CN102054588B - 固体电解电容器用外部涂层 - Google Patents
固体电解电容器用外部涂层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102054588B CN102054588B CN201010513037.6A CN201010513037A CN102054588B CN 102054588 B CN102054588 B CN 102054588B CN 201010513037 A CN201010513037 A CN 201010513037A CN 102054588 B CN102054588 B CN 102054588B
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- conductive polymer
- electrolytic capacitor
- solid electrolytic
- polymer layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种固体电解电容器,包含阳极主体、覆盖阳极主体的介电层、覆盖介电层的固体电解质以及覆盖固体电解质的外部涂层。外部涂层包括至少一个碳层(如石墨)以及至少一个金属层(如银)。除了上述的层外,外部涂层也包括至少一个位于碳层和金属层之间的第一导电聚合物层。另外,该导电聚合物层能减少使用过程中碳层从固体电解质上脱落的可能性。这样可以增加该部件的机械强度同时能提高其电学性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及固体电容器,特别是固体电容器的涂层。
背景技术
固体电解电容器(如钽电容器)是电子电路小型化的关键之处,同时使该电路可在极限环境中使用。传统电解电容器常用的制作方法为环绕一金属导线压制金属粉末(如钽)、烧结压制部分、阳极化烧结阳极,接着涂覆一层固体电解质。固体电解质层形成于导电聚合物(如聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)),如在美国专利Sakata等人的US5457862、US5473503、US5729428以及Kudoh等人的US5812367所描述的。这些电容器的导电聚合物电解质通常通过顺序滴入含有聚合物层成分的不同溶液来形成。例如,用于形成导电聚合物的单体使用一种溶液,催化剂和搀杂剂使用另一种溶液或多种溶液。不过该技术的一个问题是通常很难获得相对较厚的固体电解质以得到更好的机械强度和电学性能,并且成本很高。人们进行了各种尝试来解决这个问题。例如,Merker等人的美国专利US6987663描述了使用聚合物外部涂层覆盖固体电解质表面的方法。不幸的是,该技术仍然存在的问题是聚合物外部涂层的粘附性和机械强度很难达到用于界定固体电解电容器的石墨/银涂层。
这样,仍需要研制具有良好的机械强度和电学性能的固体电解电容器。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个实施例,公开了一固体电解电容器包含阳极主体、覆盖阳极主体的介电层、覆盖介电层的固体电解质以及覆盖固体电解质的外部涂层。固体电解质包括第一导电聚合物层。外部涂层包括一碳层以及一覆盖碳层的金属层。外部涂层进一步包括位于碳层和金属层之间的第二导电聚合物层。
附图说明
本发明的气体特征和方面将在下面进行更详细的描述。
本发明将在后面的说明书以及参考附图中向本领域术人员充分公开包括最佳实施方式的本发明内容:
图1为本发明固体电解电容器的一个具体实施方式的断面图;
说明书和附图中的附图标记的重复使用代表本发明中的相同或相似的特征或元件。
具体实施方式
本领域普通技术人员可以理解,这里的讨论仅为优选实施例的描述,并不用于限制本发明更广的方面。
总的来说,本发明描述的固体电容器包括阳极主体、覆盖阳极主体的介电层、包含一个或更多的导电聚合物并覆盖介电层的固体电解质以及覆盖固体电解质的外部涂层。外部涂层包括至少一个碳层(如石墨)和至少一个金属层(如银)。除了上述提到的涂层,外部涂层还包括至少一层位于碳层和金属层之间的聚合物层。另外,这样的导电聚合物层能减少使用时碳层从固体电解质上分层的可能性。这样可以增加部件的机械强度同时提高其电学性能。
下面是对本发明的各种实施例的更详细的描述。
I. 阳极主体
阳极主体形成于具有较高的荷质比的阀金属组合物,如约40000μF*V/g或更多,在一些实施例中约50000μF*V/g或更多,在一些实施例中约60000μF*V/g或更多,在一些实施例中从约70000到700000μF*V/g。阀金属组合物包含一种阀金属(例如,能够被氧化的金属)或者阀金属基化合物,比如钽、铌、铝、铪、钛、它们的合金、它们的氧化物、它们的氮化物等等。例如,阀金属组合物可能含有铌的导电氧化物,比如铌原子数与氧原子数之比为1:1.0±1.0或在一些实施例中的1:1.0±0.3的氧化铌。例如,铌氧化物可能为NbO0.7、NbO1.0、NbO1.1和NbO2。在一优选实施例中,组合物包括NbO1.0,它是一种导电氧化物并且在高温烧结后仍能保持化学稳定性。此类阀金属氧化物的例子在美国专利Fife的US6322912、Fife等人的US6391275、Fife等人的US6416730、Fife的US6527937、Kimmel等人的US6576099、Fife等人的US6592740、Kimmel等人的US6639787、Kimmel等人的US67220397以及Schnitter的美国发明申请公开US2005/0019581,Schnitter等人的美国发明申请公开US2005/0103638,Thomas等人的美国发明申请公开US2005/0013765中进行了描述,对于所有目的上述所列专利文献均以整体作为参考文献体现于本文中。
常规的制造过程可普遍用于形成阳极主体。在一实施例中,具有一定颗粒尺度的钽或铌的氧化物粉末会首先被挑选出来。例如,颗粒可以是片状的、有角的、有结节的以及上述形状的混合物或其变形。这些颗粒通常有至少60目的筛分粒度分布,在一些实施例中大约从60目至325目,在另一些中大约从100目至200目。另外,其比表面积从约0.1m2/g到约10.0m2/g,在一些实施例中从约0.5m2/g到约5.0m2/g,在一些实施例中从约1.0m2/g到约2.0m2/g。这里的“比表面积”一词指的是由Bruanauer、Emmet和Teller发表在《美国化学学会期刊》(Journal of American Chemical Society)1938年第60卷的309页上的以氮气作为吸附气体进行物理气相吸附法(B.E.T)一文中所定义的表面积。同样的,表观密度(或斯科特(Scott))通常从约0.1m2/g到约5.0m2/g,在一些实施例中为从约0.2m2/g到约4.0m2/g,在一些实施例中为从约0.5m2/g到约3.0m2/g。
为方便阳极主体的制造,其他组分可加入到导电颗粒中。例如,导电颗粒可选择性的与一种粘合剂和/或润滑剂相混合,以保证阳极主体在压制形成的时候颗粒能够充分的粘合在一起。合适的粘合剂包括樟脑、硬脂酸和其他皂性脂肪酸、聚乙二醇(美国联碳(Union Carbide))、甘酞树脂(通用电气)、萘、植物蜡、微晶蜡(纯化石蜡)、聚合物粘合剂(如:聚乙烯醇、聚乙基-2-唑啉等)等等。该粘合剂可在溶剂中溶解及分散。典型的溶剂包括水、酒精等等。使用时,粘合剂和/或润滑剂在总质量中所占的百分比范围从约0.1%到约8%。不过,这里应该明白粘合剂和润滑剂在本发明中并不是必需使用的。
最终所得的粉末可用任何常规的压模机来压实。例如,压模机可以是使用一个模具和一个或多个冲头的单工作台压实机。或者,可以使用砧台式压模机(anvil-type compaction press mold),它只使用一个模具和单个下冲头(lower punch)。单工作台压实压模机有几种基本的类型,如凸轮式、肘杆式/转向节和偏心式/曲柄式等有不同功能的压机,如单动、双动、浮动模、移动式压台、对向冲压(opposed ram)、螺旋、冲击、热压、压印或者精整(sizing)。如果需要,任意粘合剂/润滑剂在压实之后可通过真空条件下在一定温度(如,从约150℃到约500℃)下加热球团(pellet)几分钟将其去除。或者,粘合剂/润滑剂也可以通过将球团与水溶性溶剂接触来去除,如同Bishop等人在美国专利US6197252中描述的,对于所有目的该专利文献均以整体作为参考文献体现于本文中。
压制的阳极主体的厚度相对来说会薄些,比如大约4毫米或更薄,在一些实施例中该值从约0.05毫米到约2毫米,在一些实施例中该值从约0.1毫米到约1毫米。阳极主体的形状也可以选择,用于提高所得的电容器的电学性能。例如,阳极主体的形状可以是弧形的、正弦曲线形的、长方形的、U形的、V形的等等。阳极主体也可以是槽形的,其中包含一个或更多皱折、凹槽、凹陷或压痕以增大表面积与体积的比率,从而使等效串联电阻(ESR)最小化并延长电容的频率响应。例如,这种“槽形”的阳极在美国专利Webber等人的US6191936、Maeda等人的US5949639、Bourgault等人的US3345545以及Hahn等人的美国发明申请公开US2005/0270725中进行了描述,对于所有目的上述所列专利文献均以整体作为参考文献体现于本文中。
如果需要,阳极主体上也可固定一阳极导线。阳极导线可为线形、片状等等,并可形成于阀金属组合物,如钽、铌、铌氧化物等。导线的固定可采用已知的技术,如将导线焊接至主体上或在阳极主体形成时嵌入其中。
II. 介电层
阳极主体就可以进行阳极化处理,从而在其表面和/或内部形成一介电层。阳极化处理是一个电化学过程,通过该过程阳极被氧化生成一种具有相对较高的介电常数的物质。例如,钽阳极可被阳极化为氧化钽(Ta2O5)。通常,进行阳极化处理先要在阳极上涂覆一层电解质,如把阳极浸入电解质中。电解质一般是液态形式的,如一种溶液(比如水性的或非水性的)、分散系、熔体等。溶剂常在电解液中使用,比如水(如去离子水)、醚(如乙醚和四氢呋喃)、醇(如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇和丁醇)、甘油三酸酯、酮(如丙酮、甲基乙基酮和甲基异丁基酮)、酯(如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、二乙二醇醚醋酸酯(diethylene glycol ether acetate)和甲氧基丙醇醋酸酯(methoxypropyl acetate))、酰胺(如二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基辛酸/葵酸脂肪酸酰胺(dimethylcaprylic/capric fatty acid amide)和N-烷基吡咯烷酮(N-alkylpyrrolidones))、腈(如乙腈、丙腈、丁腈、苯甲腈)、亚砜或者砜(如二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和环丁砜)等等。溶剂占电解液的质量百分比为从约50wt%到约99.9wt%,在一些实施例中该值从约75wt%到约99wt%,而在一些实施例中该值从约80wt%到约95wt%。尽管不是必须的,水性溶剂(如水)的使用常被期望可有助于得到期望的氧化物。事实上,水在电解液所用的溶剂中构成的质量百分比约为50wt%或更多,在一些实施例中该值约为70wt%或更多,在一些实施例中该值约为90wt%到100wt%。
电解液是离子导电的,在25℃的温度下每厘米约有1毫西门子(“mS/cm”)的离子导电率或更多,在一些实施例中其值约为30 mS/cm或更多,在一些实施例中其值约为40 mS/cm到100 mS/cm。为提高电解液的离子导电性,可使用一种能在溶剂中离解并形成离子的化合物。适用于该目的的化合物包括如,酸,比如盐酸、硝酸、硫酸、磷酸、聚磷酸、硼酸、有机硼酸(boronic acid)等;有机酸,包括羧酸,如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、水杨酸、磺基水杨酸、己二酸、马来酸、苹果酸、油酸、没食子酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、甲酸、乙酸、乙醇酸、草酸、丙酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、戊二酸、葡萄糖酸、乳酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、衣康酸、三氟醋酸、巴比妥酸、肉桂酸、苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸等;磺酸,如甲磺酸、苯磺酸、甲苯磺酸、三氟甲磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、萘二磺酸、羟基苯磺酸、十二烷基磺酸、十二烷基苯磺酸等;聚合物酸,如聚(丙烯)或聚(甲基丙烯)酸和它们的共聚物(如马来酸-丙烯酸、磺酸-丙烯酸和苯乙烯-丙烯共聚物)、角叉菜酸、羧甲基纤维素、海藻酸;等等。选择离子化合物的浓度以达到所期望的离子导电率。例如,一种酸(如磷酸)在电解液中构成的质量百分比可从约0.01wt%到约 5wt%,在一些实施例中,该值从约0.05wt%到约0.8wt%,在一些实施例中该值从约0.1wt%到约0.5wt%。如果需要,离子化合物的混合物也能在电解液中使用。
电流穿过电解液以形成介电层。电压值决定了介电层的厚度。例如电源开始可设定在恒电流模式直到达到所需的电压值。然后,电源可转到恒电位模式以确保在阳极表面上形成所期望的介电层厚度。当然,也可以使用其他已知的方法,如恒电位脉冲法或恒电位阶跃法。电压值的范围一般从约4V到约200V,在一些实施例中其值从约9V到约100V。在阳极氧化期间,电解液可保持在较高的温度,比如约30℃或更高,在一些实施例中其值从约40℃到约200℃,在一些实施例中其值从约50℃到约100℃。阳极氧化也可以在环境温度或更低中进行。所得的介电层在阳极表面和微孔中形成。
III. 固体电解质
固体电解质覆盖于介电层上并且通常由一个或多个导电聚合物层形成。应用于该涂层的导电聚合物一般为π共轭并在氧化或还原后具有导电性,比如氧化后至少有约1μS·cm-1的导电性。此类π共轭导电聚合物的样本包括如杂环聚合物(如聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺等)、聚乙炔、聚对亚苯、聚酚以及它们的衍生物等等。例如,适合的聚噻吩可包括聚噻吩及其衍生物如聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)(PEDT)。在一特殊的实施例中,聚噻吩衍生物为分子式(Ⅰ)或分子式(Ⅱ)的重复单元(recurring units)或分子式(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)的重复单元:
其中,
A为C1-C5的选择性取代烯烃基(如亚甲基、乙烯、正丙烯、正丁烯、正戊烯等);
R为线形或支化,C1-C18的选择性取代烷基(如甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基或叔丁基、正戊基、1-甲基丙基、2-甲基丙基、3-甲基丙基、1-乙基丙基、1,1-二甲基丙基、1,2-二甲基丙基、2,2-二甲基丙基、正己基、正庚基、正辛基、2-乙基己基、正壬基、正癸基、正十一烷基、正十二烷基、正十三烷基、正十四烷基、正十六烷基、正十八烷基等);C5-C12的选择性取代环烷基(如环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基、环壬基、环癸基等);C6-C14的选择性取代芳基(如苯基、萘基等);C7-C18的选择性取代芳烷基(如苯甲基、邻甲苯基、间甲苯基、对甲苯基、2,3-二甲苯基、2,4-二甲苯基、2,5-二甲苯基、2,6-二甲苯基、3,4-二甲苯基、3,5-二甲苯基、三甲苯基等);C1-C4的选择性取代羟烷基或羟基;并且
X为从0到8的整数,在一些实施例中从0到2,一些实施例中X为0。A或R基的取代基示例包括如烷基、环烷基、芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、卤素、醚、硫醚、二硫化物、亚砜、苄砜、磺酸盐、氨基、醛基、酮基、羧酸酯基、羧酸、碳酸盐、羧酸盐、氰基、烷基硅烷基团和烷氧基硅烷基团、甲酰胺基团等等。
分子式(Ⅰ)或分子式(Ⅱ)的或分子式(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)的重复单位总数一般从2到2000,在一些实施例中从2到100。
特别合适的聚噻吩衍生物为那些“A”为C2-C3的选择性取代烯烃基并且x为0或1。在一特殊的实施例中,聚噻吩衍生物为PEDT并且具有重复单位分子式(Ⅱ),其中“A”为CH2-CH2,X为0。形成此类聚噻吩衍生物的方法为本领域内已知技术,并且在如Merker等人的美国专利US 6987663中有所描述,对于所有目的该专利文献以整体作为参考文献体现于本文中。例如,该聚噻吩衍生物可形成于单体前驱体,如选择性取代的噻吩。特别合适的单体前驱体为取代的3,4-烯烃基二氧噻吩,具有分子式(Ⅲ)、(Ⅳ)或者分子式(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)的噻吩混合物:
其中,A、R和X定义如上。
该单体前驱体示例包括,如选择性取代3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩。这些单体前驱体的衍生物也可为,例如上述单体前驱体的二聚物或三聚物。单体前驱体的更高分子的衍生物,如四聚物、五聚物等也适合用于本发明中。衍生物可由同种或不同的单体单位组成,可以用纯组分,也可以用各组分之间和/或与单体前驱体之间的混合物。这些前驱体的氧化物或还原物也能在这里使用。
为了合成需要的导电聚合物,如上面描述的单体前驱体,一般在氧化剂存在的条件下进行氧化聚合。氧化剂可为过渡金属盐,如含铁(Ⅲ)、铜(Ⅱ)、铬(Ⅵ)、铈(Ⅳ)、锰(Ⅳ)、锰(Ⅶ)或钌(Ⅲ)阳离子的无机或有机酸盐。特别适合的过渡金属盐包括铁(Ⅲ)阳离子,如铁(Ⅲ)卤化物(如FeCl3)或铁(Ⅲ)的其他无机酸盐,如Fe(ClO4)3或Fe2(SO4)3以及铁(Ⅲ)的有机酸和包含有机基的无机酸盐。铁(Ⅲ)的含有机基的无机酸盐示例包括如铁(Ⅲ)的C1到C20烷醇的硫酸单酯盐(如十二烷基硫酸酯铁(Ⅲ)盐)。类似的,铁(Ⅲ)的有机酸盐包括铁(Ⅲ)的C1到C20的烷烃磺酸盐(如甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷或戊烷磺酸);铁(Ⅲ)的脂肪族全氟磺酸盐(如三氟甲烷磺酸、十氟丁烷磺酸或者十八氟辛烷磺酸);铁(Ⅲ)的C1到C20脂肪族羧酸盐(如2-乙基己基羧酸);铁(Ⅲ)的脂肪族全氟羧酸盐(如三氟乙酸或十八氟辛烷羧酸);铁(Ⅲ)的被C1到C20烷基选择性取代的芳香族磺酸盐,(如苯磺酸、邻甲苯磺酸、间甲苯磺酸或十二烷基苯磺酸);铁(Ⅲ)的环烷烃磺酸盐(如樟脑磺酸);等等。上述的铁(Ⅲ)盐的混合物也可以使用。间甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)盐、邻甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)盐以及它们的混合物特别适合在本发明中使用。
可使用不同的方法给阳极部分涂覆固体电解质。在一实施例中,可按顺序也可一起使用氧化剂和单体前驱体,这样聚合反应可在部件上原位聚合。用于形成导电聚合物层的合适的方法包括丝网印刷、浸渍、电泳涂层和喷涂。在一示例中,单体前驱体(如3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)可首先与氧化剂混合以形成溶液。一种合适的氧化剂为CLEVIOSTM C,它是由H.C.Starck销售的甲苯磺酸铁Ⅲ。CLEVIOSTM C是一种商业可得的用于CLEVIOSTM M的催化剂,CLEVIOSTM M是指3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩,它是PEDT的单体,也由H.C.Starck销售。混合物一旦形成,那么阳极部分就可以浸渍在溶液中,这样聚合物会在阳极部分表面形成。或者,氧化剂和前驱体也可以单独涂覆在阳极部分。例如,在一实施例中,氧化剂可溶解于有机溶剂(如丁醇)中,然后作为浸渍液涂覆在阳极部分。然后,阳极部分可通过干燥去除带入的溶剂。接着,阳极部分可浸渍在包含合适的单体的溶剂中。
由于接触阳极部分表面的单体含有氧化剂,阳极表面上可进行化学聚合。聚合可在约-10℃到约250℃的温度下进行,在一些实施例中,从约0℃到约200℃,根据使用的氧化剂和需要的反应时间决定。合适的聚合方法,如上所述,在Biler的美国专利US2008/232027中有更为详细的描述。还有一些其它的涂覆该类导电聚合物膜层的方法在美国专利Sakata等人的US5457862、US5473503、US5729428以及Kudoh等人的US5812367中有所描述,上述所列专利对于所有目的均以整体作为参考文献体现在本文中。
除了原位涂覆,固体电解质也可以以固体导电聚合物颗粒的分散形态涂覆于阳极部分上。尽管它们的尺寸会变,但一般要求颗粒粒径较小以增加颗粒粘附至阳极部分的表面积。例如,颗粒的平均粒径从约1到约500纳米,在一些实施例中从约5到约400纳米,在一些实施例中从约10到约300纳米。颗粒的D90值(颗粒粒度小于或等于D90的占所有固体颗粒总体积的90%)可为约15微米或更小,在一些实施例中越位10微米或更小,在一些实施例中从约1纳米到约8纳米。颗粒粒径可采用一直技术测量,如超速离心机、激光衍射等。
导电聚合物形成颗粒形态的过程可采用单独的反离子抵消带电荷的导电聚合物(如聚噻吩)来加强。也就是说,固体电解质使用的导电聚合物(如聚噻吩或其衍生物)一般在主聚合链上具有中性或正电荷(阳离子)。比如聚噻吩衍生物一般在主聚合链上带有正电荷。在一些案例中,聚合物可在结构单元中带有正电荷和负电荷,正电荷位于主链上,负电荷选择性的位于“R”取代基上,如磺酸或羧酸盐基团。主链上的正电荷部分或总体与选择性位于“R”基上的阴离子基团电荷饱和。总的来看,在这些案例中聚噻吩可以为阳离子、中性粒子或阴离子。不过,由于聚噻吩主链上存在正电荷,它们都被视为阳离子聚噻吩。
反离子可为单体或聚合物阴离子。聚合物阴离子可为如聚合物羧酸(如聚羧酸、聚异丁烯酸、聚马来酸等)的阴离子。聚合物的磺酸(如聚苯乙烯磺酸(“PSS”)、聚乙烯磺酸等);等等。这些算也可以是共聚物,如乙烯基羧酸和乙烯基磺酸与其它聚合物单体如羧酸酯和苯乙烯的共聚物。类似的,合适的单体聚合物阴离子包括如C1到C20的烷基磺酸(如十二烷基磺酸)的阴离子;脂肪族全氟磺酸(如三氟甲烷磺酸、十氟丁烷磺酸或者十八氟辛烷磺酸)的阴离子;脂肪族C1到C20全氟羧酸(如2-乙基-己基羧酸);脂肪族全氟羧酸(如三氟乙酸或十八氟辛烷羧酸)的阴离子;被C1到C20烷基选择性取代的芳香族磺酸(如苯磺酸、邻甲苯磺酸、间甲苯磺酸或十二烷基苯磺酸)的阴离子;环烷烃磺酸(如樟脑磺酸或四氟硼酸盐、六氟磷酸盐、高氯酸盐、六氟锑酸盐、六氟砷酸盐或六氯锑酸盐);等等。特别适合的反离子聚合物阴离子,如聚合物羧酸或磺酸(如聚苯乙烯磺酸(“PSS”))。此类聚合物阴离子的分子量的范围一般从约1000到约2000000,在一些实施例中从约2000到约500000。
使用时,反离子与固体电解质给定层面的导电聚合物的重量比一般从约0.5:1到约50:1,在一些实施例中从约1:1到约30:1,在一些实施例中从约2:1到约20:1。假定聚合过程中转化完全,上述参考重量比中导电聚合物重量指使用的单体的重量比例。
除了导电聚合物和选择性的反离子,分散层也可包含一个或更多的粘合剂,用以进一步增强聚合物层的粘合性,同时提高分散层内颗粒的稳定性。粘合剂实际上可为有机物,如聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚氯乙烯、聚醋酸乙烯、聚乙烯基丁醛、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酰胺、聚丙烯腈、苯乙烯/羧酸酯、醋酸乙烯/丙烯酸酯以及乙烯/醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚丁二烯、聚异戊二烯、聚苯乙烯、聚醚、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、聚酰胺、聚亚酰胺、聚砜、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、环氧树脂、硅树脂或纤维素。也可用交联剂提高粘合剂的粘接力。该类交联剂可包括如三聚氰胺组合物、掩蔽的异氰酸酯或功能性有机硅,如3-缩水甘油醚基丙基三甲氧基硅、正硅酸乙酯和正硅酸乙酯水解液或交联性的聚合物,如聚氨酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚烯烃和其它的交联剂。
也可以使用分散剂以便于固体电解质的形成同时具有将其涂覆至阳极部分的能力。合适的分散剂包括溶剂,如脂肪醇(如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丁醇)、脂肪酮(如丙酮和甲基乙基酮)、脂肪族羧酸酯(如乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯)、芳香烃(如甲苯和二甲苯)、脂肪族烃(如正己烷、庚烷和环己烷)、氯代烃(如二氯甲烷和二氯乙烷)、脂肪腈(如乙腈)、脂肪族亚砜和亚砜(如二甲基亚砜和环丁砜)、脂肪族羧酸酰胺(如甲基乙酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺和二乙基二酰胺)、脂肪族和偶极性醚(如二乙醚和苯甲醚)、水以及任何上述溶剂的混合物。特别适合的分散剂为水。
除了上述提到的,仍有些其他成分也可用于分散层中。例如,常规使用的填料尺寸从约10纳米到约100微米,在一些实施例中从约50纳米到约50微米,在一些实施例中从约100纳米到约30微米。该类填料的示例包括碳酸盐、硅酸盐、硅、钙或硫酸钡、玻璃纤维或灯泡、木粉、纤维素粉炭黑、电子导电聚合物等。填料可以粉末形态引入分散层,不过也可以其他形态,如纤维。
表面活性物质也可用于分散剂中,如离子型或非离子型表面活性剂。进一步,粘合剂也可使用,如有机功能金属硅烷或它们的水解产物,如3-缩水甘油醚丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷或、辛烷基三乙氧基硅烷。分散层中也可添加能增加导电性的添加剂,如包含化合物(如四氢呋喃)的乙醚组合物、包含化合物(如γ-丁内酯或γ-戊内酯)的内酯组合物、包含化合物(如己内酰胺、N-甲基已内酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基甲酰苯胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N-辛基吡咯烷酮或吡咯烷酮)的内酰胺类组合物、砜和亚砜(如环丁砜(四亚甲基砜)或二甲基亚砜(DMSO))、糖或糖类衍生物(如蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖或乳糖)、糖醇(如山梨醇或甘露醇)、呋喃衍生物(如2-呋喃甲酸或3-呋喃甲酸)以及醇(如乙二醇、甘油、二或三乙二醇)。
分散聚合物可采用各种已知的技术涂覆至部件上,如旋涂、浸渍、浇铸、滴涂、喷射(injection)、喷涂、刮涂、刷涂或印刷(如喷墨、丝网或移印)。尽管根据使用的涂覆技术会有所不同,分散聚合物的粘度一般从约0.1到约100000 mPas(在剪切速度为100 s-1下测试),在一些实施例中从约1到10000 mPas,在一些实施例中从约10到约1500 mPas,在一些实施例中从约100到约1000 mPas。一旦涂覆完成,该层可干燥和清洗。
如上所述,固体电解质可形成于单层或多层。当使用的为多层时,它们可形成于原位形成和/或形成于聚合物分散层的导电聚合物。每层可使用一个或多个镀膜步骤形成。
如图1所示,一具体实施例电容器10包含形成于多个层的固体电解质12。更具体的说,固体电解质12包括与覆盖于嵌有引线框15的阳极主体11上的介电层13相连接的第一导电聚合物层14。在一实施例中,第一层14可包含通过氧化剂和单体前驱体原位聚合形成的导电聚合物(如PEDT)。固体电解质12也可包含一般覆盖于第一层14上的第二导电聚合物层16。第二层16可形成于包含导电聚合物(如PEDT)、粘合剂以及选择性的反离子(如PSS)的颗粒分散剂。使用这种分散剂的益处为它能够渗透进电容器主体的边缘区,从而达到与内层更好的电接触,增加电容器主体的粘合性。这样部件的机械性能更强,也可减少其等效串联电阻和泄漏电流。最终的固体电解质12一般具有的总厚度从约1微米(μm)到约200μm,在一些实施例中从约2μm到约50μm,在一些实施例中从约5μm到约30μm。例如,内层14具有的总厚度可从约0.1μm到约100μm,在一些实施例中从约0.5μm到约20μm,在一些实施例中从约1μm到约5μm,而外层16的总厚度可从约0.2μm到约100μm,在一些实施例中从约1μm到约40μm,在一些实施例中,从约3μm到约10μm。
不考虑其形成过程中的特殊的方法,固体电解质涂覆至阳极部分后要被修复(healed)。若使用的为多个层,该修复可发生在固体电解质层每次涂覆后或者发生在整层涂覆完后。例如,在一些实施例中,固体电解质的修复方法为将球团浸渍在一电解液中,如酸溶液,然后采用对溶液施加一个恒电位直到其电流降到先前选择的水平。如果需要,这种修复可分多步来完成。在涂覆一些或所有上述的电解质层后,如果需要可将最终部件清洗以去除各种不同的副产物、多余的催化剂等等。进一步,在一些例子中,在一些或所有上述的浸渍操作完成后,可能要进行干燥。例如,球团在应用催化剂和/或清洗以便打开其微孔后要进行干燥,这样它才能在在随后的浸渍步骤中接收液体。
IV. 外部涂层
本发明的电容器也包含一覆盖于固体电解质上的外部涂层。外部涂层包含至少一个碳层以及至少一个覆盖于碳层上的金属层。金属层可作为一可焊的导体、接触层和/或电容器的电荷收集器,并且可形成于导电金属,如铜、镍、银、镍、锌、锡、钯、铅、铜、铝、钼、钛、铁、锆、镁以及它们的合金。银是特别适合用于涂层的导电金属。碳层可用于限制金属层和固体电解质的接触,另外还能增加电容器的电阻。碳层可形成于各种已知的含碳材料,如石墨、活性炭、炭黑等。碳层的厚度范围一般从约1μm到约50μm,在一些实施例中从约2μm到约30μm,在一些实施例中从约5μm到约10μm。类似的,金属层的厚度范围一般从约1μm到约100μm,在一些实施例中从约5μm到约50μm,在一些实施例中从约10μm到约20μm。
除了上述提到的层,外部涂层也包含至少一个位于金属层和碳层之间的聚合物层。另外,该层也有助于防止碳层从阳极部分脱落。该层的厚度范围一般从约0.1μm到约30μm,在一些实施例中从约0.2m到约20μm,在一些实施例中从约0.5μm到约5μm,在一些实施例中从约1μm到约3μm。为了优化电容器的电学性能,聚合物层一般本质上是导电的。例如,该层一般在干燥状态下具有的单位导电率为月1西门子每厘米(“S/cm”)或更高,在一些实施例中约为10 S/cm或更高,在一些实施例中约为20 S/cm或更高。在一些实施例中从约50到约500 S/cm。通过导电聚合物的使用,其导电性是同样的,该导电聚合物如上述的π共轭导电聚合物,如杂环聚合物(如聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺等)、聚乙炔、聚对亚苯、聚酚以及它们的衍生物等等。特别适合的聚噻吩可包括如聚噻吩及其衍生物如聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)(PEDT)。
导电聚合物层可通过上述描述的原位聚合、分散等方式来形成。例如,在一实施例中,该层包括氧化剂和单体前驱体原位聚合形成的导电聚合物(如PEDT)。在另一个实施例中,导电聚合物层通过导电聚合物颗粒的分散来形成。这些颗粒具有的平均粒径为从约1到约500纳米(nm),在一些实施例中从约5到约400纳米,在一些实施例中从约10到约300纳米。颗粒的D90值约为15μm或更小,在一些实施例中为月10微米或更小,在一些实施例中从约1nm到约8μm。反离子(如聚苯乙烯磺酸)也可按上述的使用以用来帮助颗粒的形成。此反离子与导电聚合物的重量比例可从约0.5:1到约50:1,在一些实施例中从约1:1到约30:1,在一些实施例中从约2:1到约20:1。除导电聚合物和选择性都是反离子,分散剂也可包括如上所述的其他组分。例如,粘合剂可用来提高涂层的粘合性并增强稳定性。不过,一般导电聚合物构成为从约0.1wt%约20wt%的分散剂,在一些实施例中从约0.5wt%到约10wt%的分散剂,在一些实施例中从约1wt%到约5wt%的分散剂。其他上述组分也可使用,如分散剂(如水)、填料、表面活性剂、粘合剂、可增加导电性的添加剂等等。
还有一些层也可以用于外部涂层。例如,如果需要,可在导电聚合物分散层和金属层中间多涂覆一层碳层。这样,分散层就夹在碳层中间。此额外的碳层有助于进一步减少任何金属与电容器上的固体电解质不小心接触的可能性。使用时,该额外的层具有的厚度从约1μm到约50μm,在一些实施例中从约2μm到约20μm,在一些实施例中从约5μm到约10μm。
再回到图1,所示的外部涂层20的一个特殊的实施例包括夹在多个碳层中间的导电聚合物层。更具体的说,外部涂层20包括位于第一个碳层24和第二个碳层26之间并与它们相接触的导电聚合物层22。在一实施例中,涂层22通过氧化剂和单体前驱体的原位聚合形成。在另一实施例中,涂层22通过包含导电聚合物(如PEDT)和选择性的反离子(如PSS)的颗粒分散形成。第一个碳层24覆盖于电容器10的电解质12上并与其接触。进一步,外部涂层20也包括覆盖于第二个碳层26上并与其接触的金属层28(如银)。在该特殊实施例中,金属层28界定了电容器10的外部表面。一般地,最终外部涂层20具有的总厚度从约5μm到约300μm,在一些实施例中从约10μm到约100μm,在一些实施例中从约20μm到约50μm。
本发明的电解电容器还包括一与电容器元件的阳极引线电气连接的阳极端子,以及一与电容器元件的阴极电气连接的阴极端子。任意导电材料可用于形成端子,如导电金属(如铜、镍、银、锌、锡、钯、铅、铜、铝、钼、钛、铁、锆、镁以及它们的合金)。例如,特别合适的导电金属包括铜、铜的合金(如铜-锆、铜-镁、铜-锌或者铜-铁)、镍、镍的合金(如镍-铁)。端子的厚度通常选取能使电容器厚度最小化的。例如,端子的厚度范围可从约0.05毫米到1毫米,在一些实施例中其值从约0.05毫米到约0.5毫米,以及从约0.07毫米到约0.2毫米。各端子可用本领域已知的技术进行连接,如焊接法、胶接法等。例如,在一实施例中,导电粘合剂可首先涂覆于阳极和/或阴极端子表面上。该导电粘合剂可包括例如包含树脂组合物的导电金属颗粒。金属颗粒可以为银、铜、金、铂、镍、锌、铋等。树脂组合物可包括热固性树脂(如环氧树脂)、固化剂(如酸酐)以及偶联剂(如硅烷偶联剂)。合适的导电胶黏剂在Osako等人的美国发明申请公开US2006/0038304中进行了描述,对于所有目的该专利文献均以整体作为参考文献体现于本文中。
一旦电容器元件连接好,引线框被封装在一个外壳内,该外壳可用硅或任何其它已知的封装材料填充。外壳的长度和宽度可根据其将要进行的使用而相应调整。适合的外壳包括如“A”、“B”、“F”、“G”、“H”、“J”、“K”、“L”、“M”、“N”、“P”、“R”、“S”、“T”、“W”、“Y”或“X”外壳(AVX公司)。不管使用的外壳尺寸,电容器元件被封装后至少一部分阳极和阴极端子要裸露出来。某些情况下,为了安装到电路板上,阳极和阴极端子裸露的部分一般以倒装结构位于电容器的底面上。这样能增加电容器的容积效率,同样也能减少它在电路板上所占的面积。封装后,阳极和阴极端子裸露的部分要被老化、筛选、剪切至需要的尺寸。
结合下面的示例能够更好的理解本发明。
测试程序
等效串联电阻(ESR),电容,和损耗因子:
等效串联电阻和阻抗通过使用连接有Kevin导线的0伏偏压和1伏信号的Keithley 3330精密度LCZ表测量。工作频率为100kHz。电容和损耗因子通过使用连接有Kevin导线的2伏偏压和1伏信号的Keithley 3330精密度LCZ表测量。其工作频率为120kHz,温度为23℃±2℃。
漏电:
漏电(“DCL”)通过采用Mantracourt Electronics LTD.UK制造的MC190泄漏测试装置来测量。MC190测试在25℃的温度下和某个额定电压下保持10秒进行漏电测量。
示例1
使用70000μFV/g的钽粉末来形成不同的阳极样本。每个阳极样本内嵌有钽导线,在1300℃进行焊接,压制至密度为5.3g/cm3。最终球团的尺寸为1.65×2.70×2.85mm。球团在85℃的温度下在磷酸电解质水溶液中进行阳极化,然后在水/乙二醇电解质中形成介电层。然后将样本依次浸入溶于正丁醇的对甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)溶液(CLEVIOS CB40,H.C.Starck)和3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩溶液(CLEVIOS M,H.C. Starck),然后进行原位聚合形成PEDT层。再然后将部件浸入PEDT/PSS聚合分散剂中(CLEVIOS K,H.C. Starck)进行聚合、干燥,形成另一层PEDT层。
形成固体电解质后,将该部件浸入石墨分散剂中(DuPont)并干燥。接着,将该部件依次浸入溶于正丁醇的对甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)溶液(CLEVIOS CB40,H.C.Starck)和3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩溶液(CLEVIOS M,H.C. Starck),然后进行原位聚合形成PEDT层。然后将该部件再一次浸入石墨分散剂(DuPont)中并干燥。最后,将该部件浸入银分散剂(Lord)中并干燥。最终部件采用常规组装技术来完成。
示例2
钽阳极样本按示例1所述方法制作并进行阳极化。然后将样本依次进入浸入溶于正丁醇的对甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)溶液(CLEVIOS CB40,H.C.Starck)和3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩溶液(CLEVIOS M,H.C. Starck),然后进行原位聚合形成PEDT层。再然后将部件浸入PEDT/PSS聚合分散剂(CLEVIOS K,H.C. Starck)中进行聚合、干燥,形成另一层PEDT层。形成固体电解质后,将该部件浸入石墨分散剂中(DuPont)并干燥。接着,将部件浸入PEDT/PSS聚合分散剂(CLEVIOS K,H.C. Starck)中进行聚合。然后将该部件再一次浸入石墨分散剂(DuPont)中并干燥。最后,将该部件浸入银分散剂(Lord)中并干燥。最终部件采用常规组装技术来完成。
对比示例
钽阳极样本按示例1所述方法制作并进行阳极化。然后将样本依次进入浸入溶于正丁醇的对甲苯磺酸铁(Ⅲ)溶液(CLEVIOS CB40,H.C.Starck)和3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩溶液(CLEVIOS M,H.C. Starck),然后进行原位聚合形成PEDT层。再然后将部件浸入PEDT/PSS聚合分散剂(CLEVIOS K,H.C. Starck)中进行聚合、干燥,形成另一层PEDT层。形成固体电解质后,将该部件浸入石墨分散剂中(DuPont)并干燥。接着,将该部件浸入银分散剂(Lord)中并干燥。最终部件采用常规组装技术来完成。
然后将上述示例中制作的部件进行电学性能(如漏电(“DCL”)、电容、损耗因子(“Df”)以及等效串联电阻(“ESR”))。结果列于下表中。
可见,示例1和2的漏电值明显优于对比示例。
在不偏离本发明的实质和范围下,本领域技术人员可实施本发明的这些和其它的改进及变形。另外,应该了解各种实施方式的方面均可在整体上或部分地替换。更进一步,本领域技术人员应明白上述描述仅仅是举例,并不用于限制本发明在附属权利中的进一步描述。
Claims (27)
1.一种固体电解电容器,包括:
阳极主体;
覆盖阳极主体的介电层;
覆盖介电层的固体电解质,其中固体电解质包括邻近并直接接触介电层的第一导电聚合物层;以及
覆盖固体电解质的外部涂层,其包括一碳层以及一覆盖碳层的金属层,其中外部涂层进一步包括位于碳层和金属层之间的第二导电聚合物层,其中所述的外部涂层包括位于第二导电聚合物层和金属层之间的另一层碳层;其中每一碳层的厚度从1μm到50μm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于第一导电聚合物层或者第二导电聚合物层包含聚吡咯、聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚乙炔、聚对亚苯、聚酚或者它们的组合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于第一导电聚合物层、第二导电聚合物层或者该两者包含具有分子式(Ⅰ)或分子式(Ⅱ)的重复单元或分子式(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)的重复单元的聚噻吩衍生物:
其中,
A为C1-C5的选择性取代烯烃基;
R为线形或支化的C1-C18的选择性取代烷基;C5-C12的选择性取代环烷基;
C6-C14的选择性取代芳基;C7-C18的选择性取代芳烷基;C1-C4的选择性取代羟烷基或羟基;并且
X为从0到8的整数。
4.根据权利要求3所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的A为C2-C3的选择性取代烯烃基,x为0或1。
5.根据权利要求3所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的聚噻吩衍生物为聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的固体电解质进一步包括第三导电聚合物层,其中第一导电聚合物层覆盖于介电层上,第三导电聚合物层覆盖于第一导电聚合物层上。
7.根据权利要求6所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第三导电聚合物层形成于导电聚合物颗粒的分散。
8.根据权利要求7所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第一导电聚合物层形成于单体前驱体和氧化剂的原位聚合。
9.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的碳层包括石墨。
10.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的金属层包括银。
11.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第二导电聚合物层形成于单体前驱体和氧化剂的原位聚合。
12.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第二导电聚合物层形成于导电聚合物颗粒的分散。
13.根据权利要求12所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的颗粒的平均尺寸为从1到500纳米。
14.根据权利要求12所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的颗粒的平均尺寸为从10到300纳米。
15.根据权利要求12所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的分散剂包括聚合物阴离子。
16.根据权利要求15所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的聚合物阴离子为聚苯乙烯磺酸。
17.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第二导电聚合物层的厚度为从0.2μm到20μm。
18.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的外部涂层的总厚度为从5μm到300μm。
19.根据权利要求1所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的阳极主体包括钽、铌或它们的导电氧化物。
20.根据权利要求19所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的阳极主体包括钽和五氧化钽。
21.根据权利要求19所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的阳极主体包括氧化铌和五氧化铌。
22.一种固体电解电容器,包括:
阳极主体;
覆盖阳极主体的介电层;
覆盖介电层的固体电解质,所述固体电解质邻近并直接接触介电层,其中固体电解质包括通过原位聚合形成并覆盖于介电层上的第一导电聚合物层和导电聚合物颗粒分散形成的第二导电聚合物层,第二导电聚合物层覆盖于第一导电聚合物层上;
覆盖固体电解质的外部涂层,包括一碳层以及一覆盖碳层的金属层,其中外部涂层进一步包括位于碳层和金属层之间的第三导电聚合物涂层,其中所述的外部涂层包括另一层位于第三导电聚合物层和金属层之间的碳层,其中每一碳层的厚度从1μm到50μm。
23.根据权利要求22所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第一导电聚合物层、第二导电聚合物层和第三导电聚合物层包含聚噻吩或其衍生物。
24.根据权利要求23所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的聚噻吩衍生物为聚(3,4-乙烯基二氧噻吩)。
25.根据权利要求22所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的碳层包含石墨,金属层包含银。
26.根据权利要求22所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第三导电聚合物层形成于单体前驱体和氧化剂的原位聚合。
27.根据权利要求22所述的固体电解电容器,其特征在于所述的第三导电聚合物层形成于导电聚合物颗粒的分散。
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CN102054588A (zh) | 2011-05-11 |
JP5852778B2 (ja) | 2016-02-03 |
JP2011091413A (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
US20110096466A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
GB2474747B (en) | 2013-11-20 |
GB201016153D0 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
US8125768B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 |
GB2474747A (en) | 2011-04-27 |
DE102010048177A1 (de) | 2011-04-28 |
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