CN101817907A - 杂化共聚物 - Google Patents
杂化共聚物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101817907A CN101817907A CN201010144684A CN201010144684A CN101817907A CN 101817907 A CN101817907 A CN 101817907A CN 201010144684 A CN201010144684 A CN 201010144684A CN 201010144684 A CN201010144684 A CN 201010144684A CN 101817907 A CN101817907 A CN 101817907A
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- polymer
- water
- polymkeric substance
- hybridized polymer
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- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid group Chemical group C(CC(O)(C(=O)O)CC(=O)O)(=O)O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000012986 chain transfer agent Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 31
- -1 allyloxy Phenylsulfonic acid Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 claims description 22
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- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical group NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylic acid Chemical group OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 14
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 14
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- LPQOADBMXVRBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1ldcw0 Chemical compound Cl.C1CN(C)CCN1C1=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(C(O)=O)=CN3CCSC1=C32 LPQOADBMXVRBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-gluconic acid Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000006254 rheological additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N itaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229920000536 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- WSHYKIAQCMIPTB-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;2-oxo-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)chromen-4-olate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=1C2=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=1C(CC(=O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 WSHYKIAQCMIPTB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- ZKYCLDTVJCJYIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylidenedecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(=C)C(N)=O ZKYCLDTVJCJYIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000010582 Pisum sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000082988 Secale cereale Species 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KCYQMQGPYWZZNJ-BQYQJAHWSA-N hydron;2-[(e)-oct-1-enyl]butanedioate Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C\C(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCYQMQGPYWZZNJ-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940065472 octyl acrylate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=C)CS([O-])(=O)=O SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- PUVAFTRIIUSGLK-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1CO1 PUVAFTRIIUSGLK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229920002306 Glycocalyx Polymers 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 90
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 66
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- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 30
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 27
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- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 11
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- RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrapotassium;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用作抗污垢剂和分散剂的杂化共聚物。该聚合物在用于含水系统的组合物中非常有用。该聚合物包括至少一种合成单体组分,其端链被天然的含羟基部分封闭。本发明也提供了一种制备这种杂化共聚物的方法。
Description
本申请是申请号为CN200610126374.3(申请日为2006年7月21日)、发明名称为“杂化共聚物”的中国申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及合成物质和天然衍生物质的杂化共聚物(hybrid copolymer)。更特别地,本发明涉及由含羟基的天然衍生物形成的链转移剂,用在合成聚合物的制备过程中,制备出那些杂化共聚物。本发明也涉及含有这种聚合物的防垢剂和/或分散剂制剂或组合物以及它们在水系统中的应用,包括除垢。
背景技术
许多水工业系统都会要求各种物质保持溶解态、悬浮态或分散态。这种水系统的实例包括产生锅炉水或蒸汽的系统、冷却水系统、气体洗涤系统、纸浆和造纸厂系统、海水淡化系统、织物、餐具和硬表面的清洗系统以及气、油和地热井生产中的向下打孔系统。通常,这些系统的水中或者天然含有,或者经污染含有例如无机盐的成分。这些盐会在例如上述的那些水系统中产生聚集、沉积和结垢问题。
典型地,无机盐是由金属阳离子(例如钙、镁或钡)与无机阴离子(例如磷酸根、碳酸根或硫酸根)反应形成。一旦形成,这些盐在水中变得不可溶或者具有很低的溶解度。随着溶液中盐浓度的增加或者随着含有那些盐的溶液的pH值和/或温度的变化,盐会从溶液中沉淀、结晶并且在表面上形成硬质沉积物或结垢。在一些装置中,例如热传递装置、锅炉、二次采油田和自动洗碗机以及用这种硬水清洗的基底上,这种结垢是降低这些装置性能和寿命的一个问题。
除了结垢,许多由碳钢制成的冷却水系统,包括工业冷却塔和热交换器,都存在腐蚀问题。阻止这种腐蚀所做的尝试通常是向水中添加如正磷酸盐和/或锌化合物的各种抑制剂。然而,磷酸盐的添加增加了非常难溶的磷酸盐例如磷酸钙的形成。锌化合物的添加会导致沉淀出不溶性的盐如氢氧化锌和磷酸锌。
通常在冷却水系统中,也能发现其它的无机颗粒,例如泥、粉沙和粘土。如果不能进行有效地分散,这些颗粒将会沉淀到表面上,因而限制水流动和热传递。
对含有成垢盐和无机颗粒的水系统的稳定化涉及多种机理。抑制是消除成垢盐不利影响的常规机理之一。在抑制过程中,可以添加提高成垢盐在水系统中溶解度的合成聚合物。
另一种稳定化机理是对沉淀盐晶体进行分散。含有羧酸基的合成聚合物对于沉淀盐如碳酸钙是良好的分散剂。在这种机理下,晶体保持分散而非溶解在水溶液中。
第三种稳定化机理包括通过聚合物对污垢的晶体结构进行干扰和扭变,因此使污垢不太粘附到表面上、形成的其它晶体上和/或存在的颗粒上。
合成聚合物也会赋予清洗制剂许多有用的功能。例如,在加工粉状清洗剂中,它们能够独立地,或者共同地用作减粘剂。它们也可以用作抗再沉积剂、分散剂、污垢和沉积抑制剂、晶体改良剂和/或清洗助剂,该清洗助剂能够部分地或者完全地替换用作助洗剂的材料,同时它也赋予表面活性剂最佳的清洗作用性能。
为了增强清洗性能,清洗制剂中含有助洗剂,如磷酸盐和碳酸盐。这些助洗剂能够沉淀出不溶性盐,如碳酸钙和正磷酸钙形式的磷酸钙。这些沉淀物沉积在衣服和餐具上,导致在这些物品上形成难看的膜和污点。类似地,不溶性的盐在油田打孔应用中也会产生重要问题。因此,目前对能够使水处理、油田和清洗制剂中不溶性盐结垢最小化的聚合物存在需求。
合成聚合物用于使水处理系统中的结垢最小化已经很多年了。但是近年来,由于不断上升的需求和严峻的原油供应,制备这种合成聚合物的单体出现短缺。因此,存在用至少部分源自可再生的自然资源的杂化聚合物替换这种合成聚合物的需求。而且,与具有很少生物降解性的合成聚合物相比,源自可再生自然资源的聚合物应该具有更好的生物降解性能。
过去,人们在使用天然材料作为聚合物组成嵌段方面做了大量的尝试。这些主要集中在用合成单体接枝如糖和淀粉的天然材料。例如,美国专利No.5,854,191,5,223,171,5,227,446和5,296,470都公开了接枝共聚物在清洗中的使用。
接枝共聚物是通过在糖或多糖主链上选择性地生成供单体支链生长的引发位置(例如自由基)制备的(CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLYMERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,J.I.Kroschwitz,ed.,Wiley-Interscience,New York,p.436(1990))。这种接枝技术通常使用Fe(II)盐如硫酸亚铁或Ce(IV)盐(例如硝酸铈或硫酸铈)在糖或多糖主链上产生引发位置(参见例如美国专利No.5,304,620)。这种氧化还原过程不容易控制、效率差并生成不希望的均聚物。而且,铈盐倾向于作为不希望的副产品保留在最终的溶液中,从而对性能产生潜在的不利影响。因此,存在对不产生与接枝共聚物有关的这些问题的作为聚合物组成嵌段的天然材料的需求。
发明内容
本发明公开了源自合成单体链的杂化共聚物组合物,其中该合成单体链以含有羟基的天然物质封端。通过使用含有羟基的天然物质作为链转移剂,可以对最终聚合物的分子量进行控制,尤其是链转移剂的分子量较低的情况。而且,和接枝共聚物不同,不需要特别的引发体系。如上所述,接枝共聚物通常需要特别的含有金属离子的氧化还原引发体系。相反,本发明的杂化共聚物使用常规的自由基引发体系。
这种材料在结构上与文献中公开的接枝共聚物也是不同的。接枝共聚物被定义为具有一种单体或聚合物的主链和连接在其上的源自另一种或多种单体的一个或多个支链(Odian,George,Principles of Polymerization,2th ed.,Wiley-Interscience,New York,P.424(1981))。接枝共聚物(例如美国专利No.5,854,191,5,223,171,5,227,446和5,296,470所公开的)通常具有天然聚合物的主链和源自合成单体的短支链。相反,本发明的杂化共聚物具有合成单体的长链,在链端结合有源自天然物质的部分。根据Mark,Herman F.,Encyclopediaof Polymer Science and Technology,3rd ed.,Vol.11,Wiley-Interscience,New York,p.380(2004),链转移剂的片段作为端基结合入聚合物链中。因此,可以利用转移反应将特定的端基引入到聚合物材料中。
这种杂化聚合物在使多种包括磷酸盐、磺酸盐、碳酸盐和硅酸盐系的不同污垢最小化方面是有效的。这种除垢聚合物在很多体系中是有用的,包括水处理组合物、与油田相关的组合物、水泥组合物、清洗制剂和其它的水处理组合物。已经发现,本发明的聚合物在通过抑制结垢、分散沉淀物、干扰和扭变晶体结构来减少污垢方面是非常有用的。
现在已经发现,含羟基的天然衍生物可以在合成聚合物的制备中用作链转移剂,从而制备出新的杂化聚合物材料。这些含羟基天然衍生物包括甘油、柠檬酸、葡糖酸以及单糖、低聚糖和多糖如蔗糖、麦芽糖糊精和淀粉。最终的材料不但具有合成聚合物的性能,而且使用了更低的成本、易得和对环境友好的源自可再生资源的物质。这些材料可用在水处理、清洗剂、油田和其它的分散剂应用中。
当应用在水处理组合物中时,杂化共聚物的含量为水处理组合物重量的约0.001%-约25%。另一方面,聚合物的含量为组合物重量的约0.5%-约5%。
一方面,杂化共聚物的数均分子量在约1000-约100,000之间。另一方面,聚合物的数均分子量在约2000-约25,000之间。
杂化共聚物可用在清洗制剂中。在这种组合物中,聚合物的含量为清洗制剂重量的约0.01%-约10%。这种清洗制剂可以含有磷基和/或碳酸盐助洗剂。这种清洗制剂包括自动餐具清洁剂组合物。自动餐具清洁剂组合物也可含有如助洗剂、表面活性剂、酶、溶剂、水溶助长剂、填料、漂白剂、香料和/或着色剂的成分。
杂化共聚物也可用在水处理系统中,防止碳酸钙和磷酸钙污垢。在这种系统中,聚合物的含量至少为约0.5mg/L。该杂化共聚物也可用在水处理组合物或制剂中以阻止水处理系统中的钙污垢。在那些水处理组合物中,聚合物的含量为组合物重量的约10%-约25%。
本发明还提供了含有该杂化共聚物的矿物分散剂。这种分散剂能够分散各种矿物,例如滑石、二氧化钛、云母、沉淀碳酸钙、重质碳酸钙、沉淀硅石、硅酸盐、氧化铁、粘土、高岭土或其组合。
另一方面,杂化共聚物可用于水系统的处理组合物中,以减少碳酸盐和/或硫酸盐污垢。
另一应用是该杂化共聚物可用在含水的处理系统例如水处理系统、油田系统或清洗系统。当该含水的处理系统是油田系统时,所除去的硫酸盐污垢可以是硫酸钡污垢。
还有另一应用,该杂化共聚物可用作玻璃纤维的粘合剂。玻璃纤维绝缘产品通常是用聚合物粘合剂将玻璃纤维粘接在一起形成的。典型地,将水性的聚合物粘合剂喷涂到形成后不久并且还热的编织玻璃纤维上。该聚合物粘合剂倾向于在纤维相互交叉的连接处聚集,从而在这些点处将纤维固定在一起。来自热纤维的热量蒸发了粘合剂中的大部分水份。玻璃纤维粘合剂必须是柔韧的,以便使最后的玻璃纤维在包装和运输中能够压缩,并在以后安装时恢复到它的全部垂直尺度。
因此,本发明提供了一种制备杂化共聚物的方法,其中单体溶液和源自天然的含羟基链转移剂在引发剂溶液存在下进行聚合。该引发剂溶液不是金属离子基氧化还原体系。以共聚物总重量计,单体溶液的含量为约25%-约99%,链转移剂的重量为约0.1%-约75%。
本发明也提供一种杂化共聚物,该共聚物以合成聚合物作为共聚物主链和以源自天然的含羟基聚合物作为共聚物的链末端部分。
本发明还涉及一种含有上述杂化共聚物的水处理组合物,用于阻止水处理系统中的碳酸盐和磷酸盐污垢,其中该组合物中该聚合物含量为组合物重量的约10%-约25%。
本发明还涉及一种含有上述杂化共聚物的清洗制剂,其中该聚合物的含量为清洗制剂重量的约0.01%-约10%。该清洗制剂可以含有一种或多种磷基和/或碳酸盐助洗剂。该清洗制剂可含有一种或多种表面活性剂。
该清洗制剂包括自动餐具清洁剂组合物。这些自动餐具清洁剂组合物也可包括助洗剂、表面活性剂、酶、溶剂、水溶助长剂、填料、漂白剂、香料和/或着色剂。
该清洗制剂还包括粉状的或液体的或单位剂量的清洁剂组合物。
上述杂化共聚物可用在矿物分散剂中。矿物分散剂包括分散矿物例如滑石、二氧化钛、云母、沉淀碳酸钙、重质碳酸钙、沉淀硅石、硅酸盐、氧化铁、粘土、高岭土或其组合的那些。
上述杂化共聚物可用在含水系统处理组合物中,其中,该含水系统处理组合物能够改变含水系统中碳酸钙晶体的生长。含水系统的实例包括水处理系统、油田系统或清洗系统。另一方面,所述含水系统处理组合物能够使硫酸盐污垢最小化。再一方面,含水系统可以是油田系统并且减少的硫酸盐污垢是硫酸钡污垢。
上述杂化共聚物可进一步用于玻璃纤维粘合剂中。它也可用在超吸收剂或流变改性剂中。
本发明的杂化共聚物是通过在制备过程中使用含羟基的天然衍生物作为链转移剂制备而成的。这些含羟基的天然衍生物的范围从小分子,如甘油、柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、葡糖酸、葡庚糖酸、单糖和例如蔗糖(sugars)的二糖,到大分子,如低聚糖和多糖(例如麦芽糖糊精和淀粉)。这种实例包括蔗糖(sucrose)、果糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖、和蔗糖(saccharose)以及如甘露醇、山梨醇等糖类的反应产物。链转移剂包括氧化降解、水解降解或酶降解的单糖、低聚糖和多糖,以及化学改性的单糖、低聚糖和多糖。这种化学改性衍生物包括羧酸酯类、磺酸酯类、磷酸酯类、膦酸酯类、醛类、硅烷类、烷基糖苷类、烷基-羟烷基类、羧基-烷基醚类和其它的衍生物。
使用天然物质作为链转移剂是有前景的且易获得的对目前合成物质的替代品。例如,甘油是生物柴油制备中的副产品,也是在制备肥皂和脂肪酸中使用的油和脂肪的副产品。它也可以通过蔗糖(sugar)发酵进行制备。柠檬酸可以通过粗制糖溶液的发酵进行工业制备。乳酸可通过乳清、玉米淀粉、马铃薯、糖蜜等的发酵进行商业制备。酒石酸是酿酒过程中的一种副产品。
本发明使用的多糖可以来自植物、动物和微生物来源。这种多糖的实例包括淀粉、纤维素、胶类(例如,阿拉伯树胶,瓜耳树胶和黄原胶)、藻酸盐类、果胶和gellan。淀粉包括来生自玉米和常规杂交玉米,如蜡质种玉米和高直链淀粉(大于40%的直链淀粉)玉米的那些,以及其它淀粉,例如马铃薯、木薯、小麦、大米、豌豆、西米、燕麦、大麦、黑麦和苋属植物,包括常规的杂交品种或遗传工程材料。
也包括半纤维素或植物细胞壁多糖,例如D-木聚糖。植物细胞壁多糖的实例包括阿拉伯糖基-木聚糖,例如一种玉米纤维的成分,玉米纤维胶。这些多糖的重要特征是含有大量羟基。这些羟基在聚合过程中提供了链转移的位置。分子中仲和叔羟基数量越多,其作为链转移剂将会越有效。
其它用作链转移剂的多糖包括麦芽糖糊精,它是含有主要由α-1,4键连接的D-葡萄糖单元的聚合物,并含有小于约20的右旋糖当量(DE)。可用的麦芽糖糊精为白色粉末或浓缩的溶液,并通过用酸和/或酶部分水解淀粉制备。一方面,链转移剂为甘油、柠檬酸、麦芽糖糊精和/或低分子量的氧化淀粉。本发明有用的链转移剂具有小于约20,000的分子量。另一方面,链转移剂具有小于约2000的分子量。甚至又一方面,本发明的链转移剂具有小于1000的分子量。
多糖可以被如下方法改性或衍生化,包括醚化(例如,通过用环氧丙烷、环氧乙烷、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵进行处理)、酯化(例如通过与乙酸酐、辛烯基琥珀酸酐(‘OSA’)反应)、酸解、糊精化、氧化或酶处理(例如用α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、支链淀粉酶(pullanase)、异淀粉酶或葡糖淀粉酶改性的淀粉)或这些处理的各种组合。
以聚合物的总重量计,所用含羟基的来自天然的链转移剂的含量为约0.1wt.%-约75wt.%。一方面,以聚合物总重量计,链转移剂的含量范围为约1wt.%-约50wt.%。
在一个实施方式中,杂化共聚物是由至少一种亲水性酸单体作为合成组分制成的。这种亲水性酸单体的实例包括但不限制于丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、α-氯-丙烯酸、α-氰基丙烯酸、β-甲基-丙烯酸(丁烯酸)、α-苯基丙烯酸、β-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、山梨酸、α-氯山梨酸、当归酸、肉桂酸、对-氯肉桂酸、β-苯乙烯基丙烯酸(1-羧基-4-苯基丁二烯-1,3)、衣康酸、马来酸、柠康酸、中康酸、戊烯二酸、乌头酸、反丁烯二酸、三羧乙烯、2-丙烯酰氧基丙酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸、乙烯基磺酸、甲代烯丙基磺酸钠、磺化苯乙烯、烯丙氧基苯磺酸和马来酸。可以使用一些能衍生成含酸基团的部分,如马来酸酐或丙烯酰胺。也可以使用含酸亲水单体的组合。一方面,含酸亲水单体是丙烯酸、马来酸、甲基丙烯酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸或其混合物。
除了上述的亲水单体,还可以使用疏水单体作为合成组分。这种疏水单体包括如带有饱和或不饱和烷基、羟烷基、烷基烷氧基、芳基烷氧基、烷芳基烷氧基、芳基和芳基-烷基的烯键式不饱和单体,磺酸烷基酯、磺酸芳基酯、硅氧烷和其组合。疏水单体的实例包括苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸硬脂酯、丙烯酸山嵛酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸硬脂酯、甲基丙烯酸山嵛酯、2-乙基己基丙烯酰胺、辛基丙烯酰胺、月桂基丙烯酰胺、硬脂基丙烯酰胺、山嵛基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸戊酯、丙烯酸己酯、1-乙烯基萘、2-乙烯基萘、3-甲基苯乙烯、4-丙基苯乙烯、叔丁基苯乙烯、4-环己基苯乙烯、4-十二烷基苯乙烯、2-乙基-4-苯甲基苯乙烯和4-(苯基丁基)苯乙烯。也可以使用疏水单体的组合。
聚合过程可以是溶液或悬浮过程。该过程涉及使用自由基引发剂、使一种或多种的上述亲水和/或疏水单体,以及用作链转移剂或链终止剂的含羟基天然产物进行聚合。这些链转移剂可以随着单体的加入,在反应开始或者在反应中进行添加。
这种体系的一个优势在于,它使用典型的自由基引发剂。和接枝体系不同,该体系不需要特别的氧化还原体系,如Ce(IV)的盐类。相反,它可使用易操作的热激活引发剂,例如过硫酸钠。本领域的技术人员可以认识到,这里可以使用大部分引发剂体系。
高度的链转移会导致交联和形成不溶性的凝胶。在一个实施方案中,这些可以通过确保单体和引发剂在近似相同的时间内进行供料加以避免。如果引发剂供料比单体供料持续时间长很多,将会形成交联凝胶,尤其是当低聚糖和多糖(分子量大于约1000的那些)用作链转移剂时。
如上所述,一些情况下,在制备这种杂化共聚物过程中,反应产物会形成杂化凝胶。如果所用的合成单体极易反应(例如低pH值(质子化形式)下反应的丙烯酸)或者如果天然的链转移剂具有大于约1000的分子量时,情况更是如此。在单体供料完成以后而剩下的引发剂正在加入的时候,交联凝胶开始形成。在大多数情况下,这是不理想的,因为凝胶产品不能在水中进行稀释,因此也就不能用于以下表述的应用中。例外是在超吸收剂、流变改性剂和油田工业中用于处理油井的凝胶的制备中。
如果由于高反应性单体而在过程中开始形成不想要的凝胶,那么可以采用多种方式对其进行消除。其中包括通过中和单体来降低单体的反应性,例如下文实施例10B(聚合过程中对单体进行中和)所示。如实施例10A所示,丙烯酸钠的反应性远小于丙烯酸,因此不会形成丙烯酸所能形成的凝胶。在另一实施方式中,也可以使用另外的链转移剂,例如硫醇、次磷酸钠和醇类。硫醇和醇类(例如参见下文的实施例10C)在控制分子量和阻止形成交联凝胶方面非常有用。最后,通过缩短引发剂的供料时间从而使引发剂和单体的供料在相同的时间进行泵送(示例在实施例10A中)也可以消除这种凝胶
含有成垢盐和无机颗粒的含水系统的稳定化涉及多种机理。抑制就是消除成垢盐不利影响的常规机理之一。在抑制过程中,添加提高成垢盐在含水系统中溶解度的合成聚合物。
另一种稳定化机理是对沉淀盐晶体进行分散。含有羧酸基的合成聚合物对于沉淀盐,如碳酸钙来说是良好的分散剂。在这种机理下,晶体保持分散而非溶解在水溶液中。
第三种稳定化机理涉及通过聚合物对污垢的晶体结构进行干扰和扭变,因此使污垢不太粘附到表面、形成的其它晶体和/或存在的颗粒上。
本发明的杂化共聚物在各种各样的环境下都具有良好的抑制结垢和控制沉积的性能。例如,已经发现,本发明的聚合物可以借助以上定义的三种机理来减少碳酸钙结垢的形成和沉积。
进一步地,本发明的聚合物在油田处理应用中对使硫酸盐污垢最小化也是有效的。该杂化共聚物在分散颗粒物例如矿物、粘土、盐类、金属矿石和金属氧化物方面也是非常有效的。具体的实例包括滑石、二氧化钛、云母、硅石、硅酸盐、碳黑、氧化铁、高岭土、二氧化钛、碳酸钙和氧化铝。可发现这些颗粒具有广泛的应用,如涂料、塑料、橡胶、过滤产品、化妆品、食品和纸张涂层。
水处理系统
由于如碳酸钙、硫酸钙和磷酸钙等钙盐的沉淀会形成钙污垢,因此,水处理就包括了阻止钙污垢的形成。这些盐都是逆向可溶的,表明它们的溶解度随着温度升高而减小。对于那些出现高温和高浓度盐类的工业应用场合,这通常转变为在热传递表面上发生的沉淀。然后,这些沉淀的盐可以沉积在表面上,形成一层钙污垢。钙污垢能导致系统中的热传递损失,并引起生产过程中的过热。这种污垢也能促进局域性腐蚀。
和碳酸钙不同,磷酸钙通常并不是一个自然发生的问题。但是,正磷酸盐通常可作为含铁金属的腐蚀抑制剂添加到工业系统中(有时添加到市政水系统中),其典型浓度水平在2.0-20.0mg/L之间。因此,磷酸钙沉淀不仅仅会导致前面讨论的那些结垢问题,而且当正磷酸盐从溶液中除去时,还会导致严重的腐蚀问题。所以,工业冷却系统需要周期性的维护,其中系统必须关闭,清洗和换水。延长维护关闭之间的时间可以节省费用并且是理想的。
尽可能地重新利用工业水处理系统中的水是有利的。但是,由于蒸发等各种机理,水会随着时间损失掉。因此,随着时间,溶解的和悬浮的固体浓度会更高。浓缩循环是指特定体积水中固体被浓缩的次数。水组成的质量决定了能重复多少次浓缩循环。在水组成为硬质(即质量差的)的冷却塔应用中,2-4个循环认为是正常的,当5个或以上时就代表了应激的情况。本发明的杂化共聚物在应激条件下的表现非常好。
一种延长水处理系统中维护间隔时间的方法是使用以下的聚合物,该聚合物具有抑制钙盐形成或者改变晶体生长的功能。晶体生长改性聚合物改变了晶体形态,从规则的结构(例如立方)到不规则结构,如针状或花状(florets)。由于形态的改变,沉积的晶体仅仅通过来自于流过表面的水流的机械搅动即可容易地除去。本发明的杂化共聚物在阻止如正磷酸钙的磷酸钙基污垢的形成方面非常有用。进一步地,本发明的这些聚合物也可以改变碳酸钙污垢的晶体生长。
本发明的聚合物可以单独地添加到含水系统中,或者可以先形成各种水处理组合物,然后再添加到含水系统中。在大量的水需要连续地处理以维持低水平的沉积物的那些特定含水系统中,所用的聚合物的浓度水平可以低至0.5mg/L。所用的聚合物含量的上限依赖于所处理的特定含水系统。例如,当用于分散颗粒物时,所用的聚合物的浓度水平范围约为0.5-约2,000mg/L。当用于抑制矿物污垢形成和沉积时,所用聚合物的浓度水平范围为约0.5-约100mg/L。另一实施方式中,所用聚合物的浓度水平范围为约3-约20mg/L,在又一实施方式中,其范围约为5-约10mg/L。
杂化共聚物一旦制备,即可添加到包括该杂化共聚物和其它的水处理化学品的水处理组合物中。这些其它的化合物可以包括例如腐蚀抑制剂,如正磷酸盐、锌化合物和甲苯基三唑。如上所述,对所处理的特定含水系统来说,水处理组合物中使用的本发明聚合物的量随着其需要的处理水平而改变。水处理组合物通常含有约10-约25wt%的杂化共聚物。
杂化共聚物可用于其中矿物盐类的稳定化很重要的任何水系统中,例如热传递装置、锅炉、二次采油井、自动洗碗机和用硬水清洗的基材。该杂化共聚物在其它结垢抑制剂失效的应激条件下非常有效。
杂化共聚物能够稳定水中存在的许多矿物,包括但不限制于铁、锌、磷酸盐和锰。该聚合物也可以分散含水系统中存在的颗粒。
本发明的杂化共聚物可用在多种处理过程中,抑制结垢,稳定矿物和分散颗粒。这种处理过程的实例包括糖厂抗结垢剂;土壤调节;例如采矿、油田、纸浆和纸张生产等工业过程以及其它类似的处理过程中所用的水的处理;废水处理;地下水修复;通过例如反渗透和脱盐的过程进行的水的纯化;空气洗涤器系统;抑制腐蚀;锅炉水处理;用作生物分散剂;以及污垢和腐蚀沉淀的化学清洁。本领域的技术人员能够想到许多其它的可使用该杂化共聚物的类似应用。
清洗制剂
本发明的聚合物也可用于含有磷酸盐基助洗剂的各种清洗制剂中。例如,这些组合物可以呈粉体,液体或单元剂量的形式,例如片剂或胶囊。进一步地,这种组合物可用于清洗各种基材,例如衣物、餐具以及诸如浴室和厨房表面的硬表面。该组合物也可以供工业和公共清洗应用中清洁表面之用。
在清洗制剂中,聚合物可以稀释在洗涤溶液中并达到最终的使用水平。在含水洗涤溶液中聚合物的典型剂量为0.01-1000ppm。该聚合物能够使织物、餐具和硬表面清洗应用中磷酸盐基污垢的沉积最小化。该聚合物也有助于使织物上的结壳最小化。此外,聚合物使器皿上的膜和污点最小化,所述器皿包括玻璃、塑料、瓷器、刀具等等。该聚合物还有助于加速这些系统中的干燥过程。当不受理论限制,可以相信,这些聚合物的疏水天性有助于增加例如上述的那些表面上的干燥速度。
清洁剂组合物中的任选组分包括但不限制于离子交换剂、碱、抗腐蚀剂、抗再沉积剂、荧光增白剂、香料、染料、填料、螯合剂、酶、织物漂白剂和增白剂、起泡控制剂、溶剂、水溶助长剂、漂白剂、漂白前体、缓冲剂、去污剂、释污剂、织物柔软剂和遮光剂。这些任选组分最高可达到清洁剂组合物重量的约90%。
本发明的聚合物可以混入手动洗碗、自动洗碗和硬表面清洗制剂中。该聚合物也可以混入用于自动洗碗制剂的漂洗助剂制剂中。自动洗碗制剂可含有助洗剂,如磷酸盐和碳酸盐、漂白剂和漂白激活剂以及硅酸盐。这些组合物也可包含有其它的组分,如酶,缓冲剂、香料、防沫剂、加工助剂等。由于维持漂白稳定性要求很高的pH值,所以含有次氯酸盐漂白剂的自动洗碗凝胶体系对聚合物要求非常严格。在这种体系中,不含有酯基的疏水物(例如芳香族)是特别有用的。
硬表面清洗制剂可以含有其它的附加组分和载体。附加组分的实例包括但不限制于缓冲剂、助洗剂、螯合剂、填料盐类、分散剂、酶、酶促进剂、香料、增稠剂、粘土、溶剂、表面活性剂和其混合物。
本领域的技术人员会认识到,所需的聚合物的量依赖于清洗制剂和聚合物给予该组合物的益处。一方面,聚合物的用量为清洗制剂的约0.01-约10wt.%,另一个方面,其用量为清洗制剂的约0.1-约2wt.%。
油田污垢应用
结垢是油田应用中的一个主要问题。地下采油操作包含向油层注入水溶液,以帮助油流过油层并随流体的排出维持蓄油层压力。注入的水,或者是地表水(湖水或河水),或者是海水(近海操作),都含有可溶性盐,如硫酸盐和碳酸盐。这些盐与含油的蓄油层(油层水)中已经存在的离子不相容。这些油层水中含有高浓度的特定离子,如锶、钡、锌和钙,这些离子在常规的地表水中存在的浓度非常低。随着生产井钻孔和上层内影响溶解度的条件例如温度和压力的改变,部分可溶的无机盐,如硫酸钡和碳酸钙经常从生产用水中沉淀出来。当遇到不相容的水如油层水、海水或生产用水时,这是尤其普遍的。
硫酸钡和硫酸锶形成非常硬,极难溶,也很难阻止的污垢。硫酸钡或其它的无机过饱和盐类能够沉淀到油层上形成污垢,从而阻塞油层并且限制从蓄油层回收油。该不溶的盐类也能沉淀到生产管线的表面和相关的抽取设备,限制了生产率和生产效率,并降低了安全性。已知某些含油油层水含有400ppm或者更高的钡浓度。因为硫酸钡形成特别难溶的盐,其溶解度随着温度快速下降,所以抑制污垢形成和阻止油层、上层工序和安全装置的堵塞是困难的。
硫酸盐污垢的溶解是困难的,需要高pH值、长接触时间、热和循环,并且仅在上层才能进行。或者,可以使用研磨和在一些情况下进行高压水冲洗。这些工序成本高、有侵害性且需要过程中断。本发明的杂化聚合物能够减少硫酸盐污垢,尤其是井底的硫酸盐污垢。
颗粒分散剂
本发明的聚合物可作为颜料分散剂用在如纸张涂层、涂料和其它涂层应用中。可用本发明聚合物分散的颜料的实例包括二氧化钛、高岭土、改性高岭土、碳酸钙和合成碳酸钙、铁氧化物、碳黑、滑石、云母、硅石、硅酸盐和氧化铝。典型地,染料的疏水性越强,本发明的聚合物在分散颗粒中的表现越好。这些颗粒物质存在于多种应用中,包括但不限制于涂料、塑料、橡胶、过滤产品、化妆品、食品和纸张涂层。
玻璃纤维浆料
玻璃纤维通常是用酚醛树脂或聚丙烯酸基树脂上胶。前者的缺陷在于最终使用中释放出甲醛。聚丙烯酸树脂体系由于不断上升的原油价格已经变的不太经济。因此有必要更新该行业中的上胶材料。本发明的杂化共聚物非常适合这种应用。它们可以单独使用,也可以和酚醛或聚丙烯酸粘合剂系统一起使用。
粘合剂组合物通常借助合适的喷涂器喷涂到正在形成的玻璃纤维垫层中。喷涂器有助于在形成的整个玻璃纤维垫层中均匀分布粘合剂溶液。水溶液中存在的固体物质的典型含量为溶液总重量的约5%-25%。粘合剂也可以使用本领域已知的其它方式加以应用,包括但不限制于无空气喷涂、空气喷涂、浸轧(padding)、浸渍和辊涂。
来自纤维的残留热蒸发掉了粘合剂中的水。所得涂覆了高固体含量粘合剂的玻璃纤维垫层由于玻璃纤维的弹性而垂直张开。然后,对玻璃纤维垫层进行加热固化粘合剂。固化炉的典型操作温度为130℃-325℃。但是,本发明的粘合剂组合物可在约110℃-约150℃的较低温度下固化。一个方面,粘合剂组合物可以在约120℃下固化。典型的玻璃纤维垫层的固化时间为约5秒到约15分钟。在一个方面,玻璃纤维垫层的固化时间为约30秒到约3分钟。固化温度和固化时间也依赖于所用的温度和催化剂的数量。然后,玻璃纤维垫层可以压缩进行运输。玻璃纤维垫层的一个重要性能是一旦压缩消除,它就能基本上恢复其完整的垂直高度。该杂化共聚物基粘合剂可制备出柔韧的薄膜,用于墙壁/天花板的卷材展开后,该薄膜可以使玻璃纤维隔离层弹回原状。
用该共聚物粘合剂组合物处理的玻璃纤维或其它非织造物是很有用的,可以以卷材或毡形状用作热或声的隔离物质;可用作屋顶和地板产品,天花板瓷砖,地板砖的增强垫层;可作为印刷电路板和电池隔板的微玻璃基衬底;可用于过滤器支撑和带支撑,以及非水泥和水泥石工涂料的增强。
以下实施例旨在举例说明本发明,但不以任何方式对本发明的范围作出限制。本发明的广度和范围仅由后面所附的权利要求作限定。
具体实施方式
实施例
实施例1 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有浓度为50%的柠檬酸(CA)(0.52摩尔)溶液200g作为链转移剂的反应器加热到100℃。将含有238g浓度50%的2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠溶液(NaAMPS)(0.52摩尔)的单体溶液在1.5h内加入到反应器中。将100g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在2h内同时加入到反应器中。以柠檬酸和NaAMPS的总摩尔数计,柠檬酸链转移剂的摩尔百分比为50%。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。最终的杂化共聚物产物为金黄色溶液。
实施例2-4 杂化共聚物的合成
除了使用较少量的柠檬酸作为链转移剂,重复实施例1。通过液相色谱(LC)测量溶液中剩下的柠檬酸的残留量。结合到聚合物中的柠檬酸的量通过加入到起始料中的柠檬酸量与GC测量的残留量的差值进行计算。通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测量这些聚合物的数均分子量(Mn)。
表1-聚合过程中天然组分的变化量
实施例 | 以CA+NaAMPS的总摩尔数计,所含CA的Mole% | 结合到聚合物中的柠檬酸的wt.% | Mn |
1 | 50 | 6.4 | 3536 |
2 | 30 | 4 | 4867 |
3 | 20 | 1.2 | 6481 |
4 | 10 | 0.5 | 6256 |
这些数据表明,以CA和NaAMPS的总摩尔数计,随着所含CA的摩尔百分比的增大,结合到共聚物中的柠檬酸的量也增加。而且,当增加添加到反应中的CA的量时,聚合物的分子量减小。这一分子量的减少清楚地表明了柠檬酸作为链转移剂结合到聚合物中。
实施例5 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有浓度为50%的柠檬酸溶液(0.52摩尔)200g和浓度为50%的NaOH溶液(2.65摩尔)212.4g的反应器加热到100℃。将含有100g丙烯酸(1.39摩尔)的单体溶液在1.5h内加入到反应器中。将30g去离子水中含有6.6g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在2h内同时加入到反应器中。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。最终的产物为白色水溶液。
实施例6 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有浓度为48%的葡糖酸溶液25g和25g水的反应器加热到100℃。将含有238g浓度50%的2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠溶液(NaAMPS)(0.52摩尔)的单体溶液在1.5h内加入反应器。将100g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在2h内同时加入到反应器中。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。
实施例7 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有浓度为48%的葡糖酸溶液50g的反应器加热到100℃。将含有238g浓度50%的2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠溶液(NaAMPS)(0.52摩尔)的单体溶液在1.5h内加入反应器。将100g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在2h内同时加入到反应器中。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。
实施例8 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有溶解在119g水中的23.8g麦芽糖糊精作为多糖链转移剂(CargillMDTM 01918,通过普通玉米淀粉经酶转化获得的经喷雾干燥的麦芽糖糊精,得自Cargill Inc.,Cedar Rapids,Iowa)的反应器加热到100℃。将含有238g浓度50%的2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸钠溶液(NaAMPS)(0.52摩尔)的单体溶液在1.5h内加入到反应器中。将100g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在2h内同时加入到反应器中。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。最终的产物为透明的桔黄色溶液。该溶液在1年以上时间都很稳定,没有显示出任何交联的迹象。
实施例9 杂化共聚物的合成
在加热到100℃的反应器中,首先将100g麦芽糖糊精作为多糖链转移剂(Cargill MDTM 01918糊精,通过普通玉米淀粉经酶转化获得的经喷雾干燥的麦芽糖糊精,得自Cargill Inc.,Cedar Rapids,Iowa)溶解在135g水中。随后,将含有108g甲基丙烯酸的单体溶液在1.5h内加入到反应器中。将28g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液与单体溶液同时在2h内加入到反应器中。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。然后,该聚合物通过加入90.7g浓度为50%的NaOH溶液进行中和。
实施例10A 杂化共聚物的合成
将装有50g水的反应器加热到100℃。将含有50g丙烯酸、作为多糖链转移剂的25g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM 01960糊精,通过淀粉经酶转化获得的经喷雾干燥的麦芽糖糊精,得自Cargill Inc.,Cedar Rapids,Iowa)和60g水的溶液在45分钟内加入到反应器中。将28g去离子水中含有3.3g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在相同的时限同时加入到反应器中,(可以注意到,如果单体加入后继续添加引发剂,那么反应产物会变成交联凝胶,这在大多数情况是不理想的。)反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。然后,该聚合物通过加入42.5g浓度为50%的NaOH溶液进行中和。
最终的产物是一种均匀的琥珀色溶液,在几个月中都很稳定。相反,聚丙烯酸钠(602N聚合物,得自Alco Chemical,,Chattanooga,Tennessee)和麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM 01960糊精)的混合物在小于24小时内就发生相分离。最终的杂化共聚物没有相分离说明了该丙烯酸聚合物与麦芽糖糊精发生了化学键合。
实施例10B 由反应性降低的单体合成杂化共聚物
将装有75g水和27.8g浓度为50%的NaOH的反应器加热到100℃。将含有50g丙烯酸、作为多糖链转移剂的25g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM 01960糊精)和60g水的溶液在45分钟内加入反应器。将28g去离子水中含有3.3g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在60分钟内同时加入到反应器中(延长引发剂的供料加入时间超过单体供料的加入时间)。反应产物在100℃另外保温1h。该聚合物是透明的琥珀色溶液,且没有交联的迹象。这表明可以通过降低单体的反应性来消除交联(在此,通过在反应中中和单体)(对比实施例10A,其中中和剂是在反应后加入的)。
实施例10C 添加交联剂合成杂化共聚物
将装有50g水的反应器加热到100℃。将含有50g丙烯酸、作为多糖链转移剂的25g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM 01960糊精)和60g水的溶液在45分钟内加入反应器。将28g去离子水中含有3.3g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在60分钟内同时加入到反应器中。单体溶液添加后,反应产物开始出现形成交联凝胶的迹象。这时,在继续添加引发剂溶液的时候,加入0.5g异丙醇。反应产物几乎立刻恢复成溶液。反应产物在100℃另外保温1h。然后,通过加入27.8g浓度为50%的NaOH溶液和25g的水中和该聚合物。最终的产物是透明的暗黄色溶液。这表明实施例10A中观察到的交联可以通过添加常规的交联剂如异丙醇进行消除。
实施例11 使用多种合成单体合成杂化共聚物
将装有50g水和50g作为链转移剂的甘油的反应器加热到85℃。将含有25g丙烯酸和25g苯乙烯的溶液经45分钟添加到反应器中。将30g去离子水中含有3.3g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在60分钟内同时加入到反应器中。反应产物在85℃另外保温2h。将28g浓度为50%的NaOH溶液和53g的水在60分钟内加入反应器。最终的产物为不透明的黄色溶液。
实施例12 使用淀粉作链转移剂合成杂化共聚物
将装有50g水的反应器加热到100℃。将含有50g丙烯酸、作为多糖链转移剂的25g氧化降解淀粉(含有羧酸酯基团的低分子量淀粉)和60g水的溶液在45分钟内加入到反应器中。将28g去离子水中含有6.2g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在45分钟内同时加入到反应器中。(可以注意到,如果在单体供料结束后继续引发剂供料时,反应产物将会成为不可用的交联凝胶)。反应产物在100℃另外保温2h。然后,通过加入42.5g浓度为50%的NaOH溶液中和聚合物。
实施例13 超吸收剂和流变改性剂的合成
将装有50g水的反应器加热到100℃。将含有50g丙烯酸、作为多糖链转移剂的25g麦芽糖糊精(Cargill MDTM 01960)和60g水的溶液在45分钟内加入到反应器中。将28g去离子水中含有3.3g过硫酸钠的引发剂溶液在60分钟内同时加入到反应器中。形成一种交联凝胶,该凝胶在大多数情况是不理想的。但是,这种材料可以进行中和和喷雾干燥。喷雾干燥后的产物可用作超吸收剂或流变改性剂。
实施例14 分散性评估
对实施例1和4的聚合物在粘土悬浮/分散测试中进行评估。还对没有任何聚合物的对照物进行了测试。并将这些材料与聚丙烯酸钠样品(NaPAA)(602N,得自Alco Chemical,Chattanooga,Tennessee)作了对比。在去离子水中添加2%的粘土(50∶50的红粘土(rose clay):带状黑粘土)制成样品。然后将这些样品放在磁力搅拌盘上搅拌20分钟,随后加入0.1%的活性聚合物,再将样品搅拌一分钟。然后再将这些悬浮液倒入100ml刻度量筒中并进行测试。图1是各聚合物1小时后的照片。
图1显示出本发明的聚合物是良好的分散剂。而且,它们的性能可以与该类应用中典型的合成聚合物(NaPAA)相比拟。
实施例15 抗再沉积
对本发明的聚合物在普通粉状清洁剂组合物中的抗再沉积性能进行了测试。该粉状清洁剂组合物如下所示:
组分 wt%
Neodol 25-7 10
碳酸钠 46
硅酸钠 3
硫酸钠 40
测试是在实物洗衣机中使用3块棉布和3块聚酯/棉布布样进行。所用的污垢是17.5g红粘土,17.5g带状黑粘土和6.9g油混合物(75∶25植物油/矿物油)。测试进行了3次循环,每次洗涤加入100g粉状清洁剂。聚合物的剂量是清洁剂的1.0wt.%。使用的洗涤条件是温度33.9℃(93°F),硬度150ppm,洗涤循环为10分钟。
用分光光度计测量了第一次循环之前和第三次循环之后的L(亮度)a(颜色组分)b(颜色组分)值,分别用L1,a1,b1和L2,a2,b2表示。然后使用以下公式计算ΔE值(色差):
ΔE=[(L1-L2)2+(a1-a2)2+(b1-b2)2]0.5
这一数据表明,即使在洗涤液中具有很低的浓度,本发明的聚合物仍显示出抗再沉积/污垢悬浮性能(ΔE值越低,表明抗再沉积性能越好)。
表2 对抗再沉积/污垢悬浮的影响
实施例16 硬表面清洗制剂
酸性清洗剂
组分 Wt%
柠檬酸(50%溶液) 12.0
磷酸 1.0
带有3摩尔EO的C12-C15直链醇乙氧基化物 5.0
烷基苯磺酸 3.0
实施例4的聚合物 1.0
水 78.0
碱性清洗剂
组分 Wt%
水 89.0
三聚磷酸钠 2.0
硅酸钠 1.9
NaOH(50%) 0.1
一缩二丙二醇一甲基醚 5.0
辛基聚乙氧基乙醇,含12-13摩尔EO 1.0
实施例5的聚合物 1.0
实施例17 自动洗碗粉状制剂
组分 Wt%
三聚磷酸钠 25.0
碳酸钠 25.0
带有7摩尔EO的C12-C15直链醇乙氧基化物 3.0
实施例10A的聚合物 4.0
硫酸钠 43.0
实施例18 水处理组合物
一旦制成,就优选将水溶性聚合物混入含有该水溶性聚合物和其它水处理化学品的水处理组合物中。这些其它化学品包括腐蚀抑制剂如正磷酸盐、锌化合物和甲苯基三唑。如上所述,水处理组合物中使用的本发明聚合物的量由所处理的特定含水系统需要的处理水平决定。该水处理组合物通常含有10-25wt.%的水溶性聚合物。常规的水处理组合物对本领域的技术人员而言是公知的,以下四种制剂中给出了示例的水处理组合物。含有本发明聚合物的这些组合物可应用在例如油田中。
其中,HEDP是1-羟基亚乙基-1,1二膦酸,TKPP是聚磷酸三钾。
实施例19 水泥组合物
将不同数量上文实施例1中所制备的聚合物(9wt.%聚合物水溶液)加入到基准水泥浆料的测试部分。该基准水泥组合物中含有Lone Star H级水硬水泥和占干水泥重量38%的水。该基准组合物的密度为16.4磅/加仑。含有本发明聚合物的这些组合物可应用在例如油田中。
实施例20 无磷酸盐自动洗碗粉状制剂
组分 wt%
柠檬酸钠 30
实施例1的聚合物 10
二硅酸钠 10
一水合过硼酸盐 6
四乙酰基乙二胺 2
酶 2
硫酸钠 30
实施例21 手洗织物清洁剂
组分 wt%
直链烷基苯磺酸盐 15-30
非离子表面活性剂 0-3
三聚磷酸钠(STPP) 3-20
硅酸钠 5-10
硫酸钠 20-50
膨润土/方解石 0-15
实施例4的聚合物 1-10
水 余量
实施例22 含柔软剂的织物清洁剂
组分 wt%
直链烷基苯磺酸盐 2
醇的乙氧基化物 4
STPP 23
实施例11的聚合物 1
碳酸钠 5
四水合过硼酸盐 12
蒙脱石粘土 16
硫酸钠 20
香料、FWA、酶、水 余量
实施例23 洗衣皂条/膏
组分 wt%
直链烷基苯磺酸盐 15-30
硅酸钠 2-5
STPP 2-10
实施例10A的聚合物 2-10
碳酸钠 5-10
方解石 0-20
尿素 0-2
甘油 0-2
高岭土 0-15
硫酸钠 5-20
香料、FWA、酶、水 余量
实施例24 液体清洁剂制剂
组分 wt%
直链烷基苯磺酸盐 10
烷基硫酸盐 4
醇(C12-C15)乙氧基化物 12
脂肪酸 10
油酸 4
柠檬酸 1
NaOH 3.4
丙二醇 1.5
乙醇 5
实施例11的聚合物 1
乙醇氧化酶 5u/ml
水、香料、其它少量添加剂 至100
尽管上文已经对本发明进行了详细表述和说明,但是可以理解这些仅是说明和举例,而不能认为是一种限定。本发明的精神和范围仅由下文所附的任何权利要求进行限定。
Claims (21)
1.一种杂化聚合物,包括:
作为聚合物主链的合成聚合物,其中所述合成聚合物包含至少一种亲水性单体,和
作为聚合物链端部分的源自天然的含羟基链转移剂,其中所述含羟基链转移剂选自柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、葡糖酸、葡庚糖酸和源自天然的单糖、低聚糖或多糖。
2.权利要求1的杂化聚合物,其中所述亲水性单体单元选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸、乙烯基磺酸、甲代烯丙基磺酸钠、磺化苯乙烯、烯丙氧基苯磺酸及其盐。
3.权利要求1的杂化聚合物,其中所述合成聚合物还包含至少一种疏水性单体单元。
4.权利要求3的杂化聚合物,其中所述疏水性单体单元选自苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸辛酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸硬脂酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸硬脂酯、甲基丙烯酸山嵛酯和辛基丙烯酰胺。
5.权利要求1的杂化聚合物,其中所述单糖、低聚糖或多糖被化学改性、氧化改性、水解改性或酶改性。
6.权利要求1的杂化聚合物,其中所述多糖选自淀粉、纤维素、果胶、藻酸盐类、gellan、胶类和改性淀粉。
7.权利要求6的杂化聚合物,其中所述淀粉选自玉米、马铃薯、木薯、小麦、大米、豌豆、西米、燕麦、大麦、黑麦和苋属植物。
8.权利要求7的杂化聚合物,其中所述淀粉选自蜡质淀粉、高直链淀粉、麦芽糖糊精和氧化淀粉。
9.权利要求6的杂化聚合物,其中所述改性淀粉的改性选自醚化、酯化、酸解、糊精化、氧化、酶处理及其各种组合。
10.权利要求6的杂化聚合物,其中所述改性淀粉的改性选自环氧丙烷、环氧乙烷、乙酸酐、辛烯基琥珀酸酐和2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵。
11.权利要求1的杂化聚合物,其中所述数均分子量在1000-100,000之间。
12.一种制备杂化聚合物溶液的方法,包括以下步骤:
在引发剂存在下,将亲水性单体与源自天然的含羟基链转移剂进行聚合,
其中所述含羟基链转移剂选自柠檬酸、乳酸、酒石酸、葡糖酸、葡庚糖酸和源自天然的单糖、低聚糖或多糖。
13.权利要求12的方法,还包括中和所述单体。
14.权利要求12的方法,其中所述引发剂是热激活引发剂。
15.权利要求14的方法,其中所述引发剂是过硫酸钠。
16.包括权利要求1的杂化聚合物的清洗制剂。
17.包括权利要求1的杂化聚合物的玻璃纤维粘合剂。
18.包括权利要求1的杂化聚合物的超吸收剂或流变改性剂。
19.包括权利要求1的杂化聚合物的分散剂。
20.权利要求19的分散剂在纸张涂层或涂料应用中的用途。
21.包括权利要求1的杂化聚合物的水泥组合物。
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US20100069280A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
US8058374B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
EP1746109B1 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
US7666963B2 (en) | 2010-02-23 |
US20070021577A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
NO340809B1 (no) | 2017-06-19 |
EP1746109A3 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
CN1916031A (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
NO20063376L (no) | 2007-01-22 |
CN1916031B (zh) | 2010-05-12 |
CN101817907B (zh) | 2012-11-14 |
DE602006018394D1 (de) | 2011-01-05 |
JP5191108B2 (ja) | 2013-04-24 |
EP2230261A1 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
PL1746109T3 (pl) | 2011-05-31 |
EP1746109A2 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
US20110136718A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
JP2007046051A (ja) | 2007-02-22 |
ATE489405T1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
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