CN102844265A - 用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN102844265A
CN102844265A CN2011800092690A CN201180009269A CN102844265A CN 102844265 A CN102844265 A CN 102844265A CN 2011800092690 A CN2011800092690 A CN 2011800092690A CN 201180009269 A CN201180009269 A CN 201180009269A CN 102844265 A CN102844265 A CN 102844265A
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hydrogen
energy
fuel
hydrogen donor
tectosome
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罗伊·E·麦卡利斯特
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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Priority to CN201510217804.1A priority Critical patent/CN104891433A/zh
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    • F02M57/06—Fuel-injectors combined or associated with other devices the devices being sparking plugs
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Abstract

本发明公开了用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关的系统和方法。代表性的过程包括：通过给氢供体添加能量，将氢供体离解成离解产物，其中所述能量包括由除了离解氢供体以外的过程产生的废热。所述过程可以另外包括：从所述离解产物，提供结构构建块和/或基于氢的燃料，其中所述结构构建块基于碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和/或过渡金属。

Description

用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关的系统和方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年2月13日提交的标题为FULL SPECTRUMENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE的美国专利申请号61/304,403的优先权和权益。本申请是2010年7月21日提交的标题为METHOD AND SYSTEM OF THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION TOPROVIDE OXYGENATED FUEL，FOR EXAMPLE，WITH FUEL-COOLEDFUEL INJECTORS的美国专利申请号12/804,509的部分继续申请，该美国专利申请号12/804,509要求下述申请的优先权和权益：2009年8月27日提交的标题为OXYGENATED FUEL PRODUCTION的美国临时申请号61/237,425、2009年8月27日提交的标题为MULTIFUEL MULTIBURST的美国临时申请号61/237,466、2009年8月27日提交的标题为FULLSPECTRUM ENERGY的美国临时申请号61/237,479、2009年12月7日提交的标题为INTEGRATED FUEL INJECTORS AND IGNITERS ANDASSOCIATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURE的PCT申请号PCT/US09/67044、2010年2月13日提交的标题为FULL SPECTRUMENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE的美国临时申请号61/304,403和2010年3月9日提交的标题为SYSTEM AND METHOD FORPROVIDING HIGH VOLTAGE RF SHIELDING，FOR EXAMPLE，FOR USEWITH A FUEL INJECTOR的美国临时申请号61/312,100。美国专利申请号12/804,509也是2009年12月7日提交的标题为INTEGRATED FUELINJECTORS AND IGNITERS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF USEAND MANUFACTURE的美国专利申请号12/653,085的部分继续申请，该美国专利申请号12/653,085是2008年1月7日提交的标题为MULTIFUELSTORAGE，METERING，AND IGNITION SYSTEM的美国专利申请号12/006,774(现在的美国专利号7,628,137)的部分继续申请，且其要求2009年8月27日提交的标题为MULTIFUEL MULTIBURST的美国临时申请号61/237,466的优先权和权益。美国专利申请号12/804,509也是2009年10月19日提交的标题为MULTIFUEL STORAGE，METERING，ANDIGNITION SYSTEM的美国专利申请号12/581,825的部分继续申请，该美国专利申请号12/581,825是2008年1月7日提交的标题为MULTIFUELSTORAGE，METERING，AND IGNITION SYSTEM的美国专利申请号12/006,774(现在的美国专利号7,628,137)的分案申请。这些申请中的每一篇均通过引用整体并入本文。如果前述申请和/或通过引用并入本文中的任何其它材料与本文呈现的公开内容冲突，则以本文的公开内容为准。
技术领域
本申请整体上涉及用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关的系统和方法。在具体实施方案中，这样的过程可以用于从多种原料生产清洁燃烧的、基于氢的燃料，且可以从当形成基于氢的燃料时释放出的碳和/或其它元素生产结构构建块(structural building block)。
背景
可再生能源诸如太阳能、风能、波能、落水能和基于生物质的能源具有用作重要能源的巨大潜力，但是目前遇到多种阻止普遍采用的问题。例如，在发电中使用可再生能源依赖于可能是间断性的能源的可用性。太阳能受限于太阳的可用性(即，仅白天)，风能受限于风的变化性，落水能受限于干旱，而生物质能受限于季节变化，以及其它。作为这些和其它因素的结果，许多来自可再生能源的能量(捕获的或未捕获的)倾向于被浪费掉。
前述与捕获和储存能量有关的无效率会限制可再生能源成长为世界上许多区域的可行能量提供者，因为它们经常导致高能量生产成本。因而，世界继续依赖于石油和其它化石燃料作为主要能源，这至少部分地因为，支持与化石燃料相关的技术开发的政府补助金和其它项目，使得使用这种燃料误解为方便的且表面上是廉价的。同时，在由这些燃料产生的能量的购买价格中没有包括消耗的资源的重置成本、环境退化代价、健康影响和化石燃料使用的其它副产物。
鉴于目前与持续生产可再生资源相关的前述和其它缺点，仍然需要提高使用这样的资源生产产品和燃料的有效性和商业可行性。
附图说明
图1的流程图图解了根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案，一种用于有效地生产基于氢的燃料的方法和用于建造耐用品的成分。
图2是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案，接收来自废热和/或可再生能源的能量的系统的部分示意的、部分横截面图解。
图3是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案，包括与逆流热交换器相组合的反应器的系统的部分示意图。
图4的简图示出了具有根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案的分子结构的架构构造体(architectural construct)。
图5是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案被构造为实体块的架构构造体的等轴视图。
图6是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案具有平行层的架构构造体的横截面侧视图。
图7是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案具有互联的平行层的架构构造体的侧视图。
图8是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案具有平行层的架构构造体的横截面侧视图。
图9是根据本发明公开的技术的一个实施方案具有同心管状层的架构构造体的横截面侧视图。
具体实施方式
概述
下面描述了用于有效地生产氢燃料和结构材料的装置、系统和方法的几个实施例。所述效率可以源自使用由其它过程、可再生能源和/或内部热交换器(例如，逆流或对向流热交换器)产生的废热。所述过程可以生产清洁燃烧的燃料，且可以重新计划用于耐用品(包括聚合物和碳复合材料)中的碳和/或其它成分。尽管下面的描述以足以使相关领域的技术人员能够实现、制备和使用它们的方式提供了下述实施例的许多具体细节，但是下述的几个细节和优点可能不是实践所述技术的某些实施例所必需的。另外，所述技术可以包括在权利要求范围内、但是在这里没有详细描述的其它实施例。
在本说明书中提及的“一个实施例”、“实施例”、“一个实施方案”或“实施方案”是指，结合所述实施例描述的特定部件、结构、过程或特征被包括在本发明技术的至少一个实施例中。因而，短语“在一个实施例中”、“在实施例中”、“一个实施方案”或“实施方案”在本说明书的不同地方的出现，不一定都是指同一个实施例。此外，特定部件、结构、例程、步骤或特征可以以任意合适的方式组合进所述技术的一个或多个实施例中。本文提供的标题仅仅是为了方便，无意限制或解释要求保护的技术的范围或含义。
下述技术的某些实施方案可以采取计算机可执行指令(包括由可编程的计算机或控制器执行的例程)的形式。相关领域的技术人员会明白，所述技术可以在下面示出和描述的那些以外的计算机或控制器系统上实现。所述技术可以体现在特殊用途计算机、控制器或数据处理器中，所述特殊用途计算机、控制器或数据处理器被专门地编程、构造或构建成执行一个或多个下述的计算机可执行指令。因此，在本文中一般地使用的术语“计算机”和“控制器”是指任意数据处理器，且可以包括因特网装置、手提式装置、多处理器系统、可编程的用户电子器件、网络计算机、微型计算机等等。所述技术也可以在分布式环境中实现，在该分布式环境中由通过通信网络连接的远程处理装置来执行任务或模块。下述技术的方面可以被储存或分布在计算机可读介质上，所述计算机可读介质包括磁盘或光学可读盘或可移动的计算机盘以及电子地分布在网络上的介质。在具体实施方案中，所述技术的某些方面特有的数据结构和数据传输也被包括在本发明的技术范围内。本发明的技术包括将计算机可读介质程序化成执行特定步骤、以及执行所述步骤的方法。
根据特定实施方案的方法包括：通过给氢供体添加能量，将氢供体离解成离解产物，所述能量包括由除了离解氢供体以外的过程产生的废热。例如，所述废热可以从燃烧过程的产物得到。所述方法可以另外包括：提供基于氢的燃料和/或结构构建块，所述结构构建块包括碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和/或过渡金属。所述结构构建块和基于氢的燃料从离解产物提供，且在具体实施方案中，从离解产物形成。
根据所述技术的另一个实施方案的方法包括：将第一氢供体物质(mass)离解成第一离解产物，且从第一离解产物，提供基于氢的燃料和/或结构构建块，所述结构构建块基于碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和/或过渡金属。所述方法可以另外包括：将热量从结构构建块、离解产物、和/或基于氢的燃料传递至第二氢供体物质，并将第二氢供体物质离解成第二离解产物。将热量从离解第一氢供体的过程传递至离解第二氢供体的过程，可以减少离解第二氢供体所需的能量的量，并因此可以提高所述过程的总效率。
图1的流程图图解了根据本发明的技术的几个实施方案的一个代表性过程。图2和3图解了可以在其中进行这样的过程的代表性的反应器，图4-9图解了使用本文所述的方法可以形成的架构构造体。
代表性过程
图1的流程图图解了根据本发明的技术的一个实施方案，用于形成基于氢的燃料和用于形成耐用品的成分(例如，架构构造体)的化学过程180。过程部分181包括：通过给氢供体添加能量，将氢供体离解成离解产物。在许多情况下，所述氢供体包括烃，但是在其它实施方案中，所述氢供体可以包括除了烃燃料以外的基于碳的化合物(例如，碳水化合物类、醇类、酯类、纤维素和/或其它物质)。在其它实施方案中，所述氢供体可以包括，与除了碳以外的元素相组合的氢原子。例如，含氮化合物(例如，氨和/或脲)可以起类似的功能。在这些实施方案中的任一个中，从由除了离解氢供体以外的过程产生的废热，可以得到为了生产离解产物而给氢供体添加的能量(过程部分182)。例如，过程部分182可以包括：重新利用来自内燃机或其它发动机的废热，以驱动离解氢供体的过程。在其它实施方案中，所述热可以从燃料电池、再生制动或其它来源得到。一般而言，所述热可以在高到足以容易地传递至过程或反应区的温度得到，或者，在更低级热的情况下，经由另一个过程，可以将所述热转化成更高的温度输出。
在至少一些前述实施方案中，在过程部分182中指出的废热自身可能不足以进行在过程部分181中指出的化学离解。因此，过程部分183包括：给所述废热补充从可持续的、可再生的能源(如果可能的话)得到的热。在能源的背景下，本文使用的术语“可持续的”和“可再生的”通常是指这样的能源：其不要求快速耗尽需要明显更长的时间才能恢复的能量储存。例如，这些术语可以包括太阳能、波能、风能、地热能、潮汐能和落水能，但是不包括化石燃料能。
过程部分184包括：从在过程部分181中形成的离解产物，提供有用终产物。所述终产物可以包括结构构建块(如在过程部分185中所指出)和/或基于氢的燃料(如在过程部分186中所指出)。所述结构构建块包括：可以被进一步加工以生产架构构造体的组合物。例如，所述结构构建块可以包括由离解过程产生的化合物或分子，且可以包括碳、硼、氮、硅、硫和/或过渡金属。一般而言，所述构建块元素不包括氢。在一个具体实施例中，离解甲烷，以形成氢和二氧化碳或一氧化碳(结构构建块)。所述二氧化碳和/或一氧化碳可以被进一步加工，以形成聚合物、石墨烯、碳纤维和/或另一种架构构造体。所述架构构造体可以包括从多种合适的元素中的任一种形成的自组织的结构(例如，晶体)，所述元素包括上述的元素(碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和/或过渡金属)。在这些实施方案中的任一个中，所述架构构造体可以形成耐用品，例如，石墨烯或碳复合材料和/或参考图4-9进一步描述的其它结构。在其它实施方案中，所述结构构建块可以形成聚合物膜或其它耐用品。
在过程部分186中指出的基于氢的燃料可以包括双原子氢或适合用作燃料的氢化合物。一般而言，与形成它的氢供体相比，基于氢的燃料会具有更高的能量，和/或提供改善的燃烧特征，和/或防止或减少污染。例如，由于在离解(和在至少一些情况下的)随后的过程添加给基于氢的燃料的成分的能量，基于氢的燃料可以具有比氢供体的离解能更大的离解能。过程部分187包括：将热量从离解产物、结构构建块和/或基于氢的燃料传递至随后的氢供体。例如，过程部分187可以包括：将热量从热的离解产物(其在吸热离解过程中加热)传递至进入的质量或体积的氢供体。这种对向流或逆流热交换的设置利用热量(否则热量会在相关成分为了随后使用而被冷却时被浪费掉)，因此会提高所述过程的总效率。在具体实施方案中，所述过程可以包括：从离解产物、结构构建块和/或基于氢的燃料的热和/或压力势能提取功，然后为了多种目的(包括贮存)中的任一种，从这些成分去除额外的热量。所述功可以由涡轮、热机、燃料电池或其它合适的装置来完成。
在具体实施方案中，在过程部分181中指出的氢供体可以包括甲烷。甲烷自身可以从多种合适的来源得到。在至少一些实施方案中，所述来源包括可再生能源，例如，从可再生的生物质的厌氧消化或从垃圾掩埋地得到的甲烷。下面指出的方程式1-4描述了吸热反应，在该反应中离解甲烷，以形成氢和碳或碳化合物。
CH4+热1→C+2H2                方程式1
CH4+H2O+热2→CO+3H2           方程式2
CH4+CO2+热3→2CO+2H2          方程式3
C6H10O5+热4→CH3OH+4CO+3H2+C  方程式4
在具体实施方案中，前述吸热反应可以与放热反应结合使用，以进一步加工基于氢的燃料。例如，下面的方程式5表示一个放热反应，其使用方程式2或方程式3的离解产物来形成甲醇。
2CO+2H2→CH3OH+热    方程式5
在某些情况下，生产甲醇(而不是双原子氢)是有益的，这是由于它作为燃料的增强的多能性和在目前用于液体烃燃料的现有罐中储存甲醇的能力。组合的放热和吸热反应以及这样的组合可以利用的相关的热交换过程的其它细节，披露在标题为“REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSUREAND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCINGHYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”的共同未决的美国申请号____(代理人案卷号69545.8616US)中，该申请随同本申请同时提交，并通过引用并入本文。
下面的方程式6表征了另一种甲烷转化过程，该过程生产烯烃，例如，乙烯(ethylene或ethene)。
CH4+C→C2H4    方程式6
乙烯具有广泛的工业和植物激素用途。由方程式6表示的过程的一个方面是，它不可能包括基于氢的燃料作为产物(例如，除非进一步加工乙烯来生产这样的燃料)。因此，根据本发明的技术的反应可以生产架构构造体、基于氢的燃料或二者。
在其它实施方案中，所述氢供体可以包括除了碳以外的元素，例如，氮，如下面的方程式7和8所指出的。
2NH3+HEAT7→N2+3H2              方程式7
NH3OH+CxHyOz+HEAT8→CO+N2+H2    方程式8
CxHyOz成分可以由石墨烯或另一种加载氢的架构构造体来提供。
前述过程可以以自生的方式进行。具体地，可以控制从生产基于氢的燃料所产生的碳、氮和/或其它成分，并再投入有用的终产物中，而不是释放进环境中(它们可能在环境中积累至有毒水平)。这类循环的结果可以模仿天然存在的碳和氮循环。预见到，执行这样的循环可以导致地球的更高负载力(例如，更高的人口容量)，且不会降低生活质量，实际上，预期会提高生活质量。因此，耗尽有限资源、毒害环境和/或浪费或未能再投入或利用输出产品的过程并不被认为是自生的。本发明公开的技术的一个方面是，使得基于氢的燃料的形成是更加自生的。
代表性的反应器
在指定给本申请受让人的几个共同未决的专利申请所描述的多种反应器中，可以进行前述反应。参照下面的图2和3，用一般术语描述了代表性的反应器的方面，并更详细地公开在标题为“REACTOR VESSELS WITHTRANSMISSIVE SURFACES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASEDFUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMSAND METHODS”的共同未决的美国专利申请号____(代理人案卷号69545.8602)中，该申请随同本申请同时提交，并通过引用并入本文。
图2是包括反应器110的代表性系统100的部分示意图。所述反应器110另外包括反应器容器111，该反应器容器111封闭或部分地封闭反应区112。在至少一些情况下，反应器容器111具有一个或多个可透射的表面(transmissive surface)，所述可透射的表面设置成促进在反应区112内发生的化学反应。在一个代表性的实施例中，反应器容器111接收氢供体，所述氢供体由供体源130提供至供体入口113。例如，所述氢供体可以包括甲烷或其它烃。在反应器容器111内的供体分配器或歧管115将氢供体分散或分配进反应区112中。所述反应器容器111也经由蒸汽入口114接收来自蒸汽/水源140的蒸汽。在反应器容器111中的蒸汽分配器116将蒸汽分配进反应区112中。所述反应器容器111可以另外包括加热器123，所述加热器123为反应区112提供热量，以促进吸热反应。加热器的功率(例如，电功率)可以由可再生的能源165提供。如上所述，可再生的能源165可以包括太阳能、风能、水能和/或其它合适的可持续的能源。在反应区112处进行的反应可以包括：将甲烷或其它烃离解成氢或氢化合物和碳或碳化合物(如上面参考方程式1-6所讨论的)或者氮或氮化合物(如上面参考方程式7-8所讨论的)。反应产物经由出口117离开反应器容器111，并收集在反应产物收集器160a处。
系统100可以另外包括辐射能(例如，废热)和/或其它反应物的源150，所述源150向反应器容器111内的通道118提供成分。例如，热/反应物源150可以包括燃烧室151，所述燃烧室151向通道118提供热燃烧产物152，如箭头A所示。燃烧产物152和相关的废热由与离解过程分离的过程(例如，发电过程)产生。燃烧产物收集器160b收集离开反应器容器111的燃烧产物，用于进一步再利用和/或其它用途。在一个具体实施方案中，燃烧产物152可以包括热的二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸气和/或其它成分。一个或多个可透射的表面119位于反应区112(其可以环状地设置在通道118周围)和通道118的内部区域120之间。可透射的表面119因此可以允许辐射能和/或化学成分从通道118沿径向向外进入反应区112，如箭头B所示。通过递送由燃烧产物152的流提供的辐射能(例如，热)和/或化学成分，系统100可以增强发生在反应区112中的反应，例如，通过增加反应区温度和/或压力，并因此增加反应速率和/或反应的热力学效率。除了促进在反应区112处的反应以外，前述过程因此可以再循环或再利用否则会被浪费的能量和/或成分。
可以选择可透射的表面119的组成和结构，以允许辐射能从通道118的内部区域120容易地传递至反应区112。因此，可透射的表面119可以包括玻璃、石墨烯或再辐射(re-radiative)组分。合适的再辐射组分进一步描述在标题为“CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH RE-RADIATINGSURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”的共同未决的美国申请号____(代理人案卷号69545.8603US)中，该申请随同本申请同时提交，并通过引用并入本文。
如上面所指出的，燃烧产物152可以包括蒸汽和/或可能在反应区112中充当反应物的其它成分。因此，可以生产可透射的表面119，除了允许辐射能进入反应区112中以外或作为替代，选择性地允许这样的成分进入反应区112。在一个具体实施方案中，可透射的表面119可以从碳晶体结构(例如，分层的石墨烯结构)形成。基于碳的晶体结构可以包括间距(例如，在取向为与流动方向A横切的平行层之间)，仔细地选择所述间距，以允许水分子穿过(作为压力、温度、阻抗和/或浓度梯度的结果)。同时，可以选择所述间距，以防止在反应区112中生产的有用的反应产物离开反应区。因此，通过使用相同类型的架构构造体(直接地或间接地通过在反应器110中进行的过程生成)，可以形成可透射的表面119。该环路代表自生循环的一个实例，在该自生循环中使用一个过程来形成提高该过程的效率的产物。
系统100可以另外包括控制器190，所述控制器190接收输入信号191(例如，来自传感器)，并至少部分地基于输入信号191来提供输出信号192(例如，控制指令)。因此，控制器190可以包括合适的处理器、存储器和I/O能力。控制器190可以接收与测量的或感知的压力、温度、流量、化学浓度和/或其它合适的参数相对应的信号，且可以发出控制反应物递送速率、压力和温度、加热器激活、阀门设置和/或其它合适的主动可控参数的指令。操作人员可以提供额外的输入，以修改、调节和/或废除由控制器190自动执行的指令。
图3是根据本公开内容的另一个实施方案，包括与热交换器和分离器(它们被构造成传递热量和分离反应产物)相组合的反应器310的系统300的部分示意图。在该实施方案的一个具体方面，系统300包括蒸汽/水源340，所述蒸汽/水源340向反应器容器311提供蒸汽，以促进产物形成。经由一个或多个通道，可以将来自蒸汽/水源340的蒸汽提供给反应器310。在一个具体实施方案中，第一通道包括第一水路341a，所述第一水路341a穿过第一热交换器370a，并经由第一蒸汽分配器316a进入反应器容器311中。从反应器容器311移除的产物穿过反应器产物出口317，并沿着产物通路361。产物通路361以逆流或对向流方式穿过第一热交换器370a，以冷却产物并加热进入反应器容器311的蒸汽。所述产物继续到达反应产物分离器380a，所述反应产物分离器380a分离有用的终产物(例如，氢和碳或碳化合物)，所述终产物然后被收集在产物收集器360a中。在产物通路361中剩余的水可以在反应产物分离器380a处分离，并返回蒸汽/水源340。
第二通道(蒸汽/水源340经由该第二通道向反应器310提供蒸汽)包括第二水路341b，所述第二水路341b穿过第二热交换器370b。沿着第二水路341b前进的水以蒸汽形式经由第二蒸汽分配器316b进入反应器310中。该水被已经离开辐射能/反应物源350(例如，在燃烧产物出口353处离开燃烧室351)的燃烧产物加热，并沿着燃烧产物通路354穿过燃烧产物通道318(其包括可透射的表面319)。用完的燃烧产物被收集在燃烧产物收集器360b处，且可以包括可以再循环或用于其它目的(例如，农业目的)的氮化合物、磷酸盐、用过的发光添加剂(例如，钠、镁和/或钾源)和/或其它组合物。
除了沿着第二水路341b加热水和沿着燃烧产物通路354冷却燃烧产物以外，第二热交换器370b可以加热沿着供体通路331通向位于反应器容器311内的供体分配器315的氢供体。具体地，系统300可以包括供体容器330，所述供体容器330容纳氢供体，例如，烃(诸如甲烷)或含氮的供体(诸如氨)。供体容器330可以包括一个或多个加热器332(示出为第一加热器332a和第二加热器332b)，以汽化和/或加压其内的氢供体。三通阀333和调节器334控制流体和/或蒸气的量，所述流体和/或蒸气离开供体容器330，并沿着供体通路331穿过第二热交换器370b进入反应器容器311中。
在反应器容器311中，燃烧产物152穿过燃烧产物通道318，同时通过可透射的表面319将辐射能和/或反应物递送进反应区312中。在穿过第二热交换器370b以后，燃烧产物152可以进入燃烧产物分离器380b，该燃烧产物分离器380b将水与燃烧产物分离。所述水返回蒸汽/水源340，剩余的燃烧产物被收集在燃烧产物收集器360b处。在一个具体实施方案中，分离器380b可以包括离心分离器，所述离心分离器由燃烧产物流的动能驱动。如果燃烧产物流的动能不足以通过离心力分离水，则马达/发电机381可以向分离器380b添加能量，以提供必要的离心力。如果燃烧产物流的动能大于分离水所需的动能，则马达/发电机381可以生产能量，例如，供系统300的其它部件使用。控制器190接收来自系统300的不同元件的输入，并控制流量、压力、温度和/或其它参数。
至少一些前述实施方案的一个特征是，所述反应器系统可以包括内部热交换器，所述内部热交换器通过再利用热来减少内部损耗。例如，这样的热交换器可以用于冷却燃烧产物和/或化学反应产物，同时加热反应区、进入的蒸汽和/或其它进入的化学反应物。该设置可以提高形成基于氢的燃料和架构构造体的效率，从而提高这些产物的成本竞争地位。
代表性的架构构造体
除了生产基于氢的燃料以外或额外地，上面参考图1所述的过程180可以生产架构构造体(或相关的结构构建块前体)。架构构造体包括形成为表现出有用性质的可构造的构建块结构。架构构造体可以包括合成的基质和/或晶体的其它自组织结构或排列。所述构造体可以是基于碳的(例如，在石墨烯或石墨的情况下)，或基于其它元素或组分(例如，硼、氮或氮化硼)。所述构造体可以被构造为实体块，作为象原子一样薄的层，或构造成其它排列和变化。所述构造体的构型在很大程度上负责决定它在多种条件下的性能。因此，可以设计所述架构构造体，以在宽范围的用途中执行高度专门化的任务。5种代表性的性质集合特别适合技术用途：(i)热性质；(ii)电磁性质、光学性质和声学性质；(iii)催化性质；(iv)毛细管性质；和(v)吸着性质。尽管为了讨论的目的以前述方式将它们分组，但是来自不同分类的性质有时彼此相关或有关。因此，可以构造架构构造体，以表现出在本说明书中讨论的一些或所有性质。
所述架构构造体的性能取决于组成、掺杂剂和应用于构造体的涂层(包括催化剂)。当被构造成层时，构造体的性能也取决于层厚度、层之间的隔离物、分隔层的距离和用于支承和/或分离层的结构。从宏观观点看，可以将它构造成具有特定密度、弹性模量和/或截面模量。从微观观点看，可以将构造体设计成起分子处理器、电荷处理器和/或生物处理器的作用。
图4-9图解了代表性的架构构造体。其它代表性的构造体被包括在标题为“ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE APLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS”的共同未决的美国申请号____(代理人案卷号69545.8701US)中，该申请随同本申请同时提交，并通过引用并入本文。图4示出了层400的分子简图，所述层400可以依次形成晶体的矩阵排列。层400可以包括石墨烯，所述石墨烯是碳的原子厚度的平面片层。图5示出了被构造为实体块的架构构造体500的等轴视图。所述架构构造体500可以包括，例如，石墨或氮化硼。构造为实体块的架构构造体可以包括多个堆叠在一起的单原子厚度的层。构造为实体块的代表性的架构构造体被专门化(例如，改变)，以便以特定方式表现。
在一些实现中，所述实体块通过掺杂而专门化。例如，包括石墨烯的架构构造体可以具有这样的区域：所述区域与硼反应，以形成化学计量的和非化学计量的子集。所述石墨烯可以进一步与氮化合，且可以包括石墨烯和具有氮界面的氮化硼石墨烯。在一些实现中，将化合物建造在所述架构构造体的上面。例如，从氮化硼界面，设计人员可以建造镁-铝-硼化合物。通过以这些方式专门化架构构造体，设计人员可以建立这样的构造体：所述构造体表现出与仅由一种物质组成的构造体不同的性质。
尽管晶体的原子厚度的片层和实体块表现出许多下面讨论的性质，但是其它构型能够产生更宽范围的性质，并实现更有用的结果。例如，图6是根据所述技术的一个实施方案具有平行层的架构构造体600的横截面侧视图。架构构造体的平行层可以由许多合适的物质(诸如石墨烯、石墨或氮化硼)中的任一种形成。平行层可以是矩形、圆形，或可以具有其它形状。在图6中，所述层是圆形，且包括孔，支承管610穿过所述孔支承架构构造体600。所述层各自被距离620隔开，在层之间建立区域630。
通过把单晶加工成希望的形状，并将单晶剥落成层，可以形成架构构造体。美国专利号6,503,584和2010年8月16日提交的标题为“APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR STORING AND/OR FILTERINGA SUBSTANCE”的未决的美国专利申请号12/857,515(它们二者通过引用并入本文)描述了这个方案和其它方案。在其它实施方案中，所述架构构造体可以建造在种子材料上，例如，使用外延生长过程，如在标题为“COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS AND ENGINES，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”的共同未决的美国申请号____(代理人案卷号69545.8611)中所公开，该申请随同本申请同时提交，并通过引用并入本文。
图7是包括平行层的架构构造体700的侧视图，所述平行层各自的厚度大于一个原子。所述层可以用间断的隔离物710相对于彼此进行支承。所述平行层可以在仅几个原子厚度至20个原子或更多的厚度之间变化。
在一些实现中，所有层具有相同的厚度，而在其它实现中，各个层可以具有不同的厚度。图8是具有平行层的架构构造体800的横截面侧视图，所述平行层具有各种不同的厚度。如以上所讨论的，通过控制流体扩散进晶体中来剥落层的深度(例如，通过在希望的深度导入杂质或掺杂剂)，可以从单晶剥落厚度大于一个原子或厚度彼此不同的层。
架构构造体可以具有这样的平行层：所述平行层间隔相等的距离(如图6所示)或不等的距离(如图8所示)。在架构构造体800的层之间的距离在图8所示的排列中存在差异。例如，在第一组层810中的层之间的距离大于第二组层820中的层之间的距离，这意味着，在第一组810中的层之间的区域大于第二组820中的层之间的区域。
图9示出了架构构造体900的横截面侧视图，所述架构构造体900由矩阵特征的晶体的同心管状层组成。例如，所述架构构造体的第一层910是管状，且具有大于所述架构构造体的第二层920的直径，第二层620位于第一层910内。由同心管组成的架构构造体可以以几种合适的方式中的任一种来形成。在美国专利号6,503,584中一般地讨论的一种方法是，将框架内的气体(例如，烃)脱氢，以形成架构构造体900的第一层910，并将物质(例如，氢化钛)脱氢，以在第一层的内表面上形成隔离物，然后将气体脱氢，以在所述隔离物上形成第二层920。然后可以以类似的方式沉积以后的层。在一些实现中，通过在它自己的框架中将气体脱氢，形成每个管状层。然后可以在图9所示的构型中在彼此内构造脱氢的层。可以将隔离物沉积在各层的内或外表面上，以使它们间隔特定距离。
上面参考图4-9描述的代表性的架构构造体的一个特征是，使用由将氢供体分子离解成产物(用于基于氢的燃料)所产生的碳或其它物质，可以形成它们。因此，可以与形成基于氢的燃料并行地和/或以其它方式与之结合，可以进行形成所述架构构造体的过程。如上面参考图2所述的，所述架构构造体可以用于形成反应器的组分，所述组分又用于形成更多的架构构造体和氢燃料。其它实施方案包括架构构造体和基于氢的燃料的其它协同组合。例如，可以与氢(经由吸附力)一起包装包括石墨烯的基于碳的构造体，然后形成粉末，所述粉末在单位体积内具有比液体氢更大的氢原子浓度，且可以更简单和更方便地储存。在另一个实施例中，所述氢供体可以包括柴油燃料，且在反应中，可以将以前从氢供体(柴油燃料或其它氢供体)离解出的氢加入离解反应中，以促进离解反应。
从前述内容应当理解，为了例证目的，在本文中已经描述了所述技术的具体实施方案，但是可以做出不同修改，而不偏离所述技术。例如，在甲烷的背景下描述了上述过程的某些实施方案。在其它实施方案中，其它烃燃料或不含碳的氢供体可以经历类似的过程，以形成基于氢的燃料和架构构造体。其它实施方案可以使用来自除了内燃机以外的来源的废热，和/或可以以除了上面明确描述的那些以外的方式在内部或在子过程之间再利用热。
在其它实施方案中，可以组合或消除在特定实施方案的背景下描述的技术的某些方面。例如，上面在使用废热作为离解过程能源以及使用内部热交换器来保存热量的背景下，描述了某些实施方案。在其它实施方案中，任一种前述设置都可以单独使用。此外，尽管在那些实施方案的背景下已经描述了与所述技术的某些实施方案相关的优点，其它实施方案也可能表现出这样的优点，而且并非所有实施方案都一定需要表现出这样的优点才能落入本公开内容的范围内。因此，本公开内容和相关的技术可以包括在本文中没有明确示出或描述的其它实施方案。
就以前没有通过引用并入本文而言，本申请通过引用整体并入下述文献中的每一篇的主题：2010年8月16日提交的标题为SUSTAINABLEECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED PRODUCTIONOF RENEWABLE ENERGY，MATERIALS RESOURCES，ANDNUTRIENT REGIMES的美国专利申请号12/857,553；2010年8月16日提交的标题为SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY的美国专利申请号12/857,553；2010年8月16日提交的标题为SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATEDFULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIALRESOURCES USING SOLAR THERMAL的美国专利申请号12/857,554；2010年8月16日提交的标题为ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DWELLINGSUPPORT的美国专利申请号12/857,502；2011年2月14日提交的标题为DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH IN-LINE SELECTIVE EXTRACTIONDEVICES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF OPERATION的代理人案卷号69545-8505.US00；2010年8月16日提交的标题为COMPREHENSIVECOST MODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCES SES FORTHE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY，MATERIAL RESOURCES ANDNUTRIENT REGIMES的美国专利申请号61/401,699；2011年2月14日提交的标题为REACTOR VESSELS WITH TRANSMISSIVE SURFACESFOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURALELEMENTS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8602.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为CHEMICALREACTORS WITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATEDSYSTEMS AND METHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8603.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为THERMAL TRANSFER DEVICE ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS 的代理人案卷号69545-8604.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为CHEMICAL REACTORSWITH ANNULARLY POSITIONED DELIVERY AND REMOVALDEVICES，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8605.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为REACTORS FORCONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEATINPUT，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8606.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为INDUCTION FORTHERMOCHEMICAL PROCES S，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8608.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS AND ENGINES，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS的代理人案卷号69545-8611.US00；2010年9月22日提交的标题为REDUCING ANDHARVESTING DRAG ENERGY ON MOBILE ENGINES USINGTHERMAL CHEMICAL REGENERATION的美国专利申请号61/385,508；2011年2月14日提交的标题为REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSUREAND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCINGHYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS 的代理人案卷号69545-8616.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为ARCHITECTURALCONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE A PLURALITY OFARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS的代理人案卷号69545-8701.US00；2010年8月16日提交的标题为METHODS AND APPARATUSES FORDETECTION OF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS的美国专利申请号12/806,634；2011年2月14日提交的标题为METHODS，DEVICES，AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROPERTIES OF TARGETSAMPLES的代理人案卷号69545-8801.US01；2011年2月14日提交的标题为SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS INTO HYDROCARBONS，ALCOHOL VAPORS，HYDROGEN，CARBON，ETC.的代理人案卷号69545-9002.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为CARBON RECYCLINGAND REINVESTMENT USING THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION的代理人案卷号69545-9004.US00；2011年2月14日提交的标题为OXYGENATED FUEL的代理人案卷号69545-9006.US00；2009年8月27日提交的标题为CARBON SEQUESTRATION的美国专利申请号61/237,419；2009年8月27日提交的标题为OXYGENATED FUELPRODUCTION的美国专利申请号61/237,425；2011年2月14日提交的标题为MULTI-PURPOSE RENEWABLE FUEL FOR ISOLATINGCONTAMINANTS AND STORING ENERGY的代理人案卷号69545-9102.US00；2010年12月8日提交的标题为LIQUID FUELS FROMHYDROGEN，OXIDES OF CARBON，AND/OR NITROGEN；ANDPRODUCTION OF CARBON FOR MANUFACTURING DURABLEGOODS的美国专利申请号61/421,189；和2011年2月14日提交的标题为ENGINEERED FUEL STORAGE，RESPECIATION AND TRANSPORT的代理人案卷号69545-9105.US00。

Claims (21)

1.一种用于加工氢供体的方法，所述方法包括：
通过给氢供体添加能量，将所述氢供体离解成离解产物，其中所述能量包括由除了离解所述氢供体以外的过程产生的废热；和
从所述离解产物，提供下述的至少一种：
(a)结构构建块，所述结构构建块基于碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和过渡金属中的至少一种；和
(b)基于氢的燃料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述废热包括从燃烧产物得到的热。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其另外包括：给所述废热补充从可持续的可再生的能源得到的热。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中补充所述废热包括：给所述废热补充太阳能。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其中补充所述废热包括：给所述废热补充风能。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述氢供体具有第一能量，且所述基于氢的燃料具有大于所述第一能量的第二能量。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中所述第一能量包括第一离解能，且其中所述第二能量包括第二离解能。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中提供过程包括：提供所述结构构建块和所述基于氢的燃料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其另外包括：从所述离解产物形成所述结构构建块和所述基于氢的燃料。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其另外包括：从所述结构构建块形成架构构造体。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中形成所述架构构造体包括：从离解的碳形成石墨烯构造体，且其中所述过程另外包括：
将氢吸附至所述石墨烯构造体上；
从所述石墨烯构造体释放出氢；和
燃烧所述氢，从而为将氢供体离解成离解产物的后续过程提供能量。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述氢供体包括氨。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述氢供体包括烃。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其另外包括：将蒸汽添加给所述氢供体。
15.一种用于加工氢供体的方法，所述方法包括：
将第一氢供体物质离解成第一离解产物；
从所述第一离解产物，提供下述的至少一种：
(a)结构构建块，所述结构构建块基于碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和过渡金属中的至少一种；和
(b)基于氢的燃料；
将热量从所述结构构建块、所述离解产物和所述基于氢的燃料中的至少一种传递至第二氢供体物质；和
将所述第二氢供体物质离解成第二离解产物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中离解第一氢供体物质包括：离解第一烃物质。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中离解第一烃供体物质包括：离解第一甲烷物质。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一氢供体物质具有第一离解能，且所述基于氢的燃料具有大于所述第一离解能的第二离解能。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述第一氢供体物质包括第一批柴油燃料，所述第二氢供体物质包括第二批柴油燃料，且其中所述方法另外包括：将从离解所述第一批柴油燃料得到的氢加入所述第二批柴油燃料，以辅助离解所述第二批柴油燃料。
20.一种用于加工烃的方法，所述方法包括：
通过将能量添加给所述烃物质，将第一烃物质离解成第一离解产物，其中所述能量包括：
(a)由除了离解所述烃物质以外的过程产生的废热；和
(b)来自可持续的能源的能量，且其中所述第一烃物质具有第一离解能；
从所述第一离解产物，提供：
(a)基于碳的结构构建块；和
(b)基于氢的燃料，所述基于氢的燃料具有大于所述第一离解能的第二离解能；
将热量从所述结构构建块、所述基于氢的燃料和所述离解产物中的至少一种传递至第二烃物质；和
将所述第二烃物质离解成第二离解产物。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其中：
离解第一烃物质包括：离解第一批甲烷；
离解第二烃物质包括：离解第二批甲烷；且
提供基于氢的燃料包括：提供由离解所述第一批甲烷释放出的氢；且其中所述方法另外包括，
从通过离解所述第一批甲烷释放出的碳，形成石墨烯。
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US20140245990A1 (en) 2014-09-04
US9297342B2 (en) 2016-03-29
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BR112012020288A2 (pt) 2016-05-03
JP2015071616A (ja) 2015-04-16
AU2011216181A1 (en) 2012-09-06
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