CN101926276B - 3+1 tree form of pear tree and shaping method thereof - Google Patents
3+1 tree form of pear tree and shaping method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a 3+1 tree form of a pear tree and a shaping method thereof, belonging to the fields of pomology and fruit tree ecology. The tree form only has three main branches and a central trunk so as to be named as the 3+1 tree form. The tree form is small at the top and big at the bottom, thus branches on the upper part have small influences on the lower part, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions are good. Compared with a traditional small-crown sparse-layer pear tree form, the crown layer opening of the 3+1 tree form is improved by 14-18 percent; the fruit shape is big, and the quality is good; the content of a soluble solid state material in a fruit is improved by 0.8-1.2 percent compared with that in a small-crown sparse-layer fruit, and the high-quality fruit rate is higher than 90 percent; and the quality of fruits is good. The tree form has short and small crown and easy shaping, and the skeleton branch is directly connected with the branches, thus the tree form is convenient to manage and particularly suitable for Chinese pear varieties such as hosui pears, green-crown pears, yellow flower pears, Yuanhuang pears, Shingo pears, golden pears, and the like. The tree form is an ideal tree form for pear tree cultivation and has the characteristics of simplicity, convenience and easy application.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to pear tree 3 and add 1 novel tree-like and shaping methods, belong to pomology, fruit tree field of ecology.
Background technology
Tree-like is the basis of pear tree cultivation.Traditional tree-like of China pear tree mainly contains evacuates layering shape etc., and this is tree-like to be made of trunk and 6～8 major branches, is divided into three layers, and its tree crown is tall and big, volume is big as a result, fruit yield height, but field management inconvenience, ventilation and penetrating light is poor, and damage by disease and insect takes place serious, and fruit quality is very different.For improving the pear tree illumination condition, improve evacuating layering shape in China many pears producing region, adopts to have the coronule layering shape of 5～7 major branches, and this tree-like tree crown is shorter and smaller than traditional evacuation layering shape, compares with evacuating layering shape, and fruit quality is significantly improved.But production practices find that this tree-like interlamellar spacing is little, after the full bearing period illumination poor, tree crown very easily covers, the tree body is wayward, the problem of " strong up and weak down " of the tree-like existence of layering shape is difficult to solve.For this reason, adopting in the production does not have the tree-like of the dried happy shape of individual layer in center yet, and this tree-like dried owing to lacking the center, illumination condition is good, but the water sprout of major branch back is too much, tree-like disorder, and pruning rate is big, and management difficulty is big; And, the anxiety of output reduction is arranged also owing to the plane result.
Abroad, Korea S's pear tree cultivation " Y " words that adopt more, Japan adopts frame shape, these tree-like common features are not have the center to do, and the ventilation and penetrating light condition is good, and fruit quality is good, but need set up " Y " shape frame or frame, it is higher to build the garden cost, and it is flourishing only to be adapted at coastal economy at present, and promote in the more serious pears producing region of typhoon harm.
For this reason, research had both had the advantage of external pear tree shape ventilation and penetrating light, quality better, can overcome the high shortcoming of its production management cost again; Both had the high advantage of China's tree-like output of tradition, it is poor to overcome its illumination again, poor quality, the high light efficiency pear tree shape of the shortcoming that the shaping difficulty is big is the primary demand of pears high-quality, High-efficient Production, this is tree-like applies that industry development has great importance for pears.
The present invention bases oneself upon China's pears industry demand, and on the basis of the comprehensive advantage of pear tree shape both at home and abroad, by the technical research and the integrated innovation of a series of prunings, it is novel tree-like to create the pear tree " 3 add 1 " that has only 3 major branches and 1 center to do.This tree-like illumination condition is good, the fruit yield height, and product are of fine quality, and tree-like simple, pruning is easy, and production cost is lower, is easy to apply, and is the once important change on the pear tree shape, is expected to become China's pear cultivation mainly tree-like from now on.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem the objective of the invention is to create a kind of high light efficiency, high-quality, simple and easy to do tree-like and shaping and trimming method of pear tree cultivated, absorbed the advantage of the tree-like and shaping technique of Korea S " Y " font, Japanese frame shape, successfully overcome to produce and gone up tradition and evacuate illumination poor, the inferior defective that layering shape and coronule are evacuated shape, be a kind of high yield and high-quality have concurrently, simple in structure, easy and simple to handle desirable tree-like.
Technical scheme
A kind of pear tree " 3 add 1 " is tree-like, comprising:
About 2.5～3 meters of this tree-like height of trees, trunk is high 0.6～0.7 meter, only keeps 3 on ground floor major branch and center and does 1, and it is newly tree-like therefore to be referred to as " 3 add 1 ", and the dried helical form that goes up in center disposes large, medium and small fruit bearing shoot group.
The present invention also provides above-mentioned novel tree-like pruning technique.Concrete steps are as follows:
1, shaping in 1 year: select full bud to do 80 centimetres of heading heights surely behind the seedling planting; Can carve bud when doing surely and urge to sprout, take out in order to young sprout and send out.Because this tree-like output mainly concentrates on base portion three major branches, fixed doing should not be short excessively, in order to avoid sagging ventilation and penetrating light and the farm work that influences under the tree crown of branch result.The season of growth adopts waddy support branch or draws branch with the bamboo bar, draws back the major branch base angle.Select 3 major branches in 3 directions of base portion, horizontal sextant angle 120 degree between major branch.Field planting is the flat bud of dried elongated shoot base portion place (20 centimetres of distance last one year of clips) heavy pruning at the center in winter then, treats to cultivate again in 1 year, and this is one of key technology of pear tree " 3 add 1 " shaping.During winter pruning, major branch selects prosperous bud to carry out cutting back, can remove or even up for the competition branch of major branch elongated shoot.
2, shaping in 1 year: the season of growth is adjusted major branch angle and orientation.When the winter cuts the weak bud of branch a little less than the dried elongated shoot in center is taken the lead to prune, prosperous branch is done at the center removed from base portion, all the other branches are slow without exception to be put, and becomes its result of flower relief, and is transformed into medium and small fruit bearing shoot group.The season of growth lures major branch draws, and requires dried 60～70 degree that are in major branch base angle and center, and major branch tip angle utilizes the bamboo pole pair major branch tip of 2 centimetres of diameters vertically to lure to draw, and this is second key technology of pear tree " 3 add 1 " shaping.
3, shaping in the 3rd year: the branch on do at major branch and center utilizes its result as far as possible, adopts toothpick angle of release technology summer, and this is the 3rd key technology of the novel tree-like shaping of pear tree " 3 add 1 ".The center is done to prolong and is adopted " weak bud is taken the lead ", major branch extending head to adopt " strong bud is taken the lead " cutting back during winter pruning, and all the other branches are not wanted cutting back, and branch is gentle to be put to dredge.Major branch extending head angle too small, when the winter cuts also the behind branch of optional stalwartness change a spreading angle.Because the growth that do at the center lagged behind 1 year, the center is done and will be stood support bar reinforcement protection, with fruit load amount windproof and that do at the increase center, thereby improves output, and this is the 4th key technology of pear tree " 3 add 1 " shaping.
4, shaping in the 4th year: weak branch that center dry separation is tiltedly given birth to or the fruit bearing shoot head that falls, the pruning degree of the dried elongated shoot in center decide according to its growing way, and the prosperous excessively weak branch of the utilization alternation of hosts of growing way changes head, and growing way choosing stalwartness vegetative shoot on the weak side suitably heavily cuts.By the 4th year, the shaping of tree body was finished substantially.
5, main supporting pruning technique:
1) the branch group of three scaffold limbs is cultivated.The output of three scaffold limbs accounts for more than 80% of full tree output, and therefore, the branch group requires to be evenly distributed, and accomplishes " little sky is very much not empty ".Branch skewness and when " big empty " occurring, the back branch also should carry out renovation and utilization is treated transformations that bounce back behind its result, with raising output.
2) the dried pruning in center.The center dry finishing is cut and will be noted the weight combination, must guard against and deeplys prune or slow year after year putting year after year.The pruning degree is decided according to tree vigo(u)r, the dried suitable heavy pruning that dies down in center, and retraction upgrades downwards; Otherwise do when strong at the center, occurs will dredging when strong up and weak down, slow putting how more, and the scaling combination makes tree vigo(u)r balance up and down.Branch group on do at the center will in time bounce back, and influences the illumination of bottom three major branches in order to avoid it turns to rise.
3) renewal of fruit bearing shoot group.To note the renewal of fruit bearing shoot group on the major branch after entering the full bearing period, cut, contract, put and combine, keep the rejuvenation of shoot group.Old and feeble branch group will in time utilize the young sprout of sprouting on the major branch to upgrade.After entering the full bearing period, the back branch that will in time utilize that the major branch angle is excessively opened a business changes head, raises angle.
Beneficial effect
Good effect of the present invention:
1, the novel tree-like and pruning technique of the pear tree of the invention " 3 add 1 " absorbs the advantage of having used for reference domestic and international pear tree shape, is the tree-like once important change of pear tree.This is tree-like based on the tree-like theory of high light, has inherited China tradition and has evacuated layering shape and coronule and dredge layer shape etc. dry yield high advantage in center is arranged, and has absorbed Japanese frame shape again, Korea S " Y " font does not have the center to do tree-like shaping technique; Both overcome the problem that traditional evacuation layering shape and the illumination of coronule layering shape are poor, the damage by disease and insect generation is serious, having overcome Korea S " Y " font, Japanese canopy pears frame does not again have the center to do the shortcoming that tree-like water sprout is many, management difficulty is big.Tree-like illumination is good, tree crown canopy aperture and light quantum flux density height, and fruit quality is good, and the dried branch administrative skill in the center of creating simultaneously can early bearing, high yield; Tree-like have only 3 major branches and 1 center to do, simple in structure, is easy to promote.Therefore, this tree-likely is expected to become the mainly tree-like of China's pear cultivation from now on.
2, the branch cultivation that lags behind an age is done at center of the present invention, is the new method of coordinating major branch and the dried growth potential in center, is to be an innovation to pear tree shaping and pruning technique.It is integrated supporting in addition that the present invention works out following four key technologies.
1) branch hysteresis in age cultivation is done at the center: the center of traditional shaping methods is done with major branch of the same age, and in the competition of nutrient, the center is done and handled superiority all the time.The branch that do at the new tree-like employing of pear tree of the present invention " 3 add 1 " the center 1 year cultivation that lags behind an age can promote the formation of base portion 3 scaffold limbs, overcomes this difficult problem of pear tree " strong up and weak down ", reaches the dried growth potential balance in balance major branch and center.Method is 1 year winter after field planting, the center is done only keep 10 centimetres, cuts under flat bud place, cultivates new center again and does.
2) the major branch tip vertically lures and draws: the first transaction of a day's business of major branch base angle is only paid attention in traditional pear tree shaping, and when the major branch base angle drew back, tip angle was bigger than normal, and major branch growth potential dies down, back branch pilosity, tree-like disorder; Can not draw away the then tree crown obvolvent growth of major branch base angle, can't form effective area as a result.The method of the new tree-like employing of pear tree of the present invention " 3 add 1 " is: under the prerequisite of open a business at the major branch base angle (adopting waddy support or bamboo pole to lure draws), the angle of major branch tip branch vertically lured draw, can play and improve major branch growth potential, form the effect of tree crown fast.This method was mainly used in the 2nd～4 year, and the back major branch that is shaped is regulated branch tip angle by pruning.The present invention adopts bamboo bar tip branch gesture regulation technology, guarantees 3 scaffold limb growth potentials, is balanced tree-like new technology.
3) the dried young sprout toothpick in center angle of release in summer: draw summer a spreading angle most important for pear tree.Draw traditional summer a general emphasis in the bottom, it is higher that the present position is done at the center, operation inconvenience, so, be the growth of the dried branch of control centre, a large amount of vertical branch that do at the center that removes of having to during annual winter pruning, both cause the waste of nutrient, be unfavorable for early bearing and high yield again.Do at the novel tree-like reservation of pear tree of the present invention " 3 add 1 " center, and successfully utilize toothpick support in summer branch, has solved the problem of drawing the branch difficulty on do at the center.The branch that angle is opened a business is that the branch group cultivation pruning in winter is laid a good foundation, and has also created condition for early bearing.Method of operating is to thank in pear tree to spend back 30 days to begin to utilize toothpick, is positioned over branch bifurcation top 5 centimeters respectively, and tender tip angle is got out.This method cost is low, simple and easy to do.Being that the dried cultivation of going up the small-sized branch group of helical form of the main heart lays the foundation, is early bearing, new technology of high yield.Owing to there is not strong prosperous branch group, created good illumination condition for following ground floor major branch, reached the high yield effect of high-quality again.
4) upright pillar protection is done at the center: traditional trimming method center is dried several layers of major branch, structure disturbance, and illumination is poor.Pear tree of the present invention " 3 add 1 " is new tree-likely only to keep a center and does, and has carried out lagging behind when cultivating to the center is dried in early days, and upright pillar protection is done at the employing center, and is both windproof, the early yield of again can the raising center doing and the full bearing period fruit yield load capacity.1 year winter of method of operating, to do the next door at the center and establish 8～10 centimetres of diameters, long 2.8 meters wooden sticks or cross section are 6 centimetres of 6 cm x, length is 3 meters concrete column.Fix with the rope made of hemp, lighten restrictions on twice every year, wound prevents to hang.Can guarantee that the load capacity that do at the raising center also is an important technology of the present invention under the good condition of tree body ground floor illumination.
3, the tree-like tree crown of pear tree " 3 add 1 " is short and small, and the tree body is shaped easily, directly on the skeleton branch gives birth to the branch group, and convenient management is very suitable for cultivating Chinese pears such as abundance of water, emerald green hat, chrysanthemums.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 pear tree " 3 add 1 " is newly tree-like
Fig. 2 does and shoot growth then surely
After Fig. 3 field planting then summer the major branch angle of opening a business
1 year winter of Fig. 4 cut front and back
Fig. 5 major branch tip in 1 year summer branch vertically lures and draws
The dried toothpick spreading angle in Fig. 6 center in the 3rd year summer
1 year winter of Fig. 7, did at upright pillar protection center
Tree-like after Fig. 8 third and fourth year shaping
Embodiment
Experimental cultivar: abundance of water, emerald green hat, chrysanthemum
Pear tree " 3 add 1 " is newly tree-like: about 2.5～3 meters of the height of trees, trunk is high 0.6～0.7 meter, only keep 3 on ground floor major branch, the shaping process is similar to the traditional thin layer of coronule shape, but trunk is not equipped with second layer major branch a little more than evacuating layering shape, and the above center of ground floor major branch is done and evenly is equipped with all kinds of branch groups, and based on medium and small branch group, the quantity and the space of the large-scale branch group of strict control.No longer be equipped with side shoot on the major branch, the left and right sides directly is equipped with large, medium and small type fruit bearing shoot group.The tree-like tree crown of pear tree " 3 add 1 " is short and small, and the tree body is shaped easily, directly on the skeleton branch gives birth to the branch group, and convenient management is very suitable for cultivating Chinese pears such as abundance of water, emerald green hat, chrysanthemums.
Shaping in 1 year: select full bud to do surely behind the seedling planting, 80 centimetres of heading heights, the season of growth adopts waddy support branch or draws branch with the bamboo bar, draws back the major branch base angle, selects 3 major branches in 3 directions of base portion, horizontal sextant angle 120 degree between major branch; Field planting is the flat bud of dried elongated shoot base portion place (20 centimetres of distance last one year of clips) heavy pruning at the center in winter then, treats to cultivate again in 1 year; During winter pruning, major branch selects prosperous bud to carry out cutting back, removes or evens up for the competition branch of major branch elongated shoot;
Shaping in 1 year: when the winter cuts the weak bud of branch a little less than the dried elongated shoot in center is taken the lead to prune, prosperous branch is done at the center to be removed from base portion, all the other branches are slow without exception to be put, become its result of flower relief, form medium and small fruit bearing shoot group, the season of growth lures major branch draws, and requires dried 60～70 degree that are in major branch base angle and center, and major branch tip angle utilizes the bamboo pole pair major branch tip of 2 centimetres of diameters vertically to lure to draw;
Shaping in the 3rd year: the branch on do at major branch and center utilizes its result as far as possible, adopts the toothpick angle of release summer, and method of operating is to thank in pear tree to spend back 30 days to begin to utilize toothpick, is positioned over branch bifurcation top 5 centimeters respectively, and tender tip angle is got out.The center is done to prolong and is adopted " weak bud is taken the lead ", major branch extending head to adopt " strong bud is taken the lead " cutting back during winter pruning, and all the other branches are not wanted cutting back, and branch is gentle to be put to dredge, major branch extending head angle too small, the healthy and strong behind branch of choosing changed a spreading angle when winter cut; The center is done upright support bar and is strengthened protection, does the next door at the center and establishes 8～10 centimetres of diameters, and long 2.8 meters wooden sticks or cross section are 6 centimetres of 6 cm x, and length is 3 meters concrete column.Fix with the rope made of hemp, lighten restrictions on twice every year, wound prevents to hang.
Shaping in the 4th year: weak branch that center dry separation is tiltedly given birth to or the fruit bearing shoot head that falls, the pruning degree of the dried elongated shoot in center decide according to its growing way, and the prosperous excessively weak branch of the utilization alternation of hosts of growing way changes head, and growing way choosing stalwartness vegetative shoot on the weak side heavily cuts, and the shaping of " 3 add 1 " novel tree body is finished.
This tree-like " up-small and down-big ", the canopy aperture improves 14.2～23.7%, and tree crown light quantum flux density improves 29.5～41.3%, and the fruit soluble solid improves 0.8～1.2 percentage point.Be suitable for 3 meters * 4 meters of seeding row spacings, the intermediate density field planting.20kg is produced in experimental cultivar living strain in the 4th year, and per 667 square metres of average yields reach 1100kg; Entered the full bearing period on the 8th year, 60kg is produced in average strain, and per 667 square metres of average yields reach 3300kg.Result of the test such as table 1:
Canopy parameter that table 1 pear tree " 3 add 1 " is tree-like and yield and quality index
Claims (3)
1. cultivate the tree-like method of pear tree " 3 add 1 ", comprising:
1) shaping in 1 year: select full bud to do surely behind the seedling planting, 80 centimetres of heading heights, the season of growth adopts waddy support branch or draws branch with the bamboo bar, draws back the major branch base angle, selects 3 major branches in 3 directions of base portion, horizontal sextant angle 120 degree between major branch; Field planting is the flat bud of dried elongated shoot base portion place, 20 centimetres of heavy prunings of distance last one year of clip at the center in winter then, treat to cultivate again in 1 year; During winter pruning, major branch selects prosperous bud to carry out cutting back, removes or evens up for the competition branch of major branch elongated shoot;
2) shaping in 1 year: when the winter cuts the weak bud of branch a little less than the dried elongated shoot in center is taken the lead to prune, prosperous branch is done at the center to be removed from base portion, all the other branches are slow to be put, become its result of flower relief, form medium and small fruit bearing shoot group, the season of growth lures major branch draws, and requires dried 60～70 degree that are in major branch base angle and center, and major branch tip angle utilizes the bamboo pole pair major branch tip of 2 centimetres of diameters vertically to lure to draw;
3) shaping in the 3rd year: the branch on do at major branch and center utilizes its result as far as possible, adopts the toothpick angle of release summer; The center is done to prolong and is adopted " weak bud is taken the lead " major branch extending head to adopt " strong bud is taken the lead " cutting back during winter pruning, and all the other branches are not wanted cutting back, and branch is gentle to be put to dredge, major branch extending head angle too small, the healthy and strong behind branch of choosing changed a spreading angle when winter cut; The center is done upright support bar and is strengthened protection;
4) shaping in the 4th year: weak branch that center dry separation is tiltedly given birth to or the fruit bearing shoot head that falls, the pruning degree of the dried elongated shoot in center is decided according to its growing way, the prosperous excessively weak branch of the utilization alternation of hosts of growing way changes head, the growing way healthy and strong vegetative shoot of choosing on the weak side heavily cuts, the shaping of " 3 add 1 " tree body is finished, 2.5～3 meters of the tree-like height of trees of this pear tree " 3 add 1 ", and trunk is high 0.6～0.7 meter, only keep 3 on ground floor major branch and center and do 1, the dried helical form that goes up in center disposes large, medium and small fruit bearing shoot group.
2. according to the tree-like method of claim 1 described cultivation pear tree " 3 add 1 "; wherein the way of the dried upright support bar reinforcement protection in center is; do the next door at the center and establish 8～10 centimetres of diameters; long 2.8 meters wooden sticks or cross section are 6 centimetres of 6 cm x; length is 3 meters concrete column; fix with the rope made of hemp, lighten restrictions on twice every year, wound prevents to hang.
3. according to claim 1 or the tree-like method of 2 described cultivation pear trees " 3 add 1 ", the way that wherein adopts the toothpick angle of release is to thank in pear tree to spend back 30 days, utilizes toothpick, is positioned over branch bifurcation top 5 centimeters respectively, and tender tip angle is got out.
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