat". ", "Meat in Vegetables" laudatory title, has the effects of improving intelligence and brain, delaying aging, preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes, and has the effect of both medicine and food. Black peanuts have wide adaptability, tolerance to thinness and drought, and can also be harvested well on slopes, terraces and sandy river beaches. Black peanut has rhizobia symbiosis, which can fix free nitrogen in the air and improve soil fertility. It is a good rotation crop and has significant social, economic and ecological benefits.

In the wave of advancement of modern agriculture, practical problems such as low temperature and drought in early spring, continuous accumulation of disease and insect sources in the soil, low efficiency and high cost of manual seed shelling have hindered the rapid advancement of the large-scale development of black peanuts.

Contents of the invention

The first object of the present invention is to solve the problem of large areas of rotten seeds due to unfavorable climates such as low temperature and spring drought during early planting of mulching with plastic film.

The second object of the present invention is to solve the problem of large mechanical damage to the germ or high cost of manual shelling in the mechanical shelling link of the large-scale production of black peanuts.

The third object of the present invention is to alleviate the harm of organisms such as ants to black peanut seedlings.

The fourth object of the present invention is to solve the problem that pesticides such as pre-emergent herbicides affect whole seedlings of black peanuts.

The fifth object of the present invention is to reduce the harm of soil-borne diseases to black peanut seedlings.

The sixth object of the present invention is to reduce the input of black peanut seed dressing and its impact on the environment.

The above object of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

The invention provides a method for planting black peanuts with shells for early sowing, comprising the following steps:

(1) Land selection: Choose a plot with a small slope and no pollution, avoid heavy cropping of peanuts, require good soil physical and chemical properties, rich organic matter, deep soil layer, loose texture, good drainage, sufficient light, and convenient water sources and traffic conditions ;

(2) Cultivated land: In winter, plow and plow deeply, and the plowing depth is 25-30 cm; in spring, rotary plowing is shallow and harrowed, which can be used immediately after plowing. For the plots with more weeds, weeds should be controlled about 10 days in advance;

(3) Full-layer balanced fertilization: (a) when plowing and deep plowing in winter, apply organic fertilizer at 15000Kg/ha; (b) before rotary plowing and harrowing in spring, spread fertilizer according to 30% of the chemical fertilizer consumption and then evenly plow and harrow; (c) combine to make a compartment, evenly spread fertilizer in the fertilization ditch according to 70% of the amount of fertilizer, and then cover with soil to make a compartment;

(4) Seed treatment: select pods with a purity greater than 98%, a clarity greater than 99%, a germination rate greater than 95%, a water content less than 13%, obvious netting and full grains as seeds;

(5) Ditching as a compartment: open a fertilization ditch at a distance of 80cm, the ditch depth is 10cm, and the ditch width is 15-20cm. After fertilization, a management ditch with a depth of 10cm and a width of 15-20cm is opened in the middle of the fertilization ditch. , while filling the fertilization ditch, the width of the van is kept at 60-63cm;

(6) Grass-proof mulch: (a) spray closed herbicide on the compartment surface, use 25% promethazine 50-75 grams or acetochlor 50-70 grams per mu, add water 30-50 kilograms; (b) ) After spraying the herbicide, cover the plastic film immediately, and select an ultra-micro film with a width of 80cm and a thickness of 0.004--008mm; (c) shovel a thin layer of soil on both sides of the box in advance, and cover the soil after covering the film; (d) apply the plastic film After flattening the surface of the car, straighten the two ends and compact it. Two people should work together to shovel the earth and compact the two sides of the film. If there is a crack in the film, seal the breach with fine soil;

(7) Sowing with shells: (a) according to the standard of 30X15cm row nest distance, use a special puncher to punch sowing holes on the box surface, the size of the holes is so that the seedlings can emerge normally; (b) put 2 shelled peanuts after soaking The seeds are sown horizontally in the hole, the sowing depth is 3 cm, and vertical sowing is prohibited; (c) backfill the sowing hole with fine soil in the ditch to form a small hill, and lightly press to cover the seed and nest membrane mouth tightly.

The method for early planting of black peanuts with shells provided by the present invention, preferably, the seed treatment comprises the following steps:

(1) About 7 days before sowing, sun-dry the seeds with shells for 2-3 days, remove diseased insects, buds, and grains before sowing, and classify according to the quality of the seeds to avoid the production of large and small seedlings;

(2) Soak the selected shelled seeds in warm water at 35-40°C for 12 hours.

The method for planting black peanuts with shells for early sowing provided by the present invention, preferably, the method for planting black peanuts with shells for early sowing also includes field management methods, including the following steps:

(1) Observe the emergence of seedlings in the field, and if the sowing hole is too small or the peanut seedlings are inclined and cannot emerge normally, expand the hole in time to release the seedlings;

(2) Check the emergence of black peanuts in time after emergence, if there is a lack of seedlings, use the seeds that have germinated to replant in water;

(3) When the black peanut seedlings are basically out, and when two true leaves are unfolded, remove the two cotyledons buried in the soil, so that the first pair of side branches are exposed to the ground;

(4) Carry out weeding 3 times at the seedling stage, group tree stage, and flowering stage to create good nutrition, light, water and other conditions for the growth of black peanuts;

(5) During the period from flowering and pinning to pod filling, when the black peanut leaves wilt at noon for three consecutive days, water them in time, and the watering amount per mu is about 30 cubic meters;

(6) At the end of the full flowering period, spray 30-40 grams of 15% paclobutrazol mixed with 50 kg of water per mu for the plots with vigorous seedlings, especially the plots covered with plastic film, or use 75 grams of full grains and 50 kg of water Spray.

The technical solution recorded in the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the growth characteristics of black peanuts are fully utilized, and six practical problems in the planting process of black peanuts are solved. One is to solve the problem of low temperature, spring drought, etc. The problem of unfavorable climate and large area of rotten seeds; the second is that in the mechanical shelling link of large-scale production of black peanuts, the problem of large mechanical damage to black peanut germs or high cost of manual shelling is solved; The damage to black peanut seedlings; the fourth is to solve the problem that pesticides such as pre-emergent herbicides affect the whole black peanut seedlings; the fifth is to reduce the damage of soil-borne diseases to black peanut seedlings; the sixth is to reduce the input of black peanut seed dressing and Its impact on the environment. This technology has the functions of saving production materials and labor input, ensuring full peanut seedlings, cultivating strong seedlings, reducing pesticide pollution, and achieving the goals of saving costs and increasing efficiency, high quality, high yield, and green ecology. According to calculations, per hectare, it can reduce the labor cost of shelling seeds by 600 yuan and the input of seed dressing agent by 300 yuan, increase the emergence rate by more than 10% (especially in the low temperature and drought conditions in early spring, the effect is particularly significant), and improve the fruit fullness of black peanuts. The rate is more than 15%, and the output is increased by more than 8%.

detailed description

The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific implementation methods, but those skilled in the art will understand that the following implementation methods are only used to illustrate the present invention and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. If the specific conditions are not indicated in the implementation method, follow the conventional conditions or the conditions suggested by the manufacturer.

The invention provides a method for planting black peanuts with shells and early sowing, which specifically includes the following steps:

1. Land use selection

To choose a non-polluted plot with a small slope, it is required that the soil has good physical and chemical properties, rich organic matter, deep soil layer, loose texture, good drainage, sufficient sunlight, and preferably has convenient water sources and transportation conditions. If conditions permit, try to avoid repeated cropping of peanuts.

2. Fine land preparation

Deep plowing with plow in winter, the plowing depth is 25-30 cm; shallow rotary plowing in spring, which can be used immediately after plowing. It not only maintains the good structure of the lower soil, which is good for drainage and ventilation, but also makes the upper soil fine and flat, which is good for making boxes. lamination. Pay attention to two points when rotary tillage in spring: one is to prevent and control weeds about 10 days in advance on the plots with more weeds; Deep plowing in winter and shallow raking in spring maintain the good structure of the lower soil and make the upper soil level, which is not only conducive to drainage and ventilation when there is a lot of spring water in the south, but also water retention and moisture retention in the spring drought in the south.

3. Reasonable fertilization

Full-layer fertilization to meet the nutritional needs of black peanut growth in each phase: first, apply organic fertilizer at 15,000Kg/ha during plowing and deep plowing in winter; Plowing and harrowing; the third is to combine to make a box, evenly spread fertilizer in the fertilization ditch according to 70% of the amount of fertilizer, and then cover the soil to make a box. Balanced fertilization of the whole layer to meet the growth and growth needs of black peanuts, mainly using organic fertilizers, supplemented by inorganic fertilizers, paying attention to balanced application, heavy application of base fertilizers, and timely and appropriate foliar topdressing. Require nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to reach 120, 75, and 120 kilograms per hectare respectively. For acidic soil, apply lime calcium at 400 kilograms per hectare every other year, and prohibit the application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to cultivate strong seedlings, promote the expansion of seedling root growth, and achieve the purpose of early flowering and early fruiting, adhere to the principle of topdressing and early application of fertilizers, especially for interplanting black peanuts with insufficient base fertilizer or no base fertilizer. The time of the first top dressing should be mastered after the seedlings are trimmed, mainly nitrogen fertilizer and boron fertilizer, sprayed with 0.01-0.25% boric acid or 0.1% borax, 0.1% urea, and 0.01%-0.1% ammonium molybdate solution. The second top dressing is sprayed with 0.01-0.25% boric acid or 0.1% borax solution and 0.01%-0.1% ammonium molybdate solution at the initial flowering stage. For the third topdressing, spray 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 0.1% urea solution 2-3 times during the pod setting stage.

(4) Seed treatment

Select the high-quality, stress-resistant, and high-yield fine black peanut varieties that have been approved and promoted. Seeds should choose pods with purity greater than 98%, clarity greater than 99%, germination rate greater than 95%, water content less than 13%, obvious net pattern and full grain as seeds (replace regularly). Do a good job of seed treatment before sowing to achieve the effect of early germination, strong seedlings and increased production. Seeds with full granules are easy to break through the shell when they germinate, so as to avoid deformed seedlings caused by unearthed with shells and affect the photosynthesis of seedlings to form weak seedlings.

Seeds are measured as follows:

1. Drying and selection: about 7 days before sowing, sun-dry the seeds with shells for 2-3 days to reduce pests and diseases and improve seed vitality. Before planting, remove diseased and insect grains, bud grains, and grains, and grade them according to the quality of the seeds to avoid the production of large and small seedlings. Reducing the seed shelling process can save the cost and time of manual shelling, and seize favorable weather for sowing.

2. Seed soaking: Soak the selected shelled seeds in warm water at 35-40°C for 12 hours to disinfect, promote germination and preserve seedlings. The soaking time is 3 times that of ordinary seed soaking time, which is conducive to the full water absorption of the fruit shell, and timely supply of water needed for seed germination during short-term spring drought, and can prevent the seeds from rotten in low temperature after excessive water absorption.

(5) Digging to make compartments

Open the fertilization ditch at a distance of 80 cm, requiring a ditch depth of 10 cm and a ditch width of 15-20 cm. After fertilization, a management ditch with a depth of 10 cm and a width of 15-20 cm is opened in the middle of the fertilization ditch, and the fertilization ditch is filled up at the same time, and the width of the compartment is kept at 60-63 cm.

(6) Grass-proof mulch

Spray closed herbicide on the surface of the box after making the box, use 25% promethon 50-75 grams or acetochlor 50-70 grams per mu, mix 30-50 kg of water, spraying requirements: first, spray herbicides When spraying, the operator walks in the ditch and avoids stepping on it after spraying; second, it must be sprayed evenly, and do not stop in one place for a long time to avoid drug damage.

Cover with mulch immediately after spraying the herbicide. Peanut is a crop that blooms on the ground and bears fruit underground. The ultra-micro membrane with a width of 80cm and a thickness of 0.004--008mm is used to increase temperature and keep moisture, which is beneficial for the fruit needles to penetrate the membrane and enter the soil. Shovel a thin layer of soil on both sides of the box in advance, mainly for covering the soil after covering the film. Spread the plastic film flat on the car surface and then straighten the two ends and compact it. Two people work in groups to shovel the soil and compact the two sides of the film. It is required to make the bed surface smooth, cover the soil evenly, and cover the film tightly to prevent the mulch film from being blown away by strong winds. Where there is a crack in the mulch film, the breach must be sealed with fine soil. Shelled seeds in the soil can avoid the damage of the herbicide to the germ when the herbicide moves up and down with the water in the film, so as to ensure the whole seedling.

(7) Early sowing with shells

Early sowing with shells is an important basis for high yield of black peanuts. This method can increase the growth period of black peanuts, give full play to the advantages of black peanuts while flowering, needles, and fruiting, and can avoid summer drought at the seedling emergence stage, which is beneficial to the whole seedlings. ; The flowering and needle stage avoids the summer drought, which is beneficial to more flowering and more fruit; the mature harvest stage avoids the autumn rain, which is beneficial to harvesting and harvesting. The specific sowing period is determined according to the change of local ground temperature. Generally, the ground temperature in spring reaches 12°C for 5 consecutive days before sowing. The shelled sowing technology is matched with plastic film covering measures, and the sowing time can be about 20 days earlier than conventional cultivation. Because the peanut shell has a good protective effect on the seed kernel, it can resist the influence of bad temperature, humidity, light and other factors, and reduce the consumption of nutrients and water. Therefore, it can be covered about 7 days earlier than ordinary plastic film, thereby increasing the growth period of black peanuts and bringing out the best of black peanuts. The advantages of flowering, needles and fruiting at the same time can avoid summer drought in the sowing and emergence stage, which is beneficial to the whole seedlings; avoid summer drought in the flowering and needle stage, which is beneficial to more flowering and more fruiting; mature harvesting stage avoids autumn rain , conducive to harvesting and harvesting.

Sowing method with shells: 1. Use a special puncher to drill seeding holes on the box surface with a nest distance of 30X15cm. The size of the holes is such that the seedlings can emerge normally; 2. Sow 2 shelled peanut seeds horizontally in the holes after soaking. The appropriate sowing depth is 3 cm, and it is forbidden to sow upright, otherwise the emergence will be slow and weak; 3. Backfill the seeding hole with fine soil in the ditch to form a small hill 3-5 cm higher than the car surface, and lightly press the seeds and the nest membrane cover strict. Because the seedlings of the peanuts sown with shells are strong and not prosperous in the early stage, they do not grow long in the middle stage, the branches are short, and the plant type is compact, so the reasonable dense planting is carried out, and the density reaches 150,000 litters/ha.

The technology of shallow sowing and thick cover on the film-covered box is adopted. With the increase of the sowing position, the ground temperature will increase significantly, which is conducive to the emergence of seedlings, and can avoid the problem of rainwater retting of roots and rotten buds, and there will be no emergence of shells.

Since the husk can prevent damage to the seeds by herbicides, the method of sowing after covering with film has the advantages of: no scratching of the film to pull the seedlings, saving trouble during emergence; tight film covering, good temperature increase and moisture retention, and obvious effect of increasing production.

Due to the good protective effect of the seeds of the husk, the process of chemical seed dressing is reduced, the cost is saved, the amount of pesticide residues in the soil is reduced, and the product safety is improved.

(8) Field management

1. Reaming holes and placing seedlings

Observe the situation of seedling emergence in the field. If the sowing hole is too small or the peanut seedlings are inclined and cannot emerge normally, the hole should be expanded in time to prevent high temperature burns.

2. Checking for seedlings and replenishing seedlings

After the emergence of black peanuts, check the emergence of the seedlings in time. If there is a lack of seedlings, replant with the seeds that have germinated.

3. Clean up squatting seedlings

When the black peanut seedlings are basically out and there are two true leaves unfolded, remove the two cotyledons buried in the soil in time to expose the first pair of side branches to the ground, which can inhibit the growth of the main stem, promote the early growth of fruiting branches, and promote Growth and flower bud differentiation.

5. Weeding

Weeding is carried out 3 times at the seedling stage, group tree stage, and flowering stage to create suitable conditions for the growth of black peanuts such as nutrition, light, and water, so as to achieve the purpose of early growth and rapid growth of the main production.

6. Watering and drought resistance

Black peanuts have strong drought tolerance (there is less water demand in the early stage, and generally can grow normally without irrigation), and poor waterlogging tolerance, but the drought tolerance also has a certain limit, showing the characteristics of "small at both ends and big in the middle". The needle stage and pod stage account for more than 50% of the water demand in the whole growth period. During the period from flowering and pinning to pod filling, when the black peanut leaves wilt at noon for three consecutive days, water them in time, and the watering amount per mu is about 30 cubic meters.

7. Control excessive growth

Generally, at the end of the full flowering period, that is, about 30 days after flowering, for the plots with vigorous seedlings, especially the plots covered with plastic film, spray 30-40 grams of 15% paclobutrazol with 50 kg of water or spray with 75 3 bags) mixed with 50 kg of water and sprayed to achieve the goal of controlling up and down, improving the transfer of vegetative photosynthetic products to reproductive bodies to prevent shade and lodging, maintaining a high and stable effective leaf area, increasing photosynthetic efficiency and increasing yield.

(5) Timely harvest

1. Timely harvest

Black peanuts are harvested in good time, mainly based on: first, the upper leaves of the plant turn yellow and gradually fall off, and the stems and branches turn yellow-green; second, most of the pods are mature, the kernels are full, the seed coats show a fixed color of the variety, and most of the pods have obvious net patterns; The time is generally before October.

Harvesting too early will affect the yield and quality. Harvesting too late will easily cause fruit drop. Generally, from mid-August to early September, black peanuts are harvested when they are mature. When harvesting, remove the plastic film to avoid white pollution.

2. Select good breeds

First, slice selection, select plants that grow neatly into slices; secondly, plant selection, remove diseased plants, miscellaneous plants, and inferior plants on the basis of slice selection, and select healthy, fruitful, and fruit-full plants as seeds; fruit selection again, select Leave the pods that mature early as seeds.

3. Sun storage

After the black peanuts are harvested, they are exposed to the sun in time, and when the water content drops below 13%, they are cleaned and put into storage for sale and processing.

Claims (3)

1. a blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods, comprises the following steps:

(1) selection of land: select light grade, free of contamination plot, it is to avoid Semen arachidis hypogaeae second crop soil, it is desirable to soil physical and chemical property is good, organic abundant, soil layer is deep, quality is loose, draining is good, illumination is sufficient, possess easily water source, transportation condition；

(2) plough: ploughing upturned soil winter and plough deeply cultivated, ploughed depth is at 25-30 centimetre；The shallow rake of rotary tillage in spring, namely ploughs i.e. use, the plot that weeds are more shifts to an earlier date about 10 days managements of weeds；

(3) holostrome balance fertilizing: when ploughing upturned soil deep ploughing (a) winter, by 15000Kg/ hectare application of organic fertilizers；B rotary tillage in () spring is raked the soil level before, after the 30% of fertilizer amount spreads fertilizer over the fields fertilizer, Rotary tillage rake is even；C () combines and does railway carriage or compartment, uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in dressing furrow by the 70% of fertilizer application amount, then earthing does railway carriage or compartment；

(4) seed treatment: select purity more than 98%, cleanliness more than 99%, germination percentage more than 95%, water content lower than 13%, reticulate pattern substantially and the pod of full grains plant；

(5) trench digging does railway carriage or compartment: open dressing furrow by 80cm distance, ditch depth 10cm, furrow width 15-20cm, after fertilising, the management ditch of a deep 10cm, wide 15-20cm is opened in centre position between dressing furrow and dressing furrow, filling and leading up dressing furrow, railway carriage or compartment face width degree is maintained at 60-63cm simultaneously；

(6) anti-grass overlay film: (a) sprays on face, railway carriage or compartment and close herbicide, every mu of use 25% prometryn 50-75 gram or Acetochlor 50-70 gram, be watered 30-50 kilogram；After (b) herbicide spraying, covering with plastic film immediately, select the ultra micro film of wide 80cm, thick 0.004-008mm；C () shovels one layer of thin soil in advance on both sides, railway carriage or compartment, for earthing after epiphragma；D () will stretch two compacting behind face, plastic film mulching railway carriage or compartment, every two people one group, shovels soil pressure reality thin film both sides, and mulch film has the place broken, and obturages cut with fine earth；

(7) sow with shell: (a), by the row nest standard from 30X15cm, uses special-purpose punching device to beat planting hole on face, railway carriage or compartment, and hole size is can normally emerge；B 2 covered peanut Seed Levels after seed soaking are sowed in hole by (), depth of planting is 3 centimetres, prohibit upright sowing；C () backfills planting hole Cheng little Gao mound shape with fine earth in ditch, and gently press tight to seed and nest film lid。

2. blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described method for treating seeds includes:

(1) sowing first about 7 days, band shell is basked seeds 2-3 days, removes disease pest grain, bud grain, blighted grain, and carry out classification by seed quality before sowing；

(2) band 35-40 DEG C of water seed soaking of shell seed chosen 12 hours。

3. blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that described blackcurrant pigment band shell early sowing implantation methods also includes field management way, comprises the following steps:

(1) observing field emergence situation, planting hole is too small or Semen arachidis hypogaeae Seedling tiltedly can not normally be emerged, and Seedling is put in timely reaming；

(2) blackcurrant pigment checks growth of cereal crop seedlings condition in time after emerging, and has phenomenon of being short of seedling, and sits water with the seed having urged bud and reseeds；

(3) substantially all sprout at blackcurrant pigment Seedling, when having two panels true leaf to launch, the two panels cotyledon being embedded in soil is cleared out, make first pair of side shoot basset；

(4) carry out 3 weedings at seedling stage, group's phase, florescence, grow the good nutrition of creation, illumination, moisture suitable condition to blackcurrant pigment；

(5) enrich period at lower pin of blooming to pod, occur wilting when continuous three day noon of blackcurrant pigment blade, water in time, every mu of irrigation amount about 30 cubes；

(6) at full-bloom stage end, the plot prosperous to Seedling, the paclobutrazol of every mu of use 15% 30-40 gram is watered 50 kilograms and sprays or be watered 50 kilograms spray with completely many 75 grams of grain。